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"title": "The U.S. Plans to Expand Vaccine Access to Tens of Millions. That Could be a Problem for Biden",
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"content": "\u003cp>As health authorities across the country struggle to get COVID-19 vaccination programs up and running, outgoing Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar threw a new wrench into the works on Tuesday, telling states to expand priority access to tens of millions of additional people immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will be several months before there is enough vaccine available to meet that kind of demand. The move all but ensures the current narrative around the vaccine rollout — it’s too slow — will shift, but not in a positive direction: The incoming Biden administration will likely face a groundswell of complaints about long lines, failed efforts to find vaccine supplies, and an inequitable distribution system as it tries to live up to its promise of seeing 100 million vaccine doses administered in the new president’s first 100 days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azar’s new instructions put 152 million people — about half of the adult population of the country — at the front of the vaccine line. But Operation Warp Speed, the U.S. effort to fast-track the development and distribution of vaccine, currently estimates it will take until the end of March before it has 200 million doses to distribute. Even if those doses can be manufactured and shipped seamlessly, that’s only enough for 100 million people, given that the currently authorized vaccines require two doses each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new prioritization scheme pushes everyone 65 and older, as well as people 16 and older with one high-risk medical condition, to the front of the vaccine line, where they join health workers and nursing home residents and staff. (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s list of health conditions that put people at high risk of severe COVID infection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If states follow Azar’s instructions, a 24-year-old smoker who works from home would have the same vaccine priority status as a frail 85-year-old — and would be ahead of non-smoking teachers, municipal bus drivers, meat packing plant employees, and other frontline essential workers whom the CDC had previously recommended should be vaccinated in Phase 1b.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, lacking sufficient federal funding and coping with limited supplies, have struggled to complete the vaccination of people in Phase 1a, which includes health workers plus the residents and staff of long-term care facilities — a population of about 24 million people. Federal officials believe the efforts will get easier as more supply becomes available, but to date only about \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">9.3 million people\u003c/a> have received their first dose of vaccine, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial prioritization schedule was drawn up by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert panel that provided recommendations to the CDC. ACIP envisioned frontline essential workers and adults 75 and older being included in the second phase of the vaccine rollout. There are an estimated 49 million people in those two groups, a more manageable figure in a time of vaccine scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In upending the prioritization schedule, Azar has pushed to the front of the line people he wanted to see there in the first place. When the ACIP recommended health workers and nursing home residents for Phase 1a, he pressed for changing the first group to people 65 and older, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/divisions-emerge-among-u-s-officials-over-when-first-covid-19-vaccine-doses-will-be-available-and-for-whom/\">STAT reported in November\u003c/a>. But CDC Director Robert Redfield had already signed off on the recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACIP plan had its critics, too, with some experts questioning how workable it would be to require pharmacists or people working in a vaccine clinic to determine who qualified as a frontline essential worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who’s supposed to be the gatekeeper for that? I mean, you can’t go to Rite Aid and Walgreens and ask the pharmacist to be the gatekeeper, which is essentially what you’d have to do,” Peter Hotez, co-director of the Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hotez, who published \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/11/vaccine-distribution-how-fix/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an opinion piece\u003c/a> in the Washington Post on Monday urging changes to the vaccination rollout, said the stages outlined by the ACIP were too complex and were slowing down the program. “So my view is to toss ’em at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beth Bell, a global health professor at the University of Washington who chaired a working group that devised the ACIP’s recommendations, expressed dismay at Azar’s instruction to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want the most effective and efficient vaccination program. But I’m quite concerned this approach … is not the best way to get us there,” Bell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outgoing HHS secretary blamed states for the slow pace of the rollout, saying some are hewing so closely to prioritization schedules that they are not using the doses they have been allotted. “Some states’ heavy-handed, micromanagement of this process has stood in the way of vaccines reaching a broader swath of the vulnerable population more quickly,” Azar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also put states on warning that those that don’t rapidly use their doses will see their supplies diminished in the future. Vaccination allocation so far has been based strictly on a population basis; beginning in two weeks, states that rapidly use their doses will get a larger allocation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in two weeks’ time, Azar will not be the HHS secretary, meaning it’s unclear if the plan will hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If states follow Azar’s instructions, efforts to protect frontline essential workers — people who cannot work from home and whose work puts them at greater risk of contracting COVID — will tumble further back in the prioritization scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By opening things up … there would be some gains in efficiency, but there would be significant losses as it relates to equity, racial justice, and the ability to … prevent morbidity and mortality in a high-risk group,” said Kristen Ehresmann, director of infectious disease epidemiology, prevention, and control for the Minnesota Department of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You gain something and you lose some things,” she said. “And I think many of the things you lose are really important things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saad Omer, director of Yale University’s Institute of Global Health, supported prioritizing adults over the age of 65. But Omer, who was on a National Academy of Medicine panel that recommended vaccine priority groups and who worked on a priority schedule for the World Health Organization, said changing the advice at this point will come at a cost. State and local public health authorities will have to junk some plans and draft others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been whiplash at the state level,” said Omer, who noted these decisions should have been made months ago. “And all the community-based partners are thoroughly confused.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azar on Tuesday also announced that Operation Warp Speed will no longer hold back half of vaccine supplies, a move it took to ensure that when people need to get their booster dose, there was enough available to give them a second, matching vaccine in the timeframe required — 21 days for the vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, and 28 days for the one developed by Moderna. The incoming Biden administration previously said it planned to rescind the policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Frieden, former director of the CDC, was among the people who criticized the original decision to hold back the second dose. “You need to flood the zone with the vaccine that’s available, anticipating that the manufacturers will not fail,” said Frieden, who is now president and CEO of the global health initiative Resolve to Save Lives.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As health authorities across the country struggle to get COVID-19 vaccination programs up and running, outgoing Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar threw a new wrench into the works on Tuesday, telling states to expand priority access to tens of millions of additional people immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it will be several months before there is enough vaccine available to meet that kind of demand. The move all but ensures the current narrative around the vaccine rollout — it’s too slow — will shift, but not in a positive direction: The incoming Biden administration will likely face a groundswell of complaints about long lines, failed efforts to find vaccine supplies, and an inequitable distribution system as it tries to live up to its promise of seeing 100 million vaccine doses administered in the new president’s first 100 days in office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azar’s new instructions put 152 million people — about half of the adult population of the country — at the front of the vaccine line. But Operation Warp Speed, the U.S. effort to fast-track the development and distribution of vaccine, currently estimates it will take until the end of March before it has 200 million doses to distribute. Even if those doses can be manufactured and shipped seamlessly, that’s only enough for 100 million people, given that the currently authorized vaccines require two doses each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new prioritization scheme pushes everyone 65 and older, as well as people 16 and older with one high-risk medical condition, to the front of the vaccine line, where they join health workers and nursing home residents and staff. (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s list of health conditions that put people at high risk of severe COVID infection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If states follow Azar’s instructions, a 24-year-old smoker who works from home would have the same vaccine priority status as a frail 85-year-old — and would be ahead of non-smoking teachers, municipal bus drivers, meat packing plant employees, and other frontline essential workers whom the CDC had previously recommended should be vaccinated in Phase 1b.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, lacking sufficient federal funding and coping with limited supplies, have struggled to complete the vaccination of people in Phase 1a, which includes health workers plus the residents and staff of long-term care facilities — a population of about 24 million people. Federal officials believe the efforts will get easier as more supply becomes available, but to date only about \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">9.3 million people\u003c/a> have received their first dose of vaccine, according to the CDC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial prioritization schedule was drawn up by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, an expert panel that provided recommendations to the CDC. ACIP envisioned frontline essential workers and adults 75 and older being included in the second phase of the vaccine rollout. There are an estimated 49 million people in those two groups, a more manageable figure in a time of vaccine scarcity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In upending the prioritization schedule, Azar has pushed to the front of the line people he wanted to see there in the first place. When the ACIP recommended health workers and nursing home residents for Phase 1a, he pressed for changing the first group to people 65 and older, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/divisions-emerge-among-u-s-officials-over-when-first-covid-19-vaccine-doses-will-be-available-and-for-whom/\">STAT reported in November\u003c/a>. But CDC Director Robert Redfield had already signed off on the recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACIP plan had its critics, too, with some experts questioning how workable it would be to require pharmacists or people working in a vaccine clinic to determine who qualified as a frontline essential worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Who’s supposed to be the gatekeeper for that? I mean, you can’t go to Rite Aid and Walgreens and ask the pharmacist to be the gatekeeper, which is essentially what you’d have to do,” Peter Hotez, co-director of the Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hotez, who published \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/11/vaccine-distribution-how-fix/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">an opinion piece\u003c/a> in the Washington Post on Monday urging changes to the vaccination rollout, said the stages outlined by the ACIP were too complex and were slowing down the program. “So my view is to toss ’em at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beth Bell, a global health professor at the University of Washington who chaired a working group that devised the ACIP’s recommendations, expressed dismay at Azar’s instruction to the states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want the most effective and efficient vaccination program. But I’m quite concerned this approach … is not the best way to get us there,” Bell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outgoing HHS secretary blamed states for the slow pace of the rollout, saying some are hewing so closely to prioritization schedules that they are not using the doses they have been allotted. “Some states’ heavy-handed, micromanagement of this process has stood in the way of vaccines reaching a broader swath of the vulnerable population more quickly,” Azar said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also put states on warning that those that don’t rapidly use their doses will see their supplies diminished in the future. Vaccination allocation so far has been based strictly on a population basis; beginning in two weeks, states that rapidly use their doses will get a larger allocation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in two weeks’ time, Azar will not be the HHS secretary, meaning it’s unclear if the plan will hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If states follow Azar’s instructions, efforts to protect frontline essential workers — people who cannot work from home and whose work puts them at greater risk of contracting COVID — will tumble further back in the prioritization scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By opening things up … there would be some gains in efficiency, but there would be significant losses as it relates to equity, racial justice, and the ability to … prevent morbidity and mortality in a high-risk group,” said Kristen Ehresmann, director of infectious disease epidemiology, prevention, and control for the Minnesota Department of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You gain something and you lose some things,” she said. “And I think many of the things you lose are really important things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saad Omer, director of Yale University’s Institute of Global Health, supported prioritizing adults over the age of 65. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Frieden, former director of the CDC, was among the people who criticized the original decision to hold back the second dose. “You need to flood the zone with the vaccine that’s available, anticipating that the manufacturers will not fail,” said Frieden, who is now president and CEO of the global health initiative Resolve to Save Lives.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This story was updated at 11.30 a.m. ET Monday, Dec. 28, and will be updated periodically, as new data are released.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government on Monday released an updated set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/07/944021201/new-covid-19-data-release-shows-where-hospitals-around-the-country-are-filling-u\">detailed hospital-level data\u003c/a> showing the toll COVID-19 is taking on health care facilities, including how many inpatient and ICU beds are available on a weekly basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an analysis from the University of Minnesota’s \u003ca href=\"https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/mili-misrc-covid19-tracking-project\">COVID-19 Hospitalization Tracking Project,\u003c/a> NPR has created a tool that allows you to see how your local hospital and your county overall are faring. \u003ca href=\"#lookup\">(Jump to look-up tool.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It focuses on one important metric — how many beds are filled with COVID-19 patients — and shows this for each hospital and on average for each county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratio of COVID-19 hospitalizations to total beds gives a picture of how much strain a hospital is under. Though there’s not a clear threshold, it’s concerning when that rate rises above 10%, hospital capacity experts\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\"> told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anything above 20% represents “extreme stress” for the hospital, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/briefing_US_2020.12.04_.pdf\">framework\u003c/a> developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington. If that figure gets to near 50% or above, the stress on staff is immense. “It means the hospital is overloaded. It means other services in that hospital are being delayed. The hospital becomes a nightmare,” IHME’s Ali Mokdad \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\">told NPR. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anything above 20% represents “extreme stress” for the hospital, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/briefing_US_2020.12.04_.pdf\">framework \u003c/a>developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that figure gets to near 50% or above, the stress on staff is immense. “It means the hospital is overloaded. It means other services in that hospital are being delayed. The hospital becomes a nightmare,” IHME’s Ali Mokdad \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\">told NPR. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"lookup\">\u003c/a> \u003cem>Use \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://n.pr/3a8R4UV\">\u003cem>the look-up tool below the map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to find details about hospitals in your county. If the map doesn’t load initially, hit refresh on your browser.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res944380257\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-covid-hosp-county-graphic-20201207\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/covid-hosp-county-graphic-20201207/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES944380257\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thomas Wilburn contributed to this report. This story was originally published on Dec. 9, 2020. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This story was updated at 11.30 a.m. ET Monday, Dec. 28, and will be updated periodically, as new data are released.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government on Monday released an updated set of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/07/944021201/new-covid-19-data-release-shows-where-hospitals-around-the-country-are-filling-u\">detailed hospital-level data\u003c/a> showing the toll COVID-19 is taking on health care facilities, including how many inpatient and ICU beds are available on a weekly basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using an analysis from the University of Minnesota’s \u003ca href=\"https://carlsonschool.umn.edu/mili-misrc-covid19-tracking-project\">COVID-19 Hospitalization Tracking Project,\u003c/a> NPR has created a tool that allows you to see how your local hospital and your county overall are faring. \u003ca href=\"#lookup\">(Jump to look-up tool.)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It focuses on one important metric — how many beds are filled with COVID-19 patients — and shows this for each hospital and on average for each county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ratio of COVID-19 hospitalizations to total beds gives a picture of how much strain a hospital is under. Though there’s not a clear threshold, it’s concerning when that rate rises above 10%, hospital capacity experts\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\"> told NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anything above 20% represents “extreme stress” for the hospital, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/briefing_US_2020.12.04_.pdf\">framework\u003c/a> developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington. If that figure gets to near 50% or above, the stress on staff is immense. “It means the hospital is overloaded. It means other services in that hospital are being delayed. The hospital becomes a nightmare,” IHME’s Ali Mokdad \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\">told NPR. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anything above 20% represents “extreme stress” for the hospital, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/Projects/COVID/briefing_US_2020.12.04_.pdf\">framework \u003c/a>developed by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that figure gets to near 50% or above, the stress on staff is immense. “It means the hospital is overloaded. It means other services in that hospital are being delayed. The hospital becomes a nightmare,” IHME’s Ali Mokdad \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/10/933253317/covid-19-hospitalizations-are-surging-where-are-hospitals-reaching-capacity\">told NPR. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"lookup\">\u003c/a> \u003cem>Use \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://n.pr/3a8R4UV\">\u003cem>the look-up tool below the map\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to find details about hospitals in your county. If the map doesn’t load initially, hit refresh on your browser.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"res944380257\" class=\"bucketwrap statichtml\">\n\u003cp id=\"responsive-embed-covid-hosp-county-graphic-20201207\" data-pym-loader=\"\" data-child-src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/covid-hosp-county-graphic-20201207/\">Loading…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"https://pym.nprapps.org/npr-pym-loader.v2.min.js\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- END ID=\"RES944380257\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP STATICHTML\" -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thomas Wilburn contributed to this report. This story was originally published on Dec. 9, 2020. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6TTTlI80ZI&feature=youtu.be\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With COVID-19 cases surging around California and the U.S., this is no time to let our guards down. Masks not only help stop the spread of the coronavirus, but the latest research shows they also offer protection to those who wear them. Getting sick just as the vaccine comes online would be a real tragedy. So here’s a little inspiration to mask up!\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/l6TTTlI80ZI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/l6TTTlI80ZI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>With COVID-19 cases surging around California and the U.S., this is no time to let our guards down. Masks not only help stop the spread of the coronavirus, but the latest research shows they also offer protection to those who wear them. Getting sick just as the vaccine comes online would be a real tragedy. So here’s a little inspiration to mask up!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is expecting 672,000 doses of the vaccine in coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hours-long recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the rest of the NPR story \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947948227/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-becomes-2nd-to-earn-fda-authorization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/colintdwyer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colin Dwyer\u003c/a>, NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is expecting 672,000 doses of the vaccine in coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hours-long recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Read the rest of the NPR story \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947948227/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-becomes-2nd-to-earn-fda-authorization\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/colintdwyer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colin Dwyer\u003c/a>, NPR\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Health care workers across the U.S. are getting a new arrow in their quiver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, just one week after Pfizer and BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/11/945366548/fda-authorizes-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-u-s\">received a federal green light\u003c/a>, the Food and Drug Administration formally authorized a second vaccine for emergency use — this one developed by Moderna. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">biotech upstart\u003c/a> won authorization for use in adults following extensive federal analysis of the vaccine, which the FDA found to be\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/16/935239294/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-shines-in-clinical-trial\"> 94% effective\u003c/a> at preventing the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the availability of two vaccines now for the prevention of COVID-19, the FDA has taken another crucial step in the fight against this global pandemic that is causing vast numbers of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States each day,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-additional-action-fight-against-covid-19-issuing-emergency-use-authorization-second-covid\">said a statement\u003c/a> by FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA decision represents another leap forward in the effort to combat the coronavirus, which has already killed \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/14/946045921/how-do-we-grieve-300-000-lives-lost\">more than 300,000 people\u003c/a> in the U.S. alone. Since the Pfizer vaccine’s authorization last week, health and defense officials have launched a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/12/945792399/warp-speed-official-1st-shipments-of-covid-19-vaccine-will-be-delivered-on-monda\">vast effort\u003c/a> to distribute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946372287/millions-more-covid-19-vaccine-doses-are-on-the-way-u-s-officials-say\">millions of doses\u003c/a> across the country. Health care workers and older adults were first in line for the inoculations when providers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/14/946232462/incredibly-hopeful-u-s-starts-vaccinating-people-against-covid-19\">began administering\u003c/a> them Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a push to inspire public confidence in the vaccine, Vice President Mike Pence on Friday became the country’s highest-ranking official so far to have it administered. Pence, his wife, Karen, and Surgeon General Jerome Adams all received their shots during a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/18/947744956/i-didnt-feel-a-thing-pence-gets-coronavirus-vaccine-in-public-event\">televised event\u003c/a> at the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the flurry surrounding the Pfizer vaccine’s rollout, Moderna’s alternative was making steady headway in its own push toward authorization. The FDA released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/15/946554638/fda-analysis-of-moderna-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">glowing analysis\u003c/a> of the vaccine on Tuesday, finding “no specific safety concerns.” On Thursday, an outside panel of health care experts from across the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947264730/fda-panel-weighs-modernas-covid-19-vaccine\">unanimously recommended\u003c/a> the vaccine with one abstention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question that’s being asked us is, ‘Do we have enough evidence in hand to say that the benefits of this vaccine outweigh what at the moment, as far as severe safety issues go, are theoretical risks?'” \u003ca href=\"https://www.chop.edu/doctors/offit-paul-a\">Dr. Paul Offit\u003c/a>, panel member and vaccine researcher at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said during the hourslong recorded meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the answer to that question is clearly yes. I mean, the question is never ‘When do you know everything?’ It’s ‘When do you know enough?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Offit’s point also gets at a crucial challenge faced by the federal regulators who have been tasked with evaluating these vaccines more quickly than they normally would. In an effort to expedite the process, the FDA — and other health regulators around the world — have loosened their usual approval procedures and adopted a more urgent mechanism known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained\">emergency use authorization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna \u003ca href=\"https://investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/us-government-exercises-1st-option-additional-100-million-doses\">said it that it will deliver about 20 million doses\u003c/a> by the end of December under its federal supply contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, attentions are turning to the Moderna vaccine’s distribution. Like the Pfizer vaccine, the Moderna product uses messenger RNA technology — which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html\">in the FDA’s words\u003c/a>, teaches the body’s cells “how to make a protein — or even just a piece of a protein — that triggers an immune response inside our bodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies,” the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, though, Moderna’s product does not need to be stored at \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">extremely low temperatures\u003c/a>, potentially making it accessible for more communities. Balanced against that is the fact that the smaller biotech firm, in contrast with the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, may \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/17/947628608/how-will-moderna-meet-the-demand-for-its-covid-19-vaccine\">face some steeper challenges\u003c/a> meeting the extraordinary demand for inoculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Anthony Fauci says he is hopeful that initial distribution will happen quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would anticipate that we likely will see shots in the arm by the very early part of next week,” the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases \u003ca href=\"https://www.today.com/video/dr-fauci-anticipates-moderna-vaccine-will-be-administered-by-early-next-week-97983045529\">told NBC’s “\u003c/a>Today” show on Friday in advance of the FDA’s authorization. “I would hope Monday or Tuesday.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fauci’s institute was instrumental in the development of the Moderna vaccine — from some of the basic science to bankrolling clinical testing. In August, the institute \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/08/06/899869278/prices-for-covid-19-vaccines-are-starting-to-come-into-focus\">told NPR\u003c/a> its contributions to the studies of the Moderna vaccine would cost taxpayers more than $400 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Operation Warp Speed, the crash federal project for vaccine development, poured in $955 million to support development of the Moderna vaccine, including the expanded phase 3 study that provided the data that made possible the emergency use authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Moderna%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+Becomes+2nd+To+Earn+FDA+Authorization&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Getting 40% Fewer Pfizer Vaccine Doses Than Expected Next Week",
"headTitle": "California Getting 40% Fewer Pfizer Vaccine Doses Than Expected Next Week | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">As an explosion of COVID-19 cases strains California’s intensive care units to the breaking point, the state learned it will receive 160,000 fewer vaccine doses than officials had anticipated next week — a roughly 40% reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California hospitals began vaccinations this week from the first Pfizer shipment of 327,000 doses, and the state was expecting 393,000 more to arrive next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, officials have been told they will receive about 233,000 doses next week, said Erin Mellon, a spokeswoman for Gov. Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state was expecting more than 2 million doses to be delivered by the end of year, based on the shipments California has already received and projections of more from Pfizer and Moderna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we know that we’ll be below that estimate because of the latest change communicated by the CDC,” Mellon said. “There may be additional changes from the federal government in projected shipments through the end of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, D.C., two senior Trump administration officials who spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity in order to discuss internal planning said states will receive their full allocations, but misunderstandings about vaccine supply and changes to the delivery schedule may be creating confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One official said the initial numbers of available doses that were provided to states were projections based on information from the manufacturers, not fixed allocations. Some state officials may have misunderstood that, the official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The two officials also said that changes the federal government made to the delivery schedule, at the request of governors, may be contributing to a mistaken impression that fewer doses are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The key change involves spacing out delivery of states’ weekly allocations over several days to make distribution more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They will get their weekly allocation, it just won’t come to them on one day,” one official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pfizer made it clear that as far as production goes, nothing has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Pfizer has not had any production issues with our COVID-19 vaccine, and no shipments containing the vaccine are on hold or delayed,” spokesman Eamonn Nolan said in an email. “We are continuing to dispatch our orders to the locations specified by the U.S. government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The company said in a written statement that this week it “successfully shipped all 2.9 million doses that we were asked to ship by the U.S. Government to the locations specified by them. We have millions more doses sitting in our warehouse but, as of now, we have not received any shipment instructions for additional doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The senior administration officials said Pfizer’s statement about doses awaiting shipping instructions, while technically accurate, conveniently omits the explanation: It was planned that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is also expecting 672,000 doses of the Moderna vaccine, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and KQED’s Kevin Stark (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@starkkev\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">As an explosion of COVID-19 cases strains California’s intensive care units to the breaking point, the state learned it will receive 160,000 fewer vaccine doses than officials had anticipated next week — a roughly 40% reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">California hospitals began vaccinations this week from the first Pfizer shipment of 327,000 doses, and the state was expecting 393,000 more to arrive next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, officials have been told they will receive about 233,000 doses next week, said Erin Mellon, a spokeswoman for Gov. Gavin Newsom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state was expecting more than 2 million doses to be delivered by the end of year, based on the shipments California has already received and projections of more from Pfizer and Moderna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we know that we’ll be below that estimate because of the latest change communicated by the CDC,” Mellon said. “There may be additional changes from the federal government in projected shipments through the end of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Washington, D.C., two senior Trump administration officials who spoke to The Associated Press on condition of anonymity in order to discuss internal planning said states will receive their full allocations, but misunderstandings about vaccine supply and changes to the delivery schedule may be creating confusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">One official said the initial numbers of available doses that were provided to states were projections based on information from the manufacturers, not fixed allocations. Some state officials may have misunderstood that, the official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The two officials also said that changes the federal government made to the delivery schedule, at the request of governors, may be contributing to a mistaken impression that fewer doses are coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The key change involves spacing out delivery of states’ weekly allocations over several days to make distribution more manageable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“They will get their weekly allocation, it just won’t come to them on one day,” one official said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pfizer made it clear that as far as production goes, nothing has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Pfizer has not had any production issues with our COVID-19 vaccine, and no shipments containing the vaccine are on hold or delayed,” spokesman Eamonn Nolan said in an email. “We are continuing to dispatch our orders to the locations specified by the U.S. government.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The company said in a written statement that this week it “successfully shipped all 2.9 million doses that we were asked to ship by the U.S. Government to the locations specified by them. We have millions more doses sitting in our warehouse but, as of now, we have not received any shipment instructions for additional doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">The senior administration officials said Pfizer’s statement about doses awaiting shipping instructions, while technically accurate, conveniently omits the explanation: It was planned that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is also expecting 672,000 doses of the Moderna vaccine, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/AP\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Associated Press\u003c/a> and KQED’s Kevin Stark (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@starkkev\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">S\u003c/span>\u003c/span>cientists at the Food and Drug Administration endorsed the COVID-19 vaccine developed by Moderna as safe and efficacious on Tuesday, one day after the first doses of a competing vaccine from Pfizer and BioNTech were delivered across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA reviewers said that the two-dose vaccine “was highly effective” in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 from occurring “at least 14 days after the receipt of the second dose.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vaccine-related side effects, such as aches and pains, appeared more severe than with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, though such comparisons should be made with caution and are in no way expected to slow the clearance of the vaccine or present major concerns. There was also preliminary evidence that the vaccine has some efficacy after one dose, and that it prevents asymptomatic COVID-19 cases — those that occur without a person ever feeling ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna disclosed on Nov. 30 that its vaccine \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/30/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-full-results/\">decreased symptomatic COVID-19 infections by 94%\u003c/a> in clinical trials, while also preventing more severe forms of the disease. But the release of FDA documents provides the most complete look yet at what is likely to be the second COVID-19 vaccine cleared for emergency use against the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documents were released ahead of a Thursday meeting of outside experts convened by the FDA, the final step before regulators are all but sure to issue an emergency use authorization for the Moderna vaccine. Moderna has asked that its vaccine be authorized for people over 18; the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was authorized for people over 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Thursday’s meeting of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, the agency will seek the opinions of outside experts who will vote on whether the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, outweigh its risks. Though the FDA does not have to follow the recommendations of these panels, it usually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna previously disclosed clinical trial data showing that 185 cases of COVID-19 occurred in those who received a placebo injection, which was given to half the volunteers in its 30,000-person study. Just 11 cases occurred in those volunteers who received the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were 30 cases of severe COVID-19 in the placebo group of the study, with none in the vaccine group. One volunteer in the placebo group died of COVID-19, compared to none in the vaccine group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 10% of volunteers in Moderna’s trial identified as Black, while 20% were Hispanic or Latinx, 5% were Asian, and just under 1% were Native American. In September, Moderna slowed down the enrollment of its trial in an effort to include more participants from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, mRNA-1273 utilizes a new technology that uses a synthetic version of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/10/26/mrna-vaccines-face-their-first-test-in-the-fight-against-covid-19-how-do-they-work/\">messenger RNA\u003c/a> or mRNA, a key messenger chemical that living things use as part of the process that turn DNA code into the proteins that make up all cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That both of these vaccines use this new technology is a vindication for Moderna, which raised billions of dollars from investors based on the potential for mRNA technology but until now had not delivered a product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are not identical. One difference: Moderna’s vaccine tended to cause more vaccine reactions in clinical trials, such as fevers, aches and chills, than the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Severe reactions — which would lead patients to be briefly impaired, but not hospitalized, appear more common with the Moderna vaccine than with the Pfizer/BioNTech one, although comparisons from different trials can be misleading. In the Moderna study, 15.8% of patients had a severe, or grade 3, reaction. Rates of fever and severe fever were similar between studies. In the Moderna study, 65.3% had fatigue, 9.7% of it severe; muscle pain occurred in 58% of patients, 9% severe; joint pain 42.8%, with 5.2% severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Pfizer/BioNTech study, 59% of volunteers reported fatigue, 4.6% of them severe. Muscle pain occurred in 37.3% of those receiving the Pfizer vaccine. Joint pain occurred in 21.9% of recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there were also different side effects between the placebo groups in the two studies. Rates of fatigue were similar, at 23%, in both placebo groups; muscle pain occurred in 12.4% of placebo patients for Moderna and 8% for Pfizer/BioNTech, and joint pain in 10.8% for Moderna and 5.2% in the Pfizer/BioNTech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of reactions are generally expected as a result of the immune response spurred by a vaccine, and are not likely to present an issue to regulators or to doctors administering the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FDA reviewers also noted an imbalance in cases of Bell’s palsy, a temporary weakness in muscles in the face, which also occurred with the Pfizer vaccine. There will be monitoring for this side effect. As with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, FDA reviewers noted data that could be an indication of mild allergic reactions. After the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine started being given in the United Kingdom, there were two reports of severe allergic reactions that had not been seen in clinical trials, leading to increased concern about those side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moderna said that it has conducted a developmental and reproductive toxicity study, used to assess giving a vaccine in pregnant women, with no adverse effects. Pfizer/BioNTech are still conducting such a study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One encouraging finding with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was that it appeared possible a single dose of the vaccine was effective in preventing COVID-19. Moderna is presenting a different analysis of the same question, looking at COVID-19 tests that were administered to patients at their first and second doses of the vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the second injection, there were 14 cases that tested positive for COVID-19 in the vaccine group, compared to 38 in the placebo group. None of these patients had symptoms. Although the numbers are small (there were more than 14,000 patients in each group) they may indicate that one dose of the vaccine is somewhat effective in preventing the disease, and that the vaccine prevents asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Amid Rollout, S.F. Health Director Warns 'Vaccine Will Not Crush This Curve'",
"headTitle": "Amid Rollout, S.F. Health Director Warns ‘Vaccine Will Not Crush This Curve’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The coronavirus vaccine rollout has begun in California. But in San Francisco, at least, health officials downplayed what might typically be a headline-ready, made-for-TV moment: trucks delivering a life-saving vaccine to beleaguered hospital workers who have been the front-line troops in the fight against a global pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first doses of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine arrived in California Sunday night at Los Angeles International Airport. Within hours, the Bay Area received its first delivery of 2,000 doses at San Francisco General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you wouldn’t have known it from listening to Monday’s coronavirus briefing by one of the city’s top health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Colfax, San Francisco’s director of health, instead delivered a sober analysis of the city’s latest surge — COVID-19 cases are up 50% since Thanksgiving — and asked people to take a “step back and realize how dire our situation is at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He briefly acknowledged the city was one of four in the state to receive the first shipment of doses while taking questions from reporters. But he was less than celebratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope of this vaccine will not crush this curve and with limited supply the vaccine will not save us from this current increase and surge in hospitalizations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s ICU capacity is hovering just above the 15% threshold set by the state to trigger its latest stay-at-home order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a little more theatricality involved in an event attended by Gov. Gavin Newsom, who offered a qualified comment about how Californians should celebrate the vaccine’s arrival but also be “mindful about the challenge we face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom sat with five health care workers as they received the state’s first vaccine doses at a Kaiser Permanente facility in Los Angeles. Kim Taylor, an emergency department nurse, was one of the workers who received a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We front-line workers have been working around the clock, sacrificing so much of what we do and love to take care of our patients, we’ve been doing this while trying to take care of our own families and keep them safe, what I want you guys to know is — help is on the way, today’s just the first step,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Fenstersheib, Santa Clara County’s vaccine and testing officer, said an initial round of more than 17,000 doses for county use will arrive this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are following the priorities that were determined by the CDC and the state,” he said. “We will be vaccinating health care workers as well as residents of skilled nursing facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marin County, the vaccine, which was supposed to arrive Monday, has been delayed and is now due on Wednesday. Vaccinations could begin there on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few hours after his press conference, Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11851138/newsom-says-393000-more-pfizer-vaccine-doses-coming-next-week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> in a tweet that Pfizer was sending an additional round of its coronavirus vaccine to California next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—Kevin Stark \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The coronavirus vaccine rollout has begun in California. But in San Francisco, at least, health officials downplayed what might typically be a headline-ready, made-for-TV moment: trucks delivering a life-saving vaccine to beleaguered hospital workers who have been the front-line troops in the fight against a global pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first doses of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine arrived in California Sunday night at Los Angeles International Airport. Within hours, the Bay Area received its first delivery of 2,000 doses at San Francisco General Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you wouldn’t have known it from listening to Monday’s coronavirus briefing by one of the city’s top health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant Colfax, San Francisco’s director of health, instead delivered a sober analysis of the city’s latest surge — COVID-19 cases are up 50% since Thanksgiving — and asked people to take a “step back and realize how dire our situation is at this point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He briefly acknowledged the city was one of four in the state to receive the first shipment of doses while taking questions from reporters. But he was less than celebratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope of this vaccine will not crush this curve and with limited supply the vaccine will not save us from this current increase and surge in hospitalizations,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s ICU capacity is hovering just above the 15% threshold set by the state to trigger its latest stay-at-home order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a little more theatricality involved in an event attended by Gov. Gavin Newsom, who offered a qualified comment about how Californians should celebrate the vaccine’s arrival but also be “mindful about the challenge we face.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom sat with five health care workers as they received the state’s first vaccine doses at a Kaiser Permanente facility in Los Angeles. Kim Taylor, an emergency department nurse, was one of the workers who received a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We front-line workers have been working around the clock, sacrificing so much of what we do and love to take care of our patients, we’ve been doing this while trying to take care of our own families and keep them safe, what I want you guys to know is — help is on the way, today’s just the first step,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marty Fenstersheib, Santa Clara County’s vaccine and testing officer, said an initial round of more than 17,000 doses for county use will arrive this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are following the priorities that were determined by the CDC and the state,” he said. “We will be vaccinating health care workers as well as residents of skilled nursing facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Marin County, the vaccine, which was supposed to arrive Monday, has been delayed and is now due on Wednesday. Vaccinations could begin there on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few hours after his press conference, Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/coronavirusliveupdates/news/11851138/newsom-says-393000-more-pfizer-vaccine-doses-coming-next-week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">announced\u003c/a> in a tweet that Pfizer was sending an additional round of its coronavirus vaccine to California next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">—Kevin Stark \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The U.S. Timeline for a Coronavirus Vaccine Keeps Slipping",
"headTitle": "The U.S. Timeline for a Coronavirus Vaccine Keeps Slipping | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>hen Bruce Y. Lee was helping the U.S. government model delivery plans for H1N1 influenza vaccines, he came to expect one constant: The schedule would always change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d constantly have to update the models as new production numbers came out,” said Lee, a professor at CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, who developed computational models to guide the national response to the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009. “That just became accepted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shifting timelines are already apparent with COVID-19 vaccine distribution in the U.S. — even before the rollout starts in the coming days. The Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/21/trump-administration-accelerates-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-to-be-available-beginning-in-october.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared\u003c/a> in May that 300 million vaccine doses would be available by January 2021, with the first distributed in October of this year. By October, that had shifted to 100 million doses by the end of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/coronavirus-vaccine-hhs-secretary-azar-says-us-could-have-enough-doses-for-every-american-by-march.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to\u003c/a> U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar. Currently, the plan is for 40 million doses to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/speeches/2020-speeches/remarks-at-ows-press-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">distributed in December\u003c/a>, though some in health care \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/07/pledge-to-vaccinate-20-million-against-covid19-in-december-seems-unrealistic/\">are skeptical\u003c/a> of even that prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical and vaccine production involves complex coordination, involving product development, manufacturing, packaging, storage, distribution, and regulatory review, and each stage can cause unexpected delays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manufacturing process can — and usually does — go awry at some point. “Manufacturing never goes 100%, there’s always issues and stock you have to throw out,” said Lee. “You bake a thousand cakes, you’re not going to get a thousand successful cakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At every stage of production, manufacturers must test the product to show that each batch, from each different facility, is equivalent to the original. This will inevitably reveal issues that need addressing as COVID-19 vaccines are produced at unprecedented scale and speed. “Not only do we want it yesterday, but we need a lot of it yesterday,” said Thomas Denny, chief operating officer of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. “If you try and do something quickly in your kitchen, even if you have a recipe, sometimes things go wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every feature of the final vaccine, including buffers, glass, pipette tips, dry ice, and packaging, then comes with its own potential production issues. Pfizer recently had to cut its \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizer-slashed-its-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-target-after-facing-supply-chain-obstacles-11607027787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">end-of-year supply projections for COVID-19 vaccines in half\u003c/a>, because of delays in scaling up the raw material supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more vaccines are rolled out, this will increase the pressure on available supplies. “You’re dealing with a limited supply chain,” said Denny. “I would not be surprised, as we get two or three vaccines being manufactured, if we see some challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/covid19-vaccine-timeline-keeps-slipping-experts-say-it-will-change-again/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/OliviaGoldhill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Olivia Goldhill\u003c/a>, STAT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. Read the rest of the piece \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/covid19-vaccine-timeline-keeps-slipping-experts-say-it-will-change-again/\">here.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"big-cap-wrap\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>\u003c/span>hen Bruce Y. Lee was helping the U.S. government model delivery plans for H1N1 influenza vaccines, he came to expect one constant: The schedule would always change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d constantly have to update the models as new production numbers came out,” said Lee, a professor at CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, who developed computational models to guide the national response to the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009. “That just became accepted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shifting timelines are already apparent with COVID-19 vaccine distribution in the U.S. — even before the rollout starts in the coming days. The Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2020/05/21/trump-administration-accelerates-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-to-be-available-beginning-in-october.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">declared\u003c/a> in May that 300 million vaccine doses would be available by January 2021, with the first distributed in October of this year. By October, that had shifted to 100 million doses by the end of the year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/coronavirus-vaccine-hhs-secretary-azar-says-us-could-have-enough-doses-for-every-american-by-march.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">according to\u003c/a> U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar. Currently, the plan is for 40 million doses to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/speeches/2020-speeches/remarks-at-ows-press-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">distributed in December\u003c/a>, though some in health care \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/07/pledge-to-vaccinate-20-million-against-covid19-in-december-seems-unrealistic/\">are skeptical\u003c/a> of even that prediction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmaceutical and vaccine production involves complex coordination, involving product development, manufacturing, packaging, storage, distribution, and regulatory review, and each stage can cause unexpected delays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manufacturing process can — and usually does — go awry at some point. “Manufacturing never goes 100%, there’s always issues and stock you have to throw out,” said Lee. “You bake a thousand cakes, you’re not going to get a thousand successful cakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At every stage of production, manufacturers must test the product to show that each batch, from each different facility, is equivalent to the original. This will inevitably reveal issues that need addressing as COVID-19 vaccines are produced at unprecedented scale and speed. “Not only do we want it yesterday, but we need a lot of it yesterday,” said Thomas Denny, chief operating officer of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. “If you try and do something quickly in your kitchen, even if you have a recipe, sometimes things go wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every feature of the final vaccine, including buffers, glass, pipette tips, dry ice, and packaging, then comes with its own potential production issues. Pfizer recently had to cut its \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizer-slashed-its-covid-19-vaccine-rollout-target-after-facing-supply-chain-obstacles-11607027787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">end-of-year supply projections for COVID-19 vaccines in half\u003c/a>, because of delays in scaling up the raw material supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more vaccines are rolled out, this will increase the pressure on available supplies. “You’re dealing with a limited supply chain,” said Denny. “I would not be surprised, as we get two or three vaccines being manufactured, if we see some challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read the \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/covid19-vaccine-timeline-keeps-slipping-experts-say-it-will-change-again/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">full story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>— \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/OliviaGoldhill\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Olivia Goldhill\u003c/a>, STAT\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery. Read the rest of the piece \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/covid19-vaccine-timeline-keeps-slipping-experts-say-it-will-change-again/\">here.\u003c/a> \u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine Is Near Approval, but U.S. May Have to Wait to Buy More",
"headTitle": "The Pfizer Coronavirus Vaccine Is Near Approval, but U.S. May Have to Wait to Buy More | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>With Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine poised for Food and Drug Administration authorization for emergency use, there’s speculation about when the United States will buy another batch of doses — and whether the Trump administration already missed its chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a Pfizer board member says the government declined to buy more doses beyond the initial 100 million agreed upon in July, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/britain-rolls-out-a-vaccine-but-what-will-distribution-look-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told PBS Newshour \u003c/a>that this is inaccurate. The company never made a formal offer saying how many doses it would deliver and when — two things that are needed to sign an additional deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They refused to commit to any other production or delivery by a time certain,” he said, explaining that the initial doses will be delivered by March, and there is an option for the government to buy another 500 million after that. “I’m certainly not going to sign a deal with Pfizer, giving them $10 billion to buy vaccine that they could deliver to us five, 10 years hence. That doesn’t make any sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azar said the government started new negotiations with Pfizer in early October, but “they still resisted giving us any date by which they would do it.” He said they’re making progress in their negotiations, but the government is willing to use “every power of the Defense Production Act” to get the additional necessary Pfizer vaccine doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer board member and former FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb told CNBC on Tuesday that the federal government declined “multiple times” to purchase more doses of Pfizer’s vaccine over the summer, and it may have missed out on getting more in the second quarter of 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pfizer did offer an additional allotment coming out of that plan — basically the second quarter allotment — multiple times,” Gottlieb \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/covid-vaccine-us-declined-pfizer-offer-for-more-doses-says-scott-gottlieb-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told CNBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gottlieb noted that the government has agreements to buy hundreds of millions of doses of vaccines from six manufacturers as part of Operation Warp Speed, the Trump administration’s more than $10 billion push to make a coronavirus vaccine available in record time. He suspects the government is betting more than one vaccine would ultimately get the FDA’s authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That perhaps could be why they didn’t take up that additional 100 million option agreement, which really wouldn’t have required necessarily them to front money. It was just an agreement that they would purchase those vaccines,” Gottlieb said. “So Pfizer has gone ahead and entered into some agreements with other countries to sell them some of that vaccine in the second quarter of 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could mean there’s less available for the U.S. government to buy when it’s ready to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/us/trump-covid-vaccine-pfizer.html#trump-administration-officials-passed-when-pfizer-offered-in-late-summer-to-sell-the-us-more-vaccine-doses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first reported\u003c/a> Monday on the negotiations for more doses, saying that Pfizer offered the U.S. government between 100 million and 500 million additional doses and warned that its vaccine could be in short supply, given demand around the world. As a result, a second allotment might not be available to the U.S. until next June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior administration official told reporters during a briefing Monday that the \u003cem>Times \u003c/em>reporting wasn’t accurate: “We’re in the middle of a negotiation right now and we can’t talk publicly about it, but we feel absolutely confident we will get the vaccine doses for which we’ve contracted and will have a sufficient number of doses to vaccinate all Americans who desire one before the end of second quarter 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for HHS echoed that explanation in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SpoxHHS/status/1336364659532828672?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">series of tweets \u003c/a>on Tuesday, saying, “At no time did OWS turn down an offer from Pfizer for any number of millions of doses having a firm delivery date and quantity, and it’s a shame that someone is misinforming the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer didn’t respond to NPR’s request for comment on this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Pfizer signed a $1.95 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/22/894184607/u-s-to-get-100-million-doses-of-pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-in-1-95-billion-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agreement with Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a>. As part of the deal, the government agreed to purchase 100 million doses of Pfizer’s vaccine, but the transaction would occur only if the vaccine Pfizer is developing in partnership with BioNTech, a German company, received the FDA’s OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for a company under contract with the government to suggest a modification, such as more doses in the first allotment, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mccarter.com/people/franklin-c-turner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Franklin Turner,\u003c/a> a partner at McCarter & English who specializes in government contracting. But there can be any number of reasons the government might decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had a dime for every time the government took a step or a position that seems counterintuitive and quite frankly, mind-boggling, I’d be a very rich human being at this point in my life,” Franklin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the advisory panel voted 17-4, with one abstention, \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/10/944813076/fda-advisers-weigh-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/10/944813076/fda-advisers-weigh-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">to recommend\u003c/a> that the COVID-19 vaccine being developed by Pfizer and BioNTech be authorized for emergency use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible the government could have gotten better follow-on delivery contract terms to begin with, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.keionline.org/jamie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James Love\u003c/a>, director of Knowledge Ecology International. Though he noted that the intellectual property rights in the contract aren’t particularly favorable to the federal government either, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/24/938591815/pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-supply-contract-excludes-many-taxpayer-protections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>. “At some point, not placing orders when the whole world is placing orders, was a mistake,” Love said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the U.S. did miss out on more doses because it declined them, it would be “a spectacular failure,” said Rena Conti, a health economist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contracts are forward-looking, that means we could have (and did) sign contracts with other manufacturers that reserve future capacity when it became available,” she said. “We should have [been] including language in every contract reserving the rights to more quantity in advance at a given price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pfizer-tdl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer contract \u003c/a>includes the option to buy an additional 500 million doses of its vaccine, that transaction would require a separate agreement, and the price would be subject to change, the contract says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having more quantity reserved is smart economics given the uncertainty entailed in which vaccine comes to market in a given time period, and which vaccine will be most safe, [effective] and able to manufacture at scale,” Conti said. “There is no downside cost or risk to having these forward contracts and there is plenty to gain for the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR pharmaceuticals correspondent Sydney Lupkin at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:slupkin@npr.org\">\u003cem>slupkin@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Government+May+Find+It+Hard+To+Get+More+Doses+Of+Pfizer%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine poised for Food and Drug Administration authorization for emergency use, there’s speculation about when the United States will buy another batch of doses — and whether the Trump administration already missed its chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although a Pfizer board member says the government declined to buy more doses beyond the initial 100 million agreed upon in July, U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary Alex Azar \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/britain-rolls-out-a-vaccine-but-what-will-distribution-look-in-the-u-s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told PBS Newshour \u003c/a>that this is inaccurate. The company never made a formal offer saying how many doses it would deliver and when — two things that are needed to sign an additional deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They refused to commit to any other production or delivery by a time certain,” he said, explaining that the initial doses will be delivered by March, and there is an option for the government to buy another 500 million after that. “I’m certainly not going to sign a deal with Pfizer, giving them $10 billion to buy vaccine that they could deliver to us five, 10 years hence. That doesn’t make any sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Azar said the government started new negotiations with Pfizer in early October, but “they still resisted giving us any date by which they would do it.” He said they’re making progress in their negotiations, but the government is willing to use “every power of the Defense Production Act” to get the additional necessary Pfizer vaccine doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer board member and former FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb told CNBC on Tuesday that the federal government declined “multiple times” to purchase more doses of Pfizer’s vaccine over the summer, and it may have missed out on getting more in the second quarter of 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pfizer did offer an additional allotment coming out of that plan — basically the second quarter allotment — multiple times,” Gottlieb \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/08/covid-vaccine-us-declined-pfizer-offer-for-more-doses-says-scott-gottlieb-.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">told CNBC\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gottlieb noted that the government has agreements to buy hundreds of millions of doses of vaccines from six manufacturers as part of Operation Warp Speed, the Trump administration’s more than $10 billion push to make a coronavirus vaccine available in record time. He suspects the government is betting more than one vaccine would ultimately get the FDA’s authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That perhaps could be why they didn’t take up that additional 100 million option agreement, which really wouldn’t have required necessarily them to front money. It was just an agreement that they would purchase those vaccines,” Gottlieb said. “So Pfizer has gone ahead and entered into some agreements with other countries to sell them some of that vaccine in the second quarter of 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that could mean there’s less available for the U.S. government to buy when it’s ready to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/us/trump-covid-vaccine-pfizer.html#trump-administration-officials-passed-when-pfizer-offered-in-late-summer-to-sell-the-us-more-vaccine-doses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">first reported\u003c/a> Monday on the negotiations for more doses, saying that Pfizer offered the U.S. government between 100 million and 500 million additional doses and warned that its vaccine could be in short supply, given demand around the world. As a result, a second allotment might not be available to the U.S. until next June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior administration official told reporters during a briefing Monday that the \u003cem>Times \u003c/em>reporting wasn’t accurate: “We’re in the middle of a negotiation right now and we can’t talk publicly about it, but we feel absolutely confident we will get the vaccine doses for which we’ve contracted and will have a sufficient number of doses to vaccinate all Americans who desire one before the end of second quarter 2021.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for HHS echoed that explanation in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/SpoxHHS/status/1336364659532828672?s=20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">series of tweets \u003c/a>on Tuesday, saying, “At no time did OWS turn down an offer from Pfizer for any number of millions of doses having a firm delivery date and quantity, and it’s a shame that someone is misinforming the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pfizer didn’t respond to NPR’s request for comment on this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July, Pfizer signed a $1.95 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/22/894184607/u-s-to-get-100-million-doses-of-pfizer-coronavirus-vaccine-in-1-95-billion-deal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agreement with Operation Warp Speed\u003c/a>. As part of the deal, the government agreed to purchase 100 million doses of Pfizer’s vaccine, but the transaction would occur only if the vaccine Pfizer is developing in partnership with BioNTech, a German company, received the FDA’s OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for a company under contract with the government to suggest a modification, such as more doses in the first allotment, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mccarter.com/people/franklin-c-turner/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Franklin Turner,\u003c/a> a partner at McCarter & English who specializes in government contracting. But there can be any number of reasons the government might decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had a dime for every time the government took a step or a position that seems counterintuitive and quite frankly, mind-boggling, I’d be a very rich human being at this point in my life,” Franklin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the advisory panel voted 17-4, with one abstention, \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/10/944813076/fda-advisers-weigh-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/10/944813076/fda-advisers-weigh-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\">to recommend\u003c/a> that the COVID-19 vaccine being developed by Pfizer and BioNTech be authorized for emergency use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s possible the government could have gotten better follow-on delivery contract terms to begin with, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.keionline.org/jamie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">James Love\u003c/a>, director of Knowledge Ecology International. Though he noted that the intellectual property rights in the contract aren’t particularly favorable to the federal government either, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/24/938591815/pfizers-coronavirus-vaccine-supply-contract-excludes-many-taxpayer-protections\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>. “At some point, not placing orders when the whole world is placing orders, was a mistake,” Love said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the U.S. did miss out on more doses because it declined them, it would be “a spectacular failure,” said Rena Conti, a health economist at Boston University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Contracts are forward-looking, that means we could have (and did) sign contracts with other manufacturers that reserve future capacity when it became available,” she said. “We should have [been] including language in every contract reserving the rights to more quantity in advance at a given price.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/pfizer-tdl.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pfizer contract \u003c/a>includes the option to buy an additional 500 million doses of its vaccine, that transaction would require a separate agreement, and the price would be subject to change, the contract says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having more quantity reserved is smart economics given the uncertainty entailed in which vaccine comes to market in a given time period, and which vaccine will be most safe, [effective] and able to manufacture at scale,” Conti said. “There is no downside cost or risk to having these forward contracts and there is plenty to gain for the American public.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact NPR pharmaceuticals correspondent Sydney Lupkin at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:slupkin@npr.org\">\u003cem>slupkin@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Government+May+Find+It+Hard+To+Get+More+Doses+Of+Pfizer%27s+COVID-19+Vaccine+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer's Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use",
"headTitle": "U.S. Expert Panel Endorses Pfizer’s Coronavirus Vaccine for Widespread Use | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A U.S. government advisory panel endorsed widespread use of Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine Thursday, putting the country just one step away from launching an epic vaccination campaign against the outbreak that has killed close to 300,000 Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Shots could begin within days, depending on how quickly the Food and Drug Administration signs off, as expected, on the expert committee’s recommendation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">In a 17-4 vote with one abstention, the government advisers concluded that the vaccine from Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech appears safe and effective for emergency use in adults and teenagers 16 and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">That endorsement came despite questions about allergic reactions in two people who received the vaccine earlier this week when Britain became the first country to begin dispensing the Pfizer-BioNTech shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Despite all the remaining unknowns, in an emergency, “the question is whether you know enough,” said panel member Dr. Paul Offit of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, who concluded that the shot’s potential potential benefits outweigh its risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The independent review by non-government experts in vaccine development, infectious diseases and medical statistics was considered critical to boosting Americans’ confidence in the safety of the shot, which was developed at breakneck speed less than a year after the virus was identified.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The decision came as COVID-19 cases surge to ever-higher levels across the U.S., with deaths hitting an all-time, one-day high of more than 3,100 on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer has said it will have about 25 million doses of the two-shot vaccine for the U.S. by the end of December. But initial supplies will be limited and reserved primarily for health care workers and nursing home residents, with other vulnerable groups next in line until the shots become widely available on demand, something that will probably not happen until the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Experts estimate at least 70% of the U.S. population will have to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity, the point at which the virus can be held in check. That means it could be several months before things start get back to normal and Americans can put away their masks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The FDA next week will review a second vaccine, from Moderna and the National Institutes of Health, that appears about as protective as Pfizer-BioNTech’s shot. A third candidate, from Johnson & Johnson, which would require just one dose, is working its way through the pipeline. Behind that is a candidate from AstraZeneca and Oxford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">All eyes now turn to the FDA staff scientists who will make the final decision on whether to greenlight use of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Regulators not only in Britain but in Canada have already approved it for use in their countries, and President Donald Trump and White House officials have complained for weeks about the pace of FDA’s careful review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">FDA’s vaccine director Dr. Peter Marks said ahead of the expert meeting that a decision would come within “days to a week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Americans want us to do a scientific review, but I think they also want us to make sure we’re not wasting time on paperwork as opposed to going forward with the decision,” FDA Commissioner Stephen Hahn said before the meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">A positive vote for the vaccine was virtually assured after FDA scientists issued a glowing review of the vaccine earlier in the week. Agency staffers said data from Pfizer’s ongoing study of 44,000 people showed strong protection across different age groups, races and health conditions with no major, unexpected safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The Pfizer-BioNTech shot remains experimental because that final-stage study isn’t complete. As a result, the expert panel wrestled with a list of questions that have yet to be answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">For example, while the vaccine is more than 90% effective in blocking the symptoms of COVID-19, the FDA’s advisers stressed it is not yet clear if it can stop the silent, symptomless spread that accounts for up to half of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“Even though the individual efficacy of this vaccine is very, very, very high, you really as of right now do not have any evidence” that it will lower transmission, said Dr. Patrick Moore of the University of Pittsburgh. He urged Pfizer to take additional steps to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">And the advisers are worried that Pfizer will lose its opportunity to answer critical questions as it begins offering the real vaccine to study participants who had been getting dummy shots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">The company proposed gradually moving those patients to the vaccine group, with priority based on age, health conditions and other factors. Under that plan, 70-year-old participants would cross over before healthy 30-year-olds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer must still show whether the vaccine works in children younger than 16 and in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">On the safety front, as widespread vaccinations begin, the first recipients will be closely tracked by government health authorities since studies in tens of thousands of people can’t detect rare risks that strike 1 in a million. Hanging over the meeting were the British allergic reactions and a warning from authorities there that people with a history of serious reactions shouldn’t get the vaccine for now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">Pfizer representatives said they have seen no signs of allergic reactions in their trial. But some of the FDA advisers fear the British warning will deter millions of Americans with allergies who might benefit from the COVID-19 vaccine from giving it a try, and urged additional studies to try to settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-194 Component-p-0-2-185\">“This issue is not going to die until we have better data,” Offit said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hospitals Race to Prepare for the High-Stakes COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lately, Jon Horton has been dreaming about freezers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was opening the freezer and I was taking something out of the freezer and putting it in something else,” Horton said. “And it was just like — whew!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And not just an ordinary freezer. Horton is pharmacy operations director at Sentara — a health care network based in Norfolk, Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sentara officials are working out every detail of the logistics involved in rolling out the coronavirus vaccine from Pfizer, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica\">has to be kept\u003c/a> at nearly minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit or risk losing effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a certain point, you’re just trying to figure out what needs to be done next,” Horton said during an interview with NPR at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital. “So you’re focusing on this process, and as you open up that door, you learn a little more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As federal regulators prepare to meet Thursday to consider whether they’ll approve Pfizer’s brand-new \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/12/08/944165524/fda-analysis-of-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-finds-it-effective-and-safe\">coronavirus vaccine\u003c/a>, employees like Horton are preparing to receive the vaccine at hospitals around the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sentara health system has four of the ultracold freezers that the vaccine requires, including one obtained through collaboration with a local medical school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We usually just deal with freezing temperatures, you know, a typical freezer,” said Tim Jennings, Sentara’s chief pharmacy officer. “That’s why we had to actually go out and acquire a special freezer for this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For sites that don’t, there’s dry ice. Jennings opens a big blue bin full of it, which resembles white “cheese doodles,” he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s little room for error here: The vaccines must be monitored to make sure the temperature is stable each step of the way. And they’re in short supply right now; the first shipment from Pfizer is expected to include only about 72,000 doses for all of Virginia, a state of more than 8 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Hood, chief operating officer at the American Hospital Association, said health care administrators across the country are gearing up for a major logistical undertaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never done anything like this as a country or in the world, as significant as this exercise is,” Hood said. “And everything is new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first vaccines will go mostly to front-line health care workers at the highest risk of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where Mary Morin, a vice president in charge of employee vaccination at Sentara, comes in. She has a lot to think about as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did wake up last night and I’m going, ‘Oh, my God,'” Morin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morin, whose background is as a registered nurse, has to turn Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines about who should be first in line for the coronavirus vaccine into a real-life plan for her hospital workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A front door to the hospital is the emergency department. You may have a security guard there. They’re patient facing. They’re forward facing,” she said. “So it’s the staff — it isn’t just the nurses and the physicians.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the flu shot, Sentara officials say, the coronavirus vaccine will be optional for staff. Large studies indicate the Pfizer vaccine is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/08/944128751/louisiana-health-official-when-vaccine-doses-arrive-well-be-ready\">about 95% effective\u003c/a> with few side effects. But it’s brand new, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/11/30/939000489/a-covid-19-vaccine-has-come-quick-but-expert-says-thats-no-reason-to-fear-it\">convincing people\u003c/a> to take it may be a challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge ahead for hospital staff members like Jennings is making sure the vaccine is properly stored and administered to those who are willing and able to take the first doses. If the vaccine receives federal approval, officials say it could start being given to health care workers within days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We realize if we do this right, we could save thousands of lives,” Jennings said, “if not hundreds of thousands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=At+Hospitals%2C+A+Race+To+Save+%27Hundreds+Of+Thousands%27+Of+Lives+With+New+Vaccine&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
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