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"content": "\u003cp>This post is no longer being updated. Please see the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/state-dashboard/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 data dashboard\u003c/a> for the latest statistics on cases, deaths and other metrics. The San Francisco Chronicle also maintains a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/projects/coronavirus-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">coronavirus tracker\u003c/a> covering statistics for the Bay Area and the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "No, California Nursing Homes Won't Really Have to Test Everyone for COVID-19",
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"content": "\u003ch4>The White House asked for it; Newsom promised it. Experts say testing everyone is essential to controlling the virus in care homes. So why can’t we do it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To fight the spread of coronavirus in skilled nursing facilities, California has not created one universal testing plan. Instead, it is permitting the creation of 1,224 of them. Plans for controlling the spread of COVID-19 are required; testing itself, for reasons both logistical and economic, is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “phased” approach promoted by the state leaves creating and designing testing plans to nursing home administrators, advised by state and local health officials. Regulators have made every nursing home in California responsible for a coronavirus mitigation plan. But neither state guidance nor county advisories demand that skilled nursing facilities test every worker and resident on an ongoing basis. They also don’t set a goal for how long that testing will continue, whether for a period of time, or until certain public health goals are met, or until a vaccine exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" citation=\"Maya Altman, Health Plan of San Mateo\"]‘I just worry about facilities all over the state. It’s left up to the local jurisdictions how aggressive they’ll be.’[/pullquote]Political and public health leaders say testing is essential to getting a handle on the coronavirus in nursing homes. Patient advocates and family members have criticized nursing homes as “black boxes,” hard to see inside of, because of health orders demanding that regulators and visitors stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of June 10, long-term care residents and deaths make up 52% of California’s COVID-19 casualties during the pandemic. Nursing homes serving more black and brown residents \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-nursing-homes-racial-disparity.html\">have been harder hit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965221/map-see-which-bay-area-nursing-homes-and-long-term-care-facilities-have-had-coronavirus-outbreaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MAP: See Which Bay Area Care Homes Have Experienced Outbreaks\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health said in a statement that developing testing in nursing homes “is a massive undertaking. … It is not something that can be done well overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a heavy lift in other states, too. Only some have tested every nursing home resident in response to the pandemic; others say they won’t even try. Some of them, like \u003ca href=\"https://governor.wv.gov/Documents/2020%20Executive%20Orders/Executive-Order-April-17-2020-Nursing-Home-Testing.pdf\">West Virginia\u003c/a> and Rhode Island, did so early. Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"https://www.spotlightpa.org/news/2020/06/pennsylvania-coronavirus-nursing-homes-universal-testing-wolf/\">has plans \u003c/a>to implement universal testing by midsummer, but just once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House urged state governors to mandate universal testing a month ago. But “universal” is a confusing term and subject to different interpretations. Some public health departments \u003ca href=\"https://news.delaware.gov/2020/05/05/governor-carney-announces-interim-steps-allowing-small-businesses-universal-testing-in-nursing-homes/\">sent tests to every facility\u003c/a>. Some have asked every facility to submit results or \u003ca href=\"https://azgovernor.gov/governor/news/2020/05/governor-ducey-announces-next-phase-arizona-recovery\">partnered with private labs to get tests done\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">SHARE YOUR STORY: Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s guidance-centered approach raises questions not only about the purpose and frequency of testing, but also about the efficacy of testing strategies in combating the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated and all over the map,” said Deborah Pacyna, spokeswoman for the California Association of Health Facilities, which represents about three-quarters of the state’s nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-52.aspx\">letter\u003c/a> from the California Department of Public Health in early May requires nursing homes “to expand their existing infection control policies” within three weeks, developing a plan for testing residents and separating, or cohorting them, according to their COVID-19 status. Each nursing home also must have an infection preventionist, access to sufficient PPE, and policies to address staffing shortages. Later, the department followed up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-52.aspx\">testing\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-55.aspx\">reporting\u003c/a> recommendations. Nursing homes were supposed to submit COVID-19 mitigation plans to the state last week. It’s not clear whether they’ll be published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommendations from public officials suggest “baseline” testing of all residents and workers in facilities where no cases are reported. If COVID-19 cases are then found, the state suggests surveillance testing every seven days among workers. To respond to an outbreak, the state suggests repeatedly testing among workers until no one tests positive for the virus. It’s not clear whether failing to do so will have consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere does the state specify who’s paying for all of this — and that’s a concern for nursing home operators, most of whom are for-profit entities, arguing through national and local trade groups that they’re already operating on the slimmest of margins to stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been estimating a minimum of $100 per test,” Pacyna said. Generally, nursing homes and state officials believe that testing for many nursing home patients may be billed to private insurance. But that’s not clear, and repeat testing for workers may not be easily covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government recently provided $5 billion in public funds to nursing homes as emergency aid. The American Health Care Association and the National Center for Assisted Living, a national trade group, say that translates into potentially several hundred thousand dollars of funding per facility. Trade groups are also lobbying for aid to assisted living or residential communities for the elderly, which count more beds and facilities in California, though fewer reported outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing supplies themselves are often scarce, with counties and private companies scrambling to access them. That’s one of several reasons advocates criticize California’s plan as an unmanageable patchwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem is that there is no clear path to execution and enforcement of the mitigation plans,” said Mike Dark, an attorney with the California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform. In that respect, the new mandates leave us almost worse off than we were before, because they provide the illusion that comprehensive testing in nursing homes is underway when it is not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just worry about facilities all over the state,” said Maya Altman, who runs the Health Plan of San Mateo, which provides health coverage to underserved residents of that county, including in nursing homes. “It’s left up to the local jurisdictions how aggressive they’ll be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger and wealthier counties, like San Francisco, say they have paid for all or most testing in nursing homes. But they say they can’t afford such support forever. And advocates like CANHR’s Dark say they worry about what smaller and rural counties can afford. There’s no clear plan in any of these places when the money runs out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be an ongoing effort on the part of the state to get this done, with or without county cooperation, and these efforts must go on for months and maybe years,” Dark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all aspects of coronavirus response so far, county health departments in the Bay Area have each made their own recommendations. No Bay Area county says it has paid for all nursing home testing. Here’s how some counties that have experienced multiple outbreaks in nursing homes say they’re reacting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda County:\u003c/strong> The county says it has paid for nursing home tests when other resources were not available, but is offering no estimates about the cost to the county so far. “While there are federal resources to help cover laboratory costs, this resource may not continue indefinitely,” the county said in a written statement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County:\u003c/strong> Contra Costa’s position is that facilities should bill the cost of tests through insurance; for uninsured residents of skilled nursing, costs can be recouped through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin County:\u003c/strong> A new \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/covid-19-testing-residents-and-personnel-certain-residential-facilities\">order\u003c/a> requires congregate living facilities to “cooperate” with efforts to test residents and workers with their consent, with a goal of testing workers by July 6, and residents by the end of July. Facilities must report their testing data. The order doesn’t say who covers the cost of testing, but county health officer Matt Willis has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964008/mass-covid-19-testing-in-nursing-homes-still-a-ways-off-in-bay-area-counties\">said\u003c/a> that facilities should be primarily responsible for testing costs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco County:\u003c/strong> County health officials have funded some nursing home coronavirus tests at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Clinical Lab and the county’s public health lab. Officials say they also expect to obtain reimbursement from insurers and from the federal government.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County:\u003c/strong> The county isn’t tabulating testing costs, but facility assessment and overhead costs for supporting testing at all congregate living facilities has cost the county about $3.4 million a month so far, according to a spokesman for the county’s joint information center. San Mateo is expecting the Federal Emergency Management Agency to pick up half, and possibly as much as three-quarters, of this cost. But it’s not clear how long FEMA funding would support the county’s advising efforts. “We are looking for ways to continue the work within our current financial structures,” says the county’s statement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County:\u003c/strong> The county has paid for some COVID-19 tests at long-term care facilities; it has received some testing for free from the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub laboratory. “The SNFs need to ramp up to be autonomous,” a spokesman said, “and the county is assisting them as they strive to reach that goal.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic …\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California hasn't created one universal testing plan for the state's nursing homes. Instead, it is permitting more than 1,200 of them. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch4>The White House asked for it; Newsom promised it. Experts say testing everyone is essential to controlling the virus in care homes. So why can’t we do it?\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To fight the spread of coronavirus in skilled nursing facilities, California has not created one universal testing plan. Instead, it is permitting the creation of 1,224 of them. Plans for controlling the spread of COVID-19 are required; testing itself, for reasons both logistical and economic, is not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A “phased” approach promoted by the state leaves creating and designing testing plans to nursing home administrators, advised by state and local health officials. Regulators have made every nursing home in California responsible for a coronavirus mitigation plan. But neither state guidance nor county advisories demand that skilled nursing facilities test every worker and resident on an ongoing basis. They also don’t set a goal for how long that testing will continue, whether for a period of time, or until certain public health goals are met, or until a vaccine exists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘I just worry about facilities all over the state. It’s left up to the local jurisdictions how aggressive they’ll be.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Political and public health leaders say testing is essential to getting a handle on the coronavirus in nursing homes. Patient advocates and family members have criticized nursing homes as “black boxes,” hard to see inside of, because of health orders demanding that regulators and visitors stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of June 10, long-term care residents and deaths make up 52% of California’s COVID-19 casualties during the pandemic. Nursing homes serving more black and brown residents \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/article/coronavirus-nursing-homes-racial-disparity.html\">have been harder hit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1965221/map-see-which-bay-area-nursing-homes-and-long-term-care-facilities-have-had-coronavirus-outbreaks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MAP: See Which Bay Area Care Homes Have Experienced Outbreaks\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Public Health said in a statement that developing testing in nursing homes “is a massive undertaking. … It is not something that can be done well overnight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a heavy lift in other states, too. Only some have tested every nursing home resident in response to the pandemic; others say they won’t even try. Some of them, like \u003ca href=\"https://governor.wv.gov/Documents/2020%20Executive%20Orders/Executive-Order-April-17-2020-Nursing-Home-Testing.pdf\">West Virginia\u003c/a> and Rhode Island, did so early. Pennsylvania \u003ca href=\"https://www.spotlightpa.org/news/2020/06/pennsylvania-coronavirus-nursing-homes-universal-testing-wolf/\">has plans \u003c/a>to implement universal testing by midsummer, but just once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House urged state governors to mandate universal testing a month ago. But “universal” is a confusing term and subject to different interpretations. Some public health departments \u003ca href=\"https://news.delaware.gov/2020/05/05/governor-carney-announces-interim-steps-allowing-small-businesses-universal-testing-in-nursing-homes/\">sent tests to every facility\u003c/a>. Some have asked every facility to submit results or \u003ca href=\"https://azgovernor.gov/governor/news/2020/05/governor-ducey-announces-next-phase-arizona-recovery\">partnered with private labs to get tests done\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">SHARE YOUR STORY: Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s guidance-centered approach raises questions not only about the purpose and frequency of testing, but also about the efficacy of testing strategies in combating the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated and all over the map,” said Deborah Pacyna, spokeswoman for the California Association of Health Facilities, which represents about three-quarters of the state’s nursing homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-52.aspx\">letter\u003c/a> from the California Department of Public Health in early May requires nursing homes “to expand their existing infection control policies” within three weeks, developing a plan for testing residents and separating, or cohorting them, according to their COVID-19 status. Each nursing home also must have an infection preventionist, access to sufficient PPE, and policies to address staffing shortages. Later, the department followed up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-52.aspx\">testing\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CHCQ/LCP/Pages/AFL-20-55.aspx\">reporting\u003c/a> recommendations. Nursing homes were supposed to submit COVID-19 mitigation plans to the state last week. It’s not clear whether they’ll be published.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommendations from public officials suggest “baseline” testing of all residents and workers in facilities where no cases are reported. If COVID-19 cases are then found, the state suggests surveillance testing every seven days among workers. To respond to an outbreak, the state suggests repeatedly testing among workers until no one tests positive for the virus. It’s not clear whether failing to do so will have consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowhere does the state specify who’s paying for all of this — and that’s a concern for nursing home operators, most of whom are for-profit entities, arguing through national and local trade groups that they’re already operating on the slimmest of margins to stay in business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been estimating a minimum of $100 per test,” Pacyna said. Generally, nursing homes and state officials believe that testing for many nursing home patients may be billed to private insurance. But that’s not clear, and repeat testing for workers may not be easily covered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government recently provided $5 billion in public funds to nursing homes as emergency aid. The American Health Care Association and the National Center for Assisted Living, a national trade group, say that translates into potentially several hundred thousand dollars of funding per facility. Trade groups are also lobbying for aid to assisted living or residential communities for the elderly, which count more beds and facilities in California, though fewer reported outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing supplies themselves are often scarce, with counties and private companies scrambling to access them. That’s one of several reasons advocates criticize California’s plan as an unmanageable patchwork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest problem is that there is no clear path to execution and enforcement of the mitigation plans,” said Mike Dark, an attorney with the California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform. In that respect, the new mandates leave us almost worse off than we were before, because they provide the illusion that comprehensive testing in nursing homes is underway when it is not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just worry about facilities all over the state,” said Maya Altman, who runs the Health Plan of San Mateo, which provides health coverage to underserved residents of that county, including in nursing homes. “It’s left up to the local jurisdictions how aggressive they’ll be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larger and wealthier counties, like San Francisco, say they have paid for all or most testing in nursing homes. But they say they can’t afford such support forever. And advocates like CANHR’s Dark say they worry about what smaller and rural counties can afford. There’s no clear plan in any of these places when the money runs out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be an ongoing effort on the part of the state to get this done, with or without county cooperation, and these efforts must go on for months and maybe years,” Dark said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with all aspects of coronavirus response so far, county health departments in the Bay Area have each made their own recommendations. No Bay Area county says it has paid for all nursing home testing. Here’s how some counties that have experienced multiple outbreaks in nursing homes say they’re reacting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Alameda County:\u003c/strong> The county says it has paid for nursing home tests when other resources were not available, but is offering no estimates about the cost to the county so far. “While there are federal resources to help cover laboratory costs, this resource may not continue indefinitely,” the county said in a written statement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Contra Costa County:\u003c/strong> Contra Costa’s position is that facilities should bill the cost of tests through insurance; for uninsured residents of skilled nursing, costs can be recouped through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Marin County:\u003c/strong> A new \u003ca href=\"https://coronavirus.marinhhs.org/covid-19-testing-residents-and-personnel-certain-residential-facilities\">order\u003c/a> requires congregate living facilities to “cooperate” with efforts to test residents and workers with their consent, with a goal of testing workers by July 6, and residents by the end of July. Facilities must report their testing data. The order doesn’t say who covers the cost of testing, but county health officer Matt Willis has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1964008/mass-covid-19-testing-in-nursing-homes-still-a-ways-off-in-bay-area-counties\">said\u003c/a> that facilities should be primarily responsible for testing costs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco County:\u003c/strong> County health officials have funded some nursing home coronavirus tests at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Clinical Lab and the county’s public health lab. Officials say they also expect to obtain reimbursement from insurers and from the federal government.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Mateo County:\u003c/strong> The county isn’t tabulating testing costs, but facility assessment and overhead costs for supporting testing at all congregate living facilities has cost the county about $3.4 million a month so far, according to a spokesman for the county’s joint information center. San Mateo is expecting the Federal Emergency Management Agency to pick up half, and possibly as much as three-quarters, of this cost. But it’s not clear how long FEMA funding would support the county’s advising efforts. “We are looking for ways to continue the work within our current financial structures,” says the county’s statement.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Santa Clara County:\u003c/strong> The county has paid for some COVID-19 tests at long-term care facilities; it has received some testing for free from the Chan Zuckerberg Biohub laboratory. “The SNFs need to ramp up to be autonomous,” a spokesman said, “and the county is assisting them as they strive to reach that goal.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic …\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Effect Did Lockdowns Have on Curbing Spread of COVID-19? A Lot, Say Two New Studies",
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"headTitle": "What Effect Did Lockdowns Have on Curbing Spread of COVID-19? A Lot, Say Two New Studies | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two new papers published in the journal Nature say that lockdowns put in place to slow the spread of the coronavirus were highly effective, prevented tens of millions of infections and saved millions of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55667009e4b04bbb290cc837/t/5edfc9f8ba1b970626887f03/1591724537910/Hsiang_2020_maps.pdf\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-800x2741.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"1370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-800x2741.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-160x548.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-768x2631.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>“Our estimates show that lockdowns had a really dramatic effect in reducing transmission,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.bhatt\">Samir Bhatt\u003c/a>, a senior lecturer at the Imperial College London’s School of Public Health, who worked on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7.epdf?sharing_token=G_bsQ3B9HDEJJQU8dASH1NRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OnMEHMcInnY-PiC9wHjWf0IuamVsLpQG59lVZSrrMz1da8Q1IFNKy_ogmlk9-0y3HhLR0lT-v14ZX7Sfe7-NnFy9MLlsevOqE1FryJeZxWRaFzeW0ZR5EnPf1kkf4Oxt4%3D\">one of the papers\u003c/a> published in Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhatt’s team analyzed infection and death rates in 11 European nations through May 4. They estimate that an additional 3.1 million people in those countries would have died if lockdowns had not been put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without them we believe the toll would have been huge,” Bhatt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the paper from Bhatt and his colleagues, Nature also published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2404-8.epdf?sharing_token=-4c0eJD5MJyvzx6bigOsoNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0M3uHJG_l5lsYP3xOR5eqb7CPPkXGbKYCqSpFTBLPL7jIX0_buyUI_SsKhtJ2DwR0aQRWXiCMCYZ1F4Amu6Xq1k2iyAA7oVJiXjR_-ZbmgcVUhvpuFt_wT7pGrj54g38QQ%3D\">separate study\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalpolicy.science/covid19\">Global Policy Lab\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley. That study analyzed lockdowns in China, South Korea, Iran, France, Italy and the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that the lockdowns in those six countries averted 62 million confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in the U.S. through the first week of April, there were officially just over 360,000 confirmed cases nationwide. Without lockdowns and other interventions, the researchers at Berkeley calculate that the U.S. would have had nearly 14 times as many by April 6: more than 5 million confirmed cases. To put this in perspective, the U.S. now, two months later, is hitting the 2 million mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karin Michels, \u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/michels\">professor\u003c/a> and chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, called the UC Berkeley study “solid” and “well done,” reflecting what she would have expected: “that many of the measures taken made a big difference and saved many lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/directories/faculty/solomon-hsiang\">Solomon Hsiang\u003c/a>, director of UC Berkeley’s Global Policy Lab, says these unprecedented shelter-in-place orders came at an extreme economic cost. Yet when government officials were ordering them, it was unclear exactly how significant the social benefits would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The value of these studies you’re seeing today is that they’re demonstrating what the benefits of this policy are,” Hsiang said in a press call discussing the studies. “They averted tens of millions of additional infections and millions of deaths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies used different methods to calculate the number of cases averted by the lockdowns. Bhatt’s team looked at reported deaths to calculate community transmission that occurred weeks before and used the change in death numbers over time to track how much the lockdowns suppressed transmission. Hsiang’s group at Berkeley used economic models usually used to examine how specific policies impact economic growth. They looked at how daily transmission growth rates shifted as lockdowns went into effect. Despite their different approaches, both groups came up with similar findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sets of researchers also caution that as lockdowns start to ease around the world, public health officials still have very limited tools to combat the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing is more widely available. Social distancing has become standard at many shops. Most large gatherings at sporting events and concerts remain banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the virus continues to circulate. The vast majority of people are still susceptible to COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/maria-van-kerkhove-4a562b4/?originalSubdomain=ch\">Maria Van Kerkhove\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist with the World Health Organization, this week warned that the world shouldn’t ease up in its efforts against this pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know many of us would like this to be over and I know many situations are seeing positive signs. But it is far from over,” she said. “We need everyone to focus on the job at hand, which is stopping this pandemic, suppressing transmission and saving lives. There’s a lot more work to do. Let’s celebrate the successes but let’s remain focused on the remaining work that needs to be done because unfortunately this is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhatt also warns that as places come out of lockdown, transmission could rapidly flare back up again without some measures in place to check it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not saying that, you know, the country needs to stay locked down forever. But it’s a cost/benefit situation,” Bhatt says. “The longer you stay in lockdown, the less infections you have. People aren’t moving around. When you release lockdown and you go for milder interventions, economic stability can return to some degree, but you then have the rise of infections that is possible. What we are saying is that some degree of intervention [against the virus] needs to be in place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers from both papers say that people need to understand how much of an impact the lockdown measures have been having. Hsiang at Berkeley says that as difficult as this year has been, things would have been much worse if millions of people around the globe hadn’t stayed home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without these policies deployed,” Hsiang says. “We would have lived through a very different April and May.” A period so bad, he says, “that we believe it’s probably almost unimaginable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Polly Stryker of KQED contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Modelers+Suggest+Pandemic+Lockdowns+Saved+Millions+From+Dying+Of+COVID-19&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two new papers published in the journal Nature say that lockdowns put in place to slow the spread of the coronavirus were highly effective, prevented tens of millions of infections and saved millions of lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55667009e4b04bbb290cc837/t/5edfc9f8ba1b970626887f03/1591724537910/Hsiang_2020_maps.pdf\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965851\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-800x2741.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"1370\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-800x2741.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-160x548.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing-768x2631.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Coronavirus-Social-Distancing.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>“Our estimates show that lockdowns had a really dramatic effect in reducing transmission,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.bhatt\">Samir Bhatt\u003c/a>, a senior lecturer at the Imperial College London’s School of Public Health, who worked on \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2405-7.epdf?sharing_token=G_bsQ3B9HDEJJQU8dASH1NRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0OnMEHMcInnY-PiC9wHjWf0IuamVsLpQG59lVZSrrMz1da8Q1IFNKy_ogmlk9-0y3HhLR0lT-v14ZX7Sfe7-NnFy9MLlsevOqE1FryJeZxWRaFzeW0ZR5EnPf1kkf4Oxt4%3D\">one of the papers\u003c/a> published in Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhatt’s team analyzed infection and death rates in 11 European nations through May 4. They estimate that an additional 3.1 million people in those countries would have died if lockdowns had not been put in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without them we believe the toll would have been huge,” Bhatt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the paper from Bhatt and his colleagues, Nature also published a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2404-8.epdf?sharing_token=-4c0eJD5MJyvzx6bigOsoNRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0M3uHJG_l5lsYP3xOR5eqb7CPPkXGbKYCqSpFTBLPL7jIX0_buyUI_SsKhtJ2DwR0aQRWXiCMCYZ1F4Amu6Xq1k2iyAA7oVJiXjR_-ZbmgcVUhvpuFt_wT7pGrj54g38QQ%3D\">separate study\u003c/a> from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.globalpolicy.science/covid19\">Global Policy Lab\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley. That study analyzed lockdowns in China, South Korea, Iran, France, Italy and the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that the lockdowns in those six countries averted 62 million confirmed cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in the U.S. through the first week of April, there were officially just over 360,000 confirmed cases nationwide. Without lockdowns and other interventions, the researchers at Berkeley calculate that the U.S. would have had nearly 14 times as many by April 6: more than 5 million confirmed cases. To put this in perspective, the U.S. now, two months later, is hitting the 2 million mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karin Michels, \u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/michels\">professor\u003c/a> and chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, called the UC Berkeley study “solid” and “well done,” reflecting what she would have expected: “that many of the measures taken made a big difference and saved many lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/directories/faculty/solomon-hsiang\">Solomon Hsiang\u003c/a>, director of UC Berkeley’s Global Policy Lab, says these unprecedented shelter-in-place orders came at an extreme economic cost. Yet when government officials were ordering them, it was unclear exactly how significant the social benefits would be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The value of these studies you’re seeing today is that they’re demonstrating what the benefits of this policy are,” Hsiang said in a press call discussing the studies. “They averted tens of millions of additional infections and millions of deaths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two studies used different methods to calculate the number of cases averted by the lockdowns. Bhatt’s team looked at reported deaths to calculate community transmission that occurred weeks before and used the change in death numbers over time to track how much the lockdowns suppressed transmission. Hsiang’s group at Berkeley used economic models usually used to examine how specific policies impact economic growth. They looked at how daily transmission growth rates shifted as lockdowns went into effect. Despite their different approaches, both groups came up with similar findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both sets of researchers also caution that as lockdowns start to ease around the world, public health officials still have very limited tools to combat the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing is more widely available. Social distancing has become standard at many shops. Most large gatherings at sporting events and concerts remain banned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the virus continues to circulate. The vast majority of people are still susceptible to COVID-19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/maria-van-kerkhove-4a562b4/?originalSubdomain=ch\">Maria Van Kerkhove\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist with the World Health Organization, this week warned that the world shouldn’t ease up in its efforts against this pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know many of us would like this to be over and I know many situations are seeing positive signs. But it is far from over,” she said. “We need everyone to focus on the job at hand, which is stopping this pandemic, suppressing transmission and saving lives. There’s a lot more work to do. Let’s celebrate the successes but let’s remain focused on the remaining work that needs to be done because unfortunately this is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bhatt also warns that as places come out of lockdown, transmission could rapidly flare back up again without some measures in place to check it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not saying that, you know, the country needs to stay locked down forever. But it’s a cost/benefit situation,” Bhatt says. “The longer you stay in lockdown, the less infections you have. People aren’t moving around. When you release lockdown and you go for milder interventions, economic stability can return to some degree, but you then have the rise of infections that is possible. What we are saying is that some degree of intervention [against the virus] needs to be in place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers from both papers say that people need to understand how much of an impact the lockdown measures have been having. Hsiang at Berkeley says that as difficult as this year has been, things would have been much worse if millions of people around the globe hadn’t stayed home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without these policies deployed,” Hsiang says. “We would have lived through a very different April and May.” A period so bad, he says, “that we believe it’s probably almost unimaginable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Polly Stryker of KQED contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Modelers+Suggest+Pandemic+Lockdowns+Saved+Millions+From+Dying+Of+COVID-19&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "For Black Youth, a Time of Upheaval Takes a Toll on Mental Health",
"headTitle": "For Black Youth, a Time of Upheaval Takes a Toll on Mental Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From his room in Los Angeles, Cecil Hannibal worries about his grandmother getting COVID-19 every time she goes to the supermarket in Louisville, Kentucky. In northern Georgia, Visaysha Harris puts limits on her news consumption, to keep from “taking too much of it all in.” In Dallas, Ashley Otah makes sure to follow reminders on her mindfulness apps. In New Jersey, Zane Keyes unwinds by riding his bike. “Since George Floyd’s murder, I feel angry, frustrated, unheard,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These young people — three of them new college graduates — are feeling overwhelmed and discouraged during this moment of national upheaval. Most Americans report more anxiety and depression in response to the coronavirus pandemic — with nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half of those ages 18 to 29\u003c/a> experiencing the highest rate of symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align='right' citation='Ashley Otah, 22']‘When you’re growing up, you think you will go to school, get a good job. You follow this straight line. COVID pulled that rug from underneath us and that line isn’t there. There’s a heavy burden looming over a lot of us as we look for work. Now since the [Floyd] video, my heart just aches. Every time we see violence like this, you have this hope that this will be the last time, that this will be the last name. And then it’s not.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as African Americans, these four are navigating far more than a disrupted senior year and a collapsed job market: COVID-19 hit their communities especially hard, and then that was compounded by seemingly limitless videos of police brutalizing people who look like them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black adults have been 10% to 26% more likely than white adults to report symptoms of psychological distress in a mental health survey conducted weekly since late April by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Census Bureau. In the week after Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police, 40.5% of black adults reported symptoms of anxiety or depression, compared with 33.1% of white people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet historically, African Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half as likely\u003c/a> to receive either treatment or medication for their mental health, according to federal statistics. They are more likely to be uninsured and are often overlooked in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215700/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research studies\u003c/a> of mental health. And since only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mhanational.org/issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health#8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small fraction\u003c/a> of therapists are black, many who are struggling emotionally may be reluctant to seek care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also cultural barriers, including a stigma about mental health issues, Victor Armstrong, director of mental health, developmental disabilities, and substance abuse services at the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being able to express the pain, fear and anger, what we’re told when we’re young is that we should suck it up and be strong — our great-great grandparents survived slavery and our grandparents survived Jim Crow,” said Armstrong, a clinical social worker. “For those raised in the church, there is added pressure. We are told to look to God for strength rather than acknowledge we feel pain, hurt, and anger. Those messages have done a disservice to generations of black people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otah, who just graduated from the University of Southern California, heard that message as she grew up. “Often black women will say, ‘I’m so tired.’ The comment just gets dismissed,” she said. “People are not taking into consideration that they are so tired because they are fighting a battle they shouldn’t have to be fighting. Black women are supposed to be strong. Black women are supposed to be fearless. We need a space where we can be open about our stories, our experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarell Myers, a psychologist at The Center for Motivation and Change in New York, said the trauma of racism passes from one generation to the next, leading to anxiety, depression, and PTSD that frequently goes undiagnosed and untreated. “Due to historical mistreatment of black people from the medical establishment, there is enormous mistrust toward it,” Myers said. “This results in the assumption that if you go to see a shrink, you’re crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, in their own words, is how Hannibal, Harris, Keyes, and Otah are trying to cope with the stresses of a daily life that is anything but normal. Their comments have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965821\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965821 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cecil Hannibal\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cecil Hannibal, 23, is a 2020 graduate of USC. A native of Atlanta, he lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January it felt like the world was my oyster. I was interviewing for jobs right before COVID took over the U.S. Then the job market collapsed and I thought, “Oh my God, what am I going to do now?” I have student debt, and I had a lot on my mind. My mom is a hairdresser in Atlanta who couldn’t work because of COVID. I was worried I wasn’t going to be able to find work either. I’m more hopeful now. I’ve had some good job interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandmother in Louisville was active in the civil rights movement and lived through so much. As a kid, I couldn’t understand her fear. I used to walk to the CVS near her house to get candy and AriZona tea. When Trayvon Martin was murdered, suddenly it hit me. Here was someone just a few years older than me, who looked like me, who got shot walking home from the store with Skittles and AriZona tea. I was sure that George Zimmerman would go to jail — he had murdered a child. But he was acquitted. That’s when it clicked that my life as a Black man was going to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was told I had to be twice as good as my peers who were not black. And now that stands even for the way I dress. I don’t ever want to give anyone the reason that I’m not professional. I like wearing my hair, so if I’m going to wear my hair, I’m going to have a dress shirt and tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart is broken now, but I’m optimistic. The world is out there protesting. I hope people are starting to grasp what it’s like to have systematic racism rule your life. I hope people will turn out to vote for the biggest election of my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of me wants to march, but my mom would have a heart attack. I’m being a social media activist. I want to be on the right side of this, but there are risks and I can’t put my family through that. If I get locked up, who’s going to bail me out? I don’t have family out here. I support the protests 100%, but I don’t feel comfortable going out and facing the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family that always looks on the bright side, that always says God will take care of us. But right now I feel a lot of stress, a lot of anxiety, and a lot of sadness for my community. We’ve had pain bottled up for so long, and it’s reached the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965818\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965818 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visaysha Harris\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visaysha Harris, 22, a 2020 graduate of Georgia State University, lives in Grayson, Georgia\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was shocking to have to exit school, leave my apartment, and come back to my childhood bedroom to finish off my studies. I put the stuff from my college life in the garage. That part of my life was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a hard transition not to be able to hang out with my friends or see my boyfriend. I was missing out on the motivation I get from going to class and listening to a lecture. The professors were trying to navigate online learning just like we were. Some of my lessons were just PowerPoints you had to scroll through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first month I definitely felt depressed. I was just staying in my room, staying in my little twin bed, trying to get used to what the world was like. It was hard to even open a textbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I pushed through, finished my classes online, finished up my internship online, had my graduation online. My family celebrated with me and got me a cake. In March I accepted a job in ad sales at NBC Universal that starts in July, and I was going to move to New York. But I’m going to be doing that from here now. I know I’ll get there eventually. I’m skeptical about the medical establishment. I’m not necessarily trusting of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the violence, I can tell you I’m so disappointed. But the sad part is, this is our history. It’s typical for black men and women to get killed by the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only so much pain you can feel about it. I want justice but I have to separate this from my own mental health and making sure I’m not taking too much of it all in. It’s hard to see the portrayals of what’s going on. I wish people could look past the fact that your Target got broken into, or the mall got smashed up. That’s property that can be replaced. The lives of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor cannot be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965819\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zane Keyes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zane Keyes, 27, a 2016 graduate of Rutgers University, lives in Montclair, New Jersey. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier in the lockdown, I had an anxiety attack over finances. This last almost-year I made the most income that I’d ever made in my business as a barber, but I’ve got $40,000 in student debt. Then it took 62 days to get an unemployment check. I maxed out my credit card, and my mother was in a car accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt this weight on my chest. I found myself breathing as much as I could, but it didn’t change anything. So I had a telemedicine conference with a doctor. She told me to stop looking so much on social media, and to check in with my therapist. I’ve seen one before, a black man who helped me with cognitive behavioral techniques for anxiety and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since George Floyd’s murder, I feel angry, frustrated, unheard. I’m outraged that I have to speak until my lungs are sore and no matter how many times I try to verbalize it, white people try to tell me it’s not as bad as I think it is. You don’t know what it’s like to walk in my shoes. You’ve never been called the N-word with a hard e-r. My friends and I got harassed by the cops when we were 15 for taking alcohol to a house party. They put guns to the back of my friends’ heads and tried to make it look like we were drug dealers. You don’t forget that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When white boys get pulled over, they shake and tremble because they’re scared of what it’s going to do to their finances. When we get pulled over, we shake and tremble because we’re scared for our lives. The fear we feel is from past trauma. The fear we feel is from our elders’ pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marched at a peaceful protest in Newark. I was with a woman who was 80 years old, marching still. I was with a man who was 85 years old, marching still. It’s the same shit he was marching for when he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You think I want my future kids to have to grow up and do that one day, too? My godsons are 1 and 2. I’m full of fear, but I can’t be voiceless when they are babies. I can’t possibly not protect the unprotected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965820\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Otah\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ashley Otah, 22, a 2020 graduate of USC, lives in Dallas.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an expectation given to you when you are young. You don’t have the luxury of being a kid who makes mistakes. There are always eyes watching and waiting and interjecting, and when you do falter there are heavy consequences your counterparts will not face. When you bring these to light you are penalized, ostracized, or ignored. You continue to do your best with what you have and just keep going. You want to enjoy life, but life continues to have hurdles and more hurdles and more hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re growing up, you think you will go to school, get a good job. You follow this straight line. COVID pulled that rug from underneath us and that line isn’t there. There’s a heavy burden looming over a lot of us as we look for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now since the [Floyd] video, my heart just aches. Every time we see violence like this, you have this hope that this will be the last time, that this will be the last name. And then it’s not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I cannot go march because I’m immunocompromised. But there are other avenues to be helpful, to elevate and amplify the people around you. I try to combat statements that stigmatize mental health issues in our community, and I direct people to a site called Therapy for Black Girls and the Loveland Foundation, which aims to help black women and girls get free therapy sessions. I will most likely be seeing someone soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that it took a video for the whole world to see someone begging to be seen, someone begging to be seen as a human being, for people to say they get it, is difficult. They might say they get it, but they haven’t lived it. I’m hopeful, though. We can help shape the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/11/upheaval-takes-toll-on-black-youth-mental-health/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "For Black Youth, a Time of Upheaval Takes a Toll on Mental Health",
"datePublished": "2020-06-11T11:44:08-07:00",
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"nprByline": "Gabrielle Glaser \u003cbr />STAT\u003cbr>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From his room in Los Angeles, Cecil Hannibal worries about his grandmother getting COVID-19 every time she goes to the supermarket in Louisville, Kentucky. In northern Georgia, Visaysha Harris puts limits on her news consumption, to keep from “taking too much of it all in.” In Dallas, Ashley Otah makes sure to follow reminders on her mindfulness apps. In New Jersey, Zane Keyes unwinds by riding his bike. “Since George Floyd’s murder, I feel angry, frustrated, unheard,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These young people — three of them new college graduates — are feeling overwhelmed and discouraged during this moment of national upheaval. Most Americans report more anxiety and depression in response to the coronavirus pandemic — with nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half of those ages 18 to 29\u003c/a> experiencing the highest rate of symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘When you’re growing up, you think you will go to school, get a good job. You follow this straight line. COVID pulled that rug from underneath us and that line isn’t there. There’s a heavy burden looming over a lot of us as we look for work. Now since the [Floyd] video, my heart just aches. Every time we see violence like this, you have this hope that this will be the last time, that this will be the last name. And then it’s not.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as African Americans, these four are navigating far more than a disrupted senior year and a collapsed job market: COVID-19 hit their communities especially hard, and then that was compounded by seemingly limitless videos of police brutalizing people who look like them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black adults have been 10% to 26% more likely than white adults to report symptoms of psychological distress in a mental health survey conducted weekly since late April by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Census Bureau. In the week after Floyd was killed by Minneapolis police, 40.5% of black adults reported symptoms of anxiety or depression, compared with 33.1% of white people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet historically, African Americans are \u003ca href=\"https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">half as likely\u003c/a> to receive either treatment or medication for their mental health, according to federal statistics. They are more likely to be uninsured and are often overlooked in \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4215700/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research studies\u003c/a> of mental health. And since only a \u003ca href=\"https://www.mhanational.org/issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health#8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">small fraction\u003c/a> of therapists are black, many who are struggling emotionally may be reluctant to seek care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also cultural barriers, including a stigma about mental health issues, Victor Armstrong, director of mental health, developmental disabilities, and substance abuse services at the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being able to express the pain, fear and anger, what we’re told when we’re young is that we should suck it up and be strong — our great-great grandparents survived slavery and our grandparents survived Jim Crow,” said Armstrong, a clinical social worker. “For those raised in the church, there is added pressure. We are told to look to God for strength rather than acknowledge we feel pain, hurt, and anger. Those messages have done a disservice to generations of black people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Otah, who just graduated from the University of Southern California, heard that message as she grew up. “Often black women will say, ‘I’m so tired.’ The comment just gets dismissed,” she said. “People are not taking into consideration that they are so tired because they are fighting a battle they shouldn’t have to be fighting. Black women are supposed to be strong. Black women are supposed to be fearless. We need a space where we can be open about our stories, our experiences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jarell Myers, a psychologist at The Center for Motivation and Change in New York, said the trauma of racism passes from one generation to the next, leading to anxiety, depression, and PTSD that frequently goes undiagnosed and untreated. “Due to historical mistreatment of black people from the medical establishment, there is enormous mistrust toward it,” Myers said. “This results in the assumption that if you go to see a shrink, you’re crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, in their own words, is how Hannibal, Harris, Keyes, and Otah are trying to cope with the stresses of a daily life that is anything but normal. Their comments have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965821\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965821 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/CecilInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cecil Hannibal\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cecil Hannibal, 23, is a 2020 graduate of USC. A native of Atlanta, he lives in Los Angeles.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In January it felt like the world was my oyster. I was interviewing for jobs right before COVID took over the U.S. Then the job market collapsed and I thought, “Oh my God, what am I going to do now?” I have student debt, and I had a lot on my mind. My mom is a hairdresser in Atlanta who couldn’t work because of COVID. I was worried I wasn’t going to be able to find work either. I’m more hopeful now. I’ve had some good job interviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My grandmother in Louisville was active in the civil rights movement and lived through so much. As a kid, I couldn’t understand her fear. I used to walk to the CVS near her house to get candy and AriZona tea. When Trayvon Martin was murdered, suddenly it hit me. Here was someone just a few years older than me, who looked like me, who got shot walking home from the store with Skittles and AriZona tea. I was sure that George Zimmerman would go to jail — he had murdered a child. But he was acquitted. That’s when it clicked that my life as a Black man was going to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was told I had to be twice as good as my peers who were not black. And now that stands even for the way I dress. I don’t ever want to give anyone the reason that I’m not professional. I like wearing my hair, so if I’m going to wear my hair, I’m going to have a dress shirt and tie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart is broken now, but I’m optimistic. The world is out there protesting. I hope people are starting to grasp what it’s like to have systematic racism rule your life. I hope people will turn out to vote for the biggest election of my lifetime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of me wants to march, but my mom would have a heart attack. I’m being a social media activist. I want to be on the right side of this, but there are risks and I can’t put my family through that. If I get locked up, who’s going to bail me out? I don’t have family out here. I support the protests 100%, but I don’t feel comfortable going out and facing the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family that always looks on the bright side, that always says God will take care of us. But right now I feel a lot of stress, a lot of anxiety, and a lot of sadness for my community. We’ve had pain bottled up for so long, and it’s reached the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965818\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1965818 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/VisayshaInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visaysha Harris\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visaysha Harris, 22, a 2020 graduate of Georgia State University, lives in Grayson, Georgia\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was shocking to have to exit school, leave my apartment, and come back to my childhood bedroom to finish off my studies. I put the stuff from my college life in the garage. That part of my life was over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a hard transition not to be able to hang out with my friends or see my boyfriend. I was missing out on the motivation I get from going to class and listening to a lecture. The professors were trying to navigate online learning just like we were. Some of my lessons were just PowerPoints you had to scroll through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first month I definitely felt depressed. I was just staying in my room, staying in my little twin bed, trying to get used to what the world was like. It was hard to even open a textbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I pushed through, finished my classes online, finished up my internship online, had my graduation online. My family celebrated with me and got me a cake. In March I accepted a job in ad sales at NBC Universal that starts in July, and I was going to move to New York. But I’m going to be doing that from here now. I know I’ll get there eventually. I’m skeptical about the medical establishment. I’m not necessarily trusting of a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to the violence, I can tell you I’m so disappointed. But the sad part is, this is our history. It’s typical for black men and women to get killed by the police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s only so much pain you can feel about it. I want justice but I have to separate this from my own mental health and making sure I’m not taking too much of it all in. It’s hard to see the portrayals of what’s going on. I wish people could look past the fact that your Target got broken into, or the mall got smashed up. That’s property that can be replaced. The lives of George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery and Breonna Taylor cannot be replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965819\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965819\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/ZaneInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zane Keyes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zane Keyes, 27, a 2016 graduate of Rutgers University, lives in Montclair, New Jersey. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier in the lockdown, I had an anxiety attack over finances. This last almost-year I made the most income that I’d ever made in my business as a barber, but I’ve got $40,000 in student debt. Then it took 62 days to get an unemployment check. I maxed out my credit card, and my mother was in a car accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt this weight on my chest. I found myself breathing as much as I could, but it didn’t change anything. So I had a telemedicine conference with a doctor. She told me to stop looking so much on social media, and to check in with my therapist. I’ve seen one before, a black man who helped me with cognitive behavioral techniques for anxiety and depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since George Floyd’s murder, I feel angry, frustrated, unheard. I’m outraged that I have to speak until my lungs are sore and no matter how many times I try to verbalize it, white people try to tell me it’s not as bad as I think it is. You don’t know what it’s like to walk in my shoes. You’ve never been called the N-word with a hard e-r. My friends and I got harassed by the cops when we were 15 for taking alcohol to a house party. They put guns to the back of my friends’ heads and tried to make it look like we were drug dealers. You don’t forget that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When white boys get pulled over, they shake and tremble because they’re scared of what it’s going to do to their finances. When we get pulled over, we shake and tremble because we’re scared for our lives. The fear we feel is from past trauma. The fear we feel is from our elders’ pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I marched at a peaceful protest in Newark. I was with a woman who was 80 years old, marching still. I was with a man who was 85 years old, marching still. It’s the same shit he was marching for when he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You think I want my future kids to have to grow up and do that one day, too? My godsons are 1 and 2. I’m full of fear, but I can’t be voiceless when they are babies. I can’t possibly not protect the unprotected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965820\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1965820\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-160x128.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/AshleyInline-768x614.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ashley Otah\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ashley Otah, 22, a 2020 graduate of USC, lives in Dallas.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is an expectation given to you when you are young. You don’t have the luxury of being a kid who makes mistakes. There are always eyes watching and waiting and interjecting, and when you do falter there are heavy consequences your counterparts will not face. When you bring these to light you are penalized, ostracized, or ignored. You continue to do your best with what you have and just keep going. You want to enjoy life, but life continues to have hurdles and more hurdles and more hurdles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you’re growing up, you think you will go to school, get a good job. You follow this straight line. COVID pulled that rug from underneath us and that line isn’t there. There’s a heavy burden looming over a lot of us as we look for work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now since the [Floyd] video, my heart just aches. Every time we see violence like this, you have this hope that this will be the last time, that this will be the last name. And then it’s not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I cannot go march because I’m immunocompromised. But there are other avenues to be helpful, to elevate and amplify the people around you. I try to combat statements that stigmatize mental health issues in our community, and I direct people to a site called Therapy for Black Girls and the Loveland Foundation, which aims to help black women and girls get free therapy sessions. I will most likely be seeing someone soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that it took a video for the whole world to see someone begging to be seen, someone begging to be seen as a human being, for people to say they get it, is difficult. They might say they get it, but they haven’t lived it. I’m hopeful, though. We can help shape the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/11/upheaval-takes-toll-on-black-youth-mental-health/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Drugmaker Aims to Develop Coronavirus Vaccine in a Year for a Process That Usually Takes a Decade",
"headTitle": "Drugmaker Aims to Develop Coronavirus Vaccine in a Year for a Process That Usually Takes a Decade | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Once upon a time, developing a new vaccine was a step-by-step process that went from concept, to design, to tests in humans, to regulatory approval, to manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a process that could take a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1069\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-768x1026.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1020x1363.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1920x2566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cell culture operators prepare a 2000-liter single-use bioreactor to produce proteins used to make vaccines. \u003ccite>(Philip Taciak/Emergent Biosolutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has radically changed all that. Now, the hope is the entire process can be completed in a year or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of the new paradigm is a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/\">Novavax\u003c/a>. It’s what’s called a protein subunit vaccine. The proteins are encased in a nanoparticle that gets injected into a person, along with a generalized immune stimulant known as an adjuvant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of confidence based on what we’ve see so far based on our animal modeling that the vaccine will work,” says \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/page/53/gregory-m-glenn-m-d.html\">Gregory Glenn\u003c/a>, president of research and development at Novavax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive results with animal testing doesn’t always translate to successful results in people, so, typically, Glenn would be waiting to see the results of the human testing that has just begun before making any big decisions about manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t be waiting this time. A lot of steps that used to come one after another are taking place concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most dramatic things we’re doing in parallel is to assume the vaccine is going to work, so we scale it up now,” Glenn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called at-risk manufacturing and scaling up means being able to produce the hundreds of millions of doses or more that will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Novavax is in the vaccine development business. It doesn’t have the ability to manufacture those hundreds of millions of doses. So the company has turned to \u003ca href=\"https://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/about-us\">Emergent Biosolutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/sean-kirk\">Sean Kirk\u003c/a>, executive vice president of manufacturing and technical operations for Emergent Biosolutions, recently took me on a virtual tour of the company’s advance manufacturing facility in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His phone camera shows Kirk standing with some colleagues in a corridor next to a large glass window. On the other side of the glass is a room where the Novavax vaccine is being made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at right here is one step in a multiple step process,” Kirk tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points his cellphone camera into the room. I can see several stainless steel pieces of equipment, each about the size of a commercial refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is actually generated by living cells called a tissue culture that are grown inside a large plastic bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the bag sticking out the top. Can you see it?” Kirk asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technicians inside the room are loading the bag into a 50-liter vessel that is part of what’s called a bioreactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around the outside of this is the vessel itself that provides the heating, the cooling, and with the inserted agitators, the mixing,” Kirk explains. “From here we grow the culture and we transfer it to a larger bioreactor, thousand-liter, two thousand-liter, four thousand-liter to be able to expand up the volume and get the yields that we need to successfully produce the doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has to be done to strict Food and Drug Administration standards known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/facts-about-current-good-manufacturing-practices-cgmps\">Current Good Manufacturing Practices.\u003c/a> The process can be finicky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenging task, but Kirk says he and his team is up to it. That confidence may be because the company they work for was created specifically to deal with public health crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emergent Biosolutions has been around for a little over 20 years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/robert-kramer\">Bob Kramer\u003c/a>, president and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company specializes in dealing with public health issues and dangerous substances. It makes vaccines for anthrax, smallpox, typhoid and cholera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says in 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services asked Emergent to build for them a special kind of facility, “where they could bring new technology into that facility and be able to quickly scale up and manufacture large volumes of vaccines for whatever emerging infectious disease we were presented with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That facility is where the Novavax vaccine is being manufactured. The company also has agreements to manufacture a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://vaxart.com/\">Vaxart\u003c/a> and another by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-a-lead-vaccine-candidate-for-covid-19-landmark-new-partnership-with-u-s-department-of-health-human-services-and-commitment-to-supply-one-billion-vaccines-worldwide-for-emergency-pandemic-use\">Johnson and Johnson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 1, the government announced it was providing Emergent with an additional $628 million to make and package vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says his company has a robust manufacturing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already have the capability to produce hundreds of millions of doses in our existing infrastructure,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all that infrastructure and all the money that’s being spent to expand it will be for naught if the vaccines don’t work. It’s a gamble health officials say the country has to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Vaccine+Makers+Hedge+Bets+On+Which+One+Will+Emerge+As+Effective+And+Safe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "To speed vaccine production from years to months, companies must start making a vaccine in large quantities even before it's clear it will work.",
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"title": "Drugmaker Aims to Develop Coronavirus Vaccine in a Year for a Process That Usually Takes a Decade | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Once upon a time, developing a new vaccine was a step-by-step process that went from concept, to design, to tests in humans, to regulatory approval, to manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a process that could take a decade or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965745\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1965745\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1069\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-800x1069.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-768x1026.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1020x1363.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1-1920x2566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/large-tanks-bayview_o7a4642_custom-9599af93f291dcb4d798877c7bcf1afa716817d1.jpg 1998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cell culture operators prepare a 2000-liter single-use bioreactor to produce proteins used to make vaccines. \u003ccite>(Philip Taciak/Emergent Biosolutions)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has radically changed all that. Now, the hope is the entire process can be completed in a year or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A good example of the new paradigm is a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/\">Novavax\u003c/a>. It’s what’s called a protein subunit vaccine. The proteins are encased in a nanoparticle that gets injected into a person, along with a generalized immune stimulant known as an adjuvant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a lot of confidence based on what we’ve see so far based on our animal modeling that the vaccine will work,” says \u003ca href=\"https://novavax.com/page/53/gregory-m-glenn-m-d.html\">Gregory Glenn\u003c/a>, president of research and development at Novavax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive results with animal testing doesn’t always translate to successful results in people, so, typically, Glenn would be waiting to see the results of the human testing that has just begun before making any big decisions about manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t be waiting this time. A lot of steps that used to come one after another are taking place concurrently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the most dramatic things we’re doing in parallel is to assume the vaccine is going to work, so we scale it up now,” Glenn says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called at-risk manufacturing and scaling up means being able to produce the hundreds of millions of doses or more that will be needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Novavax is in the vaccine development business. It doesn’t have the ability to manufacture those hundreds of millions of doses. So the company has turned to \u003ca href=\"https://www.emergentbiosolutions.com/about-us\">Emergent Biosolutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/sean-kirk\">Sean Kirk\u003c/a>, executive vice president of manufacturing and technical operations for Emergent Biosolutions, recently took me on a virtual tour of the company’s advance manufacturing facility in Baltimore, Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His phone camera shows Kirk standing with some colleagues in a corridor next to a large glass window. On the other side of the glass is a room where the Novavax vaccine is being made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re looking at right here is one step in a multiple step process,” Kirk tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points his cellphone camera into the room. I can see several stainless steel pieces of equipment, each about the size of a commercial refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vaccine is actually generated by living cells called a tissue culture that are grown inside a large plastic bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the bag sticking out the top. Can you see it?” Kirk asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technicians inside the room are loading the bag into a 50-liter vessel that is part of what’s called a bioreactor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Around the outside of this is the vessel itself that provides the heating, the cooling, and with the inserted agitators, the mixing,” Kirk explains. “From here we grow the culture and we transfer it to a larger bioreactor, thousand-liter, two thousand-liter, four thousand-liter to be able to expand up the volume and get the yields that we need to successfully produce the doses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this has to be done to strict Food and Drug Administration standards known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/drugs/pharmaceutical-quality-resources/facts-about-current-good-manufacturing-practices-cgmps\">Current Good Manufacturing Practices.\u003c/a> The process can be finicky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a challenging task, but Kirk says he and his team is up to it. That confidence may be because the company they work for was created specifically to deal with public health crises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Emergent Biosolutions has been around for a little over 20 years,” says \u003ca href=\"https://investors.emergentbiosolutions.com/management/robert-kramer\">Bob Kramer\u003c/a>, president and CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company specializes in dealing with public health issues and dangerous substances. It makes vaccines for anthrax, smallpox, typhoid and cholera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says in 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services asked Emergent to build for them a special kind of facility, “where they could bring new technology into that facility and be able to quickly scale up and manufacture large volumes of vaccines for whatever emerging infectious disease we were presented with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That facility is where the Novavax vaccine is being manufactured. The company also has agreements to manufacture a vaccine being developed by \u003ca href=\"https://vaxart.com/\">Vaxart\u003c/a> and another by \u003ca href=\"https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-a-lead-vaccine-candidate-for-covid-19-landmark-new-partnership-with-u-s-department-of-health-human-services-and-commitment-to-supply-one-billion-vaccines-worldwide-for-emergency-pandemic-use\">Johnson and Johnson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On June 1, the government announced it was providing Emergent with an additional $628 million to make and package vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer says his company has a robust manufacturing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We already have the capability to produce hundreds of millions of doses in our existing infrastructure,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all that infrastructure and all the money that’s being spent to expand it will be for naught if the vaccines don’t work. It’s a gamble health officials say the country has to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Vaccine+Makers+Hedge+Bets+On+Which+One+Will+Emerge+As+Effective+And+Safe&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Tear Gas, Pollution, Wildfire Smoke: A Triple Threat to Your Lungs",
"headTitle": "Tear Gas, Pollution, Wildfire Smoke: A Triple Threat to Your Lungs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>eron McGrew stayed home during the past two weeks while others in her hometown of Oakland were protesting systemic racism and police killings of black people. Like many of her neighbors, McGrew has asthma and, because of her breathing difficulties, she feared being exposed to COVID-19 and to tear gas used by police. She also feared police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new coronavirus is taking a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particularly cruel toll\u003c/a> in minority communities, with black Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/black-americans-death-rate-covid-19-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">far more likely to die\u003c/a> from COVID-19 than white Americans. One of the inequities driving the high numbers of deaths is damage and disease to lungs caused by years spent breathing polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote citation='Teron McGrew, Oakland']I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life.’[/pullquote]Lung health is a critical weapon in the fight to reduce deaths during the pandemic. Yet police have been firing chemicals at protesters that can damage lung cells. American soldiers exposed to tear gas in sealed chambers during annual combat training were shown in a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/179/7/793/4259353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 study\u003c/a> to be substantially more likely to contract acute respiratory infections afterward, prompting the Army to issue new rules that \u003ca href=\"https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOEPIJ-7-37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit their exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The respiratory onslaught precedes a wildfire season that further threatens to weaken immune protections against respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life,” said McGrew, a resident of North Oakland who works on issues of community and housing development. “I made a choice but people who are dying from COVID-19 and asthma and pollution, they don’t have a choice. They’re dying because of the inequalities and the systemic racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels is also warming the planet and the region, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading to larger wildfires\u003c/a> and more of their harmful smoke. As the coronavirus infects new victims, California is heading into a hot, dry wildfire season. Wildfire smoke can blanket forest and foothill communities and choke far-away cities with particles that penetrate lungs and weaken immune responses to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1965803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with coffee skin and black hair, wearing a white sweater, sits at a desk in front of two laptops. This is Teron McGrew at her home office in North Oakland. Rows of books, with books stacked on top of them, fill her bookshelf.\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teron McGrew works in her home office in North Oakland. \u003ccite>(Candase Chambers/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The one-two punch of tear gas and wildfire smoke, coupled with ever-present air pollution from fossil fuels, is set to worsen suffering related to the coronavirus this year, with people of color living in polluted areas continuing to feel the worst effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists, geographers and other researchers have been learning in recent years that wildfire smoke poses a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">greater public health risk\u003c/a> than previously realized. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from Montana shows exposure to “smoke waves” — multiple-day bouts of heavy smoke — led to a substantial increase in influenza cases the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The literature shows that people who are exposed to air pollution during wildfires are more likely to get respiratory infections, and I would classify COVID-19 as a respiratory infection,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado, Boulder, whose research interests include health impacts from wildfire smoke. “It could lead to more severe cases or even more cases that are noticed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>First Wildfire Smoke, Then Flu\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To test the relationship between wildfire smoke and influenza, \u003ca href=\"https://health.umt.edu/publichealth/faculty/core-faculty.php?s=Landguth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Erin Landguth\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the University of Montana, led a study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">examined health and smoke wave data\u003c/a> over a decade from Montana. The study was published this month in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/environment-international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environment International\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landguth’s team looked for impacts on flu cases within one to four weeks of a smoke wave, and they didn’t find a significant effect during that period. What has stunned experts were impacts on influenza cases detected months later, during the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought there would be no way we’d see this long of a delay,” Landguth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on their analysis, the researchers concluded the epic 2017 wildfire season in Big Sky Country caused influenza cases that winter to at least double and possibly rise as much as fivefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza kills tens of thousands of Americans every year, and the findings also have worrying implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Landguth is now gathering data from all Western states to expand the influenza research, and is also starting to investigate relationships between smoke waves and COVID-19 infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/jerrett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Jerrett\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health, is among the scientists racing to understand relationships between various types of air pollution and COVID-19 as the disease continues to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be cautious in interpreting what we’re finding, but I think what we’re seeing in a series of very rapidly developing studies is evidence that air pollution does make people more susceptible to COVID,” Jerret said. “The wildfires are likely to exacerbate the existing symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Smoke in California’s Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The hazards are intensifying as warming temperatures, worsening droughts, overgrown forest understories, urban development and other changes intensify wildfire seasons, putting more smoke into the air and more smoke particles into lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Led by scientists at Yale and Harvard, researchers several years ago used models of fire and winds to \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642628/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project smokier futures\u003c/a> for Western counties as temperatures rise. Across the Bay Area, the density of smoke particles suspended in the air during an average smoke wave is projected to nearly double by 2050, compared with levels during the late aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1965720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfire outlook\u003c/a> published by federal agencies on June 1 shows above normal potential for blazes across most of Northern California through September. Snowpacks are melting early in the warm spring temperatures, and hot and dry conditions are expected to persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ingredient of greatest concern in smoke is PM2.5, the name given to the finest of particulate matter — particles so small they can lodge deep in lungs, and are sometimes so small they can enter the bloodstream. Smoke also affects levels of ozone pollution and it can contain toxic byproducts from incinerated plastics and paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inhaled, PM2.5 particles operate at a microscopic level to inflame and injure lung cells, providing the coronavirus and other pathogens with a boost as they work to overcome their victim’s immune system. The smoke also adds to risks of heart attack and a long list of other common and sometimes deadly maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particulate matter isn’t just produced during wildfires — it’s present in pollution released by vehicle exhausts, power plants, refineries, farms and wood stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">underway at Harvard\u003c/a> and elsewhere examining whether exposure to tiny particulate matter from fossil fuel pollution increases the risk of death from COVID-19. If so, this would raise the already elevated coronavirus threats faced by communities of color, which are frequently located in less costly areas that are heavily polluted, including those along highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor black and brown communities, especially, are at higher risk of dying from COVID, and they’re at higher risk because of a lot of things — one related to chronic inflammation from having faced chronic trauma and exposure, chronic air pollution, et cetera,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/madhavi.dandu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Madhavi Dandu\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people in that setting are essential workers who don’t really have as much choice about whether they get to go to work,” Dandu said. “And a lot of people might live in closer housing settings or multigenerational households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Solutions, but Not Easy Ones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When smoke waves blot the skies, local governments and agencies often cancel classes and sporting and community events and recommend sheltering in place. For some in aging and inexpensively maintained housing, including rentals, however, the air in the home also becomes unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Oakland fills with smoke from wildfires burning in the region, McGrew, the resident of North Oakland who suffers from asthma, says she’s forced indoors. “When the smoke was really heavy, that’s when I had to get my inhaler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 and 2017 wildfire seasons, \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/even/people/shelly-miller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shelly Miller\u003c/a>, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, led research that monitored indoor air quality in 28 homes of low-income residents in Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were responding to an announcement we kept hearing on the news, which is, ‘It’s wildfire season, shelter in your home,'” Miller said. “And we kept thinking, ‘I don’t know if that’s always such a good idea,’ because many homes are not well protected from the outdoor environment, meaning lots of air can come inside from outside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the occupants in the homes studied kept their windows open for cooling, and Miller’s team found PM2.5 levels could be much higher inside those homes during smoke waves than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running an air cleaner, also called an air purifier, has been found to be highly effective in reducing indoor pollution from wildfire smoke — particularly when it’s operated with windows closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factors preventing many residents from buying air cleaners are the same as those forcing them to live in drafty homes in polluted areas — the impoverishing consequences of skyrocketing economic disparity and underinvestments in health and some urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Oakland, where air pollution from ships, trains and trucks at the port mixes with pollution from freeways and other sources, leading to high rates of asthma and other diseases, health care can be unaffordable, and the housing stock provides limited protection from pollution or smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare has helped, but people need to understand that most of our folks that don’t have resources don’t have health coverage,” said Ken Chambers, the pastor of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.westsidelove.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">West Side Missionary Baptist Church\u003c/a> in West Oakland, just a few blocks from the port’s fence line. “People who are poor and broke don’t have the availability to eat high quality foods, they’re eating fast foods. They don’t go to the doctor for regular routine checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGrew, of North Oakland, has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.climaterealityproject.org/training\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trained to discuss climate change\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2020/06/09/california-oks-movie-theaters-to-reopen-with-limited-seats/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Reality Project\u003c/a>, a global nonprofit founded by Al Gore. She is also involved in Bay Area committees and efforts to tackle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees strong connections between racism, racial disparities and climate change, and she wants African Americans participating in decision-making that affects everything from how communities are policed to how to grow green jobs and slow warming by reducing fossil fuel use. Shifting from fossil fuels to cleaner economies also boosts air quality, improving lung health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 400 years, African Americans have been left out of the equation,” she said. “We’ve got to be at the tables when policies are being drafted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED Science reporter Danielle Venton contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a partnership between KQED and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a non-advocacy science and news group.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Clean energy and transportation would tackle pollution and help ease the pressure from a main driver of wildfire smoke: climate change.",
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"title": "Tear Gas, Pollution, Wildfire Smoke: A Triple Threat to Your Lungs | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>eron McGrew stayed home during the past two weeks while others in her hometown of Oakland were protesting systemic racism and police killings of black people. Like many of her neighbors, McGrew has asthma and, because of her breathing difficulties, she feared being exposed to COVID-19 and to tear gas used by police. She also feared police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new coronavirus is taking a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11813696/latinos-around-the-bay-area-are-disproportionately-affected-by-covid-19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">particularly cruel toll\u003c/a> in minority communities, with black Americans \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/black-americans-death-rate-covid-19-coronavirus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">far more likely to die\u003c/a> from COVID-19 than white Americans. One of the inequities driving the high numbers of deaths is damage and disease to lungs caused by years spent breathing polluted air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Lung health is a critical weapon in the fight to reduce deaths during the pandemic. Yet police have been firing chemicals at protesters that can damage lung cells. American soldiers exposed to tear gas in sealed chambers during annual combat training were shown in a \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/milmed/article/179/7/793/4259353\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">2014 study\u003c/a> to be substantially more likely to contract acute respiratory infections afterward, prompting the Army to issue new rules that \u003ca href=\"https://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOEPIJ-7-37\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limit their exposure\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The respiratory onslaught precedes a wildfire season that further threatens to weaken immune protections against respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 and influenza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m an African American and I need to be in the protests against systemic racism, but I made a choice for my life,” said McGrew, a resident of North Oakland who works on issues of community and housing development. “I made a choice but people who are dying from COVID-19 and asthma and pollution, they don’t have a choice. They’re dying because of the inequalities and the systemic racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollution from fossil fuels is also warming the planet and the region, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1941376/we-can-make-california-wildfires-less-horrific-will-we\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">leading to larger wildfires\u003c/a> and more of their harmful smoke. As the coronavirus infects new victims, California is heading into a hot, dry wildfire season. Wildfire smoke can blanket forest and foothill communities and choke far-away cities with particles that penetrate lungs and weaken immune responses to infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1965803\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 548px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1965803\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A woman with coffee skin and black hair, wearing a white sweater, sits at a desk in front of two laptops. This is Teron McGrew at her home office in North Oakland. Rows of books, with books stacked on top of them, fill her bookshelf.\" width=\"548\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Teron-McGrew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teron McGrew works in her home office in North Oakland. \u003ccite>(Candase Chambers/Climate Central)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The one-two punch of tear gas and wildfire smoke, coupled with ever-present air pollution from fossil fuels, is set to worsen suffering related to the coronavirus this year, with people of color living in polluted areas continuing to feel the worst effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epidemiologists, geographers and other researchers have been learning in recent years that wildfire smoke poses a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1929784/breathing-fire-californias-central-valley-bears-the-brunt-of-harmful-wildfire-smoke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">greater public health risk\u003c/a> than previously realized. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">new study\u003c/a> from Montana shows exposure to “smoke waves” — multiple-day bouts of heavy smoke — led to a substantial increase in influenza cases the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The literature shows that people who are exposed to air pollution during wildfires are more likely to get respiratory infections, and I would classify COVID-19 as a respiratory infection,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/geography/colleen-reid-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Colleen Reid\u003c/a>, a geographer at the University of Colorado, Boulder, whose research interests include health impacts from wildfire smoke. “It could lead to more severe cases or even more cases that are noticed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>First Wildfire Smoke, Then Flu\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To test the relationship between wildfire smoke and influenza, \u003ca href=\"https://health.umt.edu/publichealth/faculty/core-faculty.php?s=Landguth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Erin Landguth\u003c/a>, an associate professor at the University of Montana, led a study that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412019326935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">examined health and smoke wave data\u003c/a> over a decade from Montana. The study was published this month in the scientific journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.journals.elsevier.com/environment-international\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environment International\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landguth’s team looked for impacts on flu cases within one to four weeks of a smoke wave, and they didn’t find a significant effect during that period. What has stunned experts were impacts on influenza cases detected months later, during the following winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1965730\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"394\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/2017WildfireAirQuality_en_title_lg.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 394px) 100vw, 394px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought there would be no way we’d see this long of a delay,” Landguth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on their analysis, the researchers concluded the epic 2017 wildfire season in Big Sky Country caused influenza cases that winter to at least double and possibly rise as much as fivefold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenza kills tens of thousands of Americans every year, and the findings also have worrying implications for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Landguth is now gathering data from all Western states to expand the influenza research, and is also starting to investigate relationships between smoke waves and COVID-19 infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/jerrett\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Jerrett\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA’s Fielding School of Public Health, is among the scientists racing to understand relationships between various types of air pollution and COVID-19 as the disease continues to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be cautious in interpreting what we’re finding, but I think what we’re seeing in a series of very rapidly developing studies is evidence that air pollution does make people more susceptible to COVID,” Jerret said. “The wildfires are likely to exacerbate the existing symptoms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>More Smoke in California’s Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The hazards are intensifying as warming temperatures, worsening droughts, overgrown forest understories, urban development and other changes intensify wildfire seasons, putting more smoke into the air and more smoke particles into lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Led by scientists at Yale and Harvard, researchers several years ago used models of fire and winds to \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642628/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">project smokier futures\u003c/a> for Western counties as temperatures rise. Across the Bay Area, the density of smoke particles suspended in the air during an average smoke wave is projected to nearly double by 2050, compared with levels during the late aughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1965720\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/06/smoke-wave-intensity-1020x574.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wildfire outlook\u003c/a> published by federal agencies on June 1 shows above normal potential for blazes across most of Northern California through September. Snowpacks are melting early in the warm spring temperatures, and hot and dry conditions are expected to persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ingredient of greatest concern in smoke is PM2.5, the name given to the finest of particulate matter — particles so small they can lodge deep in lungs, and are sometimes so small they can enter the bloodstream. Smoke also affects levels of ozone pollution and it can contain toxic byproducts from incinerated plastics and paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once inhaled, PM2.5 particles operate at a microscopic level to inflame and injure lung cells, providing the coronavirus and other pathogens with a boost as they work to overcome their victim’s immune system. The smoke also adds to risks of heart attack and a long list of other common and sometimes deadly maladies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tiny particulate matter isn’t just produced during wildfires — it’s present in pollution released by vehicle exhausts, power plants, refineries, farms and wood stoves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research is \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/air-pollution-linked-with-higher-covid-19-death-rates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">underway at Harvard\u003c/a> and elsewhere examining whether exposure to tiny particulate matter from fossil fuel pollution increases the risk of death from COVID-19. If so, this would raise the already elevated coronavirus threats faced by communities of color, which are frequently located in less costly areas that are heavily polluted, including those along highways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Poor black and brown communities, especially, are at higher risk of dying from COVID, and they’re at higher risk because of a lot of things — one related to chronic inflammation from having faced chronic trauma and exposure, chronic air pollution, et cetera,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/madhavi.dandu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Madhavi Dandu\u003c/a>, a professor of medicine at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people in that setting are essential workers who don’t really have as much choice about whether they get to go to work,” Dandu said. “And a lot of people might live in closer housing settings or multigenerational households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Solutions, but Not Easy Ones\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When smoke waves blot the skies, local governments and agencies often cancel classes and sporting and community events and recommend sheltering in place. For some in aging and inexpensively maintained housing, including rentals, however, the air in the home also becomes unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Oakland fills with smoke from wildfires burning in the region, McGrew, the resident of North Oakland who suffers from asthma, says she’s forced indoors. “When the smoke was really heavy, that’s when I had to get my inhaler.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 and 2017 wildfire seasons, \u003ca href=\"https://www.colorado.edu/even/people/shelly-miller\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shelly Miller\u003c/a>, a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Colorado, Boulder, led research that monitored indoor air quality in 28 homes of low-income residents in Denver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were responding to an announcement we kept hearing on the news, which is, ‘It’s wildfire season, shelter in your home,'” Miller said. “And we kept thinking, ‘I don’t know if that’s always such a good idea,’ because many homes are not well protected from the outdoor environment, meaning lots of air can come inside from outside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the occupants in the homes studied kept their windows open for cooling, and Miller’s team found PM2.5 levels could be much higher inside those homes during smoke waves than outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Running an air cleaner, also called an air purifier, has been found to be highly effective in reducing indoor pollution from wildfire smoke — particularly when it’s operated with windows closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The factors preventing many residents from buying air cleaners are the same as those forcing them to live in drafty homes in polluted areas — the impoverishing consequences of skyrocketing economic disparity and underinvestments in health and some urban areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In West Oakland, where air pollution from ships, trains and trucks at the port mixes with pollution from freeways and other sources, leading to high rates of asthma and other diseases, health care can be unaffordable, and the housing stock provides limited protection from pollution or smoke waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Obamacare has helped, but people need to understand that most of our folks that don’t have resources don’t have health coverage,” said Ken Chambers, the pastor of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.westsidelove.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">West Side Missionary Baptist Church\u003c/a> in West Oakland, just a few blocks from the port’s fence line. “People who are poor and broke don’t have the availability to eat high quality foods, they’re eating fast foods. They don’t go to the doctor for regular routine checkups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McGrew, of North Oakland, has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.climaterealityproject.org/training\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">trained to discuss climate change\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2020/06/09/california-oks-movie-theaters-to-reopen-with-limited-seats/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Reality Project\u003c/a>, a global nonprofit founded by Al Gore. She is also involved in Bay Area committees and efforts to tackle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees strong connections between racism, racial disparities and climate change, and she wants African Americans participating in decision-making that affects everything from how communities are policed to how to grow green jobs and slow warming by reducing fossil fuel use. Shifting from fossil fuels to cleaner economies also boosts air quality, improving lung health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For 400 years, African Americans have been left out of the equation,” she said. “We’ve got to be at the tables when policies are being drafted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: KQED Science reporter Danielle Venton contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced through a partnership between KQED and \u003ca href=\"https://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Central\u003c/a>, a non-advocacy science and news group.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "After Criticism, WHO Official Issues Clarification on Asymptomatic Coronavirus Transmission",
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"content": "\u003cp>A top World Health Organization official clarified on Tuesday that scientists have not determined yet how frequently people with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 pass the disease on to others, a day after suggesting that such spread is “very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarification comes after the WHO’s original comments incited strong pushback from outside public health experts, who suggested the agency had erred, or at least miscommunicated, when it said people who didn’t show symptoms were unlikely to spread the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead on the COVID-19 pandemic, made it very clear Tuesday that the actual rates of asymptomatic transmission aren’t yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of transmission that we know about is that people who have symptoms transmit the virus to other people through infectious droplets,” Van Kerkhove said. “But there are a subset of people who don’t develop symptoms, and to truly understand how many people don’t have symptoms, we don’t actually have that answer yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove’s remarks on Tuesday came at a WHO question-and-answer session aimed at explaining what was known and unknown about how the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the confusion boiled down to the details of what an asymptomatic infection actually is, and the different ways the term is used. While some cases of COVID-19 are fully asymptomatic, sometimes the word is also used to describe people who haven’t started showing symptoms yet, when they are presymptomatic. Research has shown that people become infectious before they start feeling sick, during that presymptomatic period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the WHO’s thrice-weekly press briefings Monday, Van Kerkhove noted that when health officials review cases that are initially reported to be asymptomatic, “we find out that many have really mild disease.” There are some infected people who are “truly asymptomatic,” she said, but countries that are doing detailed contact tracing are “not finding secondary transmission onward” from those cases. “It’s very rare,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added: “We are constantly looking at this data and we’re trying to get more information from countries to truly answer this question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, it came across as if the WHO was suggesting that people without symptoms weren’t driving the spread. Some studies, however, have estimated that people without symptoms (whether truly asymptomatic or presymptomatic) could be responsible for up to half of the spread, which is why the virus has been so difficult to contain. Isolating people who are sick, for example, does not prevent the possibility they already passed the virus on to others. Some modeling studies have assumed quite widespread asymptomatic transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The WHO created confusion yesterday when it reported that asymptomatic patients rarely spread the disease,” an email from the Harvard Global Health Institute said Tuesday. “All of the best evidence suggests that people without symptoms can and do readily spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In fact, some evidence suggests that people may be most infectious in the days before they become symptomatic — that is, in the presymptomatic phase when they feel well, have no symptoms, but may be shedding substantial amounts of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their point: People not showing symptoms can spread the virus, whether they ultimately feel sick or not. That’s why wearing masks and keeping distance are so important to limiting transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove acknowledged Tuesday that her use of the phrase “very rare” had been a miscommunication. She said she had based that phrasing on findings from a small number of studies that followed asymptomatic cases and tracked how many of their contacts became infected. She said she did not mean to imply that “asymptomatic transmission globally” was happening rarely, because that has not been determined yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining which routes of transmission are driving most of the spread of the virus is crucial so health experts can develop the right strategies to combat the virus. At the WHO event Tuesday, officials stressed that even as scientists are still learning more about the virus and how it spreads, countries have demonstrated that the best tactics to address the pandemic include isolating cases, contact tracing, and quarantining contacts — as well as hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those measures, “We won’t stop all transmission, but what we do is, we suppress transmission,” Mike Ryan, the head of WHO’s emergencies program, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other unknowns the WHO experts raised Tuesday include how asymptomatic or presymptomatic people are spreading the virus if they are not coughing — it could be that they still expel infectious droplets through singing, yelling, or even talking — as well as the percentage of all COVID-19 cases that are asymptomatic. One recent paper estimated that 40% to 45% of cases might be asymptomatic, though others have pegged that figure at closer to 20% or even lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s been seen so far, asymptomatic people tend to be younger and not have other health issues, Van Kerkhove said Tuesday, though she cautioned she didn’t want to generalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the studies about asymptomatic transmission that Van Kerkhove referred to, the WHO has also received data from member countries that “suggests that asymptomatically-infected individuals are much less likely to transmit the virus than those who develop symptoms,” according to WHO’s interim guidance on masks issued last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts have called on the WHO to release that data. Both outside experts and WHO officials have acknowledged that detecting asymptomatic spread would be really difficult, and just because scientists haven’t seen something occurring often doesn’t mean it’s not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every question we answer, we have 10 more,” Van Kerkhove said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/09/who-comments-asymptomatic-spread-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A top World Health Organization official clarified on Tuesday that scientists have not determined yet how frequently people with asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 pass the disease on to others, a day after suggesting that such spread is “very rare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarification comes after the WHO’s original comments incited strong pushback from outside public health experts, who suggested the agency had erred, or at least miscommunicated, when it said people who didn’t show symptoms were unlikely to spread the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s technical lead on the COVID-19 pandemic, made it very clear Tuesday that the actual rates of asymptomatic transmission aren’t yet known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The majority of transmission that we know about is that people who have symptoms transmit the virus to other people through infectious droplets,” Van Kerkhove said. “But there are a subset of people who don’t develop symptoms, and to truly understand how many people don’t have symptoms, we don’t actually have that answer yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove’s remarks on Tuesday came at a WHO question-and-answer session aimed at explaining what was known and unknown about how the virus spreads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the confusion boiled down to the details of what an asymptomatic infection actually is, and the different ways the term is used. While some cases of COVID-19 are fully asymptomatic, sometimes the word is also used to describe people who haven’t started showing symptoms yet, when they are presymptomatic. Research has shown that people become infectious before they start feeling sick, during that presymptomatic period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one of the WHO’s thrice-weekly press briefings Monday, Van Kerkhove noted that when health officials review cases that are initially reported to be asymptomatic, “we find out that many have really mild disease.” There are some infected people who are “truly asymptomatic,” she said, but countries that are doing detailed contact tracing are “not finding secondary transmission onward” from those cases. “It’s very rare,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She added: “We are constantly looking at this data and we’re trying to get more information from countries to truly answer this question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To some, it came across as if the WHO was suggesting that people without symptoms weren’t driving the spread. Some studies, however, have estimated that people without symptoms (whether truly asymptomatic or presymptomatic) could be responsible for up to half of the spread, which is why the virus has been so difficult to contain. Isolating people who are sick, for example, does not prevent the possibility they already passed the virus on to others. Some modeling studies have assumed quite widespread asymptomatic transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The WHO created confusion yesterday when it reported that asymptomatic patients rarely spread the disease,” an email from the Harvard Global Health Institute said Tuesday. “All of the best evidence suggests that people without symptoms can and do readily spread SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. In fact, some evidence suggests that people may be most infectious in the days before they become symptomatic — that is, in the presymptomatic phase when they feel well, have no symptoms, but may be shedding substantial amounts of virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their point: People not showing symptoms can spread the virus, whether they ultimately feel sick or not. That’s why wearing masks and keeping distance are so important to limiting transmission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Kerkhove acknowledged Tuesday that her use of the phrase “very rare” had been a miscommunication. She said she had based that phrasing on findings from a small number of studies that followed asymptomatic cases and tracked how many of their contacts became infected. She said she did not mean to imply that “asymptomatic transmission globally” was happening rarely, because that has not been determined yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Determining which routes of transmission are driving most of the spread of the virus is crucial so health experts can develop the right strategies to combat the virus. At the WHO event Tuesday, officials stressed that even as scientists are still learning more about the virus and how it spreads, countries have demonstrated that the best tactics to address the pandemic include isolating cases, contact tracing, and quarantining contacts — as well as hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those measures, “We won’t stop all transmission, but what we do is, we suppress transmission,” Mike Ryan, the head of WHO’s emergencies program, said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other unknowns the WHO experts raised Tuesday include how asymptomatic or presymptomatic people are spreading the virus if they are not coughing — it could be that they still expel infectious droplets through singing, yelling, or even talking — as well as the percentage of all COVID-19 cases that are asymptomatic. One recent paper estimated that 40% to 45% of cases might be asymptomatic, though others have pegged that figure at closer to 20% or even lower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on what’s been seen so far, asymptomatic people tend to be younger and not have other health issues, Van Kerkhove said Tuesday, though she cautioned she didn’t want to generalize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the studies about asymptomatic transmission that Van Kerkhove referred to, the WHO has also received data from member countries that “suggests that asymptomatically-infected individuals are much less likely to transmit the virus than those who develop symptoms,” according to WHO’s interim guidance on masks issued last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside experts have called on the WHO to release that data. Both outside experts and WHO officials have acknowledged that detecting asymptomatic spread would be really difficult, and just because scientists haven’t seen something occurring often doesn’t mean it’s not happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every question we answer, we have 10 more,” Van Kerkhove said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/09/who-comments-asymptomatic-spread-covid-19/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "yosemite-national-park-plans-to-reopen-but-its-not-going-to-be-the-same-heres-what-we-know",
"title": "Yosemite National Park to Reopen. You Can Make Reservations Starting Tuesday",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, June 8, 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park will reopen to the public at 7 a.m. on Thursday. Visitors coming for just the day will have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.recreation.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">make a reservation online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those looking to visit the park in June and July can reserve spaces starting at 7 a.m., Tuesday. The park will limit the number of daily passes it issues to 1,700 in an effort to keep attendance to about half of the seasonal norm, in order to allow for social distancing. “(A)nother 1,900 vehicles are expected for people with overnight reservations for hotels and camping in the park,” according to KQED’s Paul Rogers, writing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/08/yosemite-national-park-announces-reopening-date/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the park’s \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/covid19.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FAQ page\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> for more details. The park says the new system will remain in place through at least October, pending public health guidance. Upon resumption of normal operations, the requirement for day-use reservations for day use will cease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post May 24, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> officials have drafted a plan to reopen as early as June. The famous Sierra Nevada landmark, which drew 4.4 million visitors last year, has been closed since March 20 due to the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plan to reopen hasn’t officially been made public yet, but it calls for opening the park some time in the next few weeks, with some significant changes. KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with \u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, the managing editor of KQED Science and a reporter on environmental issues for the Mercury News, about what people might expect when the park is open again. \u003cem>(Edited for length and clarity)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What still needs to happen for Yosemite to reopen?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Rogers: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite’s acting superintendent, Cicely Muldoon, has said she hopes to open again sometime in the next few weeks, but she doesn’t have an exact date because she still needs to get approval from the U.S. Department of the Interior. She’s also rolling the plan out among local officials to get feedback. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muldoon has told park employees that Yosemite couldn’t really open until nearby local counties moved to stage three in Gov. Gavin Newsom’s four-stage plan for reopening. Many of those counties are nearing that stage now. Stage three involves opening things like movie theaters and nonessential businesses as well as allowing more travel over longer distances. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will things be different at Yosemite?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The waterfalls and the bears will still be there, but in a lot of ways it won’t be the same Yosemite, at least not at first. Many of the trails will be one-way. There won’t be any shuttle buses due to concerns from local health officials about people crowding together.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the hotels, like the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ahwahnee\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite Valley Lodge\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, would fully reopen. Only two of the campgrounds and Yosemite Valley would reopen. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curry Village\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would reopen at about half capacity, and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housekeeping Camp\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would remain closed. Also, rangers and park employees are likely to be wearing masks. Bathrooms will be cleaned a lot more frequently. Park visitors are going to be encouraged, but not ordered, to wear masks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with overnight reservations at hotels or campgrounds inside the park would be able to enter without buying a ticket ahead of time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, all visitors who want to visit the park \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for just the day\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will have to go online first and buy a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ticket\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. (Sales of all entry tickets are currently suspended.) \u003c/span>If people don’t buy a day pass ahead of time, they could be turned around if they show up at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to sell only enough reservations each day to keep attendance this summer to about half of last year’s. This means up to about 1,700 passes per day would be sold, at $35 per vehicle. Adding an estimated 1,900 vehicles per day to account for people with overnight reservations at hotels and campgrounds, the park is planning on roughly half of the 7,700 vehicles a day that entered the park on average last June, before the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htyJsYeW3Lw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What other national parks have reopened?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of America’s roughly 400 national parks are still closed, but they have been slowly reopening. Denali in Alaska, the Everglades in Florida and Zion in Bryce Canyon in Utah have reopened. In recent days, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon and Joshua Tree have reopened. But in most of these places, the hotels, restaurants and visitor centers are closed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do the rural communities around Yosemite feel about the park reopening, considering they don’t have a lot of medical facilities?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mariposa, Madera, Tuolumne and Mono counties border the park. Local elected officials in Mariposa County have told me they’re nervous but generally supportive because their economy is nearly completely based on tourism, and it’s been decimated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite normally receives about 4 million to 5 million visitors every year. Those visitors spend about half a billion dollars annually. And that money supports more than 6,000 jobs in these local counties. We’re talking restaurants, gas stations, hotels, gift shops; they all depend on visitors to Yosemite National Park. At the same time, these communities don’t have a lot of hospitals and other medical facilities. They have a lot of retirees who are at higher risk for the coronavirus. So it’s definitely a balancing act. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What advice do you have for people who want to go to Yosemite this summer?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">park website\u003c/a> first, because these rules could be changing week to week. Don’t go without a day reservation. And remember, the day reservation system hasn’t started yet, because the park hasn’t officially announced this new plan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you get there, don’t congregate in groups, follow the rules, and heed what the rangers say. Parks officials tell me they plan to educate people rather than issuing lots of fines for violators. But they say if people are acting in ways that increase the risk of the spread of the coronavirus, they’re going to shut areas down again. It’s also important to remember that there are lots of state and county parks around California that remain open, if you’re not quite ready to go to Yosemite.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Yosemite National Park to Reopen. You Can Make Reservations Starting Tuesday | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Monday, June 8, 2020\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park will reopen to the public at 7 a.m. on Thursday. Visitors coming for just the day will have to \u003ca href=\"http://www.recreation.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">make a reservation online\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those looking to visit the park in June and July can reserve spaces starting at 7 a.m., Tuesday. The park will limit the number of daily passes it issues to 1,700 in an effort to keep attendance to about half of the seasonal norm, in order to allow for social distancing. “(A)nother 1,900 vehicles are expected for people with overnight reservations for hotels and camping in the park,” according to KQED’s Paul Rogers, writing for \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/06/08/yosemite-national-park-announces-reopening-date/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Mercury News\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See the park’s \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/covid19.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">FAQ page\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> for more details. The park says the new system will remain in place through at least October, pending public health guidance. Upon resumption of normal operations, the requirement for day-use reservations for day use will cease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post May 24, 2020\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> officials have drafted a plan to reopen as early as June. The famous Sierra Nevada landmark, which drew 4.4 million visitors last year, has been closed since March 20 due to the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The plan to reopen hasn’t officially been made public yet, but it calls for opening the park some time in the next few weeks, with some significant changes. KQED’s Mina Kim spoke with \u003cstrong>Paul Rogers\u003c/strong>, the managing editor of KQED Science and a reporter on environmental issues for the Mercury News, about what people might expect when the park is open again. \u003cem>(Edited for length and clarity)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What still needs to happen for Yosemite to reopen?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paul Rogers: \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite’s acting superintendent, Cicely Muldoon, has said she hopes to open again sometime in the next few weeks, but she doesn’t have an exact date because she still needs to get approval from the U.S. Department of the Interior. She’s also rolling the plan out among local officials to get feedback. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muldoon has told park employees that Yosemite couldn’t really open until nearby local counties moved to stage three in Gov. Gavin Newsom’s four-stage plan for reopening. Many of those counties are nearing that stage now. Stage three involves opening things like movie theaters and nonessential businesses as well as allowing more travel over longer distances. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How will things be different at Yosemite?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The waterfalls and the bears will still be there, but in a lot of ways it won’t be the same Yosemite, at least not at first. Many of the trails will be one-way. There won’t be any shuttle buses due to concerns from local health officials about people crowding together.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some of the hotels, like the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ahwahnee\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite Valley Lodge\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, would fully reopen. Only two of the campgrounds and Yosemite Valley would reopen. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Curry Village\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would reopen at about half capacity, and \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Housekeeping Camp\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would remain closed. Also, rangers and park employees are likely to be wearing masks. Bathrooms will be cleaned a lot more frequently. Park visitors are going to be encouraged, but not ordered, to wear masks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">People with overnight reservations at hotels or campgrounds inside the park would be able to enter without buying a ticket ahead of time. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, all visitors who want to visit the park \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for just the day\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> will have to go online first and buy a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ticket\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. (Sales of all entry tickets are currently suspended.) \u003c/span>If people don’t buy a day pass ahead of time, they could be turned around if they show up at the gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to sell only enough reservations each day to keep attendance this summer to about half of last year’s. This means up to about 1,700 passes per day would be sold, at $35 per vehicle. Adding an estimated 1,900 vehicles per day to account for people with overnight reservations at hotels and campgrounds, the park is planning on roughly half of the 7,700 vehicles a day that entered the park on average last June, before the coronavirus pandemic.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/htyJsYeW3Lw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/htyJsYeW3Lw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>What other national parks have reopened?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many of America’s roughly 400 national parks are still closed, but they have been slowly reopening. Denali in Alaska, the Everglades in Florida and Zion in Bryce Canyon in Utah have reopened. In recent days, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon and Joshua Tree have reopened. But in most of these places, the hotels, restaurants and visitor centers are closed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>How do the rural communities around Yosemite feel about the park reopening, considering they don’t have a lot of medical facilities?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mariposa, Madera, Tuolumne and Mono counties border the park. Local elected officials in Mariposa County have told me they’re nervous but generally supportive because their economy is nearly completely based on tourism, and it’s been decimated. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yosemite normally receives about 4 million to 5 million visitors every year. Those visitors spend about half a billion dollars annually. And that money supports more than 6,000 jobs in these local counties. We’re talking restaurants, gas stations, hotels, gift shops; they all depend on visitors to Yosemite National Park. At the same time, these communities don’t have a lot of hospitals and other medical facilities. They have a lot of retirees who are at higher risk for the coronavirus. So it’s definitely a balancing act. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What advice do you have for people who want to go to Yosemite this summer?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Check the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">park website\u003c/a> first, because these rules could be changing week to week. Don’t go without a day reservation. And remember, the day reservation system hasn’t started yet, because the park hasn’t officially announced this new plan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you get there, don’t congregate in groups, follow the rules, and heed what the rangers say. Parks officials tell me they plan to educate people rather than issuing lots of fines for violators. But they say if people are acting in ways that increase the risk of the spread of the coronavirus, they’re going to shut areas down again. It’s also important to remember that there are lots of state and county parks around California that remain open, if you’re not quite ready to go to Yosemite.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California to Allow Schools, Gyms, Pro Sports to Reopen",
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"content": "\u003cp>California will allow day camps, bars, gyms, campgrounds and professional sports to begin reopening with precautions in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s most populated state released \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/industry-guidance/#top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidance\u003c/a> Friday for counties on reopening a broad range of businesses that have been closed since mid-March because of concerns about spreading the coronavirus. It also includes much-anticipated guidance on the fall reopening of schools, which have been shuttered since March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules on schools and day camps will apply statewide. Only counties that have met certain thresholds on the number of cases, testing and preparedness will be allowed to start reopening other parts of the economy on June 12. Almost all of the state’s 58 counties have met those thresholds. The guidance includes rules on hotels, casinos, museums, zoos and aquariums and resuming music, film and television production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has been moving the state through a methodical four-step process for reopening, with most counties already allowed to reopen restaurants, hair salons, churches and stores with modifications. The new guidance relates to businesses in “Stage 3.” But it does not allow nail salons to reopen, and the industry has previously sued the state. Hair salons were cleared to reopen several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When students return to classrooms in the fall, things could look vastly different. In addition to requirements for physical distancing, the state plans to supply every school and child care center with no-touch thermometers, hand sanitizer, face shields for every teacher, cloth face coverings for staff and students, and tight-fitting N95 masks for health care professionals in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cannot order schools to close, but it can offer recommendations for districts to follow on reopening. School districts opted to close when Newsom issued a statewide stay-at-home order and developed distance-learning plans on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance asks schools to try to keep students 6 feet (2 meters) apart at all times — in class, in the hallways and at recess. It also says schools should consider installing “portable hand-washing stations” as part of a rigorous hygiene regime urging students and staff to wash their hands before and after eating, coughing, sneezing, being outside and using the restroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also suggests staggering arrival times to minimize contact between students, staff and families and serving meals in classrooms or outdoors rather than in cafeterias. It calls for intensified cleaning and disinfecting — at least daily — of frequently touched surfaces on school buses and in buildings, such as door handles, light switches, student desks and chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the measures had been hinted at previously. But the guidelines prepared by California’s Department of Public Health offered the most formal reopening framework so far for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond said last week that he expects a “hybrid model” of instruction, balancing traditional classes and remote learning to accommodate the need for physical distancing. Thurmond is expected to release the Department of Education’s guidelines for school reopenings next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School districts and educators have raised concerns about how to adopt all the changes at a time of shrinking budgets. Districts are facing the prospects of billions of dollars in budget cuts as the state scrambles to plug a deficit brought on by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Entertainment and Sports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music, television and film production can start again, and so can professional sports without live audiences. Rather than issue specific guidelines, the state is directing the industries to set rules through labor agreements and by following county public health orders. Leaders in the entertainment industry, meanwhile, have been brainstorming safe ways to get back to work since film, television and commercial production in Los Angeles shut down on March 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Directors Guild enlisted “Contagion” director Steven Soderbergh to head a committee to determine when and how productions can resume in collaboration with epidemiologists, unions and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Film, television and commercial production make up a significant amount of the Los Angeles economy. According to nonprofit film office FilmLA, nearly 17% of the workforce is tied to the industry, which has been out of commission for more than two months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidance for museums, galleries, zoos and aquariums encourages using credit cards and contactless forms of payment as well as one-way walkways and hallways to limit contact. Single-use maps, pamphlets and guides should be provided, along with digital copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s confirmed coronavirus cases and hospitalizations remain stable. But it’s preparing for a potential increase in infections as more parts of the economy reopen and people pack protests against racial injustice and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has reported more than 122,000 coronavirus cases and over 4,400 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most people, the coronavirus causes mild or moderate symptoms such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause pneumonia and death.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California will allow day camps, bars, gyms, campgrounds and professional sports to begin reopening with precautions in a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s most populated state released \u003ca href=\"https://covid19.ca.gov/industry-guidance/#top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guidance\u003c/a> Friday for counties on reopening a broad range of businesses that have been closed since mid-March because of concerns about spreading the coronavirus. It also includes much-anticipated guidance on the fall reopening of schools, which have been shuttered since March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules on schools and day camps will apply statewide. Only counties that have met certain thresholds on the number of cases, testing and preparedness will be allowed to start reopening other parts of the economy on June 12. Almost all of the state’s 58 counties have met those thresholds. The guidance includes rules on hotels, casinos, museums, zoos and aquariums and resuming music, film and television production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom has been moving the state through a methodical four-step process for reopening, with most counties already allowed to reopen restaurants, hair salons, churches and stores with modifications. The new guidance relates to businesses in “Stage 3.” But it does not allow nail salons to reopen, and the industry has previously sued the state. Hair salons were cleared to reopen several weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>School Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When students return to classrooms in the fall, things could look vastly different. In addition to requirements for physical distancing, the state plans to supply every school and child care center with no-touch thermometers, hand sanitizer, face shields for every teacher, cloth face coverings for staff and students, and tight-fitting N95 masks for health care professionals in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state cannot order schools to close, but it can offer recommendations for districts to follow on reopening. School districts opted to close when Newsom issued a statewide stay-at-home order and developed distance-learning plans on the fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The guidance asks schools to try to keep students 6 feet (2 meters) apart at all times — in class, in the hallways and at recess. It also says schools should consider installing “portable hand-washing stations” as part of a rigorous hygiene regime urging students and staff to wash their hands before and after eating, coughing, sneezing, being outside and using the restroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also suggests staggering arrival times to minimize contact between students, staff and families and serving meals in classrooms or outdoors rather than in cafeterias. It calls for intensified cleaning and disinfecting — at least daily — of frequently touched surfaces on school buses and in buildings, such as door handles, light switches, student desks and chairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the measures had been hinted at previously. But the guidelines prepared by California’s Department of Public Health offered the most formal reopening framework so far for school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Superintendent of Public Instruction Tony Thurmond said last week that he expects a “hybrid model” of instruction, balancing traditional classes and remote learning to accommodate the need for physical distancing. Thurmond is expected to release the Department of Education’s guidelines for school reopenings next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School districts and educators have raised concerns about how to adopt all the changes at a time of shrinking budgets. Districts are facing the prospects of billions of dollars in budget cuts as the state scrambles to plug a deficit brought on by the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Entertainment and Sports\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Music, television and film production can start again, and so can professional sports without live audiences. Rather than issue specific guidelines, the state is directing the industries to set rules through labor agreements and by following county public health orders. Leaders in the entertainment industry, meanwhile, have been brainstorming safe ways to get back to work since film, television and commercial production in Los Angeles shut down on March 20.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Directors Guild enlisted “Contagion” director Steven Soderbergh to head a committee to determine when and how productions can resume in collaboration with epidemiologists, unions and employers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Film, television and commercial production make up a significant amount of the Los Angeles economy. According to nonprofit film office FilmLA, nearly 17% of the workforce is tied to the industry, which has been out of commission for more than two months now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guidance for museums, galleries, zoos and aquariums encourages using credit cards and contactless forms of payment as well as one-way walkways and hallways to limit contact. Single-use maps, pamphlets and guides should be provided, along with digital copies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s confirmed coronavirus cases and hospitalizations remain stable. But it’s preparing for a potential increase in infections as more parts of the economy reopen and people pack protests against racial injustice and police brutality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has reported more than 122,000 coronavirus cases and over 4,400 deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most people, the coronavirus causes mild or moderate symptoms such as fever and cough. For some, especially older adults and people with existing health problems, it can cause pneumonia and death.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "MAP: See Which Bay Area Nursing Homes and Long-term Care Facilities Have Had Coronavirus Outbreaks",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19, part of a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/01/867492962/nearly-26-000-nursing-home-residents-have-died-from-covid-19-federal-data-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> national trend\u003c/a> that has seen the coronavirus taking a heavy toll on the frail and elderly, and creating stress and anxiety for their loved ones. You can see which Bay Area facilities have reported infections in the map below. Scroll over each one to see the extent of the outbreak, which or may not be current, through the month of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/474f54c3-f879-4d5a-addb-5679f4b4927a/embed%22%20allowfullscreen%20webkitallowfullscreen%20mozallowfullscreen%20oallowfullscreen%20msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Statewide, as of May 31, at least 2,184 residents and staff of nursing homes and assisted living facilities have died of COVID-19, according to data reported by the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department o\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">f\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> Public Health\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department of Social Services\u003c/span>. That total makes up around half of the state’s coronavirus deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility … share your story!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">State health officials have acknowledged that published case and death totals are less than exact. COVID-19 cases and deaths are self-reported by facility representatives, and regulators do not systematically verify them. Where facilities report under 11 infections or related deaths, the totals are reported as “10 or fewer,” a practice the agencies say is necessary in order to protect patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nursing homes are medical facilities overseen by the Department of Public Health, while assisted living facilities are managed by the Department of Social Services. CDPH has recently created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">dashboard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with all outbreaks in nursing homes across the state, including both a daily snapshot and cumulative totals. The CDSS data is harder to track; the agency \u003cspan class=\"s1\">shares \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/inforesources/research-and-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily reports\u003c/a> about outbreaks in assisted living facilities housing more than six patients in a PDF file on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Advocates for residents in long-term care facilities have been concerned about a lack of transparency around coronavirus outbreaks and management since the beginning of the pandemic. Charlene Harrington, professor emeritus at UCSF and an expert on long-term care, says the data has been inconsistent. \u003ci>“\u003c/i>I’d like to see [CDPH] do a better job with oversight,” she says. “And trying to verify what’s going on in the nursing homes, not just letting nursing homes self report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CDPH and CDSS say they’re in close contact with all facilities via televisits and in-person inspections to verify some of the reported outbreak numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Federal and state regulators offer guidelines, which include testing and infection control, for dealing with COVID-19 in nursing homes. Some guidelines also apply to assisted living facilities. County health departments don’t regulate long-term care homes, but many offer guidelines to both skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pat McGinnis, executive director of California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform, says that families of residents in long-term care facilities with coronavirus outbreaks should be in contact with those facilities to ensure their loved ones are safe. Here are some questions she suggests asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Testing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have all residents and staff been tested?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How often are tests given?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Isolation of positive cases\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the facility keeping residents who do not have the virus safe from those who do?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Infection control\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is the \u003ca href=\"https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/who-are-infection-preventionists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infection preventionist\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What changes have been made in the facility to enhance infection prevention?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is the facility monitoring to ensure staff are consistently following infection control standards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Staffing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How many staff members are in quarantine?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is replacing them?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are replacement staff qualified?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do staffing levels now compare to levels before the outbreak?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Does the facility have extra staff assigned to replace the care and support visitors provided before the lockdown?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Communication with families\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is assigned to keep families updated on an outbreak and what is the facility is doing to fight it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can families contact this person or persons to seek information or share concerns?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>By what means and how often will facilities communicate with families?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Visitation\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the facility doing to help residents stay in frequent contact with residents or patients via telephone, video visits, window visits and other means?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you have a complaint or concern about the care of a loved one in a long-term care facility, you can reach out to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aging.ca.gov/Find_Services_in_My_County/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">local ombudsman\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for assistance. The long-term care ombudsmen are representatives from the California Department of Aging who help residents and their families with issues related to day-to-day care, health, and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Help KQED Science report on the pandemic …\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>[hearken src=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/5489.js\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">In the Bay Area alone, 97 skilled nursing facilities and 18 residential care homes for the elderly have reported outbreaks of COVID-19, part of a\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/01/867492962/nearly-26-000-nursing-home-residents-have-died-from-covid-19-federal-data-show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> national trend\u003c/a> that has seen the coronavirus taking a heavy toll on the frail and elderly, and creating stress and anxiety for their loved ones. You can see which Bay Area facilities have reported infections in the map below. Scroll over each one to see the extent of the outbreak, which or may not be current, through the month of May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/474f54c3-f879-4d5a-addb-5679f4b4927a/embed%22%20allowfullscreen%20webkitallowfullscreen%20mozallowfullscreen%20oallowfullscreen%20msallowfullscreen\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Statewide, as of May 31, at least 2,184 residents and staff of nursing homes and assisted living facilities have died of COVID-19, according to data reported by the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department o\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">f\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> Public Health\u003c/span> and the \u003cspan class=\"s1\">California Department of Social Services\u003c/span>. That total makes up around half of the state’s coronavirus deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#callout\">Click here if you know someone in a nursing home or assisted facility … share your story!\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">State health officials have acknowledged that published case and death totals are less than exact. COVID-19 cases and deaths are self-reported by facility representatives, and regulators do not systematically verify them. Where facilities report under 11 infections or related deaths, the totals are reported as “10 or fewer,” a practice the agencies say is necessary in order to protect patient privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Nursing homes are medical facilities overseen by the Department of Public Health, while assisted living facilities are managed by the Department of Social Services. CDPH has recently created a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/COVID-19/SNFsCOVID_19.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">dashboard\u003c/span>\u003c/a> with all outbreaks in nursing homes across the state, including both a daily snapshot and cumulative totals. The CDSS data is harder to track; the agency \u003cspan class=\"s1\">shares \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdss.ca.gov/inforesources/research-and-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">daily reports\u003c/a> about outbreaks in assisted living facilities housing more than six patients in a PDF file on its website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Advocates for residents in long-term care facilities have been concerned about a lack of transparency around coronavirus outbreaks and management since the beginning of the pandemic. Charlene Harrington, professor emeritus at UCSF and an expert on long-term care, says the data has been inconsistent. \u003ci>“\u003c/i>I’d like to see [CDPH] do a better job with oversight,” she says. “And trying to verify what’s going on in the nursing homes, not just letting nursing homes self report.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Both CDPH and CDSS say they’re in close contact with all facilities via televisits and in-person inspections to verify some of the reported outbreak numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Federal and state regulators offer guidelines, which include testing and infection control, for dealing with COVID-19 in nursing homes. Some guidelines also apply to assisted living facilities. County health departments don’t regulate long-term care homes, but many offer guidelines to both skilled nursing and assisted living facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Pat McGinnis, executive director of California Advocates for Nursing Home Reform, says that families of residents in long-term care facilities with coronavirus outbreaks should be in contact with those facilities to ensure their loved ones are safe. Here are some questions she suggests asking:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Testing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Have all residents and staff been tested?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How often are tests given?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Isolation of positive cases\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the facility keeping residents who do not have the virus safe from those who do?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Infection control\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is the \u003ca href=\"https://apic.org/monthly_alerts/who-are-infection-preventionists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">infection preventionist\u003c/a>?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What changes have been made in the facility to enhance infection prevention?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is the facility monitoring to ensure staff are consistently following infection control standards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Staffing\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How many staff members are in quarantine?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who is replacing them?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are replacement staff qualified?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do staffing levels now compare to levels before the outbreak?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Does the facility have extra staff assigned to replace the care and support visitors provided before the lockdown?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Communication with families\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Who is assigned to keep families updated on an outbreak and what is the facility is doing to fight it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can families contact this person or persons to seek information or share concerns?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>By what means and how often will facilities communicate with families?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Visitation\u003c/em>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is the facility doing to help residents stay in frequent contact with residents or patients via telephone, video visits, window visits and other means?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>If you have a complaint or concern about the care of a loved one in a long-term care facility, you can reach out to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.aging.ca.gov/Find_Services_in_My_County/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">local ombudsman\u003c/span>\u003c/a> for assistance. 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"title": "Santa Clara Health Officer Details Plan to Allow Dining, Camping and Other Outdoor Activity",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"p1\">Sara Cody, Santa Clara’s top health official, explained to county supervisors today the decision to revise a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Documents/executive-summary-order-06-05-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">stay-at-home-order\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to allow for greatly expanded outdoor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning on June 5, county residents can eat at restaurants, attend religious gatherings, and camp and swim at pools, subject to restrictions established by county guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Our indicators and and all of our data around the prevalence of the virus and where and how it’s being transmitted are telling us that we can take this next step and we can do so safely,” Cody said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county also expanded some indoor activity and will allow all manufacturing and limited in-store retail shopping to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, Cody has been a leading voice of caution about lifting coronavirus protections too quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, she \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Santa-Clara-County-s-health-officer-concerned-15296759.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criticized\u003c/a> the state’s decision to allow religious gatherings and political protests of up to 100 people, saying they could lead to another outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cody said testing and outreach show the county’s infection rate is “quite low,” especially in places “where we have had the most transmission and higher rates of hospitalization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Santa Clara has contained outbreaks in nursing facilities and other places, she said, and the hospital system has capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1965386 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"974\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg 974w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-800x555.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-768x533.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" />\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>— Kevin Stark (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@starkkev\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"description": "Sara Cody, Santa Clara's top health official, explained to county supervisors today the decision to revise a stay-at-home-order to allow for greatly expanded outdoor activity. Beginning on June 5, county residents can eat at restaurants, attend religious gatherings, and camp and swim at pools, subject to restrictions established by county guidelines. “Our indicators and and all",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">Sara Cody, Santa Clara’s top health official, explained to county supervisors today the decision to revise a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/covid19/Documents/executive-summary-order-06-05-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">stay-at-home-order\u003c/span>\u003c/a> to allow for greatly expanded outdoor activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning on June 5, county residents can eat at restaurants, attend religious gatherings, and camp and swim at pools, subject to restrictions established by county guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Our indicators and and all of our data around the prevalence of the virus and where and how it’s being transmitted are telling us that we can take this next step and we can do so safely,” Cody said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county also expanded some indoor activity and will allow all manufacturing and limited in-store retail shopping to resume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, Cody has been a leading voice of caution about lifting coronavirus protections too quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, she \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Santa-Clara-County-s-health-officer-concerned-15296759.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">criticized\u003c/a> the state’s decision to allow religious gatherings and political protests of up to 100 people, saying they could lead to another outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cody said testing and outreach show the county’s infection rate is “quite low,” especially in places “where we have had the most transmission and higher rates of hospitalization.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Santa Clara has contained outbreaks in nursing facilities and other places, she said, and the hospital system has capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1965386 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"974\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM.jpg 974w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-800x555.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/Image-6-2-20-at-1.41-PM-768x533.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" />\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>— Kevin Stark (\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/StarkKev\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">@starkkev\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is It Safe to Keep Loosening Coronavirus Restrictions? Medical Experts Weigh In",
"headTitle": "Is It Safe to Keep Loosening Coronavirus Restrictions? Medical Experts Weigh In | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The nine Bay Area counties are in the process of incrementally reopening businesses and activities that were shut down to slow the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with hospitalizations and deaths for COVID-19 having plateaued throughout the region, Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties are loosening restrictions according to the state’s road map, while Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties are taking a more deliberate approach. You can see the current\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963889/coronavirus-some-bay-area-counties-are-about-to-open-up-more-heres-where-your-county-stands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reopening status of all the counties\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no matter which county you live in, the fact is there are now more people interacting with each other than at any time since the Bay Area basically closed up shop in March, which by definition provides more opportunities for the virus to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get an epidemiological take on what to expect, we asked infectious disease and medical experts from UCSF, Stanford and UC Berkeley what these reopenings could mean for the Bay Area and what health officials should watch for as they grapple with the possibility of having to reinstate closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at Stanford University School of Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘(W)e’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado says, in effect, that there’s no free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fully expect to see additional cases,” she said. “I don’t think that the counties are going to be able to stop that, because, frankly, I think people are just really tired of being cooped up. It’s tough. And not only that, it’s tough on the economy. People want to get back to their jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But limiting the increase of new cases will be a function of how well people adhere to social distancing and prevention rules, she says. This may be difficult, given the psychological and economic toll on people that staying at home for such a long period of time has taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said officials need to help businesses “enforce what they can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the vast majority of the businesses are doing the best they can,” she said. “But we also need the public to cooperate and behave properly so that they can also reduce transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting the number of people inside businesses, keeping workers and customers spaced out, and reducing “touch opportunities,” as some restaurants have done with app-based menus, will help reduce spread of the virus, she says. Basic guidelines to wear masks, wash hands and stay six feet apart are still best practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” Maldonado said. “So if we could just do something simple, like wear a face mask, wash our hands and just stay a little bit apart, I think we can still go out. And then people can maintain their sanity and the economy, and we can still get to zero [transmissions] at some point. It won’t happen overnight, but we will get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado says if an uptick in cases is observed, public county health officials will need to rethink their reopening strategy. But barring huge increases, she says, this doesn’t necessarily mean that restrictions should be reinstated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You give something, people are excited. If you take it back, that’s going to be tough,” Maldonado said. “I’m more worried now about people just getting so overwhelmed by this that they’re just going to stop doing everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of tightening back up if cases get out of hand, Maldonado recommends better enforcement of social distancing policies. Drawing circles on the grass in parks where individual households can gather while maintaining distance from others is one example, with authorities enforcing those rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, she says officials need to find ways to make it easier for people to comply with directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Active prevention is easier to comply with than passive, meaning when you tell people how to behave, that doesn’t work as well. So how do we put those guardrails up in ways that we can still get ourselves moving? And I think that’s where we have to be creative in our solutions, and that’s where the county health departments are really going to have to try to work on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Art Reingold, professor of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>”(I)t’s going to be a really difficult political and social and public health decision … to say ‘things are getting bad again, we need to reimpose X, Y and Z.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold says making predictions about potential spikes in COVID-19 cases is difficult because of two big unknowns. One uncertainty is whether the warmer summer temperatures will stall the virus to some degree; the other is whether people will continue to observe social distancing and hygiene guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they interpret the loosening of restrictions as license to go back to the way things used to be, I am concerned that we will see substantial resurgence, but I hope that’s not the case,” he said. “It’ll be a lot easier to answer that question in a month or two.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the virus will continue to circulate in the region for the foreseeable future, along with the same range in the severity of cases from asymptomatic to fatal. Herd immunity, which in the case of the novel coronavirus would require about 70% to 80% of the population to be vaccinated or have developed biological protection from an earlier infection, is still a long way off, he says. Scientists have estimated the percentage of the Bay Area population that’s been infected is 5% or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold says the decision to reinstate more rigid restrictions will be informed by clinical and public health data, but he suspects there will be pressure on officials to keep things open, making tightening back up a last resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to be a really difficult political and social and public health decision for a county or city or state to say ‘things are getting bad again, we need to reimpose X, Y and Z.’ I think that’ll be challenged both by political concerns and pushback from people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. John Swartzberg, clinical professor emeritus at UC Berkeley School of Public Health in the Division of Infectious Diseases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Three steps forward, one back; three steps forward, two back. … That’s the way I think to proceed.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg said the safe way to open up is to “meticulously” track the numbers of positive tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re starting to see the trend go up, pull back. And you don’t have to pull all the way back. Follow the numbers and if the numbers drop down again, then you can let people go back to work,” he said. “The way to preserve as many lives as we can during the pandemic is to have little ripples as opposed to big waves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks a stop-and-start approach when it comes to restrictions is the best way for public health officials to keep new transmissions in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three steps forward, one back; three steps forward, two back; three steps forward, none back; and then three more steps forward. That’s the way I think to proceed. But it’s predicated upon adequate testing because otherwise we’re flying blind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg says the more testing administered on a daily basis, the more accurate the numbers will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get a representative sample of your community and test those on a daily basis,” he said. He thinks the state’s benchmark of 100 tests per 200,000 residents is a reasonable ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He agrees with other experts that the level of adherence to social distancing and hygiene rules will determine how much cases will spike as countries reopen. This applies to the recent protests related to the killing of George Floyd in Minnesota that have attracted large crowds of demonstrators throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m very concerned, not about why people are protesting, but about how,” he said in email. “Without social distancing, without wearing masks and with raised voices (and, therefore, lots of droplets in the air), the virus is likely to spread. And, it’s not just the protesters, but also the police who are not wearing a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg says it could take three weeks for the consequences of so many people gathering together without protection to manifest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘There’s every reason to believe we’ll see an uptick in cases.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no vaccine and only about 1% to 5% of people in the Bay Area estimated to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, Wachter says the vast majority of the population is still susceptible. And for those who did have the virus, whether they have lasting protection from antibodies is still being determined. Wachter says that means reopenings will likely result in an uptick in cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you believe, as I do, that the reason that the Bay Area was hit so mildly over the last few months is the behavior of our people in terms of distancing and mask wearing and staying home, then if we lighten that up, there’s every reason to believe that we’ll see an increased number of new cases,” Wachter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in that very tricky phase where loosening up a little bit is appropriate, as long as we’re watching very carefully and as long as we are ready to tighten things back up again if things start getting out of hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the recent Bay Area protests, Wachter said mask-wearing is critical. “Large crowds with people shouting is a formula for spread if people aren’t wearing masks. If they are and are doing their best to keep a distance from others, it is safe enough that people should make their own choices. I completely understand the motivation for protesting and people should just do it as safely as they can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says making the call to reinstate lockdowns will be a difficult one for officials to make, and waiting for hospitalizations or deaths to rise may come too late to contain a surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If those are your main signals, those are picking up things that happened two weeks ago,” he said. “If I were to catch COVID today in the supermarket, I feel fine for on average five days. If I was destined to get really sick, that would probably take another five to seven days. And if I was destined to go to an ICU or to die of it, it would probably take another week or two. So those are really late signals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says widespread testing is needed to detect small blips in cases before a large surge occurs. He also says the number of calls to hospitals and urgent care centers from people with symptoms could be an early indicator for a wave of new cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The analogy I use is if you were in New York in March, you were in the middle of a wildfire. In San Francisco, in the Bay Area … there’s no wildfire. But there are embers. And we have to figure out ways of finding those embers and quickly containing them. And that means a lot of testing. It means anybody with any symptoms at all gets in for rapid testing. If they’re positive, we go ahead and find their contacts, we test them. We’re also doing some testing [at UCSF] of asymptomatic people, because we know a lot of people with the virus won’t have symptoms, to try to pick up the early warning signs that there is COVID in the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says if cases start to increase, dialing back on reopening is advisable. But to what degree could depend on where in the community the cases are coming from. If surges are traced to religious services or other activities, Wachter says closures could be tailored accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In March, we didn’t have that kind of information. So the prudent thing to do was to shut down everything. But now I think we’ll be able to be a little bit more pinpoint about it. That said, if truly we had a doubling of cases, I would go back to March. I would say it’s time to shut back down everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "With all of the nine Bay Area counties expanding the type of businesses and activities allowed to reopen, we asked four medical experts what they think the effects of loosening restrictions will be on coronavirus transmission rates. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nine Bay Area counties are in the process of incrementally reopening businesses and activities that were shut down to slow the spread of the coronavirus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with hospitalizations and deaths for COVID-19 having plateaued throughout the region, Napa, Solano and Sonoma counties are loosening restrictions according to the state’s road map, while Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San Francisco, San Mateo and Santa Clara counties are taking a more deliberate approach. You can see the current\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1963889/coronavirus-some-bay-area-counties-are-about-to-open-up-more-heres-where-your-county-stands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> reopening status of all the counties\u003c/a> here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But no matter which county you live in, the fact is there are now more people interacting with each other than at any time since the Bay Area basically closed up shop in March, which by definition provides more opportunities for the virus to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get an epidemiological take on what to expect, we asked infectious disease and medical experts from UCSF, Stanford and UC Berkeley what these reopenings could mean for the Bay Area and what health officials should watch for as they grapple with the possibility of having to reinstate closures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, professor of pediatrics, epidemiology and population health at Stanford University School of Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘(W)e’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado says, in effect, that there’s no free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I fully expect to see additional cases,” she said. “I don’t think that the counties are going to be able to stop that, because, frankly, I think people are just really tired of being cooped up. It’s tough. And not only that, it’s tough on the economy. People want to get back to their jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But limiting the increase of new cases will be a function of how well people adhere to social distancing and prevention rules, she says. This may be difficult, given the psychological and economic toll on people that staying at home for such a long period of time has taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said officials need to help businesses “enforce what they can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the vast majority of the businesses are doing the best they can,” she said. “But we also need the public to cooperate and behave properly so that they can also reduce transmission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting the number of people inside businesses, keeping workers and customers spaced out, and reducing “touch opportunities,” as some restaurants have done with app-based menus, will help reduce spread of the virus, she says. Basic guidelines to wear masks, wash hands and stay six feet apart are still best practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’ve seen in the hospital is we’re just not seeing transmissions if people just wear surgical masks. I’m not talking about N95 or hazmat suits,” Maldonado said. “So if we could just do something simple, like wear a face mask, wash our hands and just stay a little bit apart, I think we can still go out. And then people can maintain their sanity and the economy, and we can still get to zero [transmissions] at some point. It won’t happen overnight, but we will get there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maldonado says if an uptick in cases is observed, public county health officials will need to rethink their reopening strategy. But barring huge increases, she says, this doesn’t necessarily mean that restrictions should be reinstated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You give something, people are excited. If you take it back, that’s going to be tough,” Maldonado said. “I’m more worried now about people just getting so overwhelmed by this that they’re just going to stop doing everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of tightening back up if cases get out of hand, Maldonado recommends better enforcement of social distancing policies. Drawing circles on the grass in parks where individual households can gather while maintaining distance from others is one example, with authorities enforcing those rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, she says officials need to find ways to make it easier for people to comply with directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Active prevention is easier to comply with than passive, meaning when you tell people how to behave, that doesn’t work as well. So how do we put those guardrails up in ways that we can still get ourselves moving? And I think that’s where we have to be creative in our solutions, and that’s where the county health departments are really going to have to try to work on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Art Reingold, professor of epidemiology at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>”(I)t’s going to be a really difficult political and social and public health decision … to say ‘things are getting bad again, we need to reimpose X, Y and Z.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold says making predictions about potential spikes in COVID-19 cases is difficult because of two big unknowns. One uncertainty is whether the warmer summer temperatures will stall the virus to some degree; the other is whether people will continue to observe social distancing and hygiene guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they interpret the loosening of restrictions as license to go back to the way things used to be, I am concerned that we will see substantial resurgence, but I hope that’s not the case,” he said. “It’ll be a lot easier to answer that question in a month or two.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He expects the virus will continue to circulate in the region for the foreseeable future, along with the same range in the severity of cases from asymptomatic to fatal. Herd immunity, which in the case of the novel coronavirus would require about 70% to 80% of the population to be vaccinated or have developed biological protection from an earlier infection, is still a long way off, he says. Scientists have estimated the percentage of the Bay Area population that’s been infected is 5% or less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reingold says the decision to reinstate more rigid restrictions will be informed by clinical and public health data, but he suspects there will be pressure on officials to keep things open, making tightening back up a last resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s going to be a really difficult political and social and public health decision for a county or city or state to say ‘things are getting bad again, we need to reimpose X, Y and Z.’ I think that’ll be challenged both by political concerns and pushback from people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. John Swartzberg, clinical professor emeritus at UC Berkeley School of Public Health in the Division of Infectious Diseases\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘Three steps forward, one back; three steps forward, two back. … That’s the way I think to proceed.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg said the safe way to open up is to “meticulously” track the numbers of positive tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re starting to see the trend go up, pull back. And you don’t have to pull all the way back. Follow the numbers and if the numbers drop down again, then you can let people go back to work,” he said. “The way to preserve as many lives as we can during the pandemic is to have little ripples as opposed to big waves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks a stop-and-start approach when it comes to restrictions is the best way for public health officials to keep new transmissions in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three steps forward, one back; three steps forward, two back; three steps forward, none back; and then three more steps forward. That’s the way I think to proceed. But it’s predicated upon adequate testing because otherwise we’re flying blind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg says the more testing administered on a daily basis, the more accurate the numbers will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get a representative sample of your community and test those on a daily basis,” he said. He thinks the state’s benchmark of 100 tests per 200,000 residents is a reasonable ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He agrees with other experts that the level of adherence to social distancing and hygiene rules will determine how much cases will spike as countries reopen. This applies to the recent protests related to the killing of George Floyd in Minnesota that have attracted large crowds of demonstrators throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m very concerned, not about why people are protesting, but about how,” he said in email. “Without social distancing, without wearing masks and with raised voices (and, therefore, lots of droplets in the air), the virus is likely to spread. And, it’s not just the protesters, but also the police who are not wearing a mask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swartzberg says it could take three weeks for the consequences of so many people gathering together without protection to manifest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Bob Wachter, chair of the Department of Medicine at UCSF\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>‘There’s every reason to believe we’ll see an uptick in cases.’\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no vaccine and only about 1% to 5% of people in the Bay Area estimated to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, Wachter says the vast majority of the population is still susceptible. And for those who did have the virus, whether they have lasting protection from antibodies is still being determined. Wachter says that means reopenings will likely result in an uptick in cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you believe, as I do, that the reason that the Bay Area was hit so mildly over the last few months is the behavior of our people in terms of distancing and mask wearing and staying home, then if we lighten that up, there’s every reason to believe that we’ll see an increased number of new cases,” Wachter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re in that very tricky phase where loosening up a little bit is appropriate, as long as we’re watching very carefully and as long as we are ready to tighten things back up again if things start getting out of hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of the recent Bay Area protests, Wachter said mask-wearing is critical. “Large crowds with people shouting is a formula for spread if people aren’t wearing masks. If they are and are doing their best to keep a distance from others, it is safe enough that people should make their own choices. I completely understand the motivation for protesting and people should just do it as safely as they can.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says making the call to reinstate lockdowns will be a difficult one for officials to make, and waiting for hospitalizations or deaths to rise may come too late to contain a surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If those are your main signals, those are picking up things that happened two weeks ago,” he said. “If I were to catch COVID today in the supermarket, I feel fine for on average five days. If I was destined to get really sick, that would probably take another five to seven days. And if I was destined to go to an ICU or to die of it, it would probably take another week or two. So those are really late signals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says widespread testing is needed to detect small blips in cases before a large surge occurs. He also says the number of calls to hospitals and urgent care centers from people with symptoms could be an early indicator for a wave of new cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The analogy I use is if you were in New York in March, you were in the middle of a wildfire. In San Francisco, in the Bay Area … there’s no wildfire. But there are embers. And we have to figure out ways of finding those embers and quickly containing them. And that means a lot of testing. It means anybody with any symptoms at all gets in for rapid testing. If they’re positive, we go ahead and find their contacts, we test them. We’re also doing some testing [at UCSF] of asymptomatic people, because we know a lot of people with the virus won’t have symptoms, to try to pick up the early warning signs that there is COVID in the community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wachter says if cases start to increase, dialing back on reopening is advisable. But to what degree could depend on where in the community the cases are coming from. If surges are traced to religious services or other activities, Wachter says closures could be tailored accordingly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In March, we didn’t have that kind of information. So the prudent thing to do was to shut down everything. But now I think we’ll be able to be a little bit more pinpoint about it. That said, if truly we had a doubling of cases, I would go back to March. I would say it’s time to shut back down everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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