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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19501\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Picture-iHealth-Align-Device-with-iPhone.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19501\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Picture-iHealth-Align-Device-with-iPhone-640x719.jpg\" alt=\"The iHealth mobile blood glucose monitor. (Courtesy: iHealth Lab)\" width=\"640\" height=\"719\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The iHealth mobile blood glucose monitor. (Courtesy: iHealth Lab)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iHealth Labs, a Mountain View company focused on mobile, personal, health technology has received FDA approval for what the company says is the world's smallest mobile blood glucose monitor, called iHealth Align.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for people with diabetes, the bigger news is likely to be the cost of the test strips that the device will use. People with diabetes often check their blood sugar one or more times a day. The test strips that users fit into a monitor list at a dollar each, for some of the larger brands. The strips for the new device will run 25 cents each. The device itself is $16.95.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #1a1a1a\">“It’s probably more of a known secret in the marketplace that the real margins is within the strips,” Adam Lin, president of iHealth Labs told \u003ca href=\"http://mobihealthnews.com/34056/ihealth-to-launch-smaller-glucometer-drop-test-strip-price/\" target=\"_blank\">MobiHealthNews\u003c/a>. “We (wanted) to pass on all that savings to the end users. It’s got to be simple to understand. You don’t have to go through all these issues for reimbursement. We brought it down to pretty much co-pay.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new glucose monitor is just bigger than a quarter, and it plugs into a phone's headphone jack. It can be used with either Apple or Android phones. It displays and stores readings using iHealth's app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More from \u003ca href=\"http://mobihealthnews.com/34056/ihealth-to-launch-smaller-glucometer-drop-test-strip-price/\" target=\"_blank\">mobihealthnews\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #1a1a1a\">Lin thinks the lower cost will bring iHealth more market share, and it will be hard for the bigger players with larger overheads to follow suit. When users take their blood glucose with either of iHealth’s devices, they first scan the QR code on the box of test strips, which allows the app to track how many strips are left. iHealth is developing a feature by which users will be able to auto-reorder their strips based on that data, but right now the app simply reminds the user if strips are running low or about to expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"color: #1a1a1a\">iHealth’s Wireless Smart Gluco-Monitoring System was featured briefly at Apple’s WWDC event as an example of a smartphone-connected glucometer. Lin said that iHealth has plans to integrate all of its devices with HealthKit.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will be available next month, first from \u003ca href=\"http://www.ihealthlabs.com\" target=\"_blank\">iHealth's website \u003c/a>and later from Walgreens.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "School Lunch Debate: What's At Stake?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-15440\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg\" alt=\"While 90 percent of schools have made the transition to new school lunch standards, some schools insist that the standards are unworkable. (Photo: USDA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122-320x212.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While 90 percent of schools have made the transition to new school lunch standards, some schools insist that the standards are unworkable. (Photo: USDA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Allison Aubrey and Jessica Pupovac\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/06/11/320882341/school-lunch-debate-whats-at-stake\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School lunches have never been known for culinary excellence. But to be fair, the National School Lunch Program — which provides free or reduced lunches to about 31 million kids every day — has never aimed to dazzle as much as to fill little bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, Congress gave the Federal School Lunch Program a nutrition make-over. New regulations called for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Increasing the amount of whole grains served in school cafeterias\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Shifting to fat free or low-fat milks\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limiting the amount of calories that can come from saturated fats to 10 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Offering fruits and vegetables on a daily basis\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Implementing caloric minimums and maximums for each meal\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Those were just the first steps. By the school year starting this fall, schools are also required to:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reduce the amount of sodium school cafeterias can serve to a maximum of 1,230 to 1,420 milligrams a day for lunch (depending on age group) and 540 to 640 milligrams a day for breakfast.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Shift to 100 percent \"whole grain-rich\" products, which means that they are mostly whole grain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the agriculture appropriations bill, which may come to a vote on Thursday, schools would also receive additional support for making the transition to a healthier menu, including provisions to help them purchase new equipment to prepare fresher foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"gJWHEusGINj4Z7JafteoUw4hYBsSxLZ4\"]Sam Kass, senior advisor for nutrition policy at the White House, says 90 percent of schools have already — or are in the process of — implementing the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, half of all products served in the school lunch program must be \"whole-grain rich,\" which USDA defines as products made of at least 50 percent whole grain. According to the new standards, by the start of the next school year, schools must use only products that are whole-grain rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But GOP leaders, as well as the School Nutrition Association, which represents school food service directors and several companies that supply school cafeterias, say the upcoming requirements are unworkable. They claim that kids don't want the healthy options and, as a result, too much food is being wasted. They also say that the cost of reducing sodium and other preservatives are placing an undue burden on schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alabama Republican Congressman Robert Aderholt introduced a provision that would give school districts a year-long waiver from both old and new standards if they can show that they are losing money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/06/11/lobbyists-loom-behind-the-scenes-of-school-nutrition-fight/\" target=\"_blank\">Related: Lobbyists Loom Behind the Scenes of School Nutrition Fight\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Lady Michelle Obama, who helped spearhead the new regulations, is vehemently opposed to delaying or softening the new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. He says that kids will eat healthier foods if they are provided with them and claims that, overall, school food revenues around the country are up by about $200 million dollars since the changes took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The facts just don't basically support the notion that somehow school district are financially strapped to be able comply,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advice for schools that are struggling: instead of asking to opt-out, ask for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearings over the waivers started on the House floor Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-15440\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg\" alt=\"While 90 percent of schools have made the transition to new school lunch standards, some schools insist that the standards are unworkable. (Photo: USDA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2013/10/7995796099_c60447daba_c-e1380770435122-320x212.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While 90 percent of schools have made the transition to new school lunch standards, some schools insist that the standards are unworkable. (Photo: USDA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Allison Aubrey and Jessica Pupovac\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/06/11/320882341/school-lunch-debate-whats-at-stake\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>School lunches have never been known for culinary excellence. But to be fair, the National School Lunch Program — which provides free or reduced lunches to about 31 million kids every day — has never aimed to dazzle as much as to fill little bellies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, Congress gave the Federal School Lunch Program a nutrition make-over. New regulations called for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Increasing the amount of whole grains served in school cafeterias\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Shifting to fat free or low-fat milks\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Limiting the amount of calories that can come from saturated fats to 10 percent\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Offering fruits and vegetables on a daily basis\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Implementing caloric minimums and maximums for each meal\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Those were just the first steps. By the school year starting this fall, schools are also required to:\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reduce the amount of sodium school cafeterias can serve to a maximum of 1,230 to 1,420 milligrams a day for lunch (depending on age group) and 540 to 640 milligrams a day for breakfast.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Shift to 100 percent \"whole grain-rich\" products, which means that they are mostly whole grain.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the agriculture appropriations bill, which may come to a vote on Thursday, schools would also receive additional support for making the transition to a healthier menu, including provisions to help them purchase new equipment to prepare fresher foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"gJWHEusGINj4Z7JafteoUw4hYBsSxLZ4\"]Sam Kass, senior advisor for nutrition policy at the White House, says 90 percent of schools have already — or are in the process of — implementing the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, half of all products served in the school lunch program must be \"whole-grain rich,\" which USDA defines as products made of at least 50 percent whole grain. According to the new standards, by the start of the next school year, schools must use only products that are whole-grain rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But GOP leaders, as well as the School Nutrition Association, which represents school food service directors and several companies that supply school cafeterias, say the upcoming requirements are unworkable. They claim that kids don't want the healthy options and, as a result, too much food is being wasted. They also say that the cost of reducing sodium and other preservatives are placing an undue burden on schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alabama Republican Congressman Robert Aderholt introduced a provision that would give school districts a year-long waiver from both old and new standards if they can show that they are losing money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/bayareabites/2014/06/11/lobbyists-loom-behind-the-scenes-of-school-nutrition-fight/\" target=\"_blank\">Related: Lobbyists Loom Behind the Scenes of School Nutrition Fight\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First Lady Michelle Obama, who helped spearhead the new regulations, is vehemently opposed to delaying or softening the new regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack. He says that kids will eat healthier foods if they are provided with them and claims that, overall, school food revenues around the country are up by about $200 million dollars since the changes took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The facts just don't basically support the notion that somehow school district are financially strapped to be able comply,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His advice for schools that are struggling: instead of asking to opt-out, ask for help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hearings over the waivers started on the House floor Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What if using cloud computing to store huge amounts of genetic information led to new ways to diagnose and even treat autism? Google is offering just that kind of computing muscle, teaming up with an advocacy group called Autism Speaks. \u003ca class=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…Read More\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Google Offers Cloud Database to Aid Autism Research\" href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201406110850/b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Report – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fruit Juice vs. Soda? Both Beverages Pack a Wallop of Sugar",
"title": "Fruit Juice vs. Soda? Both Beverages Pack a Wallop of Sugar",
"headTitle": "State of Health | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/novembering/2681267111/in/photolist-7z8Yef-6nqoBm-4wgxYd-4qcHuZ-55WceT-63fWPV-55Wcii-5evmjg-bqmBok-bqmExM-bqmDcR-4Xdf6M-55Wbze-8PymWv\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19454\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/2681267111_74c66105ba_b-640x415.jpg\" alt=\"Minute Maid 100 percent apple juice has more fructose per liter than Coke and Pepsi. (Trisha Weir/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Minute Maid 100 percent apple juice has more fructose per liter than Coke and Pepsi. (Trisha Weir/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Eliza Barclay,\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/06/09/319230765/fruit-juice-vs-soda-both-beverages-pack-in-sugar-and-health-risk\" target=\"_blank\"> NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to choosing between sodas and juices in the beverage aisle, the juice industry has long benefited from a health halo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'100 percent fruit juice is as bad as sugar-sweetened beverages for its effects on our health.' \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know that juice comes from fruit, while soda is artificial. In particular, the sugars in juice seem more \"natural\" than high fructose corn syrup — the main sweetener in so many sodas. After all, we've gotten rid of most of the soda we used to offer kids at school, but schools can \u003ca href=\"http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/allfoods_summarychart.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">still offer juice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00192-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">a study\u003c/a> published online in the journal Nutrition, shows that on average fruit juice has a fructose concentration of about 45.5 grams per liter, only a bit less than the average of 50 grams per liter for sodas. The sneakiest — and sweetest — juice is Minute Maid 100 percent apple, with nearly 66 grams of fructose per liter. That's more than the 62.5 grams per liter in Coca-Cola and the 61 grams per liter in Dr. Pepper.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19450\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-09-at-11.28.59-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19450\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-09-at-11.28.59-AM-640x664.png\" alt=\"Source: Nutrition journal (Graphic Credit: Alyson Hurt/NPR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Nutrition journal\u003cbr>(Graphic Credit: Alyson Hurt/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Michael Goran, the director of the Childhood Obesity Research Center at the University of Southern California, led the study. He says he decided to measure the fructose, specifically, in juices and sodas because of a growing body of evidence suggesting fructose is a riskier substance than glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The human body isn't designed to process this form of sugar at such high levels,\" Goran said in \u003ca href=\"http://news.usc.edu/63696/soda-consumers-may-be-drinking-more-harmful-sugar-than-labels-reveal/\" target=\"_blank\">a statement\u003c/a>. \"Unlike glucose, which serves as fuel for the body, fructose is processed almost entirely in the liver where it is converted to fat, which increases risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goran's assertion is not universally accepted. Other health researchers, like Fred Brouns at Maastricht University in the Netherlands, say sugar is basically sugar. He has argued that we should spend less time fixating on fructose and its role in the emerging chronic disease epidemics, and more time looking at sugar and energy over-consumption overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goran says that while high fructose corn syrup in soda and food has become a focal point for researchers and public health advocates in recent years, there's been less attention on the link between fruit juice and obesity and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's hard to imagine why any there's reason why juices wouldn't be as harmful as sodas if they're delivering the same amount of sugar,\" he tells us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest problems, Goran notes, is that nutrition labels only tells us the total grams of sugar — so it's hard to know how much fructose is in any product. (The term \"sugars\" on the label can include sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose; lactose and other variations.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Goran adds, if we're getting fructose from whole fruit, that's a different story. The fructose in whole fruit comes with fiber, which slows down and reduces the absorption of the sugar in the body, \"serving as a sort of antidote to the negative effects of fructose metabolism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Popkin, a leading obesity researcher and professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, agrees that fruit juice consumption is associated with health risks because of the high sugar content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes, from our long-term, huge studies in Singapore, Australia, the U.S. and Europe, I think 100 percent fruit juice is as bad as sugar-sweetened beverages for its effects on our health,\" he tells us. And, Popkin adds, every long term study on the effects of 100 percent fruit juice intake on diabetes risk shows a very significant risk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popkin notes that only about nine countries have banned fruit juices from schools. \"However, all countries now say a maximum four ounces of fruit juice whereas 20 years ago we said unlimited,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's a juice lover to do with so many super-sweet products on the market? As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/05/16/312823157/will-soda-lovers-drink-to-less-sugar-in-the-can\" target=\"_blank\">NPR has reported,\u003c/a> some beverage makers are now starting to cut the sugar. Goran recommends diluting juice you buy at the store with 50 percent water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From a public health perspective, we're going to need to change the cultural norms about how sweet things like juice really need to be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/novembering/2681267111/in/photolist-7z8Yef-6nqoBm-4wgxYd-4qcHuZ-55WceT-63fWPV-55Wcii-5evmjg-bqmBok-bqmExM-bqmDcR-4Xdf6M-55Wbze-8PymWv\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19454\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/2681267111_74c66105ba_b-640x415.jpg\" alt=\"Minute Maid 100 percent apple juice has more fructose per liter than Coke and Pepsi. (Trisha Weir/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"415\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Minute Maid 100 percent apple juice has more fructose per liter than Coke and Pepsi. (Trisha Weir/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Eliza Barclay,\u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/06/09/319230765/fruit-juice-vs-soda-both-beverages-pack-in-sugar-and-health-risk\" target=\"_blank\"> NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to choosing between sodas and juices in the beverage aisle, the juice industry has long benefited from a health halo.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'100 percent fruit juice is as bad as sugar-sweetened beverages for its effects on our health.' \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We know that juice comes from fruit, while soda is artificial. In particular, the sugars in juice seem more \"natural\" than high fructose corn syrup — the main sweetener in so many sodas. After all, we've gotten rid of most of the soda we used to offer kids at school, but schools can \u003ca href=\"http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/allfoods_summarychart.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">still offer juice\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(14)00192-0/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\">a study\u003c/a> published online in the journal Nutrition, shows that on average fruit juice has a fructose concentration of about 45.5 grams per liter, only a bit less than the average of 50 grams per liter for sodas. The sneakiest — and sweetest — juice is Minute Maid 100 percent apple, with nearly 66 grams of fructose per liter. That's more than the 62.5 grams per liter in Coca-Cola and the 61 grams per liter in Dr. Pepper.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19450\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-09-at-11.28.59-AM.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19450\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/06/Screen-Shot-2014-06-09-at-11.28.59-AM-640x664.png\" alt=\"Source: Nutrition journal (Graphic Credit: Alyson Hurt/NPR)\" width=\"640\" height=\"664\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Nutrition journal\u003cbr>(Graphic Credit: Alyson Hurt/NPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Michael Goran, the director of the Childhood Obesity Research Center at the University of Southern California, led the study. He says he decided to measure the fructose, specifically, in juices and sodas because of a growing body of evidence suggesting fructose is a riskier substance than glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The human body isn't designed to process this form of sugar at such high levels,\" Goran said in \u003ca href=\"http://news.usc.edu/63696/soda-consumers-may-be-drinking-more-harmful-sugar-than-labels-reveal/\" target=\"_blank\">a statement\u003c/a>. \"Unlike glucose, which serves as fuel for the body, fructose is processed almost entirely in the liver where it is converted to fat, which increases risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goran's assertion is not universally accepted. Other health researchers, like Fred Brouns at Maastricht University in the Netherlands, say sugar is basically sugar. He has argued that we should spend less time fixating on fructose and its role in the emerging chronic disease epidemics, and more time looking at sugar and energy over-consumption overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goran says that while high fructose corn syrup in soda and food has become a focal point for researchers and public health advocates in recent years, there's been less attention on the link between fruit juice and obesity and diabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But it's hard to imagine why any there's reason why juices wouldn't be as harmful as sodas if they're delivering the same amount of sugar,\" he tells us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest problems, Goran notes, is that nutrition labels only tells us the total grams of sugar — so it's hard to know how much fructose is in any product. (The term \"sugars\" on the label can include sucrose, which is a combination of glucose and fructose; lactose and other variations.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Goran adds, if we're getting fructose from whole fruit, that's a different story. The fructose in whole fruit comes with fiber, which slows down and reduces the absorption of the sugar in the body, \"serving as a sort of antidote to the negative effects of fructose metabolism.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barry Popkin, a leading obesity researcher and professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, agrees that fruit juice consumption is associated with health risks because of the high sugar content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes, from our long-term, huge studies in Singapore, Australia, the U.S. and Europe, I think 100 percent fruit juice is as bad as sugar-sweetened beverages for its effects on our health,\" he tells us. And, Popkin adds, every long term study on the effects of 100 percent fruit juice intake on diabetes risk shows a very significant risk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popkin notes that only about nine countries have banned fruit juices from schools. \"However, all countries now say a maximum four ounces of fruit juice whereas 20 years ago we said unlimited,\" he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's a juice lover to do with so many super-sweet products on the market? As \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/05/16/312823157/will-soda-lovers-drink-to-less-sugar-in-the-can\" target=\"_blank\">NPR has reported,\u003c/a> some beverage makers are now starting to cut the sugar. Goran recommends diluting juice you buy at the store with 50 percent water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From a public health perspective, we're going to need to change the cultural norms about how sweet things like juice really need to be,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/06/20140609science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Hospitals use saline for everything from wound care to surgeries, but it could be next year before drug companies can catch up with demand. Turns out, it's not as simple to manufacture salty water as you might think.\r\n",
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"description": "Hospitals use saline for everything from wound care to surgeries, but it could be next year before drug companies can catch up with demand. Turns out, it's not as simple to manufacture salty water as you might think.\r\n",
"title": "Saline Shortage Plagues Hospitals | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Hospitals across the country are struggling to deal with a shortage of one of their essential medical supplies. Manufacturers are rationing saline — a product used all over the hospital to clean wounds, mix medications or treat dehydration. Now drug companies say they won’t be able to catch up with demand until next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves San Francisco General Hospital’s materials manager, Reid Kennedy, in a fix. Kennedy is in charge of managing all the gloves, bandages, bedpans and IV solutions for all the medical floors, emergency room and operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18169\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 374px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18169 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/RS10685_IMG_6906-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Reid Kennedy, materials manager at San Francisco General Hospital, stands next to racks of saline solution. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He first got a call last year from his vendor telling him they might not be able to deliver his full order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were put on notice that it was going to be tight,” he said, walking through the basement warehouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then things got worse in January. The flu season hit much harder than expected, and sick people flooded into hospitals. Saline bags flew off the shelves to treat dehydration. Demand far outstripped supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flu season knocked us out as an industry,” Kennedy said. Though hospital administrators say the shortage hasn’t affected the quality of patient care, Kennedy uses the word “crisis” to describe the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s Harder to Make Than You Think\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple.’\u003ccite>Valerie Jensen, FDA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But can salty water really be that hard to come by? Kennedy pays $1.57 per bag. Why can’t drug companies just whip up some more?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To make one of these drugs is very complex, even though the drug itself is simple,” said Valerie Jensen, the director of the drug shortage program at the Food and Drug Administration. “It takes about three weeks to make one batch of normal saline from start to finish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the key challenge is making sure saline products are sterile. If you swallow a pill with a little bit of dirt on it, you’ll be fine. But if a nurse injects saline into your vein that’s even a little bit contaminated, you have a big problem. More than 30 steps and a range of supplies are involved in producing sterile saline. Jensen says FDA inspectors have reason to keep a close eye on any drug injected intravenously. She says they’ve found some nasty things in IV drugs: bacteria, mold, glass particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are issues that absolutely would be a safety risk for patients,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the FDA sets strict quality standards for the facilities that manufacture saline and other IV drugs. But the agency has to find a delicate balance between safety and supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some suppliers suggest keeping up with the FDA’s standards is too onerous and may be playing a part in the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of variables came together to create this,” said Scott Crandall, director of medical supply contracts at Novation, a group buying organization in Texas that manages contracts for SF General and 2,000 other hospitals across the country. He’s been hearing from manufacturers that increased FDA scrutiny is interfering with drug production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the last year, all suppliers had issues in their facilities where they had to correct certain things the FDA found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those things were serious. Hospira, one manufacturer of saline, issued a recall earlier this year because of leaks in its saline bags. Before that, Baxter found particles in its saline vials and had to recall four lots. Both companies say the recalls had no bearing on the current shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flu Season Causes Headaches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Crandall says inspections and maintenance require shutting down machines. And when machines aren’t operating, less saline is getting shipped. Last winter, he says maintenance closures “slowed production down, 10 to 20 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the industry was already behind when the flu season hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The procurement director for a group of dialysis centers says his supplier, Baxter, told him the main problem was winter weather. Snow and ice storms in the Midwest were delaying trucks headed for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the weather got worse, we began to see more and more back-order issues,” said Colin Carthen of Satellite Healthcare, which runs 70 dialysis centers across California and the U.S. Each patient comes in three or four times a week, and each time goes through one to two liters of saline to clean the blood and prevent clotting. At the worst of the shortage, Carthen realized the health of 6,000 patients depended on the administrative magic tricks he could perform behind the scenes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I called up a clinical person that I knew, at like 11:30 at night and said, ‘Well, what happens if we run out of saline?’ Because I was really afraid,” he remembers. “And they were just like, ‘Yeah, it gets ugly, fast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carthen says he’s lucky that didn’t happen. Every day, he spent hours on the phone with suppliers and clinical staff, juggling and rerouting supplies so everyone had what they needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Keeping the Supply from Drying Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals have developed new clinical protocols to conserve supplies during the shortage. Nurses at SF General are using smaller saline bags when possible, and transitioning patients who still need hydration to drink water from cups a little sooner than they did in the past. Kennedy has spent hours talking with pharmaceutical and clinical staff about when to use these conservation measures, to make sure there is enough saline to go around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pie is a good analogy. Now I’m going to use 16 slices of pie instead of eight slices of pie, and I’ll be able to feed 16 people instead of eight,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is trying to mitigate the shortage by importing saline from Spain and Norway. But FDA economist Marta Wosinska says that’s not a sustainable solution, since those countries have to supply their own hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no spot market. You can’t buy it like pork bellies or grains or oil. You cannot go on a marketplace and order a certain amount,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. companies also don’t have the capacity to ramp up production. They only have so many machines, and a lot of them are tied up producing other essential drugs. Building new facilities is hardly an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re talking about hundreds of millions of dollars and it would take three to five years,” Wosinska said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug companies don’t face any real penalties if they don’t come through with saline supplies. Contract loopholes release them from paying any fees to their customers if a drug shortage is industry-wide, as this one is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Baxter and Hospira, the top two saline producers in the country, say they are doing all they can to maximize production. Each points a finger at the other for contributing to the shortage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We saw increased demand amid decreased product availability from competitors as the main driver,” a Baxter spokesman wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Hospira spokesman countered: “Hospira began seeing stronger demand for its saline products in late 2013 when another manufacturer began to experience manufacturing issues.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospira reported a 20 percent increase in U.S. net sales of its injectable drugs between January and March, citing “increased volume due to competitor supply issues,” in its latest quarterly financial report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Most Expensive Drug Shortage in History”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden ultimately lands on hospitals, clinics, and dialysis centers to come up with their own workarounds. And all that staff time adds up. Hospitals spend $216 million a year on the labor costs of managing drug shortages, according to Erin Fox, a professor at the University of Utah College of Pharmacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the industry has indicated the saline shortage will extend through the end of the year, Fox estimates this will be the most expensive drug shortage in history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“IV fluids are used as a supply as well as a treatment, so the shortage impacts the largest number of hospital personnel, as well as patients, compared to any other shortage we have followed,” she said. “IV fluids impact almost every single patient and every single floor. That means you have to educate and get a message out to multiple groups of people rather than a selected group, like for an anesthesia drug or a cancer drug.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_18167\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/saline.jpg\" alt=\"Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bags of saline solution in the materials storage room at San Francisco General Hospital. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For now, the actual cost of saline is steady. Hospitals are protected under contracts that keep prices locked through next year. But Novation’s Scott Crandall says that is very likely to change when those contracts expire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The suppliers have already signaled to the market that they plan on increasing price significantly,” he said. “And when I say that, it could double and triple in some aspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fox says that would be far better than the current situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is far cheaper for hospitals to pay $3 a bag for saline and have a consistent and quality product — not recalled due to contaminants, or leakage,” she said, “than it is to potentially delay elective surgeries or make workarounds that change weekly or daily due to inconsistent supply.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Two Common Pathogens Can Survive for Days on Surfaces in Airplanes",
"headTitle": "Two Common Pathogens Can Survive for Days on Surfaces in Airplanes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/4423784509_4940af6fb8_z_Flickr_foilman_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/4423784509_4940af6fb8_z_Flickr_foilman_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Girl in seat on commercial airplane (foilman/flickr).\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17952\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girl in seat on commercial airplane (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/foilman/4423784509/\">foilman/flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re traveling by air on your summer vacation, you may want to think twice about what surfaces you touch inside the airplane cabin. Or better yet, you may want to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disease-causing bacteria can linger for days on surfaces in airplane cabins, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gm.asm.org/index.php/meeting/newsroom/44-2013/newsroom/536-bacteria-can-linger-on-airplane-surfaces-for-days\">new research results\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/cosam/faculty/biology/barbaree/\">Auburn University\u003c/a>, Alabama. The researchers obtained common materials from the airplane cabin of a major airline: an armrest, plastic tray table, metal toilet button, window shade, seat pocket cloth and seat leather. They tested how long bacteria could survive on these surfaces under the standard airplane cabin conditions of low humidity and room temperature when no cleaning procedures were used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, they studied the survivability of two common pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7. They found that MRSA lasted the longest on material from the seat-back pocket, surviving for 7 days. In contrast, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 lasted the longest on the armrest material, surviving for 4 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staph skin infections, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/\">MRSA\u003c/a>, generally start as small red bumps that often resemble spider bites but these can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses. Different types of staph bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose of about 30% of the U.S. population, while only 2% of the population are asymptomatic carriers of MRSA. You can get MRSA through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected wound or by sharing equipment that has touched infected skin. However, these staph bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or wound, so doctors recommend that you keep wounds covered with dry, clean bandages until healed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/\">\u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7\u003c/a> is a major health problem that affects over 70,000 Americans per year. It causes nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever and bloody diarrhea. The infection can be spread from person to person by fecal contamination, but it usually comes from eating food contaminated with animal or human waste. Doctors recommend eating only well cooked foods, particularly hamburger, and drinking treated pasteurized fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Bacteria are more likely to transfer onto skin from non-porous surfaces, like airplane armrests and tray tables.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 are not the most commonly found pathogens on airplanes based on past research studies. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22563927\">other researchers\u003c/a> analyzed samples of 61 commercial airplane air filters to identify all the bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been sequencing studies examining the HEPA filters. And MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> are not the dominant organisms there,” explained graduate student Kiril Vaglenov at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.microbeworld.org/podcasts/asm-live/asm-live-archives/1687-asm-gm-2014-where-pathogens-can-linger-on-airplanes\">press conference\u003c/a>. “But we have to remember that MRSA are often found in humans. So there is a possibility that these pathogens would actually be present in an airplane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to testing whether MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 could survive the environmental conditions of the airplane, the University of Auborn researchers also investigated how easily the pathogens could be transferred from each surface onto skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can divide these surfaces into porous and non-porous surfaces. And the porous surfaces will protect the bacteria more,” said James Barbaree, primary investigator of the study, at the press conference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the bacteria live longer on the porous surfaces like seat-back pocket fabric, but these porous surfaces are less likely to transfer to humans via surface contact. Bacteria are more likely to transfer onto skin from non-porous surfaces, like airplane armrests and tray tables. This is good news for air travelers, since non-porous surfaces are easier to disinfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was not meant to scare people about the risk. Instead, the investigators wanted to identify potential pathogens and establish a baseline. Their next research challenge is to look at how to eliminate potential pathogens or at least reduce the risk of pathogen transfer from all airplane surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to look at disinfectant procedures,” said Barbaree at the press conference. “We also want to see if we can put antibacterial compounds into some of the surfaces to try to minimize the existence of the organisms on airplanes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2013/12/20/germs-on-planes-15-tips-for-flying-flu-free-this-season/\">good hygiene\u003c/a> is the best way to protect yourself against germs while traveling: cleaning all surfaces with antibacterial wipes, using hand sanitizer after touching surfaces, and washing your hands frequently.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Disease-causing pathogens, like MRSA and E. coli bacteria, can linger for days on surfaces in airplane cabins, according to new research results from Auburn University.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/4423784509_4940af6fb8_z_Flickr_foilman_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/06/4423784509_4940af6fb8_z_Flickr_foilman_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Girl in seat on commercial airplane (foilman/flickr).\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17952\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Girl in seat on commercial airplane (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/foilman/4423784509/\">foilman/flickr\u003c/a>).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re traveling by air on your summer vacation, you may want to think twice about what surfaces you touch inside the airplane cabin. Or better yet, you may want to drive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disease-causing bacteria can linger for days on surfaces in airplane cabins, according to \u003ca href=\"http://gm.asm.org/index.php/meeting/newsroom/44-2013/newsroom/536-bacteria-can-linger-on-airplane-surfaces-for-days\">new research results\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://www.auburn.edu/cosam/faculty/biology/barbaree/\">Auburn University\u003c/a>, Alabama. The researchers obtained common materials from the airplane cabin of a major airline: an armrest, plastic tray table, metal toilet button, window shade, seat pocket cloth and seat leather. They tested how long bacteria could survive on these surfaces under the standard airplane cabin conditions of low humidity and room temperature when no cleaning procedures were used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, they studied the survivability of two common pathogens: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7. They found that MRSA lasted the longest on material from the seat-back pocket, surviving for 7 days. In contrast, \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 lasted the longest on the armrest material, surviving for 4 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staph skin infections, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/\">MRSA\u003c/a>, generally start as small red bumps that often resemble spider bites but these can quickly turn into deep, painful abscesses. Different types of staph bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose of about 30% of the U.S. population, while only 2% of the population are asymptomatic carriers of MRSA. You can get MRSA through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected wound or by sharing equipment that has touched infected skin. However, these staph bacteria are generally harmless unless they enter the body through a cut or wound, so doctors recommend that you keep wounds covered with dry, clean bandages until healed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/\">\u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7\u003c/a> is a major health problem that affects over 70,000 Americans per year. It causes nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever and bloody diarrhea. The infection can be spread from person to person by fecal contamination, but it usually comes from eating food contaminated with animal or human waste. Doctors recommend eating only well cooked foods, particularly hamburger, and drinking treated pasteurized fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Bacteria are more likely to transfer onto skin from non-porous surfaces, like airplane armrests and tray tables.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>However, MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 are not the most commonly found pathogens on airplanes based on past research studies. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22563927\">other researchers\u003c/a> analyzed samples of 61 commercial airplane air filters to identify all the bacteria present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been sequencing studies examining the HEPA filters. And MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> are not the dominant organisms there,” explained graduate student Kiril Vaglenov at a \u003ca href=\"http://www.microbeworld.org/podcasts/asm-live/asm-live-archives/1687-asm-gm-2014-where-pathogens-can-linger-on-airplanes\">press conference\u003c/a>. “But we have to remember that MRSA are often found in humans. So there is a possibility that these pathogens would actually be present in an airplane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to testing whether MRSA and \u003cem>E. coli\u003c/em> O157:H7 could survive the environmental conditions of the airplane, the University of Auborn researchers also investigated how easily the pathogens could be transferred from each surface onto skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can divide these surfaces into porous and non-porous surfaces. And the porous surfaces will protect the bacteria more,” said James Barbaree, primary investigator of the study, at the press conference. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that the bacteria live longer on the porous surfaces like seat-back pocket fabric, but these porous surfaces are less likely to transfer to humans via surface contact. Bacteria are more likely to transfer onto skin from non-porous surfaces, like airplane armrests and tray tables. This is good news for air travelers, since non-porous surfaces are easier to disinfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was not meant to scare people about the risk. Instead, the investigators wanted to identify potential pathogens and establish a baseline. Their next research challenge is to look at how to eliminate potential pathogens or at least reduce the risk of pathogen transfer from all airplane surfaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to look at disinfectant procedures,” said Barbaree at the press conference. “We also want to see if we can put antibacterial compounds into some of the surfaces to try to minimize the existence of the organisms on airplanes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2013/12/20/germs-on-planes-15-tips-for-flying-flu-free-this-season/\">good hygiene\u003c/a> is the best way to protect yourself against germs while traveling: cleaning all surfaces with antibacterial wipes, using hand sanitizer after touching surfaces, and washing your hands frequently.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should There Be a Ban on Using Food Stamps to Buy Soda?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-17715\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-320x200.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Banning the use of food stamps to purchase sodas and other sugary drinks could reduce both obesity and Type 2 diabetes rates, according to new research from the Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'Shift in policy could prevent 400,000 cases of obesity.' \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About one in seven Americans — more than 46 million people — currently receive food stamps, now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> Government surveys\u003c/a> show that the average SNAP recipient drinks the equivalent of a little more than a can of soda a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers used two data sets, one on diet and another on price data for food, and then used simulations to estimate the effect of a ban on using SNAP funds to buy sugary beverages, including sodas and sports drinks, but excluding 100 percent fruit juices.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a 10-year period, the simulation indicated that such a ban would amount to a 2.4 percent drop in obesity prevalence and a 1.7 percent decline in Type 2 diabetes among SNAP recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those percentage changes sound small, lead author Dr. Sanjay Basu, a professor of medicine at Stanford, says the real impact across a population would be impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This shift in policy would be preventing around 400,000 cases of obesity in the next decade and nearly 250,000 cases of Type 2 diabetes,\" Basu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/1032.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">Health Affairs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"79b7f787c8ba45e85d9e5bfa25bc392d\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Beverage Association criticized the idea of a ban. In a statement, the group said a ban would be an \"expensive and unnecessary restriction that (has) negligible benefits.\" The association called instead for heath education and healthy incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harold Goldstein, executive director of the California Center for Public Health Advocacy, was intrigued by the analysis. \"I look at these federal dollars as a subsidy to Coke and Pepsi,\" he said. \"Here's a strategy that could have a significant impact on low-income folks who have among the highest diabetes rates in the country.\" Goldstein was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another federal program, Women, Infants and Children, already does not allow the purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also looked at the impact of giving 30 cents back to SNAP participants for each dollar they might spend on fruits and vegetables. While such a reward doubled the number of people eating the recommended requirements of fruits and vegetables, obesity and diabetes indicators \"did not improve considerably,\" Basu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/152651570&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, a bipartisan group of mayors \u003ca href=\"http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/716748/mayors-request-house-limit-snap-access-to-soda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to House Speaker John Boehner and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi advocating improvements to the SNAP program, saying it was time to consider limiting subsidies for sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's study comes against a backdrop of renewed calls in California cities for a soda tax — and just days after the California Senate \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/capitol-desk/2014/5/senate-approves-soda-warning-bill\" target=\"_blank\">passed a bill \u003c/a>that would require a health warning label on sodas and other sugary beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and other public health professionals are growing increasingly concerned about the health impact of sugary beverages, or what Goldstein referred to as \"liquid sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that there is overwhelming science that the liquid sugar in these beverages is a unique driver in today's skyrocketing obesity epidemic,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the American Beverage Association's opposition to a policy on banning food stamps for purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-17715\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-400x250.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2014/02/RS7242_136799870-1-hpf-320x200.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Banning the use of food stamps to purchase sodas and other sugary drinks could reduce both obesity and Type 2 diabetes rates, according to new research from the Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'Shift in policy could prevent 400,000 cases of obesity.' \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About one in seven Americans — more than 46 million people — currently receive food stamps, now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> Government surveys\u003c/a> show that the average SNAP recipient drinks the equivalent of a little more than a can of soda a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford researchers used two data sets, one on diet and another on price data for food, and then used simulations to estimate the effect of a ban on using SNAP funds to buy sugary beverages, including sodas and sports drinks, but excluding 100 percent fruit juices.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over a 10-year period, the simulation indicated that such a ban would amount to a 2.4 percent drop in obesity prevalence and a 1.7 percent decline in Type 2 diabetes among SNAP recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While those percentage changes sound small, lead author Dr. Sanjay Basu, a professor of medicine at Stanford, says the real impact across a population would be impressive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This shift in policy would be preventing around 400,000 cases of obesity in the next decade and nearly 250,000 cases of Type 2 diabetes,\" Basu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/6/1032.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">Health Affairs\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Beverage Association criticized the idea of a ban. In a statement, the group said a ban would be an \"expensive and unnecessary restriction that (has) negligible benefits.\" The association called instead for heath education and healthy incentives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Harold Goldstein, executive director of the California Center for Public Health Advocacy, was intrigued by the analysis. \"I look at these federal dollars as a subsidy to Coke and Pepsi,\" he said. \"Here's a strategy that could have a significant impact on low-income folks who have among the highest diabetes rates in the country.\" Goldstein was not involved in the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another federal program, Women, Infants and Children, already does not allow the purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also looked at the impact of giving 30 cents back to SNAP participants for each dollar they might spend on fruits and vegetables. While such a reward doubled the number of people eating the recommended requirements of fruits and vegetables, obesity and diabetes indicators \"did not improve considerably,\" Basu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/152651570&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_artwork=true&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last June, a bipartisan group of mayors \u003ca href=\"http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/716748/mayors-request-house-limit-snap-access-to-soda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to House Speaker John Boehner and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi advocating improvements to the SNAP program, saying it was time to consider limiting subsidies for sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday's study comes against a backdrop of renewed calls in California cities for a soda tax — and just days after the California Senate \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiahealthline.org/capitol-desk/2014/5/senate-approves-soda-warning-bill\" target=\"_blank\">passed a bill \u003c/a>that would require a health warning label on sodas and other sugary beverages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors and other public health professionals are growing increasingly concerned about the health impact of sugary beverages, or what Goldstein referred to as \"liquid sugar.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that there is overwhelming science that the liquid sugar in these beverages is a unique driver in today's skyrocketing obesity epidemic,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated to clarify the American Beverage Association's opposition to a policy on banning food stamps for purchase of sugar-sweetened beverages.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Doctors Say They Would Forego Aggressive Treatment When Near Death",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19303\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/05/468418291.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-19303\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2014/05/468418291-640x426.jpg\" alt=\"(Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Katherine Hobson\u003c/strong>,\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/05/29/316701155/doctors-say-they-would-shun-aggressive-treatment-when-near-death\" target=\"_blank\"> NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everybody dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when doctors' time is up, they are different from the rest of us. They \"go gently\" rather than opt for aggressive end-of-life treatments, \u003ca href=\"http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2011/11/30/how-doctors-die/ideas/nexus/\" target=\"_blank\">as one physician wrote\u003c/a> a few years ago. They have seen the suffering of their patients at the end of life and want no part of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, nearly 9 in 10 young physicians just finishing up their residencies or fellowships wouldn't want to receive life-prolonging CPR or cardiac life support if they were terminally ill and their heart or breathing stopped, a Stanford University School of Medicine survey finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0098246\" target=\"_blank\">The report\u003c/a>, published Wednesday in the journal PLOS ONE, notes the disconnect between the aggressive care the average person receives — an average of \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicarenewsgroup.com/context/understanding-medicare-blog/understanding-medicare-blog/2013/06/03/the-cost-and-quality-conundrum-of-american-end-of-life-care\" target=\"_blank\">about $7,000 worth\u003c/a> for Medicare beneficiaries in their last month of life — and what doctors would want for themselves.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, nondoctors don't necessarily want that care. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/publications/2012/02/final-chapter-death-dying\" target=\"_blank\">one survey, from the California HealthCare Foundation\u003c/a>, most people would prefer to die at home and want care to focus on comfort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big barriers that stands in the way is a health care system that defaults to aggressive care, says VJ Periyakoil, the Stanford geriatrician who led the survey of more than a thousand doctors. \"Our system is biased toward overtreatment, not undertreatment,\" both culturally and financially, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local health system culture and doctors' individual practice styles influence the kind of care patients get, she says. In addition, patients may not have given thought to the specifics of what they want, or told family members. So while family members resolve any conflicts between themselves, the patient continues to receive treatments. While everyone is well-intentioned, she says, the end result is care that often exceeds what patients would want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's a person who wants a gentle death to do? First, really reflect on what matters to you the most, says Periyakoil. Is it most important that you die at home, with family? What forms of medical care do you really not want to endure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you need to talk about your wishes with your family members or anyone else who might be making decisions when you no longer can. (The Conversation Project is an effort to promote these types of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/12/28/257822206/helping-families-have-the-most-difficult-conversation\" target=\"_blank\">difficult but important discussions\u003c/a>.) Put your preferences in writing, using an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html\" target=\"_blank\">advance directive\u003c/a> and, for people who are aware that they soon may die, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.polst.org\" target=\"_blank\">Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST\u003c/a>, form. Make your wishes known to your medical team, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also important to revisit your advance directive periodically to make sure it's still in line with what you want, and be sure to keep your family members posted on any changes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, nondoctors don't necessarily want that care. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/publications/2012/02/final-chapter-death-dying\" target=\"_blank\">one survey, from the California HealthCare Foundation\u003c/a>, most people would prefer to die at home and want care to focus on comfort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the big barriers that stands in the way is a health care system that defaults to aggressive care, says VJ Periyakoil, the Stanford geriatrician who led the survey of more than a thousand doctors. \"Our system is biased toward overtreatment, not undertreatment,\" both culturally and financially, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local health system culture and doctors' individual practice styles influence the kind of care patients get, she says. In addition, patients may not have given thought to the specifics of what they want, or told family members. So while family members resolve any conflicts between themselves, the patient continues to receive treatments. While everyone is well-intentioned, she says, the end result is care that often exceeds what patients would want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what's a person who wants a gentle death to do? First, really reflect on what matters to you the most, says Periyakoil. Is it most important that you die at home, with family? What forms of medical care do you really not want to endure?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then you need to talk about your wishes with your family members or anyone else who might be making decisions when you no longer can. (The Conversation Project is an effort to promote these types of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/12/28/257822206/helping-families-have-the-most-difficult-conversation\" target=\"_blank\">difficult but important discussions\u003c/a>.) Put your preferences in writing, using an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/advancedirectives.html\" target=\"_blank\">advance directive\u003c/a> and, for people who are aware that they soon may die, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.polst.org\" target=\"_blank\">Physician Order for Life-Sustaining Treatment, or POLST\u003c/a>, form. Make your wishes known to your medical team, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also important to revisit your advance directive periodically to make sure it's still in line with what you want, and be sure to keep your family members posted on any changes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Veterans of Long-Past Wars Find Hope in PTSD Diagnosis",
"headTitle": "Veterans of Long-Past Wars Find Hope in PTSD Diagnosis | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/05/20140526science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally aired on\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201307260850/a?__utma=111150238.900526782.1397169073.1400791631.1400871590.12&__utmb=111150238.4.8.1400877197319&__utmc=111150238&__utmx=-&__utmz=111150238.1400871543.12.4.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=%28organic%29%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=%28not%20provided%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=40508258\">The California Report\u003c/a>\u003cem> as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/bayarea/lifeafterwar/?__utma=34673459.900526782.1397169073.1400791631.1400871590.12&__utmb=34673459.0.10.1400871593&__utmc=34673459&__utmx=-&__utmz=34673459.1400871543.12.4.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=%28organic%29%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=%28not%20provided%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=81495701\">“Life After War”\u003c/a> series.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a soldier in Japan, Donald Foster, an 86-year-old veteran of World War II, worked in a Japanese orphanage. He said it made him feel patriotic — at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But when you see these little tykes dropping dead from aplastic anemia, and the burns on adults wandering around dazed before they died of radiation sickness, rather than make me more patriotic, I just felt — I just threw up,” Foster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/RS5810_Don-Foster-poses-with-a-photo-of-himself-from-WW-2.-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Don Foster poses with a photo of himself from World War II. (Scott Shafer/KQED)\" width=\"335\" height=\"447\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Foster poses with a photo of himself from World War II. (Scott Shafer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After he returned home, he married, had several children and began an impressive career. His work with the United Nations and World Bank took him to dozens of nations. He retired about five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that globe-trotting helped mask his struggles with depression and anger, issues he never linked back to his military service. But two years ago, after a massive earthquake in Japan triggered a tsunami, the scenes of devastation brought back a flood of memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had an urgent, almost desperate, need to find out what happened to the kids he saw on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incident led him to Grass Valley psychologist Page Brown, who works with veterans. She said PTSD symptoms are very often triggered by scenes of war, violence or devastation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster was diagnosed with PTSD about two years ago. He said he didn’t expect to learn that his symptoms were related to his military experience. Brown said that’s not an unusual reaction of older vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more common than not that they’re surprised that there’s a relationship,” Brown said. “They think they’re fine, and that the rest of the world is stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD symptoms in older vets can also be triggered by life changes, like the loss of a spouse or retirement, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another one of her patients, Dan Renfro, served with the Marines in Vietnam between 1965 and 1967. Unlike Foster, he did see combat. Lots of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was shot down in three different disabled helicopters,” Renfro said. “The last was the worst. It took a couple days to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His transition to civilian life was a long slide into misery: divorce, drinking and the inability to hold a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He often gets bored, or fired, not uncommon symptoms for people with PTSD. Renfro said he has had 45 jobs since he got out of the Marines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renfro eventually remarried, quit drinking and managed to bring a semblance of order to his life. But in 1993, a horrible tragedy sent him into a downward spiral. His 19-year-old stepson was murdered, shot in the head after leaving a party near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”fda8578fba39a56b43d27daeb3d1b14f”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anger’s still there. It’s right here, all the time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Renfro was diagnosed with PTSD and began getting help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PTSD sounds a lot better than idiot or A-hole,” Renfro said of his diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renfro is hardly alone. At the VA office in San Francisco, social worker Keith Armstrong heads up the PTSD program. His clients are mostly Vietnam-era vets now, but he has a few from World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how old the veteran is, a PTSD diagnosis can help bring new insights into mental health problems, Armstrong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pieces get put together in your mind about how to understand all of these erratic behaviors,” Armstrong said. “You find yourself irritable, you may be sleeping badly or that you get startled at loud noises, whether they be dump trucks or whatever — that I think for a number of people there’s relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fran, Foster’s wife of 64 years, said she agrees that a PTSD diagnosis is definitely better late than never.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I and other family members would get really exasperated because you think, ‘Well, just control yourself, you know? What are you mad about?’” she said. “When you understand it probably wasn’t at all easy, that would explain it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the VA is much more focused on PTSD, but the agency is overwhelmed with all the returning vets affected by it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there’s hope that treating veterans’ symptoms before decades have passed will help mitigate the kind of suffering in silence that many veterans of earlier wars endured.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "More than a quarter-million veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have been treated for post-traumatic stress disorder, but younger vets aren't the only ones dealing with it. Even today, veterans from conflicts as far back as World War II struggle with symptoms.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally aired on\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201307260850/a?__utma=111150238.900526782.1397169073.1400791631.1400871590.12&__utmb=111150238.4.8.1400877197319&__utmc=111150238&__utmx=-&__utmz=111150238.1400871543.12.4.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=%28organic%29%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=%28not%20provided%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=40508258\">The California Report\u003c/a>\u003cem> as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/bayarea/lifeafterwar/?__utma=34673459.900526782.1397169073.1400791631.1400871590.12&__utmb=34673459.0.10.1400871593&__utmc=34673459&__utmx=-&__utmz=34673459.1400871543.12.4.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=%28organic%29%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=%28not%20provided%29&__utmv=-&__utmk=81495701\">“Life After War”\u003c/a> series.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a soldier in Japan, Donald Foster, an 86-year-old veteran of World War II, worked in a Japanese orphanage. He said it made him feel patriotic — at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But when you see these little tykes dropping dead from aplastic anemia, and the burns on adults wandering around dazed before they died of radiation sickness, rather than make me more patriotic, I just felt — I just threw up,” Foster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17734\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 335px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/RS5810_Don-Foster-poses-with-a-photo-of-himself-from-WW-2.-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Don Foster poses with a photo of himself from World War II. (Scott Shafer/KQED)\" width=\"335\" height=\"447\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Foster poses with a photo of himself from World War II. (Scott Shafer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After he returned home, he married, had several children and began an impressive career. His work with the United Nations and World Bank took him to dozens of nations. He retired about five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that globe-trotting helped mask his struggles with depression and anger, issues he never linked back to his military service. But two years ago, after a massive earthquake in Japan triggered a tsunami, the scenes of devastation brought back a flood of memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He had an urgent, almost desperate, need to find out what happened to the kids he saw on television.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That incident led him to Grass Valley psychologist Page Brown, who works with veterans. She said PTSD symptoms are very often triggered by scenes of war, violence or devastation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster was diagnosed with PTSD about two years ago. He said he didn’t expect to learn that his symptoms were related to his military experience. Brown said that’s not an unusual reaction of older vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more common than not that they’re surprised that there’s a relationship,” Brown said. “They think they’re fine, and that the rest of the world is stupid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD symptoms in older vets can also be triggered by life changes, like the loss of a spouse or retirement, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another one of her patients, Dan Renfro, served with the Marines in Vietnam between 1965 and 1967. Unlike Foster, he did see combat. Lots of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was shot down in three different disabled helicopters,” Renfro said. “The last was the worst. It took a couple days to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His transition to civilian life was a long slide into misery: divorce, drinking and the inability to hold a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He often gets bored, or fired, not uncommon symptoms for people with PTSD. Renfro said he has had 45 jobs since he got out of the Marines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renfro eventually remarried, quit drinking and managed to bring a semblance of order to his life. But in 1993, a horrible tragedy sent him into a downward spiral. His 19-year-old stepson was murdered, shot in the head after leaving a party near Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anger’s still there. It’s right here, all the time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Renfro was diagnosed with PTSD and began getting help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“PTSD sounds a lot better than idiot or A-hole,” Renfro said of his diagnosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renfro is hardly alone. At the VA office in San Francisco, social worker Keith Armstrong heads up the PTSD program. His clients are mostly Vietnam-era vets now, but he has a few from World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how old the veteran is, a PTSD diagnosis can help bring new insights into mental health problems, Armstrong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pieces get put together in your mind about how to understand all of these erratic behaviors,” Armstrong said. “You find yourself irritable, you may be sleeping badly or that you get startled at loud noises, whether they be dump trucks or whatever — that I think for a number of people there’s relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fran, Foster’s wife of 64 years, said she agrees that a PTSD diagnosis is definitely better late than never.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I and other family members would get really exasperated because you think, ‘Well, just control yourself, you know? What are you mad about?’” she said. “When you understand it probably wasn’t at all easy, that would explain it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the VA is much more focused on PTSD, but the agency is overwhelmed with all the returning vets affected by it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there’s hope that treating veterans’ symptoms before decades have passed will help mitigate the kind of suffering in silence that many veterans of earlier wars endured.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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