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"description": "An American is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize.",
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"headline": "Michigan Water Activist and 6 Others Win Global Environmental Prize",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A woman who played a key role in exposing the lead-tainted water disaster in Flint, Michigan, is among seven people from around the world to be awarded a Goldman Environmental Prize for grassroots environmental activism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LeeAnne Walters was repeatedly rebuffed by Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration, even as she confronted regulators with bottles of brown water that came from her kitchen tap. Finally, with critical help from a Virginia Tech research team and a local doctor, it was revealed in 2015 that Flint’s water system was contaminated with lead due to a lack of treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters, a mother of four, “worked tirelessly behind the scenes to bring justice to not only her immediate family but all residents of Flint,” the Goldman Environmental Foundation said Monday in announcing this year’s winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize was created in 1989 by the late San Francisco philanthropists Richard and Rhoda Goldman. Winners are selected from nominations made by environmental organizations and others. The prize carries a $200,000 award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walters now lives in Virginia but regularly returns to Flint, where thousands of home water lines are being replaced due to the lead crisis. The city’s water quality has improved since it stopped using the Flint River as its source after 18 months, although there are many concerns about lead that was ingested, especially by children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other winners are:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Francia Marquez of Colombia, who rallied other women to vigorously oppose gold mining in the Cauca region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Claire Nouvian of France, who successfully campaigned against deep-sea fish trawling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Makoma Lekalakala and Liz McDaid of South Africa, who fought to stop a nuclear plant deal between their country and Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Manny Calonzo of the Philippines, who led an effort to ban lead paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Khanh Nguy Thi of Vietnam, who used scientific research to discourage dependency on coal-fired power.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day",
"headTitle": "The Bay Area Celebrates Earth Day | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&v=WbwC281uzUs\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Earth Day, which takes place on April 22 each year, traces its roots to a 1969 oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara. With California as the birthplace of the annual observance, the state will go the extra mile to honor the planet, with events planned in numerous cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Barbara oil spill, the largest oil spill at the time, awakened the American conscience and became one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“America had been riding on a high for a long time, and all of a sudden this big oil spill opened people’s eyes as to what our lifestyles were creating,” Michael Lyons, president of nonprofit Get Oil Out, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-santa-barbara-oil-spill-1969-20150520-htmlstory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the LA Times\u003c/a>, for a 2015 story about the history of the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catastrophic event, which devastated marine life and killed thousands of birds, led then-\u003ca href=\"http://www.nelsonearthday.net/nelson/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senator Gaylord Nelson\u003c/a> to organize a “national teach-in” on the environment on April 22, 1970. Twenty million Americans poured into the streets to show their support for the environment. Legendary news anchorman Walter Cronkite \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?list=PL3480E41AA956A42B&time_continue=2&v=WbwC281uzUs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">described it\u003c/a> as a “national outpouring of mankind seeking its own survival.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/WbwC281uzUs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cblockquote>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Earth Day has since become an annual tradition. Check out our guide below for film screenings and clean-ups, interactive workshops and musical performances, and other events planned throughout the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://alamedaca.gov/earth-day-2018\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Alameda\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>Earth Day Festival April 21, 2018, 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1922777 alignnone\" title=\"alamedaca.gov\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-800x850.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-160x170.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-768x816.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1020x1084.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1129x1200.jpg 1129w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-1180x1254.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-960x1020.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-240x255.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-375x398.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header-520x553.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/header.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/event/earth-day-2018-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Albany\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, April 21, 9- 11:30 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.belmont.gov/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5385/155\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Belmont\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>Earth Day activities include an E-waste drop-off, document shredding, compost give-away, book recycling, games and prizes. April 21, 9am – Noon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvsan.org/content/earth-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day: Clean-Up and Recycle. Materials and light breakfast provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922782 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-800x613.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-768x588.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-960x735.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-240x184.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-375x287.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/FINAL-New-Logo-and-Look-2018-CAPS-WEB_2017-10-24-520x398.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cupertino.org/our-city/departments/environment-sustainability/green-events-activities/earth-day-arbor-day-festival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Cupertino\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPlanned activities include an Earth Day festival, bike campaign, food trucks, rock climbing, petting zoo, arts and crafts, electric vehicle demo, and live entertainment. April 21, 11am-3pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.el-cerrito.org/645/Earth-Day-Celebration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">El Cerrito\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Celebration\u003cb>, \u003c/b>April 21, 2018, 9 am-1:30 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.emeryville.ca.us/1162/Environmental-Programs-Events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emeryville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Shoreline Clean-up, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.napaenvironmentaled.org/earth-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Napa\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nClean-Up & Festival, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://pacificabeachcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacifica\u003c/a> \u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEco-fest, April 21.\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922819 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"453\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-927x1200.jpg 927w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-240x311.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-375x485.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster-520x673.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/earth-day-2018-poster.jpg 1159w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cityofpleasantonca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=365&TargetID=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Pleasanton\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPresentations, workshops and screening of award-winning documentary \u003cem>Straws \u003c/em>at the Pleasanton Library, 1-4 p.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park Clean Up for ages 7 and up. Pre-registration is required at \u003ca href=\"http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonfun.com%2F&h=ATMTi6vkVpa7f7YmvCPny-Uiq4yz_MBePb9Sxn8KYVs4AboX-Q9vUhkN_Ak3uzEazbNP8x1lj5xXAR1oQMlhBVDqWyRTAP-3glBiexh4QUCUZacXUPw&s=1\">www.pleasantonfun.com. \u003c/a>Use registration code 6303.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://thewatershedproject.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richmond\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>North Richmond Earth Day Cleanup, Sat., April 21, 9-11am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-wildcat-creek-tickets-44568593864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Albany Earth Day Shoreline Cleanup, Sat., April 21th, 9-11:30am. Register \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/earth-day-2018-at-albany-bulb-tickets-44160738959\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here. \u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://earthdaysf.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nCivic Center Plaza, Sat., April 21, 11am-7pm.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1922783 alignnone\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-800x1236.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-160x247.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-768x1187.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-777x1200.jpg 777w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-960x1483.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-240x371.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-375x579.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1-520x803.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/EarthDaySF-11x17-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/calendar.aspx?eid=6262\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Jose\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day at Alum Rock Park, Sunday, April 22, 9am-4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2eedea12c1cb29c9cc5e929cd/files/ad22796d-4ce7-4fef-bfaf-a35138eccdd8/SutainabilityFilmSeriesFlyer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">San Mateo\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nFilm Series, April 18, April 23, May 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"details details-width\">\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sunnyvale.ca.gov/cals/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Sunnyvale\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nLiving Green Fair: Interactive activities at the public library. Drop-off for medications, mercury thermometers, batteries and cell phones. April 22, 12- 4pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://artvallejo.org/events/solano-county-earth-day-cleanup/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vallejo\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nEarth Day Clean-Up, Apr 21, 9am-12pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.townofwindsor.com/339/Earth-Day-on-the-Green\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windsor\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nWellness Expo: Events include free health screenings, exercise demos, children’s cooking classes, games, activities, and crafts and a plant sale. April 22, 10 am – 1pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">\u003ca href=\"http://townofyountville.com/Home/Components/Calendar/Event/5262/24?backlist=%2f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yountville\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nShredding and E-Waste Event, Friday, April 20, 12am-2am.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Diamond Meteorite Tells of a ‘Lost Planet,’ Says Study",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.[contextly_sidebar id=”DhwXcBmpIUktg3Vgr1ROjKLcs38pNQMj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ieGAyo0xDjEL0CT8Zf6kjVRE8sQuQ9H4″]Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fragments of a meteorite that fell to Earth about a decade ago provide compelling evidence of a lost planet that once roamed our solar system, according to a study published Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Switzerland, France and Germany examined diamonds found inside the Almahata Sitta meteorite and concluded they were most likely formed by a proto-planet at least 4.55 billion years ago.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The diamonds in the meteorite, which crashed in Sudan’s Nubian Desert in October 2008, have tiny crystals inside them that would have required great pressure to form, said one of the study’s co-authors, Philippe Gillet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We demonstrate that these large diamonds cannot be the result of a shock but rather of growth that has taken place within a planet,” he told The Associated Press in a telephone interview from Switzerland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillet, a planetary scientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, said researchers calculated a pressure of 200,000 bar (2.9 million psi) would be needed to form such diamonds, suggesting the mystery planet was as least as big as Mercury, possibly even Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scientists have long theorized that the early solar system once contained many more planets — some of which were likely little more than a mass of molten magma. One of these embryo planets — dubbed Theia — is believed to have slammed into a young Earth, ejecting a large amount of debris that later formed the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re claiming here,” said Gillet, “is that we have in our hands a remnant of this first generation of planets that are missing today because they were destroyed or incorporated in a bigger planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addi Bischoff, a meteorite expert at the University of Muenster, Germany, said the methods used for the study were sound and the conclusion was plausible. But further evidence of sustained high pressure would be expected to be found in the minerals surrounding the diamonds, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bischoff wasn’t involved in the study, which was published in the journal Nature Communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story has been corrected to show that the meteorite fragments fell to Earth about a decade ago, not more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How California Water Suppliers Are Getting Earthquake-Ready",
"headTitle": "How California Water Suppliers Are Getting Earthquake-Ready | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.[contextly_sidebar id=”eCyZJgsECfXTErNlRtmykxjLXaQjXZXR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WuFTiINrd9wn9bgSlpCxrEE9cPxlt4ro”]To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.[contextly_sidebar id=”epfspCdbJrK0CccGJFSslKijOVxyIufO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”B8EwpisdAimFkWYYr3VFxGpG3jLdGX1k”]Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">As is often \u003c/span>said, it’s not a matter of if, but of when, a large earthquake strikes the heart of one of California’s most densely populated regions. State officials and local agencies know the clock is ticking, and mile by mile, pipe by pipe, work crews are replacing or retrofitting water lines throughout much of the Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas. Upgrades have also been made in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, the heart of the state’s water distribution system, where potential levee ruptures have made water officials uneasy for decades.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, which generated the 1906 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.9\u003c/span> magnitude) and the 1989 (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.9\u003c/span> magnitude) Bay Area earthquakes, could potentially produce a quake greater than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">8.0.\u003c/span> However, the Hayward Fault is widely considered the greater threat at this moment in geologic time. Scientists consider a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> magnitude quake to be the largest likely to occur on the Hayward Fault, an offshoot of the San Andreas that runs through San Jose, Oakland, Berkeley and Richmond. The Hayward Fault hasn’t slipped significantly since 1868, and experts say it’s overdue for the proverbial “Big One.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the historical and global context, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.0\u003c/span> isn’t huge, but if it strikes a heavily populated area, the damage could be significant. About 5,000 water connections that cross the Hayward Fault, as well as several critical water mains, could potentially be sheared in half by a powerful temblor, according to Richard Sykes, director of natural resources for the East Bay Municipal Utility District. That’s just within East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s service area. San Francisco’s water supply, sourced from Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, also travels through large pipes that cross major East Bay fault zones. Several of its reservoirs, including Crystal Springs, San Andreas and Calaveras, sit literally on the San Andreas and Calaveras faults, with the water actually contained within the linear depressions created by these tectonic plate boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s sort of a joke here that two of our reservoirs are named after faults,” said Steven Ritchie, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission’s assistant general manager for water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>To protect the water supply of their collective 4 million customers, both East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> and the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span> have protected their water mains with clever engineering systems that allow the earth to shift around the pipes, which range from 6 to 9ft in diameter, without damaging them. One of the San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s major pipes is fitted with ball joints and slip joints that allow the steel-lined tube to shift and move without breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco \u003cspan class=\"caps\">PUC\u003c/span>’s ongoing upgrades are part of the $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">4.8\u003c/span> billion Regional Management Program, of which a key element is major seismic upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>’s major supply pipes, critical sections in high-risk fault zones have been retrofitted so they can shift and flex within spacious concrete tunnels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pipe is on rollers so that when that offset occurs, it can move with the shifting earth,” said Andrea Pook, an East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span> spokesperson, referring to a 2,000ft section of pipeline bored through the East Bay Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That tunnel could actually shear, but without shearing the pipe itself,” Sykes added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the unlikely event that the main water line is ruptured, East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>keeps a six-month supply of reservoir water ready on the west side of the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Southern California, the Metropolitan Water District also has a six-month backup supply of water at hand, stored in reservoirs on the west side of the San Andreas Fault.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will buy us time to make any necessary repairs,” said Gordon Johnson, Metropolitan’s chief engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said his district began seriously seismically upgrading reservoirs, dams and various structures following the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, an early morning \u003cspan class=\"caps\">6.7\u003c/span> magnitude quake that tore the region apart, killing 64 people and destroying freeways, sewer lines and thousands of buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he said, the agency – which delivers water to about 12 million people – is working on strengthening canals, aqueducts and pipelines. The district, in conjunction with the California Department of Water Resources and the City of Los Angeles, has formed a “seismic task force” that is currently identifying weak spots in the local water supply system and developing emergency response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The preparations include stockpiling repair equipment and materials near likely rupture locations on numerous local faults. And two projects now in the works aim to seismically protect the Colorado River Aqueduct, as well as a 7ft-wide pipe that delivers treated water to several million people north of Long Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government also has its eye on California and its shifting tectonic plates. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Bureau of Reclamation has seismically retrofitted seven dams, according to Steve Melavic, the agency’s mid-Pacific region chief engineer. More upgrades, he said, are in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Meanwhile, the California Division of Safety of Dams has mandated extensive upgrades to dams. Over the past two decades, inspections by the state agency – a branch of the Department of Water Resources – have resulted in dam owners spending more than $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> billion on repairing and upgrading dams to protect them from seismic risks, according to Erin Mellon, a spokesperson with the Department of Water Resources. Experts with her agency were unavailable for a phone interview, and questions sent via email about seismic upgrades in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta were not answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sykes at East Bay \u003cspan class=\"caps\">MUD\u003c/span>, the Department of Water Resources has provided his district with a $35 million grant to upgrade Delta levees that specifically protect the Mokelumne Aqueduct, which passes through the estuary. Sykes said upgrades to levees are generally made in accordance to the standards of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Army Corps of Engineers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the University of California, Los Angeles, Scott Brandenberg, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has extensively studied the delta and its levees. He said the earthen barriers, which protect and contain more than 1,000 maze-like miles of critical water supply channels, are not threatened as much by the Hayward and San Andreas faults as they are by more localized ones like the Dunnigan Hills Fault, the Gordon Valley Fault and the Midland Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These faults wouldn’t be capable of producing a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">7.8\u003c/span> earthquake, like the San Andreas, but they could still cause strong shaking and serious damage,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One or more levee ruptures in the Delta could potentially flood freshwater supplies with saltwater – which would be a disaster for the state. These levees are vulnerable for a variety of reasons. For one, Brandenberg said, many were built on peat, which is soft and can become more so during an earthquake. In places, the levees are built of sand, which can essentially liquefy during intense shaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think any improvements to these levees have made them earthquake-proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, he said, the system is very fragile. In fact, the Delta’s vulnerability to earthquake damage is among the main arguments for building the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/03/09/california-fish-experts-delta-tunnels-could-help-save-native-species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">controversial Delta tunnels\u003c/a>. This system would move water under the Delta and connect it to the pumps at the south edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s much easier to protect and maintain a system like that,” Brandenberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/04/19/how-california-water-suppliers-are-getting-earthquake-ready\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oakland Says Debris Company Still Polluting, Defying Court Order",
"headTitle": "Oakland Says Debris Company Still Polluting, Defying Court Order | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: April 19, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland reports the operator of a debris-hauling business has refused to halt operations, in violation of a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injunction, issued April 3, ordered Moacir Santos to cease transporting debris to and from his West Oakland warehouse. The injunction followed the filing of a lawsuit by the city claiming Santos was harming air quality in the neighborhood, allowing contaminated water to flow into the city’s storm-water system and violating Oakland’s zoning laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are closely monitoring Santos’ operations and will submit evidence to the court to hold defendants in contempt if necessary,” City Attorney Barbara Parker said in a statement Thursday. “It is unconscionable and contemptible for anyone to try to profit from poisoning the neighborhood – including the children and adults who live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also alleging that a man who had been speaking on behalf of the company and who identified himself as “Jim Wolf” is actually James Philip Lucero, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/south-bay-resident-convicted-illegal-dumping-wetlands-and-other-protected-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convicted\u003c/a> in February of violating the Federal Clean Water Act for discharging waste and pollutants into protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos declined to comment on the city’s most recent accusations and referred KQED to his attorney, who has yet to return a message left with his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post from Feb. 8, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland has filed an environmental justice lawsuit against debris-hauling company Santos Engineering for allegedly releasing harmful dust emissions into the surrounding neighborhood and contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/NLC/People%20v.%20Santos%20Engineering%20et%20al.%20-%20Complaint%20(file-stamped).pdf\"> complaint\u003c/a>, filed in late January, says the company’s operations are a public nuisance that pose a “grave and immediate threat to the health and safety of Oakland residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Ul09RImqllzWU3EFG9cmyhOBlbfcoGyH”]City Attorney Barbara Parker wants a court to issue an injunction that would force the company to immediately suspend operations. The city is also seeking punitive damages on behalf of West Oakland residents, who say they their health has suffered since the company began operating last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moacir Santos, the owner of the company, called the allegations baseless and accused the city of caving in to “rumors” aimed at discrediting his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The neighbors want to shut down businesses like mine to make the area more residential,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919676 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diesel excavator owned by Santos Engineering sits in his facility. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city’s lawsuit comes shortly after a federal civil rights complaint was filed last spring by a group of black residents who say the city has compromised their health with diesel emissions. The civil rights complaint accuses the city of engaging in a “pattern of neglect and systemic disregard” for the well-being of residents, ignoring input from West Oakland neighborhoods in favor of industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, two federal agencies \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LaNXgfAe148QJJ5G8aXzleQjdLPY_kWh4oUaZ64AKSFMIHw2NIasR5q4nm3NvLPl7q0xiQZ9vMqdzSpH/view\">announced\u003c/a> last July that they were launching a formal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Wake Up With My Eyes Swollen’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”HIelmBvmdH8ga9DVwNls7RrlslYCfW7j”]West Oakland residents like 71-year-old Barbara Johnson complain of experiencing symptoms like difficulty breathing, severe allergies, lightheadness and severe coughing since Santos Engineering started operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wake up with my eyes swollen,” said Johnson, who lives directly across the street from the warehouse with her two grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919481 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-800x801.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-768x769.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1920x1923.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-375x376.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-520x521.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Johnson, 71, poses with her two grandchildren, Lawrence, 8, and Marley, 10. Johnson said ever since Santos Engineering opened its operations in the neighborhood, her family has suffered from respiratory problems. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the company opened, Johnson says she began noticing coatings of dust on neighborhood cars and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust got so bad, she said, that she had to send her grandchildren away to stay with relatives during the recent winter break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We let them get away so they can breathe and get fresh air,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District said an inspector who visited the facility in September observed dust emissions and a large diesel excavator that was being used to load construction debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No water was being used to control fugitive dust which was drifting out of the building,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint also alleges that the company uses a diesel excavator to pulverize construction material such as drywall, a known source of asbestos, and fiberglass, an irritant that can aggravate respiratory disorders such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘ I need guidance from the city.’\u003ccite>Moacir Santos, Santos Engineering\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Santos denied storing any drywall and fiberglass in his facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Fire Department conducted its own inspection in January and found the company to be in violation of the city’s fire regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also accuses the company of allowing its trucks to drive along prohibited residential streets, contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Santos said that he has been fully cooperative with the city and that he has made all the requested modifications to his facility following the citations he received from the fire department and BAAQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent tour of his facility, Santos pointed to some of these corrective measures, including adding overhead ventilation panels and installing a sprinkler system to wash away stray dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the inspector came here, I made all the changes they asked me to and emailed the inspector pictures as proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being a bad neighbor, Santos said, he has even employed local homeless people to clean his trucks in an effort to promote positive community relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been paying the homeless to wash my trucks to make the dust go down,” he said. When asked where the dust came from, Santos blamed it on other “passing trucks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos said that at this point, he is not sure what more can be done to stop the neighbors from complaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need guidance from the city,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Environmental Injustice’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For City Attorney Parker, however, actions taken by Santos don’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make some changes but it’s not fixing the bigger problem,” said Alex Katz, Parker’s chief of staff. “Neighbors to this day are still complaining about the dust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a neighborhood historically plagued by air pollution, the complaint says the community has suffered long enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection.’\u003ccite>Robert Bullard, Texas Southern University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the country’s fifth largest container port, West Oakland is littered with rail and trucking facilities. The city has 90 times more diesel pollution per square mile on average than the rest of the state, according to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacinst.org/reports/diesel/clearing_the_air_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who live in West Oakland can expect to live nine years less than other Californians due to the poor air quality, according to a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor neighborhoods like West Oakland are often disproportionately exposed to toxic facilities, according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scholar Robert Bullard, widely known as the father of the environmental justice movement, called the accusations against Santos Engineering a “textbook case” of environmental injustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection. The fact that you have dust blowing across this vulnerable community, actions should be taken to immediately halt this operation,” said Bullard, a distinguished professor at Texas Southern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> spanning 20 years found that more than half of the people who live within 1.86 miles of toxic waste facilities are people of color. Their proximity to hazardous sites exposes them to higher rates of air pollution than people in predominantly white neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, it takes more time and effort to get these industries to stop when it’s happening in a low-income or community of color than in a white affluent community in the suburbs,” Bullard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Santos said he has no problem with making additional modifications to his facility, including dealing with the alleged dust problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dust is the problem, I’ll resolve all this in 20 to 25,000 dollars. I can make this place perfect.” He added that city inspectors have never actually tested his facility for toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Katz said the city isn’t required to test the facility in order to file a public nuisance claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a business that hauls construction debris from all over the Bay Area. And while no one has gone out and collected the dust to test it, if the neighbors are still complaining . . . our office considers this to be serious enough to ask the court to intervene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city now waits to see if a judge agrees with them and issues an order to stop the company’s operations.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Oakland Says Debris Company Still Polluting, Defying Court Order | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Update: April 19, 2018\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland reports the operator of a debris-hauling business has refused to halt operations, in violation of a court order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injunction, issued April 3, ordered Moacir Santos to cease transporting debris to and from his West Oakland warehouse. The injunction followed the filing of a lawsuit by the city claiming Santos was harming air quality in the neighborhood, allowing contaminated water to flow into the city’s storm-water system and violating Oakland’s zoning laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are closely monitoring Santos’ operations and will submit evidence to the court to hold defendants in contempt if necessary,” City Attorney Barbara Parker said in a statement Thursday. “It is unconscionable and contemptible for anyone to try to profit from poisoning the neighborhood – including the children and adults who live there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is also alleging that a man who had been speaking on behalf of the company and who identified himself as “Jim Wolf” is actually James Philip Lucero, \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/south-bay-resident-convicted-illegal-dumping-wetlands-and-other-protected-waters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">convicted\u003c/a> in February of violating the Federal Clean Water Act for discharging waste and pollutants into protected wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos declined to comment on the city’s most recent accusations and referred KQED to his attorney, who has yet to return a message left with his office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Original post from Feb. 8, 2018\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Oakland has filed an environmental justice lawsuit against debris-hauling company Santos Engineering for allegedly releasing harmful dust emissions into the surrounding neighborhood and contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The\u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/NLC/People%20v.%20Santos%20Engineering%20et%20al.%20-%20Complaint%20(file-stamped).pdf\"> complaint\u003c/a>, filed in late January, says the company’s operations are a public nuisance that pose a “grave and immediate threat to the health and safety of Oakland residents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>City Attorney Barbara Parker wants a court to issue an injunction that would force the company to immediately suspend operations. The city is also seeking punitive damages on behalf of West Oakland residents, who say they their health has suffered since the company began operating last July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moacir Santos, the owner of the company, called the allegations baseless and accused the city of caving in to “rumors” aimed at discrediting his business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The neighbors want to shut down businesses like mine to make the area more residential,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919676 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6210-1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diesel excavator owned by Santos Engineering sits in his facility. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The city’s lawsuit comes shortly after a federal civil rights complaint was filed last spring by a group of black residents who say the city has compromised their health with diesel emissions. The civil rights complaint accuses the city of engaging in a “pattern of neglect and systemic disregard” for the well-being of residents, ignoring input from West Oakland neighborhoods in favor of industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, two federal agencies \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LaNXgfAe148QJJ5G8aXzleQjdLPY_kWh4oUaZ64AKSFMIHw2NIasR5q4nm3NvLPl7q0xiQZ9vMqdzSpH/view\">announced\u003c/a> last July that they were launching a formal investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘I Wake Up With My Eyes Swollen’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>West Oakland residents like 71-year-old Barbara Johnson complain of experiencing symptoms like difficulty breathing, severe allergies, lightheadness and severe coughing since Santos Engineering started operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wake up with my eyes swollen,” said Johnson, who lives directly across the street from the warehouse with her two grandchildren.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1919481\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1919481 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1020x1022.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-800x801.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-768x769.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1920x1923.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-1180x1182.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-960x962.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-375x376.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-520x521.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/IMG_6256-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Johnson, 71, poses with her two grandchildren, Lawrence, 8, and Marley, 10. Johnson said ever since Santos Engineering opened its operations in the neighborhood, her family has suffered from respiratory problems. \u003ccite>(Amel Ahmed / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shortly after the company opened, Johnson says she began noticing coatings of dust on neighborhood cars and homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dust got so bad, she said, that she had to send her grandchildren away to stay with relatives during the recent winter break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We let them get away so they can breathe and get fresh air,” Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report issued by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District said an inspector who visited the facility in September observed dust emissions and a large diesel excavator that was being used to load construction debris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No water was being used to control fugitive dust which was drifting out of the building,” the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The complaint also alleges that the company uses a diesel excavator to pulverize construction material such as drywall, a known source of asbestos, and fiberglass, an irritant that can aggravate respiratory disorders such as asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘ I need guidance from the city.’\u003ccite>Moacir Santos, Santos Engineering\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Santos denied storing any drywall and fiberglass in his facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oakland Fire Department conducted its own inspection in January and found the company to be in violation of the city’s fire regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also accuses the company of allowing its trucks to drive along prohibited residential streets, contributing to heightened levels of diesel pollution in West Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Santos said that he has been fully cooperative with the city and that he has made all the requested modifications to his facility following the citations he received from the fire department and BAAQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent tour of his facility, Santos pointed to some of these corrective measures, including adding overhead ventilation panels and installing a sprinkler system to wash away stray dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After the inspector came here, I made all the changes they asked me to and emailed the inspector pictures as proof,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far from being a bad neighbor, Santos said, he has even employed local homeless people to clean his trucks in an effort to promote positive community relations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been paying the homeless to wash my trucks to make the dust go down,” he said. When asked where the dust came from, Santos blamed it on other “passing trucks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santos said that at this point, he is not sure what more can be done to stop the neighbors from complaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need guidance from the city,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Environmental Injustice’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For City Attorney Parker, however, actions taken by Santos don’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can make some changes but it’s not fixing the bigger problem,” said Alex Katz, Parker’s chief of staff. “Neighbors to this day are still complaining about the dust.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in a neighborhood historically plagued by air pollution, the complaint says the community has suffered long enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection.’\u003ccite>Robert Bullard, Texas Southern University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As the country’s fifth largest container port, West Oakland is littered with rail and trucking facilities. The city has 90 times more diesel pollution per square mile on average than the rest of the state, according to a 2013 \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacinst.org/reports/diesel/clearing_the_air_final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> by the nonprofit Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who live in West Oakland can expect to live nine years less than other Californians due to the poor air quality, according to a 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.acphd.org/media/401560/cumulative-health-impacts-east-west-oakland.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor neighborhoods like West Oakland are often disproportionately exposed to toxic facilities, according to the complaint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scholar Robert Bullard, widely known as the father of the environmental justice movement, called the accusations against Santos Engineering a “textbook case” of environmental injustice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the story of environmental racism and unequal protection. The fact that you have dust blowing across this vulnerable community, actions should be taken to immediately halt this operation,” said Bullard, a distinguished professor at Texas Southern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that hazardous industrial facilities tend to be located in communities of color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One landmark \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/toxic-wastes-and-race-at-twenty-1987-2007.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> spanning 20 years found that more than half of the people who live within 1.86 miles of toxic waste facilities are people of color. Their proximity to hazardous sites exposes them to higher rates of air pollution than people in predominantly white neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Generally, it takes more time and effort to get these industries to stop when it’s happening in a low-income or community of color than in a white affluent community in the suburbs,” Bullard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Santos said he has no problem with making additional modifications to his facility, including dealing with the alleged dust problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If dust is the problem, I’ll resolve all this in 20 to 25,000 dollars. I can make this place perfect.” He added that city inspectors have never actually tested his facility for toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Katz said the city isn’t required to test the facility in order to file a public nuisance claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a business that hauls construction debris from all over the Bay Area. And while no one has gone out and collected the dust to test it, if the neighbors are still complaining . . . our office considers this to be serious enough to ask the court to intervene.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city now waits to see if a judge agrees with them and issues an order to stop the company’s operations.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Global Warming is Mixing Up Nature’s Dinner Time, Study Says",
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"content": "\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.[contextly_sidebar id=”DW1hzBXeclQ1VU4UvjMvJqg203mcsZzZ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NNrs8rOJPw3YfFBgqJPxjpMJRqAKiFjW”]In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Global warming is screwing up nature’s intricately timed dinner hour, often making hungry critters and those on the menu show up at much different times, a new study shows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timing is everything in nature. Bees have to be around and flowers have to bloom at the same time for pollination to work, and hawks need to migrate at the same time as their prey. In many cases, global warming is interfering with that timing, scientists said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first-of-its-kind global mega analysis on the biological timing of 88 species that rely on another life form shows that on average species are moving out of sync by about six days a decade, although some pairs are actually moving closer together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While other studies have looked at individual pairs of species and how warming temperatures have changed their migration, breeding and other timing, the study in Monday’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings\u003c/a> of the National Academy of Sciences gives the first global look at a worsening timing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in species timing are considerably greater than they were before the 1980s, the study said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There isn’t really any clear indication that it is going to slow down or stop in the near future,” said study lead author Heather Kharouba, an ecologist at the University of Ottawa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example in the Netherlands, the Eurasian sparrow hawk has been late for dinner because its prey, the blue tit, has — over 16 years — arrived almost six days earlier than the hawk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s most noticeable and crucial in Washington state’s Lake Washington, where over the past 25 years, plant plankton are now blooming 34 days earlier than the zooplankton that eat them. That’s crucial because that’s messing with the bottom of the food chain, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In Greenland, the plants are showing up almost three days earlier than the caribou, so more of the baby caribou are dying “because there wasn’t enough food,” Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With warmer temperatures, most species moved their habits earlier, but interdependent species didn’t always move at the same rate. It’s the relative speed of changes in timing that’s key, Kharouba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the small number of species involved in small areas over different studies, Kharouba’s team could not find a statistically significant link between temperature and changes in how species sync together. But what she saw, she said, “is consistent with climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists not involved in the study praised the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It demonstrates that many species interactions from around the world are in a state of rapid flux,” Boston University biology professor Richard Primack said in an email. “Prior to this study, studies of changing species interactions focused on one place or one group of species.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "the-mystery-of-the-upside-down-catfish",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You might think this upside-down catfish is sick or confused, but swimming this way makes a lot of sense.",
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"title": "Upside-Down Catfish Doesn't Care What You Think | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Normally, an upside-down fish in your tank is bad news. As in, it’s time for a new goldfish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because most fish have an internal air sac called a swim bladder that allows them to control their buoyancy and orientation. They fill the bladder with air when they want to rise, and deflate it when they want to sink. Fish without swim bladders, like sharks, have to swim constantly to keep from dropping to the bottom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an aquarium fish is listing to one side or flops over on its back, it often means it has swim bladder disease, a potentially life-threatening condition usually brought on by parasites, overfeeding or high nitrate levels in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_full-body-upside-down-swim_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blotched upside-down catfish is one of seven species that swim in an inverted position. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But for a few remarkable fish, being upside down means everything is great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, seven species of catfish native to Central Africa live most of their lives upended. These topsy-turvy swimmers are anatomically identical to their right-side-up cousins, despite having such an unusual orientation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People’s fascination with the odd alignment of these fish goes back centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our sense of where we are in space evolved very early in vertebrates,” said John Friel, director of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, and a catfish specialist. “When you have something that kind of bucks that trend, you have to wonder why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down catfish have been carved into Egyptian tomb walls dating back 4,000 years. Today, they’re more often found in aquariums, where they can live up to 15 years and grow to be 4 inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies of these quizzical fish have found a number of reasons why swimming upside down makes a lot of sense — and there’s even a climate change angle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922079\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922079\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_on-green-waterline-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whiskers, called barbels, help the catfish sense food near the surface. \u003ccite>(Elliott Kennerson / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Robert Blake, a biology professor at the University of British Columbia, showed that, for fish, it’s just as efficient to swim upside down as it is to swim right side up. Blake, who died in 2016, found “no significant difference” in the two postures, as long as the fish was far enough below the waterline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the picture changes near the surface. Whether you’re a fish or an Olympic swimmer, that’s when “wave drag” comes into play. Wave drag is the turbulence produced by friction — basically, splashing — which makes it harder to swim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an upside-down position, fish produce a lot less wave drag, according to Blake’s research. That means upside-down catfish do a better job feeding on insect larvae at the waterline than their right-side-up counterparts, which have to return to deeper water to rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s something else at the surface that’s even more important to a fish’s survival than food: oxygen. The gas essential to life readily dissolves from the air into the water, where it becomes concentrated in a thin layer at the waterline — right where the upside-down catfish’s mouth and gills are perfectly positioned to get it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ability can be critical for survival when the water becomes depleted of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia — which occurs naturally in some river systems, especially if they are marked by low light and dense vegetation, as in swamps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The upside-down catfish seems to have a whole suite of adaptations that make life at the surface more tenable,” said Lauren Chapman, a biology professor at McGill University who has been studying for more than two decades how fish respond to hypoxia in African river systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922082\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_wide-swimming.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An upside-down catfish swims near the waterline. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, Chapman compared how upside-down and right-side-up catfish performed under low-oxygen conditions in a laboratory. She found that their swimming positions allowed the upside-down fish to breathe at the surface more easily, while the right-side-up ones had to work harder for the same benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upside-down swimming didn’t necessarily evolve in response to hypoxia, Chapman said. But for many fish in the wild, oxygen levels in the water can have a big impact, including increased gill size and smaller egg numbers, which eventually could lead to the formation of separate species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When human activity, such as industrial pollution or farm runoff, causes hypoxia, the results are more catastrophic. The contamination feeds algal blooms and ultimately bacteria that consume the water’s oxygen. In places as far-flung as the Gulf of Mexico and Africa’s Lake Victoria, human-caused hypoxia has led to large-scale die-offs of marine life, called dead zones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just a little local issue,” said Chapman. “We have a very serious global issue with increasingly frequent and intense hypoxic events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1922081\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish-looking-golden-CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The upside-down catfish is marked by its dark underbelly. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy / KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Climate change has brought the issue of hypoxia further into focus, in part because warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen. For many fish species, it could be a case of adapt quickly or perish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists estimate that upside-down catfish have been working out their own survival strategy for as long at 35 million years. Besides their breathing and feeding behavior, the blotched upside-down catfish from the Congo Basin has also evolved a dark patch on its underside to make it harder to see against dark water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coloration is remarkable because it’s the opposite of most sea creatures, which tend to be darker on top and lighter on the bottom, a common adaptation called countershading that offsets the effects of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blotched upside-down catfish’s reverse countershading has earned it the scientific name \u003cem>nigriventris\u003c/em>, which means black-bellied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have been unable to pinpoint much in the catfish’s anatomy to explain why it swims the way it does. Researchers at Nara Medical University School of Medicine in Japan, led by Ken Ohnishi, even looked at the fish’s inner ear, site of the bones that control orientation in vertebrates, and found nothing unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1922047\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1922047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/04/DL507_catfish_barrel-roll.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While these unusual catfish sometimes turn right side up to feed, they soon return to their preferred position.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mystery of the upside-down catfish persists, for now, as a puzzle for future scientists. “These catfish have always been interesting to people who are looking for things that are out of the ordinary,” said Friel.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Ex-'Professional Climate Denier' Aims to Convince Conservatives Threat is Real",
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"content": "\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.[contextly_sidebar id=”c0Fwd9tNC4edwCdXjMW1CXoaTfgcJ7bq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[contextly_sidebar id=”xakQMZeDQ9efXEJKjsJmRZrLJsJYY3kK”]Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A former “professional climate denier” and his allies are mounting a campaign to persuade conservatives that the threat posed by climate change is real. Jerry Taylor, who in a previous life developed many of the arguments that conservatives cite against climate science, now runs the \u003ca href=\"https://niskanencenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niskanen Center\u003c/a>, a libertarian-leaning think tank that’s working to debunk the very arguments he helped to advance. Another Republican, former congressman Bob Inglis, has separately founded his own organization, \u003ca href=\"http://www.republicen.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RepublicEn\u003c/a>, with a similar mission.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their distinct approach relies on conservative arguments to build support for climate science among the Republican establishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it takes having conservatives hear solutions in the language of conservatism,” Inglis\u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> said in an interview\u003c/a> with MIT publication \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Technology Review\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the same interview, Taylor says that in meetings with Republican leaders, he typically opens with, “I understand why you’re skeptical. I probably wrote most of the talking points you’ve read. But I changed my mind, and let me explain why I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor says his fundamental shift in thinking occurred gradually and was largely spurred by arguments advanced by economists and other right-leaning thinkers. In an interview with Vox, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">he says that mounting scientific evidence\u003c/a> became impossible to dismiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[T]he concern has been with us for over 30 years, and the case isn’t getting weaker. It seems to get stronger. And while one can do some gymnastics to continue to defend the “there’s nothing to see here, folks” argument, it became harder and harder.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Taylor is now on a mission to persuade other conservatives and he’s relying on science-based methodologies that target party elites, as opposed to voters. That’s because studies have shown that party leaders shape mass opinion, and not the other way around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.gallup.com/poll/231530/global-warming-concern-steady-despite-partisan-shifts.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> recent Gallup poll found that\u003c/a> nearly 70 percent of Republicans believe global warming is “generally exaggerated,” while 67 percent of Democrats believe it poses a “serious threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.yale.edu/dan-m-kahan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Dan Kahan\u003c/a>, a Yale professor who authored a recent study on climate-science literacy, \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2459057\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says that\u003c/a> “Positions on climate change have become symbols of whose side you are on in a cultural conflict divorced from science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://nicholas.duke.edu/people/faculty/mullin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Megan Mullin\u003c/a>, an associate professor of environmental politics who helped author a similar study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610719/how-the-science-of-persuasion-could-change-the-politics-of-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tells Technology Review\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The real focus shouldn’t be on convincing the public, hitting people over the head again and again with the science and dangers of climate change. Instead, the goal should be to change the minds of the elites. When they send clear and consistent signals, mass opinions that seemed strong and fixed can swing in the other direction, Mullin says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For conservatives like Taylor and Inglis, that top-down approach is the key to convincing the Republican base to support climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Beliefs about climate change — whether it’s happening, whether we should do anything — have been pretty stable. What moves around is right-wing opinion. And it tends to follow the leader,” Taylor\u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2015/5/12/8588273/the-arguments-that-convinced-this-libertarian-to-support-a-carbon-tax\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tells Vox.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Report Highlights Western Rivers Facing Imminent Threats",
"headTitle": "Report Highlights Western Rivers Facing Imminent Threats | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Report Highlights Western Rivers Facing Imminent Threats | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year since 1984, the advocacy organization American Rivers has compiled a list of the 10 most endangered rivers in the U.S. – a distinction that is awarded, in part, based on a major decision that is looming for those rivers in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The report is not a list of the nation’s ‘worst’ or most polluted rivers, but rather it highlights rivers confronted by critical decisions that will determine their future,” the report explains. “The report presents alternatives to proposals that would damage rivers, identifies those who make the crucial decisions and points out opportunities for the public to take action on behalf of each listed river.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the listed rivers include in the No. 1 spot the Big Sunflower River in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which is threatened by an agricultural drainage project overseen by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that could damage up to 200,000 acres of wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project was originally vetoed by George W. Bush’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Senator John McCain called it one of the worst projects he’d ever seen come through Congress,” said Christopher Williams, senior vice president of conservation at American Rivers. “Along with our allies, we worked hard on this years ago, we thought we’d won and now it’s back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Western rivers on the list this year include two Bristol Bay rivers in Alaska (threatened by an open-pit mine), the Lower Rio Grande in Texas (border wall), the South Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho (mining), Montana’s Smith River (more mining) and the Colville River (or Kuukpik River) in Alaska (oil).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Williams to learn more about the threats to Western rivers and the challenges of river conservation work today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the process for deciding which rivers to pick each year?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChristopher Williams: We take nominations from all over the country. Some are generated by our own staff, some are generated by local river groups or local activists. And we look for rivers, based on three characteristics: One, that the river is nationally or regionally significant. Two, that the river is under imminent threat. And three, that there is some decision that is going to take place while the river is on the list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: There are rivers from all over the country on your list – Alaska to Mississippi – and they face a variety of threats. Were there any common themes between them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: The common theme for this year that runs through seven of the 10 rivers is that the fate of these rivers, this year, is tied to the Trump administration and its allies in Congress either reversing an old decision or making a new decision regarding a river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 33 years we have been doing this list, at least in my experience, this particular administration and its allies in Congress are among the most anti-environmental protection that we’ve faced. This plays out across air, water, land, and this list demonstrates how it’s really playing out in terms of river conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the rivers on your list this year is the Lower Rio Grande in Texas, which is in the spotlight because of Trump’s border wall. What would the environmental impacts of that be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the biggest issues with the wall is you’re building the wall right through the middle of an ecosystem. You’re cutting off wildlife movement of everything from ocelot to jaguarundi to pronghorn, you name it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Lower Rio Grande, there was the latest appropriation that was approved by Congress for the building of an additional 30 miles of wall. That essentially is a levee bollard fence, which is a small levee with a metal fence on top that’s built right through the middle of a floodplain. So you’re essentially cutting the river off from its floodplain. You’re cutting wildlife off from the river, you’re cutting local communities and sometimes local property owners off from the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a structure in the floodplain, you’re potentially aggravating flooding, you’re potentially aggravating erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of environmental review process is there?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: One of the real problematic aspects of the wall construction is that those potential environmental impacts will most likely not be completely studied and not be completely known, because there is a law on the books that allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass all environmental reviews when they are building a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress did approve money to build this 30 miles of wall in the Lower Rio Grande valley, but that’s just the beginning if Trump gets all the money he wants. You’re looking at not only new wall construction in the Lower Rio Grande, but the Middle Rio Grande, moving up toward potentially Big Bend National Park, where all the those problems I just mentioned could manifest in one of the absolute crown jewels of the national park system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Many of the other rivers in the West are threatened or in danger because of proposed resource extraction, like the Smith River in Montana.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: The Smith River is one of the most beloved rivers in Montana. It doesn’t have a lot of big water, so it’s a great place if you want to float a river and it has world-class fishing. It’s under threat by a copper mine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s up to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality to look at this mine very closely to make absolutely certain that if a mine goes forward there, it’s managed in such a way that it doesn’t damage that river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: It was interesting to see that the Nushagak and Kvichak rivers of Bristol Bay, Alaska, are on the list because of the proposed Pebble Mine, which is a project that people have fought for years and years because of its threats to the largest run of wild sockeye salmon. What’s happening there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams: A decision that was made by the Obama administration, by Gina McCarthy’s EPA, that essentially said: ‘This project is so destructive we’re going to veto it, we’re going to use our EPA Clean Water Act veto authority to stop this.’ And so, that was it, it was stopped cold. But the Trump administration essentially reversed that decision, and now the permitting process for an incredibly destructive mine is going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proponents of the mine are essentially the mining company, and that’s about it. There’s opposition from the state of Alaska, from Native American groups, from recreational fishers, from commercial fishers. This is a fishery worth $1.5 billion annually and 14,000 jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s the big picture look like right now for organizations like yours that are advocating for river conservation?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWilliams: At the national level, our organization is working to protect the suite of environmental laws that are under assault by the Trump administration and allies in Congress. For example, our organization worked for years to get the Clean Water Rule put into place that protects small rivers and streams and wetlands that are sources for drinking water for 100 million Americans. Working with the Obama administration, we got that regulation put into place, that cleared up the Clean Water Act’s authority to protect those rivers and streams, and that Clean Water Rule has been a primary target for rollback by President Trump and EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one example. I believe it’s now 30-plus environmental rules that the administration has rolled back and attempted to roll back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Monster Animals: Does ‘Rampage’ Get the Science of CRISPR Right?",
"headTitle": "Monster Animals: Does ‘Rampage’ Get the Science of CRISPR Right? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"big-cap-wrap danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>e here at STAT cover \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> a lot. But it’s not every day we get to cover Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Rock and the genome-editing technology meet in a new movie, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coOKvrsmQiI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rampage\u003c/a>,” coming out Friday. Through a freak accident, a gorilla, a wolf, and a crocodile ingest some CRISPR complexes. The animals — whose genomes become edited to make them stronger, bigger, faster, and more aggressive — soon wreak havoc on the city of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s packed with action, gratuitous destruction, and an anti-poaching message, along with at least a dozen references to CRISPR, some of which are even accurate, say STAT reporters (and amateur movie critics) Megan Thielking and Andrew Joseph, who saw an advanced screening this week. Here are their thoughts — both scientific and cinematic — on the film. This conversation contains spoilers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> So that was incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: This movie has everything: rich biotech baddies with clothes as fancy as their skyscraper headquarters; meditations on how mankind is just as primitive as the animal kingdom (and how we’re actually a horrible and much worse species); and a gigantic wolf with a taste for helicopters. But before we dive into the movie, let’s give a bit of background. Megan, in addition to being \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/category/boddities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a serious science journalist\u003c/a>, you’re a big Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson fan. How did we end up at this advanced screening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I have been working up a STAT pitch on this movie for months. This movie features both science (my beat) and The Rock looking contemplatively out over a cornfield (my aesthetic). My original idea was to review the movie with an expert in genome-editing. I actually invited four CRISPR experts, all of whom were “busy.” Dejected, I then invited Drew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: Fifth choice, I’ll take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: So the movie opens with a title screen that reads: “In 1993, a breakthrough new technology, known as CRISPR, gave scientists a path to treat incurable diseases through genetic editing. In 2016, due to its potential for misuse, the U.S. Intelligence Community designated genetic editing a ‘Weapon of Mass Destruction and Proliferation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a huge relief to see CRISPR mentioned right from the get-go, because I really sold this story to our editors. It also made me feel better about expensing Sour Patch Kids and Raisinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: To get technical for a second, the title screen is sort of accurate. Yes, James Clapper, then the director of national intelligence, did \u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list genome-editing as a threat\u003c/a> in 2016. But when I saw the 1993 line, I kind of chuckled to myself. At first, I thought, sorry, Jennifer Doudna and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, apparently The Rock beat you by like 20 years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" rel=\"noopener\">your patent claims\u003c/a> are worthless. But then I thought more about it and realized what they were referring to. This history of modern CRISPR discovery does, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by some accounts\u003c/a>, date back to 1993, even though the term CRISPR wasn’t used for another decade or so. And the title page suggests that scientists were using the system to edit genomes 25 years ago, which we know was not the case — that’s a much more recent feat. Anyway, I’ll get off my soapbox now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan, to my surprise, the movie started in space. What’s up with that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I was not surprised whatsoever that this movie started in space. But, essentially, an evil company is testing CRISPR in space on a lab rat. Only the rat becomes a gigantic rat, the space shuttle explodes, and three CRISPR vials fall to earth. Enter Dwayne Johnson and his best friend, George, the albino gorilla he rescued from poachers and who he communicates with using sign language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George and two other animals — a wolf and a crocodile — are “infected” with CRISPR. It makes them grow to gigantic proportions and become very aggressive. And in the wolf’s case, it also grew bat wings. But that’s not exactly how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"RAMPAGE - OFFICIAL TRAILER 1 [HD]\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/coOKvrsmQiI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I knew this movie was going to be good when one of the astronauts who is trying to escape the shuttle is frantically radioing back to earth. Someone over the radio chimes in that “the test subject is a rat,” and the astronaut replies, “Not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, that’s not exactly how CRISPR works, but it’s not completely off base either! The idea is that the biotech company “weaponized” CRISPR research and introduced the genes of a bunch of other animals into our three monster-animals to give them traits such as those bat wings, or the spikes of some other animal, or the strength or regenerative abilities of certain kinds of bugs. This is all explained very quickly in some exposition by our disgraced yet heroic geneticist played by Naomie Harris (whom I last saw in “Moonlight,” and here’s hoping that, like that movie, “Rampage” scores a surprise best picture win at the Oscars). “I’m talking about extremely specific results,” says Naomie, who, in my mind, I am on a first-name basis with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question I have is whether these animal features are polygenic as opposed to tied to one gene. That would make it a lot harder to introduce them into another species. But scientists have CRISPR’d beagles to make them super jacked, so it’s not insane that CRISPR could be used to change the features of an animal. Whether it could be used to double the size of a gorilla overnight, well, that might be a different story. And for the beagles, the CRISPR’ing happened when the dogs were embryos, not fully grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CRISPR’d animals of “Rampage” also become super aggressive, and behavior might be harder to change through editing. Maybe they just ramped up testosterone production somehow? I don’t know, Naomie didn’t explain that part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You raised a good point as we left the movie, Megan. Where are the regulators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> All of the CRISPR work in this movie seemed to be WILDLY unregulated. There’s no FDA cameo here. There’s no Scott Gottlieb in skinny jeans. There is Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom I will refer to as Denny Duquette, his character in “Grey’s Anatomy,” from this point forward. He plays a government agent with a faint Foghorn Leghorn accent who helps The Rock and Naomie Harris take on the CRISPR company, called Energyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Best line from Jeffrey Dean Morgan (said in his weird Foghorn Leghorn accent, which is not faint at all): “When science s***s the bed, I’m the guy they call to clean the sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MEGAN: It’s Denny Duquette, but, yes, that was amazing. In real life, there’s a whole system that keeps research in the U.S. involving CRISPR in check. The Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health regulate CRISPR as it relates to medical research, of course. But the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture also play a role in overseeing uses of CRISPR. And the Department of Defense — which is interested in genome-editing as a potential bioterrorism threat — has poured a lot of money into CRISPR research. So there are a lot of people overseeing this kind of work. Not just Denny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Exactly, although the dastardly siblings running Energyne (who complain about their stock price tanking after their space shuttle explodes!) maybe found a way around all of them, you know, by like doing their work in space. Anyone home at NASA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a different note, this did make me think of a common movie plot point. As our colleague Damian Garde wrote last year, Hollywood loves a biopharma villain. There’s clearly some fear among the public about what scientists can do, particularly when it comes to rewriting the code of life. I do wonder if this movie will be people’s introduction to CRISPR. Are they going to go home and Google it and see headlines invoking “designer babies”? Is this just going to make people scared of CRISPR, even if they know that it probably won’t lead to a mutant crocodile that can King-Kong-style crawl up the Sears Tower? This is totally made up, but I imagine the marketing people at CRISPR Therapeutics are discussing this right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Side note, the director of this movie 100 percent took a Chicago architecture boat tour, because they hit all the major landmarks. But, yes, I do think this will be the first introduction a lot of people have to CRISPR. And as much as I absolutely loved this movie — I will be seeing it at least four more times in theaters, thanks MoviePass — I do think it played fast and loose with some of the science around CRISPR, which is a real thing that actually exists. I know it’s science fiction, but the closest thing I could find on the crew list to a science adviser was a “genetics lab tech advisor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m definitely giving this movie too much credit, and you’re absolutely right, but there were things in the movie that made me think of real CRISPR issues. Naomie Harris’ character was trying to use CRISPR to cure her brother of some unidentified disease. And her big discovery was how to ensure that CRISPR complexes could be delivered to every cell in the body, not just a few. Granted, efficient CRISPR delivery had some not-great consequences when it happened to a crocodile, but it’s a huge goal for researchers using CRISPR or other types of gene therapy for clinical purposes: ensuring that edits happen in enough cells to, for example, generate enough of a normal protein to overcome the faulty protein produced by a certain disease mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> At least The Rock and the rest of the “Rampage” team own up to the fact that they take “great liberties with the science” in the film’s production notes. Here’s what The Rock said: “The science is fascinating. But we had to maintain that balance between delivering on a scientific perspective that makes sense and making sure we’re right around the next corner winking at the audience and letting them know we’re all in on this: Hey, we’re making a big, fun movie about a crocodile with 1118 giant teeth, and a gorilla the size of a house, who likes to flip me off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an audience member, I will gladly let The Rock wink at me, even if it means sparing a little scientific accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did hear you giggling a lot whenever The Rock was on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Who wasn’t?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about how they want to stop the destruction of the entire city of Chicago and potentially the world by delivering an antidote. The antidote, we’re told, will curb the unchecked aggression of the animals but not reverse the other changes, like bringing George back to his original 7-foot-tall size. But that’s more in line with Pokemon than actual CRISPR science. In theory, you could re-edit the genes of an animal again after editing them initially with CRISPR, but there’s no magic solution to immediately reverse CRISPR and bring peace to the Windy City like the movie suggests. And if there were, I’m not confident you could deliver it by putting it in the purse of a woman who then gets consumed by a CRISPR’d animal. Which happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The antidote at one point is described as a giant “chill pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am again making a reach, but, whatever, this movie’s got layers. When they were talking about an antidote or reversing those changes, I immediately thought about gene drive! Granted, that’s a different use of CRISPR — editing animals to force traits throughout a whole species — and reversing gene drive isn’t just re-editing the animals that have already been edited. But researchers who are working on gene drive are cognizant of the fact that playing with nature can have unintended consequences, so it’s probably a good idea to have a real-life CTRL-Z at the ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Agree wholeheartedly. I and the entire city of Chicago and the suburbs (Go Cats!) would like to thank science for the antidote. Final thoughts on the science, Drew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m sorry I’m still harping on this, but back to the fear of genome-editing. Obviously, there are a whole lot of ethical and safety issues involved with playing with DNA, and I think most scientists take those seriously. But it’s interesting to see this movie given that we now have treatments on the market involving editing DNA. Sure, they’re not CRISPR-based therapies, but clinical trials using CRISPR are recruiting patients. And the CAR-T therapies and the gene therapy Luxturna (see this piece by our colleague Eric Boodman to get a sense of how it works) are big deals for patients, and there are a lot more coming down the pike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> That was as subtle a product placement as the Dave & Buster’s sign that gets torn off a building in “Rampage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did see you scramble to write that part down in your notebook when it happened. Anyway, your final thoughts, Megan, the Statler to my Waldorf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> There was one health-related subplot here we didn’t get to, which was how The Rock was able to take on three giant animals, scale burning buildings, and save the world after being SHOT THROUGH THE ABDOMEN with roughly half an hour left in the movie. He said the bullet missed all of his vital organs, but still. Swoon. In my notes, I scribbled, “The Rock. Man of many talents. Also gorilla whisperer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final question: If you were in a real-life “Rampage” situation, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The first lesson is, listen to Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson. If he says don’t put George the gorilla on a plane, don’t put him on a plane! How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> I would hop on The Rock’s back and let him carry me while I used my inhaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> So what do you think, can we convince our editors to send us to an advanced screening of The Rock’s next movie? See you at “Skyscraper”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Catch me at the midnight premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Megan’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: A for effort, B- for execution\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Two out of two Rock biceps\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: B-, though honestly I haven’t stopped thinking about it\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Let’s just say I can’t wait for “Rampage 2: Editin’ Boogaloo”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Thanks to STAT’s very own CRISPR expert, Sharon Begley, for reviewing this review to make sure we didn’t screw anything up.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"big-cap-wrap danger-zone\">\u003cspan class=\"big-cap\">W\u003c/span>e here at STAT cover \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/370/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> a lot. But it’s not every day we get to cover Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The Rock and the genome-editing technology meet in a new movie, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coOKvrsmQiI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rampage\u003c/a>,” coming out Friday. Through a freak accident, a gorilla, a wolf, and a crocodile ingest some CRISPR complexes. The animals — whose genomes become edited to make them stronger, bigger, faster, and more aggressive — soon wreak havoc on the city of Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">It’s packed with action, gratuitous destruction, and an anti-poaching message, along with at least a dozen references to CRISPR, some of which are even accurate, say STAT reporters (and amateur movie critics) Megan Thielking and Andrew Joseph, who saw an advanced screening this week. Here are their thoughts — both scientific and cinematic — on the film. This conversation contains spoilers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> So that was incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: This movie has everything: rich biotech baddies with clothes as fancy as their skyscraper headquarters; meditations on how mankind is just as primitive as the animal kingdom (and how we’re actually a horrible and much worse species); and a gigantic wolf with a taste for helicopters. But before we dive into the movie, let’s give a bit of background. Megan, in addition to being \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/category/boddities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a serious science journalist\u003c/a>, you’re a big Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson fan. How did we end up at this advanced screening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I have been working up a STAT pitch on this movie for months. This movie features both science (my beat) and The Rock looking contemplatively out over a cornfield (my aesthetic). My original idea was to review the movie with an expert in genome-editing. I actually invited four CRISPR experts, all of whom were “busy.” Dejected, I then invited Drew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: Fifth choice, I’ll take it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: So the movie opens with a title screen that reads: “In 1993, a breakthrough new technology, known as CRISPR, gave scientists a path to treat incurable diseases through genetic editing. In 2016, due to its potential for misuse, the U.S. Intelligence Community designated genetic editing a ‘Weapon of Mass Destruction and Proliferation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a huge relief to see CRISPR mentioned right from the get-go, because I really sold this story to our editors. It also made me feel better about expensing Sour Patch Kids and Raisinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW\u003c/strong>: To get technical for a second, the title screen is sort of accurate. Yes, James Clapper, then the director of national intelligence, did \u003ca href=\"https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/SASC_Unclassified_2016_ATA_SFR_FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">list genome-editing as a threat\u003c/a> in 2016. But when I saw the 1993 line, I kind of chuckled to myself. At first, I thought, sorry, Jennifer Doudna and \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2015/11/06/hollywood-inspired-scientist-rewrite-code-life/\" rel=\"noopener\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, apparently The Rock beat you by like 20 years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/02/16/crispr-patent-decision-six-takeaways/\" rel=\"noopener\">your patent claims\u003c/a> are worthless. But then I thought more about it and realized what they were referring to. This history of modern CRISPR discovery does, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(15)01705-5.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by some accounts\u003c/a>, date back to 1993, even though the term CRISPR wasn’t used for another decade or so. And the title page suggests that scientists were using the system to edit genomes 25 years ago, which we know was not the case — that’s a much more recent feat. Anyway, I’ll get off my soapbox now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Megan, to my surprise, the movie started in space. What’s up with that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN\u003c/strong>: I was not surprised whatsoever that this movie started in space. But, essentially, an evil company is testing CRISPR in space on a lab rat. Only the rat becomes a gigantic rat, the space shuttle explodes, and three CRISPR vials fall to earth. Enter Dwayne Johnson and his best friend, George, the albino gorilla he rescued from poachers and who he communicates with using sign language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George and two other animals — a wolf and a crocodile — are “infected” with CRISPR. It makes them grow to gigantic proportions and become very aggressive. And in the wolf’s case, it also grew bat wings. But that’s not exactly how CRISPR works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"RAMPAGE - OFFICIAL TRAILER 1 [HD]\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/coOKvrsmQiI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I knew this movie was going to be good when one of the astronauts who is trying to escape the shuttle is frantically radioing back to earth. Someone over the radio chimes in that “the test subject is a rat,” and the astronaut replies, “Not anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, that’s not exactly how CRISPR works, but it’s not completely off base either! The idea is that the biotech company “weaponized” CRISPR research and introduced the genes of a bunch of other animals into our three monster-animals to give them traits such as those bat wings, or the spikes of some other animal, or the strength or regenerative abilities of certain kinds of bugs. This is all explained very quickly in some exposition by our disgraced yet heroic geneticist played by Naomie Harris (whom I last saw in “Moonlight,” and here’s hoping that, like that movie, “Rampage” scores a surprise best picture win at the Oscars). “I’m talking about extremely specific results,” says Naomie, who, in my mind, I am on a first-name basis with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One question I have is whether these animal features are polygenic as opposed to tied to one gene. That would make it a lot harder to introduce them into another species. But scientists have CRISPR’d beagles to make them super jacked, so it’s not insane that CRISPR could be used to change the features of an animal. Whether it could be used to double the size of a gorilla overnight, well, that might be a different story. And for the beagles, the CRISPR’ing happened when the dogs were embryos, not fully grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CRISPR’d animals of “Rampage” also become super aggressive, and behavior might be harder to change through editing. Maybe they just ramped up testosterone production somehow? I don’t know, Naomie didn’t explain that part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You raised a good point as we left the movie, Megan. Where are the regulators?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> All of the CRISPR work in this movie seemed to be WILDLY unregulated. There’s no FDA cameo here. There’s no Scott Gottlieb in skinny jeans. There is Jeffrey Dean Morgan, whom I will refer to as Denny Duquette, his character in “Grey’s Anatomy,” from this point forward. He plays a government agent with a faint Foghorn Leghorn accent who helps The Rock and Naomie Harris take on the CRISPR company, called Energyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Best line from Jeffrey Dean Morgan (said in his weird Foghorn Leghorn accent, which is not faint at all): “When science s***s the bed, I’m the guy they call to clean the sheets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MEGAN: It’s Denny Duquette, but, yes, that was amazing. In real life, there’s a whole system that keeps research in the U.S. involving CRISPR in check. The Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health regulate CRISPR as it relates to medical research, of course. But the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Agriculture also play a role in overseeing uses of CRISPR. And the Department of Defense — which is interested in genome-editing as a potential bioterrorism threat — has poured a lot of money into CRISPR research. So there are a lot of people overseeing this kind of work. Not just Denny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> Exactly, although the dastardly siblings running Energyne (who complain about their stock price tanking after their space shuttle explodes!) maybe found a way around all of them, you know, by like doing their work in space. Anyone home at NASA?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a different note, this did make me think of a common movie plot point. As our colleague Damian Garde wrote last year, Hollywood loves a biopharma villain. There’s clearly some fear among the public about what scientists can do, particularly when it comes to rewriting the code of life. I do wonder if this movie will be people’s introduction to CRISPR. Are they going to go home and Google it and see headlines invoking “designer babies”? Is this just going to make people scared of CRISPR, even if they know that it probably won’t lead to a mutant crocodile that can King-Kong-style crawl up the Sears Tower? This is totally made up, but I imagine the marketing people at CRISPR Therapeutics are discussing this right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Side note, the director of this movie 100 percent took a Chicago architecture boat tour, because they hit all the major landmarks. But, yes, I do think this will be the first introduction a lot of people have to CRISPR. And as much as I absolutely loved this movie — I will be seeing it at least four more times in theaters, thanks MoviePass — I do think it played fast and loose with some of the science around CRISPR, which is a real thing that actually exists. I know it’s science fiction, but the closest thing I could find on the crew list to a science adviser was a “genetics lab tech advisor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m definitely giving this movie too much credit, and you’re absolutely right, but there were things in the movie that made me think of real CRISPR issues. Naomie Harris’ character was trying to use CRISPR to cure her brother of some unidentified disease. And her big discovery was how to ensure that CRISPR complexes could be delivered to every cell in the body, not just a few. Granted, efficient CRISPR delivery had some not-great consequences when it happened to a crocodile, but it’s a huge goal for researchers using CRISPR or other types of gene therapy for clinical purposes: ensuring that edits happen in enough cells to, for example, generate enough of a normal protein to overcome the faulty protein produced by a certain disease mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> At least The Rock and the rest of the “Rampage” team own up to the fact that they take “great liberties with the science” in the film’s production notes. Here’s what The Rock said: “The science is fascinating. But we had to maintain that balance between delivering on a scientific perspective that makes sense and making sure we’re right around the next corner winking at the audience and letting them know we’re all in on this: Hey, we’re making a big, fun movie about a crocodile with 1118 giant teeth, and a gorilla the size of a house, who likes to flip me off.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an audience member, I will gladly let The Rock wink at me, even if it means sparing a little scientific accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did hear you giggling a lot whenever The Rock was on screen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Who wasn’t?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s talk about how they want to stop the destruction of the entire city of Chicago and potentially the world by delivering an antidote. The antidote, we’re told, will curb the unchecked aggression of the animals but not reverse the other changes, like bringing George back to his original 7-foot-tall size. But that’s more in line with Pokemon than actual CRISPR science. In theory, you could re-edit the genes of an animal again after editing them initially with CRISPR, but there’s no magic solution to immediately reverse CRISPR and bring peace to the Windy City like the movie suggests. And if there were, I’m not confident you could deliver it by putting it in the purse of a woman who then gets consumed by a CRISPR’d animal. Which happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The antidote at one point is described as a giant “chill pill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here I am again making a reach, but, whatever, this movie’s got layers. When they were talking about an antidote or reversing those changes, I immediately thought about gene drive! Granted, that’s a different use of CRISPR — editing animals to force traits throughout a whole species — and reversing gene drive isn’t just re-editing the animals that have already been edited. But researchers who are working on gene drive are cognizant of the fact that playing with nature can have unintended consequences, so it’s probably a good idea to have a real-life CTRL-Z at the ready.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Agree wholeheartedly. I and the entire city of Chicago and the suburbs (Go Cats!) would like to thank science for the antidote. Final thoughts on the science, Drew?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I’m sorry I’m still harping on this, but back to the fear of genome-editing. Obviously, there are a whole lot of ethical and safety issues involved with playing with DNA, and I think most scientists take those seriously. But it’s interesting to see this movie given that we now have treatments on the market involving editing DNA. Sure, they’re not CRISPR-based therapies, but clinical trials using CRISPR are recruiting patients. And the CAR-T therapies and the gene therapy Luxturna (see this piece by our colleague Eric Boodman to get a sense of how it works) are big deals for patients, and there are a lot more coming down the pike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> That was as subtle a product placement as the Dave & Buster’s sign that gets torn off a building in “Rampage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> I did see you scramble to write that part down in your notebook when it happened. Anyway, your final thoughts, Megan, the Statler to my Waldorf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> There was one health-related subplot here we didn’t get to, which was how The Rock was able to take on three giant animals, scale burning buildings, and save the world after being SHOT THROUGH THE ABDOMEN with roughly half an hour left in the movie. He said the bullet missed all of his vital organs, but still. Swoon. In my notes, I scribbled, “The Rock. Man of many talents. Also gorilla whisperer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One final question: If you were in a real-life “Rampage” situation, what would you do?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> The first lesson is, listen to Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson. If he says don’t put George the gorilla on a plane, don’t put him on a plane! How about you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> I would hop on The Rock’s back and let him carry me while I used my inhaler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ANDREW:\u003c/strong> So what do you think, can we convince our editors to send us to an advanced screening of The Rock’s next movie? See you at “Skyscraper”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MEGAN:\u003c/strong> Catch me at the midnight premiere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Megan’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: A for effort, B- for execution\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Two out of two Rock biceps\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Andrew’s grades\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scientific\u003c/em>: B-, though honestly I haven’t stopped thinking about it\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Cinematic\u003c/em>: Let’s just say I can’t wait for “Rampage 2: Editin’ Boogaloo”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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