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"content": "\u003cp>California officials are poised to seize control over a major arena of federal regulation in response to Trump administration rollbacks: the management and protection of wetlands.[contextly_sidebar id=”h5N7PXQNQywXy02nIa7ekC6Pwli7BEsu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are vital features on the landscape. Basically low spots in a watershed, when they fill with water they provide important habitat for birds, fish and other species. Wetlands also help control floods and recharge groundwater, and they filter the water we drink. On the other hand, being generally flat and maligned as “swamps,” they are popular places to pave and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wetlands have nearly disappeared across the western United States. That has given rise to the controversial policy known as the Waters of the U.S. rule, or WOTUS. The rule is an effort, first, to define wetlands, which turns out to be monumentally difficult. And second, to regulate development in and around wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of President Donald Trump’s first acts upon taking office in 2017 was to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/climate/trump-water-wotus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescind and rewrite\u003c/a> the WOTUS rule. The rule had been comprehensively updated in 2015 by the Obama administration, after years of analysis and public review. But Trump viewed it as overly broad. In January, the EPA fulfilled his promise by suspending the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California decided to take action in response. Since 1993, it has been state law to avoid ongoing wetland losses – a so-called “no net loss” policy. So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.[contextly_sidebar id=”2PoXn5ULD7oXKcJ8XO3phHJJySlLADjf”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. Building in wetlands and other water bodies, including the dredging needed to maintain harbors, often causes pollution by eliminating natural filtration and stirring up contaminated sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules have been jointly enforced by the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They also apply to tidal waters, seasonal streams, ponds, lakes, playas, meadows, mudflats and any waters considered “navigable” or important to industry or commerce. As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.[contextly_sidebar id=”uZWZn3wd1zciD7bUQInuUAod9GN3xUIR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.[contextly_sidebar id=”qKkpiVZtrcRRKdlrrEw5A34RWmC0zZij”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.",
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"description": "The Trump administration is moving to weaken the so-called Waters of the U.S. rule, which protects wetlands and other waterways from development. California plans its own regulations to fill the gap.",
"title": "California Poised to Take Action To Protect Wetlands Amid Trump Rollbacks | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials are poised to seize control over a major arena of federal regulation in response to Trump administration rollbacks: the management and protection of wetlands.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands are vital features on the landscape. Basically low spots in a watershed, when they fill with water they provide important habitat for birds, fish and other species. Wetlands also help control floods and recharge groundwater, and they filter the water we drink. On the other hand, being generally flat and maligned as “swamps,” they are popular places to pave and build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, wetlands have nearly disappeared across the western United States. That has given rise to the controversial policy known as the Waters of the U.S. rule, or WOTUS. The rule is an effort, first, to define wetlands, which turns out to be monumentally difficult. And second, to regulate development in and around wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of President Donald Trump’s first acts upon taking office in 2017 was to direct the Environmental Protection Agency to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/climate/trump-water-wotus.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescind and rewrite\u003c/a> the WOTUS rule. The rule had been comprehensively updated in 2015 by the Obama administration, after years of analysis and public review. But Trump viewed it as overly broad. In January, the EPA fulfilled his promise by suspending the rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California decided to take action in response. Since 1993, it has been state law to avoid ongoing wetland losses – a so-called “no net loss” policy. So the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) began \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/wrapp.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">preparing its own rules\u003c/a>, which would put the state in full control of wetland protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If passed later this year, it could become the first move by a state to seize a broad arena of regulatory power for itself in response to Trump’s regulatory rollbacks.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our update will advance the ball and add clarity without giving up any authority that’s important to protect wetlands,” said Felicia Marcus, chair of the SWRCB and a former EPA regional administrator during the Clinton administration. “That’s what we’re working on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The WOTUS rule has been around – under various names and iterations – as a component of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, which was first adopted by Congress in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overarching goal is to prevent pollution and erosion that harms water quality for people and wildlife. Building in wetlands and other water bodies, including the dredging needed to maintain harbors, often causes pollution by eliminating natural filtration and stirring up contaminated sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules have been jointly enforced by the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. They also apply to tidal waters, seasonal streams, ponds, lakes, playas, meadows, mudflats and any waters considered “navigable” or important to industry or commerce. As a result, how the rule is interpreted and applied has huge implications for the environment and the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, this interpretation had been left intentionally vague, both to provide regulatory flexibility and to avoid controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been confusion over the scope of WOTUS since 2001,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/holly-doremus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holly Doremus\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental law at the University of California, Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the EPA and the Army Corps had been applying the law too broadly, and that some waters not connected to traditionally navigable waterways should not be regulated. A clear definition of regulated waterways had to be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second Supreme Court ruling in 2006 made things more confusing: a divided court held that waters with a “significant nexus” to something navigable could be regulated. This led to the 2015 WOTUS rule adopted by the Obama administration.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The court’s definitions left a lot of room for interpretation. As a result, the Obama administration drew a large regulatory circle after a years-long effort to analyze the issue. Now the Trump administration wants to draw it much smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core of that problem is that wetlands are not necessarily water and they’re not necessarily dry land. It’s hard for the public to understand,” Doremus said. “If you or I went out and stood somewhere and looked around, we wouldn’t necessarily know whether a place should be a wetland or not. It does take a technical expert examination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140657/172345.ME_.0524.malibulagoon.001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A group of preschoolers walk across a bridge spanning the marshes of Malibu Lagoon in Southern California. This marsh is protected within a state park. But many of California’s remaining wetlands and marshes are not, prompting the state to propose a new program to oversee development in and near such water bodies. (Luis Sinco/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s “no net loss” wetlands policy arose from a 1993 \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/cwa401/docs/wrapp2008/executive_order_w59_93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">proclamation\u003c/a> by then governor Pete Wilson. The proclamation also declared that the state must work to increase wetland acreage over time. Although it has remained state policy ever since, the policy has not been fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no formal state program to monitor wetland acreage, but evidence suggests total acreage has declined since 1993. The state has lost at \u003ca href=\"https://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/impacts/hydrology/wetlands/#sum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">least 91 percent\u003c/a> of its historic wetlands, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This federal rollback is a big threat,” said Rachel Zwillinger, water policy adviser at Defenders of Wildlife. “We have continued to lose wetlands. And there are losses occurring that are completely outside the permitting process, which is really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California actually began drafting its own wetlands rule in 2004, partly to fulfill the “no net loss” policy and to provide more regulatory certainty. It went through several revisions but was never completed. The effort took on more urgency with Trump’s election in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s authority to regulate wetlands on its own arises from the general legal principles of statehood, Doremus said: states can adopt any regulations that promote the public welfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, California has established the legal basis to protect all its waters in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act\u003c/a>. The law, adopted in 1969, gives the state authority to enforce water quality in wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s new regulations would seek to protect wetlands and other waterways as “waters of the state.” Officially described as “dredge and fill” regulations, the rules would govern any activities that disturb wetlands and other surface waters.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A starting point for the rules is simply defining a wetland. A key difference from federal regulations is that the state’s proposal does not require the presence of vegetation to declare that a water body is a wetland. The state rules require water to be present long enough for anaerobic (absence of oxygen) conditions to exist in the upper soil surface of the water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another goal is to streamline the process of obtaining a permit, for example, to dredge a harbor, or pave a parking lot in an area that may or may not be a wetland. Currently, due to the absence of clear state regulations, the permit process can vary quite a bit in different regions of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We won’t make it crystal clear, but we will make it way more clear than it is and give some degree of comfort to both the environmental community and the developer community,” said the SWRCB’s Marcus. “We’re trying to create enough clarity for good government while protecting precious wetlands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though California is moving to adopt its own regulatory program, losing an active federal presence will be challenging. One reason is that the Army Corps plays a big role in identifying and mapping waterways that should be protected under the WOTUS rule – a process known as delineation. If federal changes eliminate or substantially shrink this role, the state’s workload is likely to increase substantially whether or not it adopts its own regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2449px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180903140751/947235791.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2449\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">President Donald Trump speaks before signing an executive order on Feb. 27, 2017, to begin the rollback of the Waters of the U.S. rule. The rule, adopted by the Obama administration in 2015, is designed to protect wetlands and other waterways from dredging and development. (Aude Guerrucci-Pool/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s moves so far have been followed by more court actions and more uncertainty. The latest development came on Aug. 16, when a federal judge in South Carolina \u003ca href=\"https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060094329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued an injunction\u003c/a> against the administration’s February order suspending WOTUS. But the order only applies in 26 states not covered by stays issued in two previous court rulings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the West, this means the Obama-era WOTUS rules are again in force in California, Oregon, Washington and Texas, but not in Alaska, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the state water board’s delays, another pressure has come to bear: Gov. Jerry Brown’s term ends this year. Even assuming another Democrat replaces him, the transition to a new administration will be disruptive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Marcus’ own term as chair of the water board ends in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been really disappointed the state board has not yet finalized the policy,” Zwillinger said. “It’s been a decade in the making. And with the new, urgent threat at the federal level, we’d like to see it get across the finish line in this [state] administration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus could not say when the water board might adopt the new rules. The board has already held many days of public hearings and workshops on the draft policy. But more deliberations will be required before adoption, and none have been scheduled yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because it’s so contentious, we’re trying to get it right,” Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/09/03/amid-trump-rollbacks-california-moves-to-regulate-wetlands-on-its-own\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s a new effort underway make hundreds of thousands of dried and preserved plants collected along the East Coast available through a digital database.[contextly_sidebar id=”Xcu9G4lohicIrN6P3U783Iv7QbWM8vhh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, explorers, scientists, and amateur botanists scoured the country to document and preserve plant species. Once prized like fine art, the collections were often bequeathed to institutions that housed herbaria, or libraries for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time these collections became obscure, and fell out of use. Aside from the occasional researcher who had to schedule an appointment to view the records, and often travel long distances, these plant collections were difficult to access for most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick McCourt, botany curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia, helps manage the oldest herbarium in North America. The herbarium has an estimated one and a half million plant species in its collection. About 35,000 plant species were collected along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new database will allow researchers to answer questions about climate change, conservation and urbanization. Questions like: “How has the environment changed?” said McCourt. “What plants occur where? Do they occur someplace differently now than they used to? Are they vanished or gone from an area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the data contained in that herbarium might even raise the possibility of using plant DNA to bring back extinct species.[contextly_sidebar id=”8TLuDXkaOmOA3taoPJSOlBjrjWD1emd3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more like a Jurassic Park dream,” McCourt says. “But DNA is DNA, who knows? Before 1952 we wouldn’t have known what DNA was, much less that you could get it out of museum specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Academy, the 1.5 million plant species in the collection are housed in large metal cabinets, which are compressed together in a windowless, 3rd floor room that smells pungently of herbs. The plants were dried, then sewn, glued or taped to paper, and placed in manila folders that are stacked up inside the cabinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he pulls out specimens, McCourt points to the careful handwritten notes from the collector, detailing the location and date of the specimen. Some date back 400 years. He says the collectors took pride in their herbarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I almost think of it like any collector, like baseball trading cards,” said McCourt. “It was a competitive game to see if you could describe a lot of new species, find a lot of new species, make them valuable to the people you were working for or your own reputation scientifically. And there were different levels of vanity associated with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether those collectors searched for valuable medicinal or agricultural plants, or whether it was simply a labor of love, few would have known they were creating such a rich database for future scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funded by the National Science Foundation, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mamdigitization.org/\">Mid-Atlantic Megalopolis Project \u003c/a>will put about 800,000 records from about a dozen herbaria online via high-resolution photos of plant specimens that span the urbanized corridor from New York City to Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plant hunters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Muhlenberg College in Allentown, plant ecologist Rich Niesenbaum has begun using the data from the herbarium to help find out what made some of the plants in its collection go extinct. Muhlenberg already digitized about 50,000 specimens and added it to the Megalopolis database.[contextly_sidebar id=”AEjUQJAZsTIjAgF4Bx4pf5UtuUETn7Hx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The database allowed student Lindsay Press to pull the records of plant species that have been registered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection as extinct, rare or endangered. But going by the handwritten notes is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would say by a railroad track, and that railroad didn’t exist anymore,” said Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her professor, Rich Niesenbaum, has begun the hunt for these plants to help document the impact of urbanization, but also to possibly protect vulnerable species and the region’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we find a rare plant and it exists in Pennsylvania and it’s extinct in every other state, then that becomes a valuable piece of information,” he says. “It’s not just extinct in Pennsylvania or rare in Pennsylvania, it’s possibly being lost as a species nationally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the creek\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blistering hot day in August, Niesenbaum and Press head out to hunt for one of the rare specimens in the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specimen collection of \u003cem>Potomogeten zosterformis\u003c/em>, otherwise known as flat-stemmed pondweed, includes notes from the amateur botanist that it was found on July 20, 1924 in “cedar creek south of Fairview Street.” The notes also mention a quarry. Niesenbaum says there’s only one old quarry in Allentown so he’s pretty sure he knows where to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The banks of Cedar Creek in this part of Allentown are lined with thickets of reeds and cattails. The creek is across from a city park, so Niesenbaum hopes the plant will be found. But so far, he’s been unlucky with these searches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Invasive species like Japanese knotweed and stiltgrass crowd out everything else except poison ivy, providing one reason why some of these species may have gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Niesenbaum points out railroad ties lying in the brush, and, spotting grass, he then jumps in the creek. He pulls out a handful of aquatic grass, and says he’ll take it back to the lab to grow it and see if it’s a match.[contextly_sidebar id=”uV7jRP77t1qZyk8qcqyU5iRWYiAWumnc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean that’s exciting because you know as as a plant hunter we spend a lot more time hunting and looking than actually finding,” he says. “And so if this is indeed the rare plant and it’s here right now in the urban environment in an urban setting that offers a lot of hope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several weeks later, he’s still unsure if the grass found in the creek is what he was looking for, but he’s hoping to get a team of students together to search for more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is history,” he says. “This is historical data right in front of us. We can start to ask all sorts of questions that we were unable to answer or would be unable to answer without this kind of resource, we can’t go back in time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Centuries-Old+Plant+Collection+Now+Online+%E2%80%94+A+Treasure+Trove+For+Researchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a new effort underway make hundreds of thousands of dried and preserved plants collected along the East Coast available through a digital database.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, explorers, scientists, and amateur botanists scoured the country to document and preserve plant species. Once prized like fine art, the collections were often bequeathed to institutions that housed herbaria, or libraries for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time these collections became obscure, and fell out of use. Aside from the occasional researcher who had to schedule an appointment to view the records, and often travel long distances, these plant collections were difficult to access for most people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick McCourt, botany curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University in Philadelphia, helps manage the oldest herbarium in North America. The herbarium has an estimated one and a half million plant species in its collection. About 35,000 plant species were collected along the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new database will allow researchers to answer questions about climate change, conservation and urbanization. Questions like: “How has the environment changed?” said McCourt. “What plants occur where? Do they occur someplace differently now than they used to? Are they vanished or gone from an area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the data contained in that herbarium might even raise the possibility of using plant DNA to bring back extinct species.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s more like a Jurassic Park dream,” McCourt says. “But DNA is DNA, who knows? Before 1952 we wouldn’t have known what DNA was, much less that you could get it out of museum specimens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Academy, the 1.5 million plant species in the collection are housed in large metal cabinets, which are compressed together in a windowless, 3rd floor room that smells pungently of herbs. The plants were dried, then sewn, glued or taped to paper, and placed in manila folders that are stacked up inside the cabinets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he pulls out specimens, McCourt points to the careful handwritten notes from the collector, detailing the location and date of the specimen. Some date back 400 years. 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But going by the handwritten notes is difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would say by a railroad track, and that railroad didn’t exist anymore,” said Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her professor, Rich Niesenbaum, has begun the hunt for these plants to help document the impact of urbanization, but also to possibly protect vulnerable species and the region’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we find a rare plant and it exists in Pennsylvania and it’s extinct in every other state, then that becomes a valuable piece of information,” he says. “It’s not just extinct in Pennsylvania or rare in Pennsylvania, it’s possibly being lost as a species nationally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the creek\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a blistering hot day in August, Niesenbaum and Press head out to hunt for one of the rare specimens in the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The specimen collection of \u003cem>Potomogeten zosterformis\u003c/em>, otherwise known as flat-stemmed pondweed, includes notes from the amateur botanist that it was found on July 20, 1924 in “cedar creek south of Fairview Street.” The notes also mention a quarry. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is history,” he says. “This is historical data right in front of us. We can start to ask all sorts of questions that we were unable to answer or would be unable to answer without this kind of resource, we can’t go back in time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WHYY. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://whyy.org\">WHYY\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Centuries-Old+Plant+Collection+Now+Online+%E2%80%94+A+Treasure+Trove+For+Researchers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Changing a Cow's Diet May Help Slow Global Warming",
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"content": "\u003cp>University of California researchers are feeding seaweed to dairy cows in an attempt to make cattle more climate-friendly.[contextly_sidebar id=”ylNH5JFRGGqhgdjSHVvFP36hVRYWDiEO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis is studying whether adding small amounts of seaweed to cattle feed can help reduce their emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s released when cattle burp, pass gas or make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study this past spring, researchers found methane emissions were reduced by more than 30 percent in a dozen Holstein cows that ate the ocean algae, which was mixed into their feed and sweetened with molasses to disguise the salty taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was extremely surprised when I saw the results,” said Ermias Kebreab, the UC Davis animal scientist who led the study. “I wasn’t expecting it to be that dramatic with a small amount of seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kebreab says his team plans to conduct a six-month study of a seaweed-infused diet in beef cattle starting in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.[contextly_sidebar id=”ewD09y9vsozPVU0ZmjIE1lGnFqOW8D4k”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>University of California researchers are feeding seaweed to dairy cows in an attempt to make cattle more climate-friendly.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis is studying whether adding small amounts of seaweed to cattle feed can help reduce their emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas that’s released when cattle burp, pass gas or make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a study this past spring, researchers found methane emissions were reduced by more than 30 percent in a dozen Holstein cows that ate the ocean algae, which was mixed into their feed and sweetened with molasses to disguise the salty taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was extremely surprised when I saw the results,” said Ermias Kebreab, the UC Davis animal scientist who led the study. “I wasn’t expecting it to be that dramatic with a small amount of seaweed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kebreab says his team plans to conduct a six-month study of a seaweed-infused diet in beef cattle starting in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More studies will be needed to determine its safety and efficacy, and seaweed growers would have to ramp up production to make it an economical option for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dairy farms and other livestock operations are major sources of methane, a heat-trapping gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers worldwide have searched for ways to reduce cattle emissions with various food additives such as garlic, oregano, cinnamon and even curry — with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If successful, adding seaweed to cattle feed could help California dairy farms comply with a state law requiring livestock operators to cut emissions by 40 percent from 2013 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce methane on the dairy farm through manipulation of the diet, then it’s a win for consumers because it reduces the carbon footprint, and it’s for dairy farmers because it increases their feed efficiency,” said Michael Hutjens, an animal scientist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A warming world could eventually make some of our most familiar ecosystems — deciduous forests, grasslands, Arctic tundra — unrecognizable.[contextly_sidebar id=”8yvjh7tWHupXsqFLR0sNOGdP2IsPHaDY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of a team of over 40 scientists who took a novel approach to predicting the effects of how human-caused global warming will alter ecosystems. They looked about 20,000 years back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly many of my colleagues in climate-change ecology would give up a kidney to have data from the future,” says Stephen Jackson, director of the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and an ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey. “But we’re not going to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So his team did some “paleo-ecology.” They looked at fossil pollen and vegetation for a period from about 20,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago. It was a time when a naturally warming Earth began to melt the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere. Over that time, the Earth’s average temperature increased by about seven to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Jackson says that’s not too different from what may happen now if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to grow as they are now. “The change over the next 100, 150 years is of similar magnitude globally to what we saw during the last ice retreat and warming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the current warming is a wee bit faster: “Instead of that happening over several thousand years, we’re cramming all that climatic change into a century, or a century-and-a-half.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found from the paleo-record was evidence that ecosystems changed radically as temperatures rose. In Jackson’s neighborhood in Arizona, for example, it’s now desert — various species of cactus and shrubs mostly. Fifteen thousand years ago, though, “what we’d see there instead is juniper and piñon woodland, and evergreen woodland utterly different from the vegetation we’d find here (now).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as climate changes, some forests may give way to woody shrubs or grassland. Or grasslands could convert to deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/920\">journal Science\u003c/a>, the researchers say they can’t predict exactly where and how fast these changes will happen. While temperature is a big influence, warming will also alter rainfall, weather, soil chemistry and sea levels. And their historical record is not an exact analogue of the future, since it represents a climate going from frigid to warm; now it’s moving from warm to warmer. That may affect ecosystems differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jackson says one thing is pretty sure: more unpredictability. In fact, just as they found in the past, the future may see new kinds of ecosystems that never existed before. “Many parts of the world will have very different conditions that have no modern counterpart,” he says.[contextly_sidebar id=”NRouu9l3oYtRsNwiudV4C8GZGXMc7mAv”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses challenges for forests, wild lands and even fish populations –and for the people who manage them. “That’s going to create a great deal of chaos, ecological chaos out there as they try to adapt and respond to those changes,” Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes are already happening. Some forests in the southwest are flipping from big evergreens to smaller plants and shrubs. Ecologist David Breshears at the University of Arizona says it’s caused by a combination of high heat, drought and fire, and is probably similar to what happened as the ice sheets melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are very temperature-sensitive,” says Breshears, “and I think that’s the most important take-away message, because that’s what I think we’re dealing with now in contemporary times.”[contextly_sidebar id=”AmMK0UmxARMsh17UuY6lYvdvw67PSkpw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31236-5\">journal Scientific Reports\u003c/a>, Breshears and scientists in Australia have documented sudden and widespread ecological shifts already. A heat wave in western Australia in 2011 caused coral bleaching in the ocean, as well as tree deaths, damaging insect outbreaks, and die-offs of birds on land (while populations of some fish increased) — all very different ecosystems responding in their own way to a warmer environment. Lead author Katinka Ruthrof of Murdoch University describes the impacts as “staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breadth of animals and plants affected by these heat wave conditions suggest our ecosystems are more vulnerable than we think to the projected increases in heat wave frequency, intensity and duration we are facing in the future,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Predict+Effects+Of+Global+Warming%2C+Scientists+Looked+Back+20%2C000+Years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A warming world could eventually make some of our most familiar ecosystems — deciduous forests, grasslands, Arctic tundra — unrecognizable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the conclusion of a team of over 40 scientists who took a novel approach to predicting the effects of how human-caused global warming will alter ecosystems. They looked about 20,000 years back in time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly many of my colleagues in climate-change ecology would give up a kidney to have data from the future,” says Stephen Jackson, director of the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and an ecologist at the U.S. Geological Survey. “But we’re not going to get that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So his team did some “paleo-ecology.” They looked at fossil pollen and vegetation for a period from about 20,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago. It was a time when a naturally warming Earth began to melt the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern hemisphere. Over that time, the Earth’s average temperature increased by about seven to 12 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Jackson says that’s not too different from what may happen now if emissions of greenhouse gases continue to grow as they are now. “The change over the next 100, 150 years is of similar magnitude globally to what we saw during the last ice retreat and warming,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that the current warming is a wee bit faster: “Instead of that happening over several thousand years, we’re cramming all that climatic change into a century, or a century-and-a-half.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the researchers found from the paleo-record was evidence that ecosystems changed radically as temperatures rose. In Jackson’s neighborhood in Arizona, for example, it’s now desert — various species of cactus and shrubs mostly. Fifteen thousand years ago, though, “what we’d see there instead is juniper and piñon woodland, and evergreen woodland utterly different from the vegetation we’d find here (now).”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So as climate changes, some forests may give way to woody shrubs or grassland. Or grasslands could convert to deserts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/920\">journal Science\u003c/a>, the researchers say they can’t predict exactly where and how fast these changes will happen. While temperature is a big influence, warming will also alter rainfall, weather, soil chemistry and sea levels. And their historical record is not an exact analogue of the future, since it represents a climate going from frigid to warm; now it’s moving from warm to warmer. That may affect ecosystems differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jackson says one thing is pretty sure: more unpredictability. In fact, just as they found in the past, the future may see new kinds of ecosystems that never existed before. “Many parts of the world will have very different conditions that have no modern counterpart,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses challenges for forests, wild lands and even fish populations –and for the people who manage them. “That’s going to create a great deal of chaos, ecological chaos out there as they try to adapt and respond to those changes,” Jackson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those changes are already happening. Some forests in the southwest are flipping from big evergreens to smaller plants and shrubs. Ecologist David Breshears at the University of Arizona says it’s caused by a combination of high heat, drought and fire, and is probably similar to what happened as the ice sheets melted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These changes are very temperature-sensitive,” says Breshears, “and I think that’s the most important take-away message, because that’s what I think we’re dealing with now in contemporary times.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-31236-5\">journal Scientific Reports\u003c/a>, Breshears and scientists in Australia have documented sudden and widespread ecological shifts already. A heat wave in western Australia in 2011 caused coral bleaching in the ocean, as well as tree deaths, damaging insect outbreaks, and die-offs of birds on land (while populations of some fish increased) — all very different ecosystems responding in their own way to a warmer environment. Lead author Katinka Ruthrof of Murdoch University describes the impacts as “staggering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The breadth of animals and plants affected by these heat wave conditions suggest our ecosystems are more vulnerable than we think to the projected increases in heat wave frequency, intensity and duration we are facing in the future,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Predict+Effects+Of+Global+Warming%2C+Scientists+Looked+Back+20%2C000+Years&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Dangerously Overgrown' Forests May Revive Logging Industry",
"headTitle": "‘Dangerously Overgrown’ Forests May Revive Logging Industry | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In Redding, where the Carr Fire burned more than 200,000 acres and destroyed more than a thousand homes, there’s a feeling of desperation. Something has to be done to clear the dense stands of trees and thick brush in the mountains around town, or the next fire will be even worse.[contextly_sidebar id=”6J6TyQdeTAPOMUSCY8UwzixxvC7j0q2S”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just global warming,” said Ryan Adcock, who grew up here. She was forced to evacuate her home for five days due to the Carr Fire and was taking advantage of a rare smoke free morning walking with her kids along a river front bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just one thing, there’s logging, there are several factors that play into why it’s worse now than it’s ever been,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when logging and timber companies ruled Redding. When Bill Oliver moved here in the 1960s to take a job with the U.S. Forest Service, he remembers the valley was lined with timber mill after timber mill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the major industry between Shasta Lake City, 8 miles north, all the way down to Anderson, 8 miles south of here,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to California’s deadly wildfires, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-fires-blog-as-trump-tweets-about-california-fires-1533693230-htmlstory.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump administration is calling for more ‘active’ logging \u003c/a>in western forests. They want to open up more public lands to the timber industry, to reduce the fire risk but also revive rural, natural-resource dependent economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a decades-old debate in the West and by no means a new GOP talking point. But out on the ground, foresters and even some timder industry leaders say what’s really needed to mitigate the wildfire threat is a lot more involved — and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The picture has changed,” says Rich Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks managed and fought fires for the U.S. Forest Service for 30 years, largely in southern Oregon and northern California, where many of the West’s worst fires have burned so far this year. Fairbanks is now a fire and forest management consultant from his home near Ashland, Ore.[contextly_sidebar id=”hidfqgQP7teUgioPyRefKojw4JVRgmyQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of senators and congressmen are still thinking we’re back in the 1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, much has changed since the 1970s and 1980s, which marked the height of the timber wars over clear cutting and the spotted owl. Since then, the amount of federal land open to logging has dropped precipitously and a lot of the logging moved to private land. Timber and logging companies themselves have consolidated and mechanized, leaving fewer people necessary to do the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Sustainable’ Industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even if more public land was opened back up to logging, retired Forest Service officials like Bill Oliver wonder whether there is enough industry left in the West to process the timber. Oliver, a wildfire scientist, says the forests are dangerously overgrown today due to prior forest management decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests are much too dense because we’ve tried to keep fire out for about a hundred years,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver says the actual stuff that needs to be cleared out of the woods are the brush and small diameter trees that provide kindling for today’s mega fires. Those don’t tend to be worth that much to the timber industry. It’s the big trees that make the money. This has long been an impediment to joint public-private forest restoration and wildfire mitigation efforts. But there are signs this is changing.[contextly_sidebar id=”c07wsvBxrVL7AM7hSFZ8MwOEGLtffZNy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the few big players left in northern California’s wood products industry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.spi-ind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Pacific Industries\u003c/a>. Each of their six mills in the region are being systematically upgraded to handle that smaller diameter wood so it can be turned into commercially viable products like particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry sees opportunity, says Dan Tomascheski, vice president of forest resources at the company. But they need reassurances that there will be a lumber supply on public lands for more than just one or two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can’t be a bubble,” he says. “This has to be a ramp up and then a sustained program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says there is a sustainable market — and opportunity — when you consider that upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 million acres of forest lands\u003c/a> nationwide are considered at risk of major fires and in need of treatment. So far only about two million acres of public land have been treated through logging and other thinning projects or prescribed burns, according to the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking about just cutting trees to cut trees,” says Tomascheski. “We’re talking about harvesting timber in a way that produces the fuel breaks and the thinning that we all need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Appeals \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says the biggest thing standing in the way of the fuel load is environmental lawsuits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.daines.senate.gov/news/press-releases/daines-introduces-legislation-to-accelerate-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A bill introduced this month\u003c/a> by Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., aims to reduce legal appeals and fast track forest management projects on some national forests in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent committee hearing, Daines said there were more than two dozen forest management projects under litigation in Montana alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even see the mountains out of my backdoor in my home which are just a few miles away because of the smoke,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s secretary of the interior, Ryan Zinke, has even \u003ca href=\"https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/13/exclusive-zinke-environmental-terrorist-groups-western-us-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">referred to some of the groups opposing logging as environmental terrorist organizations\u003c/a>, causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zinke-says-environmental-terrorist-groups-enabled-wildfires-n901481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an outcry\u003c/a> in many corners of the region. Still, in a lot of the West, tensions between environmentalists and logging companies have actually cooled over the past decade.[contextly_sidebar id=”TF3m95iiRBDJOC5n3HcMPDv13WnVMO4P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now partnerships and compromises being made on forest health projects from \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/panhandleforestcollaborative/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Idaho\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/snfci-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> that don’t always make the headlines. Dan Tomascheski at Sierra Pacific says his company now regularly talks with some environmental groups that he couldn’t imagined working with 20 years ago. “The level of hostility and the fiery dialogue has really diminished,” Tomascheski says. He says this is largely due to an understanding among all sides that the status quo in forest management isn’t working and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfires are only worsening\u003c/a> in severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People outside of Washington D.C. tend to point their finger at a much less high profile culprit they say is holding up fire mitigation projects: funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest enemy of good forest management, especially fire management, is budget cuts,” says forest management consultant Rich Armstrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong says it takes money to plan and implement the kinds of landscape level forest restoration projects that are needed. But the government has cut the budget for wildfire mitigation and other forest programs, while diverting much of the remaining funding to pay to fight wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sierra Pacific, Dan Tomascheski sees the effects of this on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Forest Service has lost quite a bit of expertise in all of the disciplines of hydrology, road engineering, wildlife biology etcetera,” he says. “They’ve lost a lot of the funding for those positions and they need to regain some of that expertise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress recently passed a bi-partisan fix creating a separate fund to pay for wildfire suppression, though that won’t take effect until next year at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Will+More+Logging+Save+Western+Forests+From+Wildfires%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Trump administration has called for more logging of western forests to reduce wildfire risks. But people on the ground in the west say the solution is thinning and forest restoration, not logging.",
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"description": "The Trump administration has called for more logging of western forests to reduce wildfire risks. But people on the ground in the west say the solution is thinning and forest restoration, not logging.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Redding, where the Carr Fire burned more than 200,000 acres and destroyed more than a thousand homes, there’s a feeling of desperation. Something has to be done to clear the dense stands of trees and thick brush in the mountains around town, or the next fire will be even worse.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just global warming,” said Ryan Adcock, who grew up here. She was forced to evacuate her home for five days due to the Carr Fire and was taking advantage of a rare smoke free morning walking with her kids along a river front bike path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not just one thing, there’s logging, there are several factors that play into why it’s worse now than it’s ever been,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a time when logging and timber companies ruled Redding. When Bill Oliver moved here in the 1960s to take a job with the U.S. Forest Service, he remembers the valley was lined with timber mill after timber mill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the major industry between Shasta Lake City, 8 miles north, all the way down to Anderson, 8 miles south of here,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to California’s deadly wildfires, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-california-fires-blog-as-trump-tweets-about-california-fires-1533693230-htmlstory.html#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump administration is calling for more ‘active’ logging \u003c/a>in western forests. They want to open up more public lands to the timber industry, to reduce the fire risk but also revive rural, natural-resource dependent economies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a decades-old debate in the West and by no means a new GOP talking point. But out on the ground, foresters and even some timder industry leaders say what’s really needed to mitigate the wildfire threat is a lot more involved — and expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The picture has changed,” says Rich Fairbanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fairbanks managed and fought fires for the U.S. Forest Service for 30 years, largely in southern Oregon and northern California, where many of the West’s worst fires have burned so far this year. Fairbanks is now a fire and forest management consultant from his home near Ashland, Ore.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of senators and congressmen are still thinking we’re back in the 1970s,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, much has changed since the 1970s and 1980s, which marked the height of the timber wars over clear cutting and the spotted owl. Since then, the amount of federal land open to logging has dropped precipitously and a lot of the logging moved to private land. Timber and logging companies themselves have consolidated and mechanized, leaving fewer people necessary to do the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A ‘Sustainable’ Industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, even if more public land was opened back up to logging, retired Forest Service officials like Bill Oliver wonder whether there is enough industry left in the West to process the timber. Oliver, a wildfire scientist, says the forests are dangerously overgrown today due to prior forest management decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The forests are much too dense because we’ve tried to keep fire out for about a hundred years,” Oliver says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oliver says the actual stuff that needs to be cleared out of the woods are the brush and small diameter trees that provide kindling for today’s mega fires. Those don’t tend to be worth that much to the timber industry. It’s the big trees that make the money. This has long been an impediment to joint public-private forest restoration and wildfire mitigation efforts. But there are signs this is changing.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the few big players left in northern California’s wood products industry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.spi-ind.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Pacific Industries\u003c/a>. Each of their six mills in the region are being systematically upgraded to handle that smaller diameter wood so it can be turned into commercially viable products like particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry sees opportunity, says Dan Tomascheski, vice president of forest resources at the company. But they need reassurances that there will be a lumber supply on public lands for more than just one or two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can’t be a bubble,” he says. “This has to be a ramp up and then a sustained program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service says there is a sustainable market — and opportunity — when you consider that upwards of \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">80 million acres of forest lands\u003c/a> nationwide are considered at risk of major fires and in need of treatment. So far only about two million acres of public land have been treated through logging and other thinning projects or prescribed burns, according to the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not talking about just cutting trees to cut trees,” says Tomascheski. “We’re talking about harvesting timber in a way that produces the fuel breaks and the thinning that we all need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Appeals \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says the biggest thing standing in the way of the fuel load is environmental lawsuits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.daines.senate.gov/news/press-releases/daines-introduces-legislation-to-accelerate-forest-management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A bill introduced this month\u003c/a> by Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., aims to reduce legal appeals and fast track forest management projects on some national forests in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent committee hearing, Daines said there were more than two dozen forest management projects under litigation in Montana alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t even see the mountains out of my backdoor in my home which are just a few miles away because of the smoke,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration’s secretary of the interior, Ryan Zinke, has even \u003ca href=\"https://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2018/08/13/exclusive-zinke-environmental-terrorist-groups-western-us-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">referred to some of the groups opposing logging as environmental terrorist organizations\u003c/a>, causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/zinke-says-environmental-terrorist-groups-enabled-wildfires-n901481\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">an outcry\u003c/a> in many corners of the region. Still, in a lot of the West, tensions between environmentalists and logging companies have actually cooled over the past decade.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now partnerships and compromises being made on forest health projects from \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/site/panhandleforestcollaborative/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Idaho\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierranevada.ca.gov/our-work/snfci-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> that don’t always make the headlines. Dan Tomascheski at Sierra Pacific says his company now regularly talks with some environmental groups that he couldn’t imagined working with 20 years ago. “The level of hostility and the fiery dialogue has really diminished,” Tomascheski says. He says this is largely due to an understanding among all sides that the status quo in forest management isn’t working and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/07/636458618/why-todays-wildfires-are-hotter-and-more-destructive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wildfires are only worsening\u003c/a> in severity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People outside of Washington D.C. tend to point their finger at a much less high profile culprit they say is holding up fire mitigation projects: funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest enemy of good forest management, especially fire management, is budget cuts,” says forest management consultant Rich Armstrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Armstrong says it takes money to plan and implement the kinds of landscape level forest restoration projects that are needed. But the government has cut the budget for wildfire mitigation and other forest programs, while diverting much of the remaining funding to pay to fight wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sierra Pacific, Dan Tomascheski sees the effects of this on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Forest Service has lost quite a bit of expertise in all of the disciplines of hydrology, road engineering, wildlife biology etcetera,” he says. “They’ve lost a lot of the funding for those positions and they need to regain some of that expertise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress recently passed a bi-partisan fix creating a separate fund to pay for wildfire suppression, though that won’t take effect until next year at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Will+More+Logging+Save+Western+Forests+From+Wildfires%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming",
"headTitle": "Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. [contextly_sidebar id=”sWyFdeRoG72e6iFHeWRtN5pZ4UuEEENC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.[contextly_sidebar id=”3velOgPHUkHKX82y0LnfZFw1nJlDV7hl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Ups the Ante: 100 Percent Clean Energy by 2045",
"headTitle": "California Ups the Ante: 100 Percent Clean Energy by 2045 | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California appears to be on a path toward one of the nation’s most ambitious clean-energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State, which is also the world’s fifth largest economy, would accelerate its efforts to generate most of the state’s energy from carbon-free sources and set a goal of phasing out fossil fuels entirely by 2045 under legislation approved Tuesday by state lawmakers.[contextly_sidebar id=”nvTwhrfxI0g5rP5e2wA4N38fsjL8BBjb”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>If signed by Gov. Jerry Brown, the bill will require California utilities to get half their energy from wind, solar and other specific renewable sources by 2026 — four years sooner than current law requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>They would then have four more years to get 60 percent from renewables. The 2045 deadline of phasing out fossil fuels is a goal that does not include mandates or penalties. Hawaii is the only other U.S. state that has set the future bar at 100 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The California measure by Democratic Sen. Kevin de Leon, who is running for U.S. Senate, got a last-minute celebrity endorsement when former Vice President Al Gore and actor and former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger wrote letters in support. Other actors, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Chris Hemsworth and Mark Ruffalo, have tweeted their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, state legislators proved to the world that climate leadership is alive and well in California, even if it’s absent in Washington D.C.,” said Laura Wisland, senior energy manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>It was one of more than 100 bills voted on Tuesday by the Senate and Assembly as lawmakers speed toward a Friday deadline to finish their business for the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qOTEdofIBXnowPV97gyjNeLTZC35IoMn”]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Most Democrats cheered the renewable energy bill as another way for California to show global leadership in addressing climate change by charting a path for other large economies to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“We have to be a leader. We have to show what can be done,” said Assemblyman Bill Quirk, a Hayward Democrat. “If we can get to 100 percent renewables, others will as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Quirk, a scientist who has worked on climate change research, said he wasn’t sure if the new goals were feasible, but the state must try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans, joined by a handful of moderate Democrats, said the legislation would saddle families and businesses with higher energy bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“Why would this body double-down and further increase costs on struggling California families?” said Steven Choi, R-Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The new goal is a big leap from the state’s current farthest-reaching goal of 50 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One hundred percent is a whole other ball of wax,” says Lucas Davis, an energy economist at UC Berkeley, “because of all of a sudden you’re not being able to rely on natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phasing out fossil fuels would be a massive change in the energy grid. Utilities rely on natural gas plants to meet demand when renewables fall short, particularly in the early evening when the sun sets and people turn on their air conditioners as they get home from work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renewable energy experts have looked to batteries that can store \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2018-05-21/commentary-californias-new-rooftop-mandate-solar-power-enthusiasts-not-impressed\">solar energy \u003c/a>generated in the afternoon as one possible solution, but the technology is not ready for widescale deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writers Kathleen Ronayne, Don Thompson and Sophia Bollag, as well as KQED Science staff contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Only Hawaii has a similarly ambitious path to clean energy -- but the California bill carries no penalties for falling short.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California appears to be on a path toward one of the nation’s most ambitious clean-energy goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Golden State, which is also the world’s fifth largest economy, would accelerate its efforts to generate most of the state’s energy from carbon-free sources and set a goal of phasing out fossil fuels entirely by 2045 under legislation approved Tuesday by state lawmakers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>If signed by Gov. Jerry Brown, the bill will require California utilities to get half their energy from wind, solar and other specific renewable sources by 2026 — four years sooner than current law requires.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>They would then have four more years to get 60 percent from renewables. The 2045 deadline of phasing out fossil fuels is a goal that does not include mandates or penalties. Hawaii is the only other U.S. state that has set the future bar at 100 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The California measure by Democratic Sen. Kevin de Leon, who is running for U.S. Senate, got a last-minute celebrity endorsement when former Vice President Al Gore and actor and former Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger wrote letters in support. Other actors, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Chris Hemsworth and Mark Ruffalo, have tweeted their support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, state legislators proved to the world that climate leadership is alive and well in California, even if it’s absent in Washington D.C.,” said Laura Wisland, senior energy manager at the Union of Concerned Scientists in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>It was one of more than 100 bills voted on Tuesday by the Senate and Assembly as lawmakers speed toward a Friday deadline to finish their business for the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Most Democrats cheered the renewable energy bill as another way for California to show global leadership in addressing climate change by charting a path for other large economies to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“We have to be a leader. We have to show what can be done,” said Assemblyman Bill Quirk, a Hayward Democrat. “If we can get to 100 percent renewables, others will as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>Quirk, a scientist who has worked on climate change research, said he wasn’t sure if the new goals were feasible, but the state must try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans, joined by a handful of moderate Democrats, said the legislation would saddle families and businesses with higher energy bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>“Why would this body double-down and further increase costs on struggling California families?” said Steven Choi, R-Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>The new goal is a big leap from the state’s current farthest-reaching goal of 50 percent renewables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One hundred percent is a whole other ball of wax,” says Lucas Davis, an energy economist at UC Berkeley, “because of all of a sudden you’re not being able to rely on natural gas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phasing out fossil fuels would be a massive change in the energy grid. Utilities rely on natural gas plants to meet demand when renewables fall short, particularly in the early evening when the sun sets and people turn on their air conditioners as they get home from work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renewable energy experts have looked to batteries that can store \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/articles/2018-05-21/commentary-californias-new-rooftop-mandate-solar-power-enthusiasts-not-impressed\">solar energy \u003c/a>generated in the afternoon as one possible solution, but the technology is not ready for widescale deployment.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>__\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"article-body-item ad-in-text-target \">\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writers Kathleen Ronayne, Don Thompson and Sophia Bollag, as well as KQED Science staff contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "The Hot New Venue for Summer Weddings – Your Local Sewage Plant",
"headTitle": "The Hot New Venue for Summer Weddings – Your Local Sewage Plant | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Among the great variety of locations a couple might consider as their wedding venue, a sewage treatment plant probably would not rank highly. Yet weddings are happening at the Brightwater Treatment Plant near Maltby, Washington.[contextly_sidebar id=”rQxnceJoqJ3B0lRAcObWEcPRCXxm5C1a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be precise, couples are booking the Brightwater Education and Community Center for their nuptials. Two dozen couples have tied the knot within the center’s striking contemporary architecture since 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a revolutionary complement to the utility’s basic sewage processing mission, offering lush gardens, forested hiking trails, a visitor center, rental halls, a commercial kitchen and a salmon-bearing stream fed by treated wastewater. All of it is open to the public as a park and museum-like interpretive facility, designed from the start to share the gospel of wastewater management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public facilities cost about $8 million, or less than 1 percent of the new treatment plant’s $1.8 billion cost. Both were completed in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brightwater is not the first or the only center of its kind in the West. A growing number of wastewater utilities are investing in public amenities in an effort to bring their work out of the shadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They view it as a survival strategy: As recycled wastewater goes mainstream and decaying infrastructure demands expensive maintenance, they’ve decided Americans need to know more about what happens after they flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re finding out that people are interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public has told us they value having an education center as part of the treatment system,” said Annie Kolb-Nelson, a King County spokesperson. “We want people to be connected to the water quality mission of our treatment facilities. We also want them to understand the wastewater process, because that can help them take actions at home that can help us better protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930455\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-520x352.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wedding party at the Brightwater Education and Community Center in King County, Washington. The facility was built adjacent to the county’s Brightwater wastewater treatment plant and has hosted 24 weddings since 2014. \u003ccite>(King County Wastewater Treatment Division)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For decades, many wastewater treatment plants have offered guided tours for school classes and community groups. Some offer access by appointment to wetland habitats used for wastewater disposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These new facilities are different. They have regular public hours during which visitors can drop in for an educational experience that may include hiking, picnicking or attending a special event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“There are some people who would rather flush it and forget it. And that’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>,” said Ely O’Connor, who oversees education and outreach at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanwaterservices.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Clean Water Services\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a wastewater treatment utility based in Hillsboro, Oregon. “We’re not trying to cram it down people’s throats. But there are a lot of other people that are interested, and we should offer as many opportunities to engage them as we can.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">O’Connor’s agency invites people to visit its \u003ca href=\"https://fernhillnts.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Fernhill Wetlands\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a 700-acre park-like setting where wastewater is treated naturally in a complex of streams, ponds and wetlands before discharge to the Tualatin River. There’s a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>-mile trail network open to the public, with more trails in the works. The agency is also constructing a small education building, at a cost of $150,000, that will offer multimedia displays explaining the wastewater treatment process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1020x723.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1020x723.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-768x545.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1200x851.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1180x837.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-960x681.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-375x266.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-520x369.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors enjoy a stroll at Fernhill Wetlands, a natural wastewater treatment complex and trail network built by Clean Water Services in Forest Grove, Oregon. The utility is also building a small education center. \u003ccite>(Clean Water Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our big goal is for folks to understand the water cycle, and to realize there is only one water cycle,” O’Connor said. “All the water we are using is really all the water we will ever have, so it’s really important to be responsible with it. It takes all of us to be stewards of water, and there are lots of ways to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the first wastewater utilities to embrace this new mission was the \u003ca href=\"https://lottcleanwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LOTT\u003c/span> Clean Water Alliance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington. The agency’s name is an acronym that stands for the communities it serves: the cities of Lacey, Olympia, Tumwater and Thurston County. In 2010, it opened the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wetsciencecenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Education and Technology (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span>) Science Center\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, where interactive displays allow visitors to locate their own home in the sewage treatment network, then learn how their wastewater is cleaned and returned to the environment.[contextly_sidebar id=”sHuHREzc0hHiD6qkpCVWqtO7RBs9JAom”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Its most remarkable feature is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wetsciencecenter.org/visit-us/play-at-the-plaza/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Bay Public Plaza\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a constructed stream and wetland that flow with recycled wastewater. Visitors are invited to wade in the stream. It has become a popular destination for families, especially on hot summer days. Signs and artwork in the plaza educate visitors about the importance of clean water and the wastewater treatment process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The plaza was built for $4 million in partnership with the city and port of Olympia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On a hot day, it’s like wall-to-wall people,” said spokesperson Joanne Lind. “We get tons of visitors and tons of kids coming to the stream and the museum.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span> Science Center draws about 17,000 visitors a year, Lind said. It was placed in the lobby of the agency’s new administration building, which carries a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LEED\u003c/span> Platinum certification, recognized as the highest achievement in sustainable design and construction. The building cost $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">13.5\u003c/span> million, and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span> Center accounted for about 10 percent of that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The visitor appeal is helped by the fact that the building and stream are located next door to the \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.hocm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Hands On Children’s Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/span>, a nonprofit that promotes science and arts education.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We developed the plaza stream as a demonstration to help people gain acceptance of reclaimed water,” Lind said. “We want them to understand what we do and why treating wastewater is expensive. But we also try to share with them messages about what they can do to protect water quality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These facilities were all built in relatively affluent communities that already have other outstanding outdoor recreation available. But the newest in this genre is starting from a different place.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Later this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastvalley.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Valley Water District\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in San Bernardino County, California, will start construction on its Sterling Natural Resource Center, a brand-new wastewater treatment plant. It will be built in the city of Highland, where the poverty rate is about 50 percent higher than the national average.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Historically, utilities often built their wastewater treatment plants in poor neighborhoods or out-of-the-way places, because it was assumed the public didn’t want to think about sewage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rather than repeat that practice, East Valley set out to design the new plant as an asset for the community, said John Mura, the district’s general manager and chief executive. He believes the $140 million investment in the treatment plant is buying not just a sewage processing factory, but a catalyst for community improvement.[contextly_sidebar id=”epSCU75mdlCGVsMnzsA3OMEJOZ7DLjaw”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could have gone controversial,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” said Mura. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“But we had a community that was highly supportive of this. Instead of building something that you’re trying to hide behind walls, we’re actually going to make it the crown jewel of the community.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930457 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1020x495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1020x495.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-768x373.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1200x583.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1180x573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-960x466.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-240x117.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-375x182.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-520x253.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1.jpg 1287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A site plan for the Sterling Natural Resource Center in Highland, California, which the East Valley Water District will start building this fall. On the right is a new sewage treatment facility, and on the left is a new public park and community center. (Image Courtesy East Valley Water District) \u003ccite>(LOTT Clean Water Alliance)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Among other things, he hopes the facility becomes popular for weddings and regular events, like a weekly farmers\u003c/span>’ market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Indoor spaces will include a community center with meeting spaces available to rent, a catering kitchen and classrooms with computers and multimedia equipment. Rental fees for ratepayers will be nominal \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– just enough to cover custodial costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Highland also has a shortage of public parks, and the new Sterling Natural Resource Center will help remedy that. The grounds will include an 8-acre public park, walking trails, an outdoor amphitheater and stage, native plant gardens and kiosks offering educational information about wastewater treatment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sewage treatment plants are required to include detention basins to hold treated wastewater in the event of a power outage or other disruption. Often these are ugly, industrial things. At the Sterling Center, the detention basin will be built as a landscaped pond with picnic platforms and boardwalks built over the water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We live in the middle of the San Bernardino Valley. There’s no lakes or standing water anywhere,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” Mura said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“So it will really create a nice ambience.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930458\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930458\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1020x486.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1020x486.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-160x76.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-800x381.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-768x366.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1200x572.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1180x563.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-960x458.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-240x114.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-375x179.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-520x248.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1.jpg 1296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the proposed Sterling Natural Resource Center in Highland, California, showing the community center and a pond to hold recycled wastewater. (East Valley Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project also represents a major step toward self-sufficiency for the community. Since its founding in 1954, the district has provided drinking water but not sewage treatment. Instead, it has conveyed raw wastewater to the city of San Bernardino, which does the treatment and disposal under contract.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the new Sterling Center, the district will begin treating its own wastewater. Instead of shipping it out of the community, the highly refined wastewater will be used to recharge groundwater, which provides about 75 percent of the community’s drinking water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We saw this as an opportunity to insulate our community from future droughts,” said Mura. “If you’re going to spend $100 million and all people get is the ability to flush their toilet, are you really adding value to the community?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The entire project is being built at no more expense to ratepayers than what they currently pay the city of San Bernardino for wastewater treatment, Mura said. No rate increases will be necessary. And by treating its own wastewater, the district will gain more control over future rate increases.[contextly_sidebar id=”83K8e5kijc3GMyQ4yFNz2FiPdnK4Lt9J”]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The district also plans to use the facility to promote careers in water and wastewater management \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– a goal also cited by the other utilities interviewed here. The industry is graying, Mura said, with nearly half of current employees eligible for retirement within five years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the Sterling Center, the East Valley Water District will partner with the local K-12 school district to launch a career training program. Students at Indian Springs High School \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– located across the street \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– will be able to take classes to qualify for state certification as water plant operators. The day they graduate from high school, they’ll be eligible for career-track jobs in the industry that come with health benefits, pensions and tuition assistance for a college degree.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All these new programs and amenities \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– parks, meeting rooms, trails and classes \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– are expected to add only about 10 percent to the cost of the basic wastewater plant, Mura said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“For the last 100 years, the philosophy has been that wastewater is something people want out of their community as fast as possible,” said Mura. “But with advancements in technology and engineering \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– and for a little bit extra money \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– you can actually make it into a resource.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/08/29/the-hot-new-venue-for-summer-weddings-your-local-sewage-plant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Wastewater treatment has always been hidden away, as nobody wanted to be near it. Now utility managers are inviting the community into their world by building parks, hiking trails and attractive spaces for special events.",
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"description": "Wastewater treatment has always been hidden away, as nobody wanted to be near it. Now utility managers are inviting the community into their world by building parks, hiking trails and attractive spaces for special events.",
"title": "The Hot New Venue for Summer Weddings – Your Local Sewage Plant | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Among the great variety of locations a couple might consider as their wedding venue, a sewage treatment plant probably would not rank highly. Yet weddings are happening at the Brightwater Treatment Plant near Maltby, Washington.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be precise, couples are booking the Brightwater Education and Community Center for their nuptials. Two dozen couples have tied the knot within the center’s striking contemporary architecture since 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a revolutionary complement to the utility’s basic sewage processing mission, offering lush gardens, forested hiking trails, a visitor center, rental halls, a commercial kitchen and a salmon-bearing stream fed by treated wastewater. All of it is open to the public as a park and museum-like interpretive facility, designed from the start to share the gospel of wastewater management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public facilities cost about $8 million, or less than 1 percent of the new treatment plant’s $1.8 billion cost. Both were completed in 2011.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brightwater is not the first or the only center of its kind in the West. A growing number of wastewater utilities are investing in public amenities in an effort to bring their work out of the shadows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They view it as a survival strategy: As recycled wastewater goes mainstream and decaying infrastructure demands expensive maintenance, they’ve decided Americans need to know more about what happens after they flush the toilet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’re finding out that people are interested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public has told us they value having an education center as part of the treatment system,” said Annie Kolb-Nelson, a King County spokesperson. “We want people to be connected to the water quality mission of our treatment facilities. We also want them to understand the wastewater process, because that can help them take actions at home that can help us better protect the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1930455\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-375x254.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/Wedding_One2-520x352.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wedding party at the Brightwater Education and Community Center in King County, Washington. The facility was built adjacent to the county’s Brightwater wastewater treatment plant and has hosted 24 weddings since 2014. \u003ccite>(King County Wastewater Treatment Division)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">For decades, many wastewater treatment plants have offered guided tours for school classes and community groups. Some offer access by appointment to wetland habitats used for wastewater disposal.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These new facilities are different. They have regular public hours during which visitors can drop in for an educational experience that may include hiking, picnicking or attending a special event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“There are some people who would rather flush it and forget it. And that’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK\u003c/span>,” said Ely O’Connor, who oversees education and outreach at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleanwaterservices.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Clean Water Services\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a wastewater treatment utility based in Hillsboro, Oregon. “We’re not trying to cram it down people’s throats. But there are a lot of other people that are interested, and we should offer as many opportunities to engage them as we can.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">O’Connor’s agency invites people to visit its \u003ca href=\"https://fernhillnts.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Fernhill Wetlands\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a 700-acre park-like setting where wastewater is treated naturally in a complex of streams, ponds and wetlands before discharge to the Tualatin River. There’s a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>-mile trail network open to the public, with more trails in the works. The agency is also constructing a small education building, at a cost of $150,000, that will offer multimedia displays explaining the wastewater treatment process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930456\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930456\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1020x723.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1020x723.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-768x545.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1200x851.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-1180x837.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-960x681.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-240x170.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-375x266.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011-520x369.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2F5A89011.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors enjoy a stroll at Fernhill Wetlands, a natural wastewater treatment complex and trail network built by Clean Water Services in Forest Grove, Oregon. The utility is also building a small education center. \u003ccite>(Clean Water Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Our big goal is for folks to understand the water cycle, and to realize there is only one water cycle,” O’Connor said. “All the water we are using is really all the water we will ever have, so it’s really important to be responsible with it. It takes all of us to be stewards of water, and there are lots of ways to do that.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the first wastewater utilities to embrace this new mission was the \u003ca href=\"https://lottcleanwater.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">LOTT\u003c/span> Clean Water Alliance\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in Olympia, Washington. The agency’s name is an acronym that stands for the communities it serves: the cities of Lacey, Olympia, Tumwater and Thurston County. In 2010, it opened the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wetsciencecenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Water Education and Technology (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span>) Science Center\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, where interactive displays allow visitors to locate their own home in the sewage treatment network, then learn how their wastewater is cleaned and returned to the environment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Its most remarkable feature is the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wetsciencecenter.org/visit-us/play-at-the-plaza/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Bay Public Plaza\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, a constructed stream and wetland that flow with recycled wastewater. Visitors are invited to wade in the stream. It has become a popular destination for families, especially on hot summer days. Signs and artwork in the plaza educate visitors about the importance of clean water and the wastewater treatment process.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The plaza was built for $4 million in partnership with the city and port of Olympia.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“On a hot day, it’s like wall-to-wall people,” said spokesperson Joanne Lind. “We get tons of visitors and tons of kids coming to the stream and the museum.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span> Science Center draws about 17,000 visitors a year, Lind said. It was placed in the lobby of the agency’s new administration building, which carries a \u003cspan class=\"caps\">LEED\u003c/span> Platinum certification, recognized as the highest achievement in sustainable design and construction. The building cost $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">13.5\u003c/span> million, and the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">WET\u003c/span> Center accounted for about 10 percent of that.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The visitor appeal is helped by the fact that the building and stream are located next door to the \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.hocm.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Hands On Children’s Museum\u003c/a>\u003c/span>, a nonprofit that promotes science and arts education.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We developed the plaza stream as a demonstration to help people gain acceptance of reclaimed water,” Lind said. “We want them to understand what we do and why treating wastewater is expensive. But we also try to share with them messages about what they can do to protect water quality.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">These facilities were all built in relatively affluent communities that already have other outstanding outdoor recreation available. But the newest in this genre is starting from a different place.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Later this year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.eastvalley.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">East Valley Water District\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in San Bernardino County, California, will start construction on its Sterling Natural Resource Center, a brand-new wastewater treatment plant. It will be built in the city of Highland, where the poverty rate is about 50 percent higher than the national average.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Historically, utilities often built their wastewater treatment plants in poor neighborhoods or out-of-the-way places, because it was assumed the public didn’t want to think about sewage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Rather than repeat that practice, East Valley set out to design the new plant as an asset for the community, said John Mura, the district’s general manager and chief executive. He believes the $140 million investment in the treatment plant is buying not just a sewage processing factory, but a catalyst for community improvement.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“It could have gone controversial,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” said Mura. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“But we had a community that was highly supportive of this. Instead of building something that you’re trying to hide behind walls, we’re actually going to make it the crown jewel of the community.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930457\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1930457 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1020x495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1020x495.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-160x78.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-800x389.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-768x373.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1200x583.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-1180x573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-960x466.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-240x117.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-375x182.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1-520x253.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/2018_07_26_EVWD_siteplan_updated_Reduced1.jpg 1287w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A site plan for the Sterling Natural Resource Center in Highland, California, which the East Valley Water District will start building this fall. On the right is a new sewage treatment facility, and on the left is a new public park and community center. (Image Courtesy East Valley Water District) \u003ccite>(LOTT Clean Water Alliance)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Among other things, he hopes the facility becomes popular for weddings and regular events, like a weekly farmers\u003c/span>’ market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Indoor spaces will include a community center with meeting spaces available to rent, a catering kitchen and classrooms with computers and multimedia equipment. Rental fees for ratepayers will be nominal \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– just enough to cover custodial costs.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Highland also has a shortage of public parks, and the new Sterling Natural Resource Center will help remedy that. The grounds will include an 8-acre public park, walking trails, an outdoor amphitheater and stage, native plant gardens and kiosks offering educational information about wastewater treatment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Sewage treatment plants are required to include detention basins to hold treated wastewater in the event of a power outage or other disruption. Often these are ugly, industrial things. At the Sterling Center, the detention basin will be built as a landscaped pond with picnic platforms and boardwalks built over the water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We live in the middle of the San Bernardino Valley. There’s no lakes or standing water anywhere,\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">” Mura said. \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“So it will really create a nice ambience.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930458\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930458\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1020x486.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1020x486.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-160x76.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-800x381.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-768x366.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1200x572.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-1180x563.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-960x458.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-240x114.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-375x179.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1-520x248.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/EVWD-SNRC10_Reduced1.jpg 1296w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist’s rendering of the proposed Sterling Natural Resource Center in Highland, California, showing the community center and a pond to hold recycled wastewater. (East Valley Water District)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The project also represents a major step toward self-sufficiency for the community. Since its founding in 1954, the district has provided drinking water but not sewage treatment. Instead, it has conveyed raw wastewater to the city of San Bernardino, which does the treatment and disposal under contract.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the new Sterling Center, the district will begin treating its own wastewater. Instead of shipping it out of the community, the highly refined wastewater will be used to recharge groundwater, which provides about 75 percent of the community’s drinking water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“We saw this as an opportunity to insulate our community from future droughts,” said Mura. “If you’re going to spend $100 million and all people get is the ability to flush their toilet, are you really adding value to the community?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The entire project is being built at no more expense to ratepayers than what they currently pay the city of San Bernardino for wastewater treatment, Mura said. No rate increases will be necessary. And by treating its own wastewater, the district will gain more control over future rate increases.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The district also plans to use the facility to promote careers in water and wastewater management \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– a goal also cited by the other utilities interviewed here. The industry is graying, Mura said, with nearly half of current employees eligible for retirement within five years.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">At the Sterling Center, the East Valley Water District will partner with the local K-12 school district to launch a career training program. Students at Indian Springs High School \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– located across the street \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– will be able to take classes to qualify for state certification as water plant operators. The day they graduate from high school, they’ll be eligible for career-track jobs in the industry that come with health benefits, pensions and tuition assistance for a college degree.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">All these new programs and amenities \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– parks, meeting rooms, trails and classes \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– are expected to add only about 10 percent to the cost of the basic wastewater plant, Mura said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">“For the last 100 years, the philosophy has been that wastewater is something people want out of their community as fast as possible,” said Mura. “But with advancements in technology and engineering \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– and for a little bit extra money \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">– you can actually make it into a resource.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/08/29/the-hot-new-venue-for-summer-weddings-your-local-sewage-plant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Mysterious Die-Off in the Malibu Lagoon Leaves Hundreds of Fish Floating",
"headTitle": "Mysterious Die-Off in the Malibu Lagoon Leaves Hundreds of Fish Floating | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California officials were trying Monday to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tiny Malibu coast.[contextly_sidebar id=”F3hh1RYvcZXN9NOjUOqqiElXpx2iUtDV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Malibu Lagoon die-off, which began last Wednesday, is likely caused by unusually warm water temperatures, said Craig Sap, superintendent of California State Parks’ Angeles District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had many days in a row of warmer-than-usual temperatures. We hadn’t had much of a breeze down there to keep the temperatures down,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Other possibilities include elevated nutrient levels, dropping levels of dissolved oxygen or having too many fish in the lagoon. Officials are taking water samples and fish for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu Lagoon underwent a controversial restoration project in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major conservation groups, including Sierra Club and Audubon Society chapters, backed the restoration, but others sued to stop the project, contending it would destroy sensitive wildlife habitat. The battle lasted for years but the project finally broke ground in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The die-off has raised locals’ concerns about what some call failures in the project.[contextly_sidebar id=”qM9lVHeHyvzl1kJfiQZadEmn0KDh1BkB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Wendy Dunn told \u003ca href=\"https://ktla.com/2018/08/27/hundreds-of-dead-fish-prompt-malibu-lagoon-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KTLA\u003c/a> that State Parks ignored plans for so-called breach points that would allow the lagoon water to mix with fresh ocean water to keep proper oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sap said breaching manually would cause more damage to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you end up doing is, some species that are not meant to be there get in, and species get flushed out when they shouldn’t have been,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the lagoon project improved the ecosystem by providing better oxygen levels and the number of fish in the lagoon has since increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California officials this week are trying to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tony Malibu coast.",
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"description": "California officials this week are trying to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tony Malibu coast.",
"title": "Mysterious Die-Off in the Malibu Lagoon Leaves Hundreds of Fish Floating | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials were trying Monday to solve a stinky mystery: A die-off has left hundreds of fish floating in a recently restored lagoon on the tiny Malibu coast.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe the Malibu Lagoon die-off, which began last Wednesday, is likely caused by unusually warm water temperatures, said Craig Sap, superintendent of California State Parks’ Angeles District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had many days in a row of warmer-than-usual temperatures. We hadn’t had much of a breeze down there to keep the temperatures down,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003cp>Other possibilities include elevated nutrient levels, dropping levels of dissolved oxygen or having too many fish in the lagoon. Officials are taking water samples and fish for testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malibu Lagoon underwent a controversial restoration project in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major conservation groups, including Sierra Club and Audubon Society chapters, backed the restoration, but others sued to stop the project, contending it would destroy sensitive wildlife habitat. The battle lasted for years but the project finally broke ground in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The die-off has raised locals’ concerns about what some call failures in the project.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resident Wendy Dunn told \u003ca href=\"https://ktla.com/2018/08/27/hundreds-of-dead-fish-prompt-malibu-lagoon-investigation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KTLA\u003c/a> that State Parks ignored plans for so-called breach points that would allow the lagoon water to mix with fresh ocean water to keep proper oxygen levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sap said breaching manually would cause more damage to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you end up doing is, some species that are not meant to be there get in, and species get flushed out when they shouldn’t have been,” Sap said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the lagoon project improved the ecosystem by providing better oxygen levels and the number of fish in the lagoon has since increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Some Of The Oldest Ice In The Arctic Is Now Breaking Apart",
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"content": "\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.[contextly_sidebar id=”VWXEuaK2RWs52WZ3Pm3x5TCDM4WNyw5K”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”[contextly_sidebar id=”jdqGorv5cOMSL6tx0kuM0M3fNqR8XDog”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A huge pack of floating ice along the northern Greenland coastline is breaking up and drifting apart into the Arctic Ocean — another consequence, scientists say, of global warming caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve never seen anything this large in terms of an opening north of Greenland,” says polar scientist \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/research/bios/scambos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ted Scambos\u003c/a> of the National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collaborates with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sea ice is some of the oldest and thickest in the Arctic. Wind and currents normally shove lots of ice up against the northern coast of Greenland, where it stacks up and clings for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a crowd entering a stadium,” Scambos says. “It’s sort of pushed by the ice behind it until it’s packed really tight, and that’s made it thick and durable.” Think of those long-lasting mounds of ice left on city streets by snowplows — but up to 30 feet thick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming, however, has finally \u003ca href=\"https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">begun to break up this ice\u003c/a>, Scambos says. The Arctic is warming faster than any other part of the planet; last February saw remarkably warm winter temperatures there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The normally year-round frozen ice “kind of rattles around in the Arctic now,” he says. “And [in] this area north of Greenland, what we’re seeing is that the ice is so thin and sort of loosely packed that a few days of strong winds in an unusual direction can push the ice away from the coast that it always collided with in its drift pattern.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar scientists have watched the duration and extent of Arctic Ocean ice decline for many years as a result of warming. But the loss of the Greenland section shows that warming is also changing how ice moves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the Greenland ice breakup may be out of sight, for polar scientists, it’s not out of mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another shift in the Arctic environment caused by warming. And scientists point out that the Arctic environment — its ocean currents, ice floes and wind patterns — affects the jet stream, which in turn influences the weather that people get across the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Some+Of+The+Oldest+Ice+In+The+Arctic+Is+Now+Breaking+Apart&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Is California’s Bid to Lead the World on Climate Solutions Paying Off At Home?",
"headTitle": "Is California’s Bid to Lead the World on Climate Solutions Paying Off At Home? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It was Arnold Schwarzenegger at his most persuasive: The then-California governor laid out an audacious vision, borrowed from legislators, of the Golden State leading the world in fighting the damaging effects of climate change.[contextly_sidebar id=”4yjW5TIki5aMYR51Brh8CffNfLwFPXf3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal’s sweep was as expansive as the Governator’s sculpted chest. The Global Warming Solutions Act passed on the last day of the legislative session in 2006, with a promise that its suite of carbon-cutting goals would not only do no harm to California’s economy but would expand it, ushering in green jobs and attracting investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also required state agencies to consult with experts to provide periodic analysis of any effect on California’s economic health. But those infrequent and complex reports have merely proved why economics is the dismal science: There’s fuzzy math on all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, the world’s fifth-largest economy, spends billions of dollars every year to support its dozens of climate-change programs but has trouble demonstrating whether the promise of the law that spawned them has been kept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a separate state law requires economic analysis of major regulations, there is no requirement for a retrospective review. Environmental authorities calculate projections rather than audit the past, a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2017/3542/Improving-CA-Regulatory-Analysis-020317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">problem\u003c/a>\u003c/u> identified by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, which is preparing its own analysis for release later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it has been virtually impossible to tell whether the state’s regulations to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">industrial emissions\u003c/a>, its demand that utilities use renewable energy and its push for residential solar panels have saved consumers money or added costs, driven businesses out or created new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarzenegger has been steadfast in saying the environmental laws he helped put in motion have outperformed expectations.[contextly_sidebar id=”9B9vsyp6osADOiOtCkkb2Af7I0LXkIXS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were told so many times by business leaders when we passed these environmental laws that businesses were going to leave the state, that the unemployment rate is going to rise, and it would be the end of our economy,” the former governor said in a speech in Vienna in June. “Quite the opposite has happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the promised benefits were that gross state product would increase on the order of $7 billion in 2020, and 100,000 new jobs would be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 2020 only 16 months away, it’s unclear whether those numbers will pan out. The state has produced no reliable evidence linking growth so far to climate policies. And economists say it’s nearly impossible to parse whether California’s good fortunes are the result of the environmental laws or despite them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board, which developed the blueprint for implementation of the original law and those that have built on it, has expressed frustration. In a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/board/mt/2017/mt012717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a>\u003c/u> last year, she appeared dissatisfied that the agency’s broad claims of economic benefit weren’t reflected more clearly in its projections, particularly concerning the state-run cap-and-trade system that limits how much companies are permitted to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering the stakes, hers was a breathtakingly candid admission: “We still don’t have the ability to capture, in any kind of models that seem to be available to us, at least some of the elements that we are intuitively claiming,” Nichols said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m wondering,” she went on, “if we have failed, in some way, to…do the kind of research that needs to be done, whether there’s a way to get that kind of research done, so that we’d have a better basis to use economics in decision making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s most recent projections are for the year 2030, outlined in a 132-page \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. With most factors weighed, the document says, California’s climate policies could reduce the economy by .03 percent—a negligible effect, according to economists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/mary_nichols-028-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\" width=\"450\" height=\"303\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And California appears well on the way to meeting its nearest goals for cutting greenhouse gases: reducing them over the next two years to what they were in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, said \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/people/bushnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Bushnell\u003c/a>\u003c/u>, an environmental economist at the University of California, Davis, “I think we oversold the argument this was going to cause growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All we can really say is that the California economy is growing and doing well” right now, said Bushnell, who has twice participated in state review panels on the economic impact of environmental policy. “Everything else I would take with a huge boulder of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de León says jobs growth can be traced directly to California’s continuing climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coming off the worst economic recession we had, we created upwards of 500,000 jobs in the clean-energy space. That’s 500,000 jobs that didn’t exist were it not for the policies of the Senate, Assembly and the governor,” said de León, a Democrat from Los Angeles who is running to unseat U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His claim is an oft-cited \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://info.aee.net/advanced-energy-jobs-in-california-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistic\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. But many researchers say that measurement doesn’t distinguish between new jobs that add to the workforce and jobs that merely supplant old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC Berkeley \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/job-impacts-ca-rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a>\u003c/u> the state’s mandate that utilities get half of their power from renewable sources by 2030 will have created as many as 429,000 construction jobs from 2015 to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, labor unions and trade groups cite employment bumps whenever renewable-energy projects or other green mandates are rolled out. But much of that work is temporary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky task of projecting employment was noted by the \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2010/rsrc/ab32_impact/ab32_impact_030410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislative analyst\u003c/a>\u003c/u> in 2010, when it found that the air board “was not able to provide reliable estimates of the jobs impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mandate of the 2006 law was that the state consider the “maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction” of greenhouse gases. That caution was meant to protect California companies from suddenly absorbing undue burdens to comply.[contextly_sidebar id=”XYdFcHqhM3aNYGs4tzaxVXtXuR9lgldj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable, which represents major employers in the state, said he supports the climate goals and agrees that so far the implementation of related policies hasn’t harmed the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added that companies have spent billions undertaking expensive changes to processing plants and manufacturing facilities in order to lower their emissions. And business leaders are concerned about what happens as greenhouse-gas restrictions become even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They understand that the next round of implementation could have Draconian impacts to cost,” Lapsley said, adding that some companies are reluctant to relocate to the state because of that uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to name any of those firms. And some experts say there’s often a host of reasons, including high taxes and soaring housing costs, that companies shy from establishing themselves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials insist that California has wisely positioned itself to capitalize on the economy of the future, and they note that technology firms are busy developing next-generation batteries and innovating other carbon-free responses to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many benefits derived from California’s climate policies come at a price. The Air Resources Board says the state has spent more than $8 billion in the last four years to keep the programs running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017-18, the Legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/about-cci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appropriated\u003c/a> more than $2.7 billion to support greenhouse-gas reduction. The current budget allocates $1.5 billion. Nearly $53 million goes to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/adminfee/revenue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State support takes many forms. Since 2009, for example, California has offered rebates on the purchase of electric or hydrogen-fuel vehicles, which may cost more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of an effort to meet the governor’s target of putting 5 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electric cars\u003c/a> on California roads in the next 12 years. The state plans to put $1.4 billion into electric-vehicle infrastructure and more rebates over the next seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say these are all monies well spent, that every dollar used to fight climate change attracts $6 of \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auctionproceeds/2018_cci_annual_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investment\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. That figure reflects, in part, investment generated by state-funded grants to help companies retrofit or buy new emissions-reducing equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-55157\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/health-graphic-600x240.jpg\" alt=\"Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board\" width=\"600\" height=\"240\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials also say climate laws will save the state as much as $11 billion in “avoided social costs”—lost productivity and even public health outlays—by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the state says businesses and consumers alike will save money over time, through lower costs for power. For example, the mandate that beginning in 2020 new homes must have solar panels could add as much as $10,000 to house prices, but officials say those sums can be recouped over years of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the board convened a symposium of esteemed economists, put them in a room for two days and asked them to devise the most effective formula to measure the economic effect of California’s environmental policies. They failed, disagreeing about which model to use, which assumptions to include and even about the advisability of making projections so far into the future about something as volatile as California’s nation-state economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absence of any consensus then or since suggests how difficult real analysis is. “It’s an issue that we’ve been wrestling with,” said Emily Wimberger, the air board’s chief economist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a million things influencing these numbers,” said Chris Thornberg, founding partner at the Beacon Economics consulting firm. The idea that it’s possible to measure the influence of climate policies “is ridiculous.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California spends billions of dollars per year to support its climate-change programs but has trouble demonstrating whether the promise of the law that spawned them has been kept.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It was Arnold Schwarzenegger at his most persuasive: The then-California governor laid out an audacious vision, borrowed from legislators, of the Golden State leading the world in fighting the damaging effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal’s sweep was as expansive as the Governator’s sculpted chest. The Global Warming Solutions Act passed on the last day of the legislative session in 2006, with a promise that its suite of carbon-cutting goals would not only do no harm to California’s economy but would expand it, ushering in green jobs and attracting investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law also required state agencies to consult with experts to provide periodic analysis of any effect on California’s economic health. But those infrequent and complex reports have merely proved why economics is the dismal science: There’s fuzzy math on all sides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, the world’s fifth-largest economy, spends billions of dollars every year to support its dozens of climate-change programs but has trouble demonstrating whether the promise of the law that spawned them has been kept.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a separate state law requires economic analysis of major regulations, there is no requirement for a retrospective review. Environmental authorities calculate projections rather than audit the past, a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2017/3542/Improving-CA-Regulatory-Analysis-020317.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">problem\u003c/a>\u003c/u> identified by the Legislative Analyst’s Office, which is preparing its own analysis for release later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it has been virtually impossible to tell whether the state’s regulations to reduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/checking-the-math-on-cap-and-trade-some-experts-say-its-not-adding-up/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">industrial emissions\u003c/a>, its demand that utilities use renewable energy and its push for residential solar panels have saved consumers money or added costs, driven businesses out or created new ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwarzenegger has been steadfast in saying the environmental laws he helped put in motion have outperformed expectations.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were told so many times by business leaders when we passed these environmental laws that businesses were going to leave the state, that the unemployment rate is going to rise, and it would be the end of our economy,” the former governor said in a speech in Vienna in June. “Quite the opposite has happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the promised benefits were that gross state product would increase on the order of $7 billion in 2020, and 100,000 new jobs would be added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 2020 only 16 months away, it’s unclear whether those numbers will pan out. The state has produced no reliable evidence linking growth so far to climate policies. And economists say it’s nearly impossible to parse whether California’s good fortunes are the result of the environmental laws or despite them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Mary Nichols, head of the California Air Resources Board, which developed the blueprint for implementation of the original law and those that have built on it, has expressed frustration. In a \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/board/mt/2017/mt012717.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a>\u003c/u> last year, she appeared dissatisfied that the agency’s broad claims of economic benefit weren’t reflected more clearly in its projections, particularly concerning the state-run cap-and-trade system that limits how much companies are permitted to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Considering the stakes, hers was a breathtakingly candid admission: “We still don’t have the ability to capture, in any kind of models that seem to be available to us, at least some of the elements that we are intuitively claiming,” Nichols said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I’m wondering,” she went on, “if we have failed, in some way, to…do the kind of research that needs to be done, whether there’s a way to get that kind of research done, so that we’d have a better basis to use economics in decision making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board’s most recent projections are for the year 2030, outlined in a 132-page \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. With most factors weighed, the document says, California’s climate policies could reduce the economy by .03 percent—a negligible effect, according to economists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28691\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-28691\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/mary_nichols-028-300x202.jpg\" alt=\"Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\" width=\"450\" height=\"303\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Nichols chairs the California Air Resources Board. Photo by Carl Costas/CALmatters\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And California appears well on the way to meeting its nearest goals for cutting greenhouse gases: reducing them over the next two years to what they were in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, said \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/people/bushnell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">James Bushnell\u003c/a>\u003c/u>, an environmental economist at the University of California, Davis, “I think we oversold the argument this was going to cause growth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All we can really say is that the California economy is growing and doing well” right now, said Bushnell, who has twice participated in state review panels on the economic impact of environmental policy. “Everything else I would take with a huge boulder of salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Kevin de León says jobs growth can be traced directly to California’s continuing climate policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coming off the worst economic recession we had, we created upwards of 500,000 jobs in the clean-energy space. That’s 500,000 jobs that didn’t exist were it not for the policies of the Senate, Assembly and the governor,” said de León, a Democrat from Los Angeles who is running to unseat U.S. Sen. Dianne Feinstein in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His claim is an oft-cited \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://info.aee.net/advanced-energy-jobs-in-california-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statistic\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. But many researchers say that measurement doesn’t distinguish between new jobs that add to the workforce and jobs that merely supplant old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at UC Berkeley \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"http://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/job-impacts-ca-rps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimate\u003c/a>\u003c/u> the state’s mandate that utilities get half of their power from renewable sources by 2030 will have created as many as 429,000 construction jobs from 2015 to 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, labor unions and trade groups cite employment bumps whenever renewable-energy projects or other green mandates are rolled out. But much of that work is temporary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky task of projecting employment was noted by the \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2010/rsrc/ab32_impact/ab32_impact_030410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legislative analyst\u003c/a>\u003c/u> in 2010, when it found that the air board “was not able to provide reliable estimates of the jobs impacts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mandate of the 2006 law was that the state consider the “maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reduction” of greenhouse gases. That caution was meant to protect California companies from suddenly absorbing undue burdens to comply.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Lapsley, president of the California Business Roundtable, which represents major employers in the state, said he supports the climate goals and agrees that so far the implementation of related policies hasn’t harmed the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he added that companies have spent billions undertaking expensive changes to processing plants and manufacturing facilities in order to lower their emissions. And business leaders are concerned about what happens as greenhouse-gas restrictions become even tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They understand that the next round of implementation could have Draconian impacts to cost,” Lapsley said, adding that some companies are reluctant to relocate to the state because of that uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He declined to name any of those firms. And some experts say there’s often a host of reasons, including high taxes and soaring housing costs, that companies shy from establishing themselves in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials insist that California has wisely positioned itself to capitalize on the economy of the future, and they note that technology firms are busy developing next-generation batteries and innovating other carbon-free responses to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many benefits derived from California’s climate policies come at a price. The Air Resources Board says the state has spent more than $8 billion in the last four years to keep the programs running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fiscal year 2017-18, the Legislature and Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"http://www.caclimateinvestments.ca.gov/about-cci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">appropriated\u003c/a> more than $2.7 billion to support greenhouse-gas reduction. The current budget allocates $1.5 billion. Nearly $53 million goes to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/adminfee/revenue.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">air board\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State support takes many forms. Since 2009, for example, California has offered rebates on the purchase of electric or hydrogen-fuel vehicles, which may cost more than others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s part of an effort to meet the governor’s target of putting 5 million \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/californias-climate-fight-gets-harder-soon-big-culprit-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electric cars\u003c/a> on California roads in the next 12 years. The state plans to put $1.4 billion into electric-vehicle infrastructure and more rebates over the next seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say these are all monies well spent, that every dollar used to fight climate change attracts $6 of \u003cu>\u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auctionproceeds/2018_cci_annual_report.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investment\u003c/a>\u003c/u>. That figure reflects, in part, investment generated by state-funded grants to help companies retrofit or buy new emissions-reducing equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-55157\" src=\"https://calmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/health-graphic-600x240.jpg\" alt=\"Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board\" width=\"600\" height=\"240\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials say carbon-cutting measures protect public health. Source: Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Officials also say climate laws will save the state as much as $11 billion in “avoided social costs”—lost productivity and even public health outlays—by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the state says businesses and consumers alike will save money over time, through lower costs for power. For example, the mandate that beginning in 2020 new homes must have solar panels could add as much as $10,000 to house prices, but officials say those sums can be recouped over years of ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the board convened a symposium of esteemed economists, put them in a room for two days and asked them to devise the most effective formula to measure the economic effect of California’s environmental policies. They failed, disagreeing about which model to use, which assumptions to include and even about the advisability of making projections so far into the future about something as volatile as California’s nation-state economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The absence of any consensus then or since suggests how difficult real analysis is. “It’s an issue that we’ve been wrestling with,” said Emily Wimberger, the air board’s chief economist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a million things influencing these numbers,” said Chris Thornberg, founding partner at the Beacon Economics consulting firm. The idea that it’s possible to measure the influence of climate policies “is ridiculous.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you want a plastic straw with your drink you may soon have to ask at California restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in the Assembly sent Gov. Jerry Brown a bill Thursday that would bar full-service restaurants from giving out straws unless customers request them. It wouldn’t ban straws outright.[contextly_sidebar id=”v9WdhyFJanDxkZ2XnkqaJp2xsyoqPFtV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants would be warned for first and second violations and fined up to $300 per year for subsequent violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Assemblyman Ian Calderon of Whittier described the bill as a small step toward reducing plastic use and fighting ocean pollution. The measure would affect full-service restaurants and wouldn’t apply to fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore says she doesn’t believe it will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restaurant industry doesn’t oppose the measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission has recorded roughly 835,000 straws and stirrers picked up between 1988 and 2014 during beach cleanups, according to\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-plastic-straw-limits-california-20180823-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the LA Times.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”yqZOmEOBCMbBg4YxHjib0asDXgXfT41t”]Plastic can take up to \u003ca href=\"https://www.des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/wmb/coastal/trash/documents/marine_debris.pdf\">500 years\u003c/a> to decompose and leaks toxins into the soil and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency\u003ca href=\"https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/01/31/what-happens-to-all-that-plastic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> estimates\u003c/a> that Americans disposed of more than 33 million tons of plastic in 2014, most of which was not recycled.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you want a plastic straw with your drink you may soon have to ask at California restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in the Assembly sent Gov. Jerry Brown a bill Thursday that would bar full-service restaurants from giving out straws unless customers request them. It wouldn’t ban straws outright.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restaurants would be warned for first and second violations and fined up to $300 per year for subsequent violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic Assemblyman Ian Calderon of Whittier described the bill as a small step toward reducing plastic use and fighting ocean pollution. The measure would affect full-service restaurants and wouldn’t apply to fast food establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Assemblywoman Melissa Melendez of Lake Elsinore says she doesn’t believe it will reduce pollution but will punish restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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