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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w56RxaX9THY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “whistling” of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica’s largest, is beautifully eerie. It’s also potentially a divining rod for changes to shelves’ composition that can be monitored in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Listening to it, the opening moan of Fever Ray’s song \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBAzlNJonO8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“If I Had A Heart”\u003c/a> comes to mind, or the dramatic composition \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fnoxu4ocQb0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Inuksuit\u003c/em>\u003c/a> from John Luther Adams:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To arrive at \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/antarctic-ice-shelf-sings-as-winds-whip-across-its-surface/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their new recording\u003c/a>, twelve scientists working on the ice shelf burrowed 34 tools for measuring seismic activity into it, expecting to monitor its internal vibrations. They noticed, however, that surface wind glazing over the “firn” — the top layer of snow of the shelf — was feeding the sensors below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was at first considered to be “inconvenient ambient noise,” as the glaciologist Douglas R. MacAyeal put it in \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a summation of the new findings\u003c/a>, ended up yielding valuable insights about the health of the shelf itself. The shelf’s song changes as its surface does; strong storms can rearrange the snow dunes atop it, causing that ice to vibrate at different frequencies — how fast the seismic waves travel through the snow changes as air temperatures at the surface fluctuate, in turn giving scientists data on the shelf’s structural integrity. Meaning whether or not it will break up, and thus raise sea levels. Not bad for a whistle or two. Or 34.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reason we care so much about ice shelves is because their stability is so important to the stability of other ice masses,” Rick Aster, one of the authors of the study, tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting that the recording above was not, in its original form, perceptible to human ears — the “song” was created by speeding up those seismic waves, allowing more casual observers to follow along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It gives people an intuitive feel that there are these waves bouncing around in the ice shelf that are sensitive to changes, like warming,” Aster said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Music From the Natural World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The New Orleans-based artist Quintron, through his company Quintronics, developed the Weather Warlock, a “giant analog synth” that is based around an F-major chord, but varies its resulting music due to input from the weather (temperature, wind, sun and rain) it’s experiencing at any given time. The result, which \u003ca href=\"http://weatherfortheblind.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">you can stream 24 hours a day\u003c/a> from its current home in Los Angeles, is mercurial and meditative and worth leaving in your headphones for a while. “Our hope is that this instrument could be of some help to those experiencing any type of sleep disorder or to anyone suffering from stress or health issues which might benefit from a direct musical connection to nature,” its creators note. (They also note it is \u003cem>not\u003c/em> meant to offer any medical treatment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Baka in southeastern Cameroon \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLGX7EPODug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use water as a drum\u003c/a>, resulting in a fluent, calming rhythmic form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, if you’re sick of Earth entirely, NASA has an archive of “spooky” space sounds — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/features/halloween_sounds.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">perfect for Halloween\u003c/a>. (Not so sure about \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_happy_halloween_2015.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">that cover art\u003c/a>, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Updated Oct. 18, 5:23 p.m. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>with further information on \u003c/em>\u003cem>the value of wind’s seismic data.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.[contextly_sidebar id=”9X7r6vwdGlQwE6EW5F7mPjMQyBkzzvYq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.[contextly_sidebar id=”mSktpCB1i441tT4oxSnPqod1JuM7uE3q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.[contextly_sidebar id=”1RyDiECBYd2XPdCCn5lKDTdBRjEj2VzP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Dramatic declines in insect populations are causing the rainforest's food web to collapse. A new study says the problem is worse than scientists previously thought.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Insect populations in the tropics are facing a crisis as global warming drives up temperatures, causing a 98 percent decline in their numbers over the last four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> this week in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, \u003c/em>which suggests that climate change is disrupting the global ecosystem at an accelerating pace.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worse, the study concludes that the problem is more widespread than scientists realized, with global warming triggering a “bottom-up” domino effect and resulting collapse of the forest food web, as insect-eating animals dwindle, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers say the consequences of a collapsed food web would have serious ramifications for the future stability of tropical ecosystems, which house two-thirds of the Earth’s species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A disruption in the tropical food web would also have catastrophic repercussions for the global ecosystem, according to lead author Bradford Lister, a biologist at \u003ca href=\"https://www.rpi.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Loss of species in tropical rainforests are a sign that increased temperatures have begun to take their toll on the local climate, according to Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He warns that eventually the world could see dramatic changes in rainfall if tropical rainforests are degraded and vegetation starts to collapse, which is possible since pollinators are already crashing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because the global water cycle depends on plant life in these rainforests, which produce huge amounts of water that feed into rain flows carried by trade winds north and south of the equator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s happening all over the planet and once the pollinators crash, then the plants follow and you get accelerated extinction rates of a lot of animals and insects,” says Lister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Catastrophe Has Already Arrived\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lister points to the recent United Nations report on climate change to underscore the threat. The report lists 2040 as the year when the more severe impacts of global warming will start to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[I]n Central and South America, you’re already seeing a 2 to 2.5 degree warming,” says Lister. “We don’t have to wait that long to see the impact of global warming. The damaging effects on the ecosystems that sustain us is already happening in tropical locations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers focused on the Luquillo Rainforest in Puerto Rico and Chamela forest in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Puerto Rico, they compared data collected between 1976 and 2013, during which time the average temperature increased by two degrees Celsius (3.6 F).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Lister and his team returned to the island in 2013, he says he was \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surprised by how\u003c/a> much the situation had changed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers didn’t observe any butterflies during the first two days, a considerable change from the 1970s, when Lister says butterflies could be spotted all over the forest. Lister says he also also noticed fewer flying insects in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just based on casual observations of the forest, we knew something was amiss,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was also an obvious lack of birds that were once abundant such as the the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody, \u003c/a>which feeds almost exclusively on insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the data, Lister and his team collected insects using adhesive plates. They also swept the forest brush hundreds of times with nets, collecting any insects that passed through. They compared the results with previous measurements taken in the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as temperatures increased,the biomass, or collective weight of insects declined by 98 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, researchers found that the biomass of insects captured by the adhesive traps declined 98 percent, while the net sweeps trapped between 12.5 and 25 percent of previous yields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also discovered contemporaneous declines in the forest’s insect-eating populations such as lizards, frogs, and birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/10/09/1722477115\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Puerto Rican tody \u003c/a>for example, diminished by 90 percent. The ten most common species living in the forest canopy also experienced declines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insect populations in western Mexico also saw declines of about 70 to 80 percent in biomass, while temperatures in this region climbed by 2.4 C (36.3°F) over the same period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One expert called the findings “one of the most disturbing articles” he had ever head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This study in PNAS is a real wake-up call — a clarion call — that the phenomenon could be much, much bigger, and across many more ecosystems,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/10/15/hyperalarming-study-shows-massive-insect-loss/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.92b5efdda92d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Wagner\u003c/a>, an expert in invertebrate conservation at the University of Connecticut, told the Washington Post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Global Trend\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings corroborate similar findings from previous studies showing that global bug populations are declining at an alarming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Stanford study in 2014 \u003ca href=\"https://e360.yale.edu/features/insect_numbers_declining_why_it_matters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estimated that\u003c/a> insect populations around the world declined by 45 percent in the last 35 years. Another study in 2017 showed a 76 percent decline in flying insects in \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/topic/Germany\">German\u003c/a> nature preserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cite climate change as the cause of the dramatic declines based on a special statistical technique that allows scientists to single out specific variables — such as rainfall declines or increased temperatures — to determine their impact on the insects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tool, according to Lister, pointed to higher temperatures as the culprit 90 percent of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, almost all of the insects displayed the same proportion of declines, regardless of what species or forest niche they occupied. Lister says this indicates that an overarching force must be at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team plans on returning to these sites for newer measurements in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s with a lot of trepidation that I head back because it’s very disturbing to see what’s been going on in the last 30 to 40 years,” he says. “And if global temperatures keep increasing, the forests will eventually dry out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while rainforests harbor most of the world’s species, Lister says there have been few studies done on the impact of warming temperatures on tropical climates. He hopes his team’s work stimulates more research on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California Law Requires a 'Clear Benefit' for Groundwater Recharge",
"headTitle": "Why California Law Requires a ‘Clear Benefit’ for Groundwater Recharge | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California recently \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">highlighted\u003c/a> a flaw in state law that may prohibit diverting streamflow to recharge groundwater. The problem is that groundwater recharge by itself is not considered a “beneficial use” under state law, and meeting that definition is a requirement to obtain a permit to divert water.[contextly_sidebar id=”2ViJvHaEuCTE5vIrxwfK4dAL7s8M3gsp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the State Water Resources Control Board, which oversees water rights, say the reality is not so clear-cut. In fact, existing rules allow most groundwater recharge projects to obtain a water right. It’s just that they may not be awarded that right for the act of recharge by itself. The applicant would have to specifically target some ancillary benefit of recharge, such as salinity control in an aquifer or reversing land subsidence caused by overpumping groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> researchers, among other things, recommended that the water board develop new regulations to clarify that those kinds of nonextractive uses of groundwater are, in fact, a beneficial use. But the water board has no plans to do so, asserting that existing rules are adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain all this further, Water Deeply recently spoke with Erik Ekdahl, a deputy director in the division of water rights at the state board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why isn’t the water board changing the rules to make groundwater recharge a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Ekdahl: Two main reasons. The first is that it leads to trouble and potential “cold storage,” for lack of a better term, related to junior water-right holders and senior water-right holders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what that does is it allows senior water-right holders to start placing vast amounts of water into aquifer storage that downstream junior water-right holders essentially no longer have access to. It really messes up the order of things, including how much people pay for water.[contextly_sidebar id=”ECueFklUwqnkwOFl2tr31v8c74uqibfN”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you have a very senior water-right holder and they have a license for maybe 1,000 acre-feet a year. Yet they’re only able to actually use 300 a year, because that’s how much they need for their crops. So they have a right to 700 additional acre-feet, but no place to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what you basically allow that senior water-right holder to do is put that extra 700 acre-feet into storage. They can lock that up and keep it underground, and they don’t have to do anything with it. Then all the downstream users don’t have access to it. So something a junior water-right holder might have been getting very cheaply, they suddenly might have to pay a couple hundred dollars an acre-foot or more to get. It reduces the amount of water that might be available, and it changes the cost structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And what’s the second reason?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: The second is that you don’t really need to. I think that’s the more important one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There seems to be the mistaken belief among a lot of water-right users that if you just made groundwater recharge a beneficial use then it would be really easy to get a groundwater storage permit. Yet that’s not really the case. It doesn’t address the things that really fundamentally drive the water-right permitting process – which are whether or not they have done an environmental review and whether or not there is actually water available, as well as the effects on downstream water users and the environment. We still have to address all of those things. So simply making groundwater recharge a beneficial use doesn’t avoid those issues that take a long time to address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other element of this is that when you really look at what people want to use groundwater storage for, we already include those as beneficial uses. Typically, it’s because they want to use it for their irrigation or municipal supply later on. That’s already a beneficial use. You don’t need to create a new type of beneficial use to account for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other issues include what we might call “in situ” beneficial uses, or nonextractive uses. This could include recharging groundwater as a seawater barrier, protection from land subsidence or protecting instream flows. Pollution control could be a beneficial use. Those are all beneficial uses, as well. In fact we have permitted those types of things in the past. The storage itself doesn’t fundamentally affect the aquifer. It’s what use comes out of it after that’s fundamentally important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the goal of achieving sustainability in an aquifer, as required by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Is that a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: It could be. I would take a slightly more skeptical view of this idea that we need to recharge an aquifer just to meet that definition in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> Why are you trying to reach some water level in the aquifer? It’s almost certainly going to be for a number of reasons: That’s the level at which most of your private domestic or municipal wells are at [or] at which subsidence no longer occurs – or to repel salinity. There are all these other issues that would actually drive the need to raise the aquifer level to some point. And those would all be beneficial uses.[contextly_sidebar id=”W4YPLKnbvvxWhPrSK5b62r0uKlZk1krD”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other idea that I think merits a little bit of skepticism is this: If we’re going to raise the level in an aquifer, how realistic is that for most of these \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>basins? I think that’s a pretty unrealistic goal for many basins. I think what we’re going to see in most \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> plans is some kind of slow ramp-down to a level that’s lower than what we see today. I think it’s going to be really tough to raise groundwater levels in many of these aquifers without massive, massive changes in pumping rates or water application, or through recharge efforts. The mass balances just don’t work out otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So if the water board has no plans to change the regulations on beneficial use, what is it doing to encourage more groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: We are working internally to find ways to give better direction to stakeholders and do better outreach. We’ve added information to our website that clarifies examples of in situ uses, and also clarifies that you can use groundwater recharge to mitigate subsidence, support groundwater-dependent ecosystems, protect or enhance groundwater levels. We directly say this on our website now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re going to look in the next couple of months to further clarify nonextractive beneficial uses, and how an applicant might go about applying for a permit. The messaging and communication on that is maybe still a little bit unclear on our end. We do want to work on providing more information to applicants. Maybe it’s more FAQs on our website; maybe it’s more outreach events. But we are working toward it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think we can permit and accommodate almost any kind of reasonable application that comes to us. We do encourage people to give us a call in advance and talk through why they are trying to recharge groundwater. We’ll tell them about all the different kinds of beneficial uses we can permit, and would be interested in working with the applicant to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I don’t want to make it sound like it’s going to be like buying a ticket at the fair and getting your water right. It’s still going to be a complex process. You still need to complete the California Environmental Quality Act process, go through a public notification process – and you’re likely to get protests, because most water-right applications do. We want these environmental protections in place to make sure we’re preserving instream flows for the environment or to protect senior water-right holders downstream.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California recently \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">highlighted\u003c/a> a flaw in state law that may prohibit diverting streamflow to recharge groundwater. The problem is that groundwater recharge by itself is not considered a “beneficial use” under state law, and meeting that definition is a requirement to obtain a permit to divert water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the State Water Resources Control Board, which oversees water rights, say the reality is not so clear-cut. In fact, existing rules allow most groundwater recharge projects to obtain a water right. It’s just that they may not be awarded that right for the act of recharge by itself. The applicant would have to specifically target some ancillary benefit of recharge, such as salinity control in an aquifer or reversing land subsidence caused by overpumping groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> researchers, among other things, recommended that the water board develop new regulations to clarify that those kinds of nonextractive uses of groundwater are, in fact, a beneficial use. But the water board has no plans to do so, asserting that existing rules are adequate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain all this further, Water Deeply recently spoke with Erik Ekdahl, a deputy director in the division of water rights at the state board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why isn’t the water board changing the rules to make groundwater recharge a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erik Ekdahl: Two main reasons. The first is that it leads to trouble and potential “cold storage,” for lack of a better term, related to junior water-right holders and senior water-right holders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you start making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what that does is it allows senior water-right holders to start placing vast amounts of water into aquifer storage that downstream junior water-right holders essentially no longer have access to. It really messes up the order of things, including how much people pay for water.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you have a very senior water-right holder and they have a license for maybe 1,000 acre-feet a year. Yet they’re only able to actually use 300 a year, because that’s how much they need for their crops. So they have a right to 700 additional acre-feet, but no place to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon making groundwater recharge a beneficial use, what you basically allow that senior water-right holder to do is put that extra 700 acre-feet into storage. They can lock that up and keep it underground, and they don’t have to do anything with it. Then all the downstream users don’t have access to it. So something a junior water-right holder might have been getting very cheaply, they suddenly might have to pay a couple hundred dollars an acre-foot or more to get. It reduces the amount of water that might be available, and it changes the cost structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And what’s the second reason?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: The second is that you don’t really need to. I think that’s the more important one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There seems to be the mistaken belief among a lot of water-right users that if you just made groundwater recharge a beneficial use then it would be really easy to get a groundwater storage permit. Yet that’s not really the case. It doesn’t address the things that really fundamentally drive the water-right permitting process – which are whether or not they have done an environmental review and whether or not there is actually water available, as well as the effects on downstream water users and the environment. We still have to address all of those things. So simply making groundwater recharge a beneficial use doesn’t avoid those issues that take a long time to address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other element of this is that when you really look at what people want to use groundwater storage for, we already include those as beneficial uses. Typically, it’s because they want to use it for their irrigation or municipal supply later on. That’s already a beneficial use. You don’t need to create a new type of beneficial use to account for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other issues include what we might call “in situ” beneficial uses, or nonextractive uses. This could include recharging groundwater as a seawater barrier, protection from land subsidence or protecting instream flows. Pollution control could be a beneficial use. Those are all beneficial uses, as well. In fact we have permitted those types of things in the past. The storage itself doesn’t fundamentally affect the aquifer. It’s what use comes out of it after that’s fundamentally important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What about the goal of achieving sustainability in an aquifer, as required by the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. Is that a beneficial use?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: It could be. I would take a slightly more skeptical view of this idea that we need to recharge an aquifer just to meet that definition in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> Why are you trying to reach some water level in the aquifer? It’s almost certainly going to be for a number of reasons: That’s the level at which most of your private domestic or municipal wells are at [or] at which subsidence no longer occurs – or to repel salinity. There are all these other issues that would actually drive the need to raise the aquifer level to some point. And those would all be beneficial uses.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other idea that I think merits a little bit of skepticism is this: If we’re going to raise the level in an aquifer, how realistic is that for most of these \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>basins? I think that’s a pretty unrealistic goal for many basins. I think what we’re going to see in most \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> plans is some kind of slow ramp-down to a level that’s lower than what we see today. I think it’s going to be really tough to raise groundwater levels in many of these aquifers without massive, massive changes in pumping rates or water application, or through recharge efforts. The mass balances just don’t work out otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: So if the water board has no plans to change the regulations on beneficial use, what is it doing to encourage more groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ekdahl: We are working internally to find ways to give better direction to stakeholders and do better outreach. We’ve added information to our website that clarifies examples of in situ uses, and also clarifies that you can use groundwater recharge to mitigate subsidence, support groundwater-dependent ecosystems, protect or enhance groundwater levels. We directly say this on our website now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re going to look in the next couple of months to further clarify nonextractive beneficial uses, and how an applicant might go about applying for a permit. The messaging and communication on that is maybe still a little bit unclear on our end. We do want to work on providing more information to applicants. Maybe it’s more FAQs on our website; maybe it’s more outreach events. But we are working toward it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We think we can permit and accommodate almost any kind of reasonable application that comes to us. We do encourage people to give us a call in advance and talk through why they are trying to recharge groundwater. We’ll tell them about all the different kinds of beneficial uses we can permit, and would be interested in working with the applicant to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I don’t want to make it sound like it’s going to be like buying a ticket at the fair and getting your water right. It’s still going to be a complex process. You still need to complete the California Environmental Quality Act process, go through a public notification process – and you’re likely to get protests, because most water-right applications do. We want these environmental protections in place to make sure we’re preserving instream flows for the environment or to protect senior water-right holders downstream.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Boasts Of Reduced Greenhouse Gases While Trump Questions Climate Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is celebrating a drop in the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions last year, even as the president himself continues to challenge the scientific understanding of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency says U.S. production of heat-trapping gases was 2.7 percent lower in 2017 than the previous year. Despite the improvement, independent analysts say the country is likely to fall far short of the pollution controls needed to rein in global warming.[contextly_sidebar id=”VTjU6Ienb3mgGQ17idCLv2PVkgjJf7dH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trends that are driving the emission reductions that we saw in 2017 were baked in several years before,” said Kate Larsen, who monitors greenhouse gas emissions for the \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/taking-stock-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rhodium Group\u003c/a>, an independent research firm. “We can’t rely on those trends continuing forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the reduction in 2017 came from power plants — traditionally a leading source of carbon pollution. Emissions from the electricity sector fell by 4.5 percent as utilities switched to cheap natural gas and increasingly competitive renewable sources of power. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coal’s share of electricity production\u003c/a> fell to just 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These achievements flow largely from technological breakthroughs in the private sector, not the heavy hand of government,” EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/data-shows-decrease-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-during-trumps-first-year-office\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>. Wheeler is a former coal lobbyist and, like President Trump, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/06/626525274/get-to-know-andrew-wheeler-ex-coal-lobbyist-with-inside-track-to-lead-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a skeptic when it comes to climate science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-full-interview-60-minutes-transcript-lesley-stahl-2018-10-14/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that aired this week, Trump disputed the overwhelming scientific consensus that man-made carbon pollution is responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d have to show me the scientists because they have a very big political agenda,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has made a priority of rolling back Obama-era climate policies, including measures designed to cut pollution from power plants and automotive tailpipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity sector has continued to show progress in reducing emissions despite that about-face by the federal government. The abundance of cheap natural gas and falling prices for renewable power have encouraged the switch from dirtier, coal-fired plants. Some states have also required utilities to boost their reliance on greener sources of power.[contextly_sidebar id=”Zz74cMfmjLmakl6pTIO6KQWajbf0Cekx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trends are less positive in the transportation sector, which has now eclipsed electricity as the leading producer of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are driving more and because of low gas prices over the last few years, consumers are choosing larger, heavier vehicles,” Larsen said. The Trump administration has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put the brakes on an Obama-era effort to boost fuel economy\u003c/a>, although states like California have threatened to impose their own standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen says at the current pace, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 will be about 15 percent below their 2005 levels. That’s far short of the 26 to 28 percent reduction promised under the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump announced his intention to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdraw from that agreement\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cheap natural gas continues to grab market share, greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector could start to climb again after 2025. At that point, gas might not be displacing carbon-intensive coal but rather carbon-free nuclear power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the risk of taking credit for these market trends,” Larsen said. “When those trends push in a direction that’s not useful, no one is taking the blame for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/ce719c7d6664400cb6b720ba84af2bc2?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP_Politics&utm_campaign=SocialFlow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> this week, Trump argued that government efforts to further curb carbon pollution could put the U.S. at an economic disadvantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m not willing to do is sacrifice the economic well-being of our country for something that nobody really knows,” Trump said, repeating his false claim that there’s widespread debate on climate science. “I have a natural instinct for science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Boasts+Of+Reduced+Greenhouse+Gases%2C+Even+As+Trump+Questions+Climate+Science&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is celebrating a drop in the nation’s greenhouse gas emissions last year, even as the president himself continues to challenge the scientific understanding of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency says U.S. production of heat-trapping gases was 2.7 percent lower in 2017 than the previous year. Despite the improvement, independent analysts say the country is likely to fall far short of the pollution controls needed to rein in global warming.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The trends that are driving the emission reductions that we saw in 2017 were baked in several years before,” said Kate Larsen, who monitors greenhouse gas emissions for the \u003ca href=\"https://rhg.com/research/taking-stock-2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rhodium Group\u003c/a>, an independent research firm. “We can’t rely on those trends continuing forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the reduction in 2017 came from power plants — traditionally a leading source of carbon pollution. Emissions from the electricity sector fell by 4.5 percent as utilities switched to cheap natural gas and increasingly competitive renewable sources of power. \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coal’s share of electricity production\u003c/a> fell to just 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These achievements flow largely from technological breakthroughs in the private sector, not the heavy hand of government,” EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/data-shows-decrease-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-during-trumps-first-year-office\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a statement\u003c/a>. Wheeler is a former coal lobbyist and, like President Trump, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/07/06/626525274/get-to-know-andrew-wheeler-ex-coal-lobbyist-with-inside-track-to-lead-epa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a skeptic when it comes to climate science\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-full-interview-60-minutes-transcript-lesley-stahl-2018-10-14/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that aired this week, Trump disputed the overwhelming scientific consensus that man-made carbon pollution is responsible for global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d have to show me the scientists because they have a very big political agenda,” the president said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has made a priority of rolling back Obama-era climate policies, including measures designed to cut pollution from power plants and automotive tailpipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity sector has continued to show progress in reducing emissions despite that about-face by the federal government. The abundance of cheap natural gas and falling prices for renewable power have encouraged the switch from dirtier, coal-fired plants. Some states have also required utilities to boost their reliance on greener sources of power.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trends are less positive in the transportation sector, which has now eclipsed electricity as the leading producer of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are driving more and because of low gas prices over the last few years, consumers are choosing larger, heavier vehicles,” Larsen said. The Trump administration has also \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/02/598888447/epa-moves-to-weaken-landmark-fuel-efficiency-rules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">put the brakes on an Obama-era effort to boost fuel economy\u003c/a>, although states like California have threatened to impose their own standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen says at the current pace, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2025 will be about 15 percent below their 2005 levels. That’s far short of the 26 to 28 percent reduction promised under the Paris climate agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump announced his intention to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/watch-live-trump-announces-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">withdraw from that agreement\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If cheap natural gas continues to grab market share, greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector could start to climb again after 2025. At that point, gas might not be displacing carbon-intensive coal but rather carbon-free nuclear power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the risk of taking credit for these market trends,” Larsen said. “When those trends push in a direction that’s not useful, no one is taking the blame for that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/ce719c7d6664400cb6b720ba84af2bc2?utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP_Politics&utm_campaign=SocialFlow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Associated Press\u003c/a> this week, Trump argued that government efforts to further curb carbon pollution could put the U.S. at an economic disadvantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I’m not willing to do is sacrifice the economic well-being of our country for something that nobody really knows,” Trump said, repeating his false claim that there’s widespread debate on climate science. “I have a natural instinct for science,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=EPA+Boasts+Of+Reduced+Greenhouse+Gases%2C+Even+As+Trump+Questions+Climate+Science&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Growing Almonds With Little Water. Is it Possible?",
"headTitle": "Growing Almonds With Little Water. Is it Possible? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Much was written during California’s recent five-year drought about the amount of water used by almonds. The nuts have become California’s most lucrative agricultural commodity, and a major export product.[contextly_sidebar id=”Gys31M8YZHJuaL1kDzkM2nYzaKntFeqQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before concerns about water use by almond growers emerged, the industry initiated measures to conserve water by embracing microirrigation systems. It has also become a leader in efforts such as recharging groundwater by flooding almond orchards during winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water required to grow almonds also grows more than nuts. Other materials from the plant – from the tree itself to the nut hull – are used in a variety of products, with initiatives underway to find new uses for these materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain these initiatives further, Water Deeply recently interviewed Richard Waycott, president and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.almonds.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Almond Board of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The almond industry has invested millions of dollars in water efficiency measures. What has this yielded so far and what more are you hoping to learn?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Waycott: Many almond growers have farmed in California for generations, and recognize that water is the lifeblood of California and a key component of responsible farming, essential to growing food. The California almond community began investing in water research in 1982 to determine if a then-new irrigation method – microirrigation – could work in almond orchards without negatively impacting yields. Tested via long-term studies across the growing region, the results were positive and, by targeting water applications directly to the trees’ roots instead of uniformly across the field, farmers conserved water and created other operational efficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research has resulted in the wide adoption of microirrigation, which today is used by nearly 80 percent of almond farms. This is almost double the California state average of 42 percent of farms using microirrigation. This has helped almond farmers reduce the amount of water it takes to grow a pound of almonds by 33 percent over the past 20 years.[contextly_sidebar id=”E4oXBtmwgIjoy9mvOpU7kBz6znYNDFlH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While almond farmers have made great strides in the area of irrigation efficiency, there’s more we can do and are doing. The Almond Irrigation Improvement Continuum, created by irrigation experts, is a roadmap for California almond farmers to accelerate adoption of research-based, water-efficient practices and technology. The continuum provides research-based guidance to improve any farmer’s irrigation efficiency by focusing on five key areas: calculating orchard water requirements, measuring applied water, and monitoring irrigation system performance, soil moisture and plant water status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, to help farmers minimize waste and grow more crop per drop, the Almond Board has developed a free irrigation scheduling tool. Using data from their farms about orchard and irrigation system setup, along with local weather data and other inputs, the calculator generates irrigation schedules including the optimal amount and timing of irrigation. Based on research, this interactive decision-support tool is designed to streamline on-farm decision-making and minimize environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What role is the almond industry playing in advancing groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: California’s aquifers are collectively the state’s largest water storage system and are used statewide for drinking water and farming. Overreliance on groundwater means that many of the state’s aquifers are under pressure. To support water sustainability in California, almond farmers are exploring how California’s almond orchards can be leveraged to replenish underground aquifers. On-farm groundwater recharge applies excess winter floodwater to dormant orchards, allowing it to seep down and restore groundwater.[contextly_sidebar id=”fXnXQm58AwRfxzxGL8QCBoJsJGYsBW2E”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recharged back into those aquifers benefits all Californians, not just farmers. This research is critical to creating more sustainable water resources in California and core to the California almond community’s commitment to continuous improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: By your calculations, how much water does it take to grow an almond? And in what other ways is an almond used, besides for the nut itself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: All food takes water to grow and the water needed to grow an almond tree is similar to that of other fruit and nut trees in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water used to grow an almond actually grows four products: The kernel you eat, which is protected by a hull and a shell, as well as the tree. The trees store carbon and are transformed into electricity at the end of their lives; the shells become livestock bedding; and the hulls are nutritious dairy feed, reducing the water needed to grow other feed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farmers are committed to finding even more innovative new uses of almond coproducts that can support California in creating a genuine bioeconomy where every byproduct is an input for another valuable product. Current research is exploring using almond hull and shell components as growing medium for mushroom cultivation, producing feed sources for poultry, plastic additives for strength and color, soil amendments for almonds and other crops, supplemental winter food sources for honey bees, and even for brewing beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Acreage of almonds planted in California has increased in recent years, with some percentage of this replacing annual crops. Is there a point at which, from a market or water standpoint, there’s an unsustainable number of acres?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: Over the past several years, California as a whole has seen increased plantings of perennial crops – things like fruit trees, nuts and vines – which generally have higher associated values than annual crops. While some have suggested that the shift toward higher-value perennial crops has led to an increase in agricultural water use, according to the California Department of Water Resources the total amount of agricultural water has held steady since 2000 and actually declined over a longer period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you take a look at our crop specifically, almonds grow on 17 percent of California’s irrigated farmland, but they use only 11 percent of the water California devotes to growing food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the most efficient place to grow almonds on the planet. In addition to its ideal Mediterranean climate – essential to growing almonds – California’s Central Valley is home to rich soils, natural resources and infrastructure, and innovative research and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economically, California grows more than 80 percent of the world’s almond supply, which creates a comparative advantage, creating value not just for farmers but for Californians as a whole. According to the California Agricultural Issues Center, the California almond community delivers significant economic value to the state, supporting 104,000 jobs across California and contributing $11 billion to California’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GDP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/15/in-california-prop-3-is-a-billion-dollar-fix-for-stubborn-water-woes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California grows most of the world’s almonds, generating $11 billion annually. We look into what the industry is doing to use less water.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Much was written during California’s recent five-year drought about the amount of water used by almonds. The nuts have become California’s most lucrative agricultural commodity, and a major export product.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long before concerns about water use by almond growers emerged, the industry initiated measures to conserve water by embracing microirrigation systems. It has also become a leader in efforts such as recharging groundwater by flooding almond orchards during winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water required to grow almonds also grows more than nuts. Other materials from the plant – from the tree itself to the nut hull – are used in a variety of products, with initiatives underway to find new uses for these materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain these initiatives further, Water Deeply recently interviewed Richard Waycott, president and \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://www.almonds.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Almond Board of California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: The almond industry has invested millions of dollars in water efficiency measures. What has this yielded so far and what more are you hoping to learn?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Waycott: Many almond growers have farmed in California for generations, and recognize that water is the lifeblood of California and a key component of responsible farming, essential to growing food. The California almond community began investing in water research in 1982 to determine if a then-new irrigation method – microirrigation – could work in almond orchards without negatively impacting yields. Tested via long-term studies across the growing region, the results were positive and, by targeting water applications directly to the trees’ roots instead of uniformly across the field, farmers conserved water and created other operational efficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research has resulted in the wide adoption of microirrigation, which today is used by nearly 80 percent of almond farms. This is almost double the California state average of 42 percent of farms using microirrigation. This has helped almond farmers reduce the amount of water it takes to grow a pound of almonds by 33 percent over the past 20 years.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While almond farmers have made great strides in the area of irrigation efficiency, there’s more we can do and are doing. The Almond Irrigation Improvement Continuum, created by irrigation experts, is a roadmap for California almond farmers to accelerate adoption of research-based, water-efficient practices and technology. The continuum provides research-based guidance to improve any farmer’s irrigation efficiency by focusing on five key areas: calculating orchard water requirements, measuring applied water, and monitoring irrigation system performance, soil moisture and plant water status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, to help farmers minimize waste and grow more crop per drop, the Almond Board has developed a free irrigation scheduling tool. Using data from their farms about orchard and irrigation system setup, along with local weather data and other inputs, the calculator generates irrigation schedules including the optimal amount and timing of irrigation. Based on research, this interactive decision-support tool is designed to streamline on-farm decision-making and minimize environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What role is the almond industry playing in advancing groundwater recharge?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: California’s aquifers are collectively the state’s largest water storage system and are used statewide for drinking water and farming. Overreliance on groundwater means that many of the state’s aquifers are under pressure. To support water sustainability in California, almond farmers are exploring how California’s almond orchards can be leveraged to replenish underground aquifers. On-farm groundwater recharge applies excess winter floodwater to dormant orchards, allowing it to seep down and restore groundwater.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water recharged back into those aquifers benefits all Californians, not just farmers. This research is critical to creating more sustainable water resources in California and core to the California almond community’s commitment to continuous improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: By your calculations, how much water does it take to grow an almond? And in what other ways is an almond used, besides for the nut itself?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: All food takes water to grow and the water needed to grow an almond tree is similar to that of other fruit and nut trees in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water used to grow an almond actually grows four products: The kernel you eat, which is protected by a hull and a shell, as well as the tree. The trees store carbon and are transformed into electricity at the end of their lives; the shells become livestock bedding; and the hulls are nutritious dairy feed, reducing the water needed to grow other feed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond farmers are committed to finding even more innovative new uses of almond coproducts that can support California in creating a genuine bioeconomy where every byproduct is an input for another valuable product. Current research is exploring using almond hull and shell components as growing medium for mushroom cultivation, producing feed sources for poultry, plastic additives for strength and color, soil amendments for almonds and other crops, supplemental winter food sources for honey bees, and even for brewing beer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Acreage of almonds planted in California has increased in recent years, with some percentage of this replacing annual crops. Is there a point at which, from a market or water standpoint, there’s an unsustainable number of acres?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waycott: Over the past several years, California as a whole has seen increased plantings of perennial crops – things like fruit trees, nuts and vines – which generally have higher associated values than annual crops. While some have suggested that the shift toward higher-value perennial crops has led to an increase in agricultural water use, according to the California Department of Water Resources the total amount of agricultural water has held steady since 2000 and actually declined over a longer period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you take a look at our crop specifically, almonds grow on 17 percent of California’s irrigated farmland, but they use only 11 percent of the water California devotes to growing food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the most efficient place to grow almonds on the planet. In addition to its ideal Mediterranean climate – essential to growing almonds – California’s Central Valley is home to rich soils, natural resources and infrastructure, and innovative research and technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Economically, California grows more than 80 percent of the world’s almond supply, which creates a comparative advantage, creating value not just for farmers but for Californians as a whole. According to the California Agricultural Issues Center, the California almond community delivers significant economic value to the state, supporting 104,000 jobs across California and contributing $11 billion to California’s \u003cspan class=\"caps\">GDP.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/15/in-california-prop-3-is-a-billion-dollar-fix-for-stubborn-water-woes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sea Lion Population Hit Hard By Bacterial Outbreak",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California sea lion population has fallen prey to a devastating bacterial outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record, with at least 220 reported cases so far in 2018, according to the Sausalito-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, which has been treating infected animals. [contextly_sidebar id=”AaMLyoDXqacO9PI6qQMywaF9TmbYhxJp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of sea lions infected with the potentially fatal bacteria represents \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/about-us/News-Room/2018-news-archives/leptospirosis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> of all sea lion rescued this year, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall West Coast sea lion population, which is larger than 250,000 animals and has tripled since the 1970s, is not in any danger. But the uptick in infections this year has left officials scratching their heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, the center has treated about five sick sea lions per day, primarily off the northern California coast. The infection causes kidney disease and often, failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected mammals are typically found stranded on the beach, according to Dr. Shawn Johnson, director of veterinary science at the Marine Mammal Center. He says most of them are spotted curled up on the beach with their flippers tucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they don’t feel well,” Johnson told KQED. “They tend to have very severe abdominal pain, they’re very dehydrated, they’re very lethargic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says outbreaks seem to occur on a 4 to 5-year cycle. The last major event was in 2011, when nearly 200 infected sea lions were treated by the center’s hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of infections occur between July and November, according to the center, which has been tracking the disease for more than four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-468189752-1-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stranded adult sea lion is seen in the sand in Laguna Beach, California, on March 30, 2015. The California sea lion population is experiencing the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Animals diagnosed with leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics, fluids and gastroprotectants for any ulcers. About two-thirds of infected animals do not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are unsure of what is driving the periodic outbreaks, UCLA researchers suspect that a combination of factors may be to blame, including changes in the animal’s immunity, sea surface temperatures and migration patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the disease, MMC and UCLA researchers will work together to collect blood and urine samples from wild sea lions at Año Nuevo Island in Northern California. The animals are tagged and released once samples have been retrieved.[contextly_sidebar id=”AGZxmqJYLFxw5tXcaruqQNaCoFYxIiI3″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will be looking at blood samples to find evidence of kidney disease and antibodies that indicate past exposure to leptospira. The urine samples tell scientists whether the animal is currently infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected sea lions usually show signs of the disease, including drinking water and folding the flippers over the abdomen, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammals generally do not ingest water because they obtain all the fluid they need from other food sources. But when infected, the animals will drink water to compensate for failing kidneys that are no longer able to effectively filter toxins and regulate hydration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals, such as humans and dogs, can become infected with leptospira through contact with contaminated soil, urine, or water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can protect yourself and pets by keeping a safe distance from marine mammals of at least 50 feet. If you see a sick animal, report it to the center’s 24-hour hotline at 415-289-SEAL (7325).\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California sea lion population has fallen prey to a devastating bacterial outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record, with at least 220 reported cases so far in 2018, according to the Sausalito-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, which has been treating infected animals. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of sea lions infected with the potentially fatal bacteria represents \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/about-us/News-Room/2018-news-archives/leptospirosis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">more than half\u003c/a> of all sea lion rescued this year, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall West Coast sea lion population, which is larger than 250,000 animals and has tripled since the 1970s, is not in any danger. But the uptick in infections this year has left officials scratching their heads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last several months, the center has treated about five sick sea lions per day, primarily off the northern California coast. The infection causes kidney disease and often, failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected mammals are typically found stranded on the beach, according to Dr. Shawn Johnson, director of veterinary science at the Marine Mammal Center. He says most of them are spotted curled up on the beach with their flippers tucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can tell they don’t feel well,” Johnson told KQED. “They tend to have very severe abdominal pain, they’re very dehydrated, they’re very lethargic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson says outbreaks seem to occur on a 4 to 5-year cycle. The last major event was in 2011, when nearly 200 infected sea lions were treated by the center’s hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The majority of infections occur between July and November, according to the center, which has been tracking the disease for more than four decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932943\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-468189752-1-1020x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stranded adult sea lion is seen in the sand in Laguna Beach, California, on March 30, 2015. The California sea lion population is experiencing the second largest outbreak of leptospirosis on record.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Animals diagnosed with leptospirosis are treated with antibiotics, fluids and gastroprotectants for any ulcers. About two-thirds of infected animals do not survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While scientists are unsure of what is driving the periodic outbreaks, UCLA researchers suspect that a combination of factors may be to blame, including changes in the animal’s immunity, sea surface temperatures and migration patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the disease, MMC and UCLA researchers will work together to collect blood and urine samples from wild sea lions at Año Nuevo Island in Northern California. The animals are tagged and released once samples have been retrieved.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will be looking at blood samples to find evidence of kidney disease and antibodies that indicate past exposure to leptospira. The urine samples tell scientists whether the animal is currently infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infected sea lions usually show signs of the disease, including drinking water and folding the flippers over the abdomen, according to the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marine mammals generally do not ingest water because they obtain all the fluid they need from other food sources. But when infected, the animals will drink water to compensate for failing kidneys that are no longer able to effectively filter toxins and regulate hydration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other animals, such as humans and dogs, can become infected with leptospira through contact with contaminated soil, urine, or water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can protect yourself and pets by keeping a safe distance from marine mammals of at least 50 feet. If you see a sick animal, report it to the center’s 24-hour hotline at 415-289-SEAL (7325).\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Eyes West Coast As Transit Point for Coal Exports",
"headTitle": "Trump Administration Eyes West Coast As Transit Point for Coal Exports | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is considering using West Coast military bases or other federal properties as transit points for shipments of U.S. coal and natural gas to Asia, as officials seek to bolster the domestic energy industry and circumvent environmental opposition to fossil fuel exports.[contextly_sidebar id=”HLFT3mMJBwwrOznEAKSusXIYv23zeA3V”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was described to The Associated Press by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke and two Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would advance the administration’s agenda of establishing American “energy dominance” on the world stage and underscores a willingness to intervene in markets to make that happen. It’s also tantamount to an end-run around West Coast officials who have rejected private-sector efforts to build new coal ports in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Democratic senator from Oregon and environmentalists blasted the proposal as undercutting local communities opposed to fossil fuel exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with The Associated Press, Zinke cast it as a matter of national security to ensure U.S. allies have access to affordable fuels. The Trump administration also has cited national security as justification for keeping domestic coal-burning power plants online to prevent disruptions of electricity supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear which sites are under consideration other than one in Alaska. Experts said the possibilities are constrained by the need for a deep water port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said the administration is interested in partnering with private entities to ship coal or liquefied natural gas through naval installations or other federal facilities. He added it’s still early in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I respect the state of Washington and Oregon and California,” Zinke said. “But also, it’s in our interest for national security and our allies to make sure that they have access to affordable energy commodities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accomplishing that, he said, may require the use of “some of our naval facilities, some of our federal facilities on the West Coast.”[contextly_sidebar id=”MZZ7tbY6HfMQTYGBpVoala32jlCIvCVO”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke specified only one site that could serve as an export hub, for natural gas: the former Adak Naval Air Facility in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, which he suggested could receive fuel by barge from the North Slope. The base closed in 1997 and has been largely abandoned. Roughly 300 people live in the town of Adak, the westernmost community in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke did not reveal government properties that could serve as potential coal ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon Sen. Ron Wyden said the Trump administration was “disregarding the realities around climate change” and “trampling on local communities” that have rejected prior port proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government should be doing more to invest in clean, renewable energy, not threatening the health and safety of Oregonians by propping up dirty energy investors,” the Democratic lawmaker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups including the Sierra Club and Northern Plains Resource Council also voiced opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The military is not a roving force to do whatever Trump finds politically expedient,” said Jan Hasselman, an attorney for opponents of a stalled coal port in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exports have been held up as a lifeline for struggling domestic coal miners since demand for the fuel started to wane a decade ago, when many power plants switched to cheaper, cleaner fuels. The West Coast offers the most economical route for shipments to Asia because of its relative proximity to the largest coal-producing region in the U.S.: the Powder River Basin, which straddles the Montana-Wyoming border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any export site would need access to deep waters to accommodate large ships and enough land to store fuel awaiting shipment. Few such locations can be found on the West Coast, said Joe Aldina, a coal industry analyst with S&P Global Platts Analytics.[contextly_sidebar id=”06XqO8w46Yx4b81CQwVMvMHoe3ZNJSpl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the U.S. coal export market booming in recent months, Aldina said any new port established by the government would quickly fill with coal for shipment overseas. Yet with demand expected to fall over the long-term, particularly in Europe, the current high prices for coal are expected to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldina expressed skepticism that government intervention could make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like everything else the Trump administration has tried to do, it’s a long shot whether some of these things will work, and it’s questionable whether they will really help the market,” he said, adding prices and fuel quality are the main drivers of coal markets, not government policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resistance to exports — rooted in worries about air pollution, climate change and rail safety — and changing market conditions have resulted in six proposed coal ports in Washington and Oregon being rejected or shelved. A $680 million project in Longview, Washington, was denied a key permit last year by state regulators who said it would increase greenhouse gas emissions and cause “significant and unavoidable harm to the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s brought a backlash from elected officials in coal-producing states, who have blasted Washington Gov. Jay Inslee in particular. They argue the rejection of the Longview port, sponsored by Utah-based Lighthouse Resources, violated the commerce clause in the Constitution that says only Congress has the power to regulate international and interstate trade.Montana, Wyoming and four other states joined Lighthouse Resources in a lawsuit challenging the rejection of the company’s Millennium Bulk Terminals port, which could handle up to 48.5 million tons (44 million metric tons) of coal a year.Rep. Liz Cheney, a Wyoming Republican, said she’s spoken with Zinke and U.S. Energy Secretary Rick Perry about using federal facilities to circumvent opposition to proposed ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be, for example, retired military facilities or other places where we would be able to use those for exports — frankly, to get around some of the unreasonable obstacles that have been thrown up,” Cheney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to joining Trump’s cabinet, Zinke was a Montana congressman and Perry was governor of Texas. Both states are among the United States’ top coal producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross also was involved in the proposal.[contextly_sidebar id=”xd1psNfHt0LPuLCmnPpm1HoL9GmoVxL0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commerce Department officials said in a statement that the agency was working with the Interior and Energy Departments “to advance the Administration’s export agenda, and this is one such effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy Department officials declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican U.S. Sen. Steve Daines of Montana said Zinke was looking at “all possibilities” for export terminals, including West Coast military installations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a Montanan, he’s looking for ways here to help these Rocky Mountain states like Montana and Wyoming get access to Asian markets,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal exports to Asia more than doubled in 2017, according to the Energy Information Administration. The rise continued in the first half of 2018 with almost 23 million tons of U.S. coal exported to Asian nations through June. South Korea, Japan and China were among the biggest recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those increases, the U.S. holds only a small share of the more than 1 billion tons of coal shipped annually by sea. Clark Williams-Derry with the Sightline Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Seattle, said there’s little chance of that changing in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re bit players on the global stage,” Williams-Derry said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is considering using West Coast military bases or other federal properties as transit points for shipments of U.S. coal and natural gas to Asia, as officials seek to bolster the domestic energy industry and circumvent environmental opposition to fossil fuel exports.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was described to The Associated Press by Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke and two Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would advance the administration’s agenda of establishing American “energy dominance” on the world stage and underscores a willingness to intervene in markets to make that happen. It’s also tantamount to an end-run around West Coast officials who have rejected private-sector efforts to build new coal ports in their states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Democratic senator from Oregon and environmentalists blasted the proposal as undercutting local communities opposed to fossil fuel exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with The Associated Press, Zinke cast it as a matter of national security to ensure U.S. allies have access to affordable fuels. The Trump administration also has cited national security as justification for keeping domestic coal-burning power plants online to prevent disruptions of electricity supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear which sites are under consideration other than one in Alaska. Experts said the possibilities are constrained by the need for a deep water port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said the administration is interested in partnering with private entities to ship coal or liquefied natural gas through naval installations or other federal facilities. He added it’s still early in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I respect the state of Washington and Oregon and California,” Zinke said. “But also, it’s in our interest for national security and our allies to make sure that they have access to affordable energy commodities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accomplishing that, he said, may require the use of “some of our naval facilities, some of our federal facilities on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke specified only one site that could serve as an export hub, for natural gas: the former Adak Naval Air Facility in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, which he suggested could receive fuel by barge from the North Slope. The base closed in 1997 and has been largely abandoned. Roughly 300 people live in the town of Adak, the westernmost community in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke did not reveal government properties that could serve as potential coal ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon Sen. Ron Wyden said the Trump administration was “disregarding the realities around climate change” and “trampling on local communities” that have rejected prior port proposals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government should be doing more to invest in clean, renewable energy, not threatening the health and safety of Oregonians by propping up dirty energy investors,” the Democratic lawmaker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groups including the Sierra Club and Northern Plains Resource Council also voiced opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The military is not a roving force to do whatever Trump finds politically expedient,” said Jan Hasselman, an attorney for opponents of a stalled coal port in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exports have been held up as a lifeline for struggling domestic coal miners since demand for the fuel started to wane a decade ago, when many power plants switched to cheaper, cleaner fuels. The West Coast offers the most economical route for shipments to Asia because of its relative proximity to the largest coal-producing region in the U.S.: the Powder River Basin, which straddles the Montana-Wyoming border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any export site would need access to deep waters to accommodate large ships and enough land to store fuel awaiting shipment. Few such locations can be found on the West Coast, said Joe Aldina, a coal industry analyst with S&P Global Platts Analytics.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the U.S. coal export market booming in recent months, Aldina said any new port established by the government would quickly fill with coal for shipment overseas. Yet with demand expected to fall over the long-term, particularly in Europe, the current high prices for coal are expected to drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldina expressed skepticism that government intervention could make much difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like everything else the Trump administration has tried to do, it’s a long shot whether some of these things will work, and it’s questionable whether they will really help the market,” he said, adding prices and fuel quality are the main drivers of coal markets, not government policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resistance to exports — rooted in worries about air pollution, climate change and rail safety — and changing market conditions have resulted in six proposed coal ports in Washington and Oregon being rejected or shelved. A $680 million project in Longview, Washington, was denied a key permit last year by state regulators who said it would increase greenhouse gas emissions and cause “significant and unavoidable harm to the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s brought a backlash from elected officials in coal-producing states, who have blasted Washington Gov. Jay Inslee in particular. They argue the rejection of the Longview port, sponsored by Utah-based Lighthouse Resources, violated the commerce clause in the Constitution that says only Congress has the power to regulate international and interstate trade.Montana, Wyoming and four other states joined Lighthouse Resources in a lawsuit challenging the rejection of the company’s Millennium Bulk Terminals port, which could handle up to 48.5 million tons (44 million metric tons) of coal a year.Rep. Liz Cheney, a Wyoming Republican, said she’s spoken with Zinke and U.S. Energy Secretary Rick Perry about using federal facilities to circumvent opposition to proposed ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be, for example, retired military facilities or other places where we would be able to use those for exports — frankly, to get around some of the unreasonable obstacles that have been thrown up,” Cheney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to joining Trump’s cabinet, Zinke was a Montana congressman and Perry was governor of Texas. Both states are among the United States’ top coal producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zinke said Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross also was involved in the proposal.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commerce Department officials said in a statement that the agency was working with the Interior and Energy Departments “to advance the Administration’s export agenda, and this is one such effort.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Energy Department officials declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican U.S. Sen. Steve Daines of Montana said Zinke was looking at “all possibilities” for export terminals, including West Coast military installations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a Montanan, he’s looking for ways here to help these Rocky Mountain states like Montana and Wyoming get access to Asian markets,” Daines said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coal exports to Asia more than doubled in 2017, according to the Energy Information Administration. The rise continued in the first half of 2018 with almost 23 million tons of U.S. coal exported to Asian nations through June. South Korea, Japan and China were among the biggest recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite those increases, the U.S. holds only a small share of the more than 1 billion tons of coal shipped annually by sea. Clark Williams-Derry with the Sightline Institute, a left-leaning think tank based in Seattle, said there’s little chance of that changing in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Jurors To San Francisco Judge: Don’t Throw Out Our Monsanto Verdict",
"headTitle": "Jurors To San Francisco Judge: Don’t Throw Out Our Monsanto Verdict | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto’s Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper’s cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award in his favor, a newspaper reported Monday.[contextly_sidebar id=”EKosTPJ32MCtohsYwZ7BRPRkfvGZJpxC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Gary Kitahata told Judge Suzanne Bolanos in a letter that the jury was convinced by the evidence, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-case-Jurors-urge-judge-not-to-overturn-13309317.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I urge you to respect and honor our verdict and the six weeks of our lives that we dedicated to this trial,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Robert Howard wrote to the judge that the jury had paid “studious attention” to the evidence and any decision to overturn its verdict would shake his confidence in the judicial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolanos said last week she is inclined to throw out $250 million in punitive damages in favor of DeWayne Johnson. She is also considering dramatically reducing the remaining award. Her final decision is due by Oct. 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June, has asked the judge to override the jury’s decision and enter judgment in its favor or order a new trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer AG in a statement on Monday thanked the jury for its “important public service,” but said the “post-trial motions in the Johnson case raise issues of law that are properly addressed by Judge Bolanos.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sprayed Roundup and a similar product, Ranger Pro, at his job as a pest control manager at a San Francisco Bay Area school district, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2014 at age 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawsuit is among hundreds alleging Roundup caused cancer, but it was the first one to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between glyphosate — the active ingredient in Roundup — and cancer. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that glyphosate is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury in August determined that Monsanto should have provided a label warning of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/dewayne-johnson-jury-289m-roundup-cancer-suit-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a tentative order last week\u003c/a>, Bolanos said Johnson’s attorneys had failed to show Monsanto acted with “malice or oppression” — a prerequisite for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard told the Chronicle testimony at trial showed there were “serious questions” about the safety of Roundup when the company gave it to Johnson’s employer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jurors who found that agribusiness giant Monsanto’s Roundup weed killer contributed to a school groundskeeper’s cancer are urging a San Francisco judge not to throw out the bulk of their $289 million award in his favor, a newspaper reported Monday.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Gary Kitahata told Judge Suzanne Bolanos in a letter that the jury was convinced by the evidence, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-case-Jurors-urge-judge-not-to-overturn-13309317.php?src=hp_totn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I urge you to respect and honor our verdict and the six weeks of our lives that we dedicated to this trial,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juror Robert Howard wrote to the judge that the jury had paid “studious attention” to the evidence and any decision to overturn its verdict would shake his confidence in the judicial system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolanos said last week she is inclined to throw out $250 million in punitive damages in favor of DeWayne Johnson. She is also considering dramatically reducing the remaining award. Her final decision is due by Oct. 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, which was acquired by Bayer AG in June, has asked the judge to override the jury’s decision and enter judgment in its favor or order a new trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer AG in a statement on Monday thanked the jury for its “important public service,” but said the “post-trial motions in the Johnson case raise issues of law that are properly addressed by Judge Bolanos.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sprayed Roundup and a similar product, Ranger Pro, at his job as a pest control manager at a San Francisco Bay Area school district, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2014 at age 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lawsuit is among hundreds alleging Roundup caused cancer, but it was the first one to go to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between glyphosate — the active ingredient in Roundup — and cancer. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that glyphosate is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury in August determined that Monsanto should have provided a label warning of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/dewayne-johnson-jury-289m-roundup-cancer-suit-court/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a tentative order last week\u003c/a>, Bolanos said Johnson’s attorneys had failed to show Monsanto acted with “malice or oppression” — a prerequisite for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard told the Chronicle testimony at trial showed there were “serious questions” about the safety of Roundup when the company gave it to Johnson’s employer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Add beer to chocolate , coffee and wine as some of life’s little pleasures that global warming will make scarcer and costlier, scientists say.[contextly_sidebar id=”zzT3lWI26yz5xgv2ZvJZ1O2UY5TtQ7Tc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing bouts of extreme heat waves and drought will hurt production of barley, a key beer ingredient, in the future. Losses of barley yield can be as much as 17 percent, an international group of researchers estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means beer prices on average would double, even adjusting for inflation, according to the study in Monday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nplants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Plants\u003c/a> . In countries like Ireland, where cost of a brew is already high, prices could triple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come a week after a dire United Nations report described consequences of dangerous levels of climate change including worsening food and water shortages, heat waves, sea level rise, and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study co-author Steve Davis of the University of California, Irvine, said the beer research was partly done to drive home the not-that-palatable message that climate change is messing with all sorts of aspects of our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists who weren’t part of this study said it was sound and perhaps more effective way of communicating the dangers of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the greatest challenges as a scientist doing research on climate change and food is to illustrate it in a way that people can understand,” U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist Lewis Ziska said in an email. Few people would complain if global warming ruined Brussels sprouts, he added.[contextly_sidebar id=”FzHq0B5JObj9OZHFHMNuOkCzGJTyfWY6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that barley “is one of the most heat-sensitive crops globally,” but this study connects that to something that people care about — the price of beer — so it’s valuable, said David Lobell, a Stanford University agriculture ecologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis, an IPA fan, is one of those people who care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a paper born of love and fear,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide barley is used for all sorts of purposes, mostly feeding livestock. Less than 20 percent of the world’s barley is made into beer. But in the United States, Brazil and China, at least two-thirds of the barley goes into six-packs, drafts, kegs, cans and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Davis and colleagues looked only at the combination of heat waves and drought, not the general warming that also should affect where barley is grown.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If emissions of heat-trapping gases from the burning of coal, oil and gas continue at the current rising pace, the likelihood of weather conditions hurting barley production will increase from about once a decade before 2050 to once every other year by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Add beer to chocolate , coffee and wine as some of life’s little pleasures that global warming will make scarcer and costlier, scientists say.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing bouts of extreme heat waves and drought will hurt production of barley, a key beer ingredient, in the future. Losses of barley yield can be as much as 17 percent, an international group of researchers estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means beer prices on average would double, even adjusting for inflation, according to the study in Monday’s journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nplants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Plants\u003c/a> . In countries like Ireland, where cost of a brew is already high, prices could triple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings come a week after a dire United Nations report described consequences of dangerous levels of climate change including worsening food and water shortages, heat waves, sea level rise, and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Study co-author Steve Davis of the University of California, Irvine, said the beer research was partly done to drive home the not-that-palatable message that climate change is messing with all sorts of aspects of our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists who weren’t part of this study said it was sound and perhaps more effective way of communicating the dangers of global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the greatest challenges as a scientist doing research on climate change and food is to illustrate it in a way that people can understand,” U.S. Department of Agriculture scientist Lewis Ziska said in an email. Few people would complain if global warming ruined Brussels sprouts, he added.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long known that barley “is one of the most heat-sensitive crops globally,” but this study connects that to something that people care about — the price of beer — so it’s valuable, said David Lobell, a Stanford University agriculture ecologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis, an IPA fan, is one of those people who care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a paper born of love and fear,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide barley is used for all sorts of purposes, mostly feeding livestock. Less than 20 percent of the world’s barley is made into beer. But in the United States, Brazil and China, at least two-thirds of the barley goes into six-packs, drafts, kegs, cans and bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-1\" class=\"DFPSlot\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"google_ads_iframe_15786418/APNews/site/article/midarticle2_0__container__\">Davis and colleagues looked only at the combination of heat waves and drought, not the general warming that also should affect where barley is grown.\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If emissions of heat-trapping gases from the burning of coal, oil and gas continue at the current rising pace, the likelihood of weather conditions hurting barley production will increase from about once a decade before 2050 to once every other year by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite what President Donald Trump says, scientists have long known that what’s warming the planet isn’t natural. It’s us.[contextly_sidebar id=”NmFjwzurnMX6m9u9Vt9D4L0w1Thy66MX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even have the energy balance sheets accounting for changes in the climate to prove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump’s own White House put out a\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/\"> science report\u003c/a> last year concluding that “the likely range of the human contribution to the global mean temperature increase over the period 1951-2010 is 1.1 to 1.4 F.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On “60 Minutes” Sunday, Trump said, “something is changing and it’ll change back again. I don’t think it’s a hoax. I think there’s probably a difference. But I don’t know that it’s man-made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists say Trump was wrong. There are several ways they know that more than 90 percent of climate change is caused by emissions of heat-trapping gases from activities like burning coal and natural gas for electricity, or burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel for transportation. In other words, humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been hammering governments with the evidence for several decades, and it’s incontrovertible,” Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said. “Humans are causing most of the warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Energy Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have calculated Earth’s energy balance, tracking the energy that comes in and goes out, said Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have measured the heat coming into Earth’s system from different sources, relying on satellite data for the past 38 years and other, less direct measurements before then. Those sources include the sun and natural changes in the sun’s energy, and volcanic eruptions that bring heat from the Earth’s crust. Human sources include greenhouse gases, air pollution like soot, and changes in land use that release and absorb carbon.[contextly_sidebar id=”WZF34fWHU0GXVjCOeqkacEcytNntIYoT”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural components put together have changed global temperatures — but only a tiny amount. They account for between two-tenths of a degree of cooling and two-tenths of a degree of warming, the 2017 national science report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national science report concluded that humans caused at least 93 percent of the warming that scientists measured from 1951 to 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the natural effects could have possibly produced the warming that has been seen, they said. But “if you include effect of greenhouse gases, everything matches up,” said University of Illinois climate scientist Donald Wuebbles, one of the chief authors of the 2017 report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Way the Earth Warms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has warmed in exactly the way physics has predicted, what Oppenhiemer calls the “Cadillac piece of evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world warmed by greenhouse gases, physicists predicted that the air about 6 miles (10 kilometers) up would cool. And it \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page4.php\">has\u003c/a> , Oppenheimer said. Had the warming been from the changes in the sun’s energy, that upper air wouldn’t cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change theory also predicted that the poles would warm faster than the rest of the Earth. That too has happened, said Columbia University climate scientist Adam Sobel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another fingerprint that implicates human activity: The world’s much warmer \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/\">oceans\u003c/a> , Sobel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenhouse effect is no mystery. It was demonstrated nearly two centuries ago. Engineers have harnessed its effects — it helped the U.S. Air Force develop heat-seeking missiles. And it makes Earth livable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simply that certain gasses, including carbon dioxide and water vapor, \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trap\u003c/a> heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without it, much more of the sun’s heat would evaporate into space — Earth’s average temperature would be about -1 degrees (-18 Celsius). With the greenhouse effect it is a comfortable 59 degrees (15 Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will it Change Back?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth’s climate could “change back again,” as President Trump suggested — if humans drastically and permanently cut back emissions of greenhouse emissions. The problem is, Trump is taking steps that will increase emissions, such as from burning more coal, not decrease them.[contextly_sidebar id=”6eyJ9aLriqhUzNrMvYCHDnyhwRgFenI9″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Trump’s moves, changes in climate will not be reversed, they will intensify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathie Dello, a climate scientist at Oregon State University, calls Trump’s misinformation ‘dangerous.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like jumping off a cliff and hoping that gravity just doesn’t exist anymore,” she said. “That’s what we’re doing by denying the basic science behind climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite what President Donald Trump says, scientists have long known that what’s warming the planet isn’t natural. It’s us.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They even have the energy balance sheets accounting for changes in the climate to prove it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump’s own White House put out a\u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/3/\"> science report\u003c/a> last year concluding that “the likely range of the human contribution to the global mean temperature increase over the period 1951-2010 is 1.1 to 1.4 F.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On “60 Minutes” Sunday, Trump said, “something is changing and it’ll change back again. I don’t think it’s a hoax. I think there’s probably a difference. But I don’t know that it’s man-made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists say Trump was wrong. There are several ways they know that more than 90 percent of climate change is caused by emissions of heat-trapping gases from activities like burning coal and natural gas for electricity, or burning gasoline, diesel and jet fuel for transportation. In other words, humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been hammering governments with the evidence for several decades, and it’s incontrovertible,” Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said. “Humans are causing most of the warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Energy Balance\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have calculated Earth’s energy balance, tracking the energy that comes in and goes out, said Stanford University climate scientist Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have measured the heat coming into Earth’s system from different sources, relying on satellite data for the past 38 years and other, less direct measurements before then. Those sources include the sun and natural changes in the sun’s energy, and volcanic eruptions that bring heat from the Earth’s crust. Human sources include greenhouse gases, air pollution like soot, and changes in land use that release and absorb carbon.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural components put together have changed global temperatures — but only a tiny amount. They account for between two-tenths of a degree of cooling and two-tenths of a degree of warming, the 2017 national science report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national science report concluded that humans caused at least 93 percent of the warming that scientists measured from 1951 to 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the natural effects could have possibly produced the warming that has been seen, they said. But “if you include effect of greenhouse gases, everything matches up,” said University of Illinois climate scientist Donald Wuebbles, one of the chief authors of the 2017 report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Way the Earth Warms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has warmed in exactly the way physics has predicted, what Oppenhiemer calls the “Cadillac piece of evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a world warmed by greenhouse gases, physicists predicted that the air about 6 miles (10 kilometers) up would cool. And it \u003ca href=\"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page4.php\">has\u003c/a> , Oppenheimer said. Had the warming been from the changes in the sun’s energy, that upper air wouldn’t cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change theory also predicted that the poles would warm faster than the rest of the Earth. That too has happened, said Columbia University climate scientist Adam Sobel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another fingerprint that implicates human activity: The world’s much warmer \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/\">oceans\u003c/a> , Sobel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Physics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenhouse effect is no mystery. It was demonstrated nearly two centuries ago. Engineers have harnessed its effects — it helped the U.S. Air Force develop heat-seeking missiles. And it makes Earth livable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s simply that certain gasses, including carbon dioxide and water vapor, \u003ca href=\"https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trap\u003c/a> heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without it, much more of the sun’s heat would evaporate into space — Earth’s average temperature would be about -1 degrees (-18 Celsius). With the greenhouse effect it is a comfortable 59 degrees (15 Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will it Change Back?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Earth’s climate could “change back again,” as President Trump suggested — if humans drastically and permanently cut back emissions of greenhouse emissions. The problem is, Trump is taking steps that will increase emissions, such as from burning more coal, not decrease them.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Trump’s moves, changes in climate will not be reversed, they will intensify.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kathie Dello, a climate scientist at Oregon State University, calls Trump’s misinformation ‘dangerous.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like jumping off a cliff and hoping that gravity just doesn’t exist anymore,” she said. “That’s what we’re doing by denying the basic science behind climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why You Shouldn’t Get Your Hopes up About an El Niño This Winter",
"headTitle": "Why You Shouldn’t Get Your Hopes up About an El Niño This Winter | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An El Niño is forecast for the winter ahead, and we all know what that means. Or do we?[contextly_sidebar id=”v01DQ6sHcL6Y8AAzxIVYHh4sXp64rj2P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño – that cyclical warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean – has long been associated with wet winters across much of the West. Which is always welcome news across the chronically water-short region. But in reality, whether El Niño actually delivers greater-than-normal precipitation is strictly a toss-up, says Jan Null, owner of \u003ca href=\"https://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>, a consultancy based in Saratoga, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center tells us, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">most recent forecast\u003c/a> of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span>), that there is as much as a 70 percent chance of El Niño conditions forming during the winter ahead. And it’s likely to be a “weak” El Niño. But what does that mean? Elementally, it means the equatorial Pacific is expected to be warmer than normal, and this may alter weather events around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t mean you should get your hopes up for a wet winter. Null has taken it upon himself to try to bring a dose of reality to the situation, via an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso2016/us_elnino.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">exhaustive breakdown\u003c/a> of precipitation results from past El Niño events. In an interview with Water Deeply, he explains why our expectations about this weather phenomenon are often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What does an El Niño prediction mean for precipitation in California and elsewhere in the West?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: With any El Niño, and especially weak events, there is no strong correlation with either above- or below-normal precipitation in California. For example, in the very important Sacramento Basin, of the 10 weak El Niño events since 1950, five have been above normal and five below normal. And the range of these solutions is from 43 percent of normal in 1976–77 to 135 percent of normal in 1977–78.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, rainfall in the California portion of the Colorado ranges from 30 percent of normal in 2006–07 to 214 percent in 2004–05 – both weak El Niños.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is forecasting El Niño so difficult?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: The accuracy for seasonal forecasts is not nearly as absolute as our weather forecasts in the short term. So with forecasting El Niño, you’re going to run into all the same issues you have with any seasonal forecast. Also, we’re finding out more and more that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events are not happening in a vacuum. It’s not the only thing that’s going on. You also have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation. I call it an alphabet soup of different things we have going on in the oceans and atmosphere.[contextly_sidebar id=”OjbQz2QiEAo6yhwJeN0DQKaAZQE3BVcq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of these, the strongest single events are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events, which I think is one of the reasons they get so much attention. But they don’t happen in that vacuum. So sometimes these other things make the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events stronger, or they might subtract from the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only do we have to forecast what the ocean temperatures are going to be along this fairly narrow swathe of the equatorial Pacific. You really have to consider what’s going on in all these other places – looking at pressure patterns in the Arctic or what’s going on in the North Pacific. It’s a complex puzzle. If you forecast one piece out of place, all the other ones aren’t going to fit right together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we also have to discuss the fact that you have climate change \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DNA\u003c/span> in everything that’s going on. The atmosphere and the oceans are warmer, so that’s going to add into the complexity of what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Much of the West is grappling with long-term water shortages. How should we manage our expectations around El Niño and avoid any ‘hype’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: I don’t think it necessarily is El Niño hype. There is always the hope that the next winter is going to be wet. People fixate on the idea that “This is an El Niño storm.” Well, you also have big storms in years that are not El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the way we get our “normal” precipitation is typically by having a lot of years that are a little bit less than normal. And that’s really what the drought in 2011–15 was. So that means you have a deficit over those four years. So to make up that deficit, you not only have to have a normal year. You almost have to have a year that would be twice as wet as normal. But something we have learned is that we can recover without making up all the deficit. And I think we saw that with the water supply after what happened in 2016–17, which was a wet year.[contextly_sidebar id=”9g2Bx8SJCT2SYEdwrQtMNln84K4oOvGl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really important that water managers, the media and the public \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">get out of the old mindset\u003c/a> from 1982–83 and 1997–98 that El Niño means a wet winter for California. I think the attention is appropriate. You just have to put it in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve often used, over the years, the analogy of a baseball team. You may have this one player who’s a superstar who helps you get more wins than any other player. But on any given day, somebody else might have a hot day and be the one who’s going to be the star. El Niño is not the only player on the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/11/why-you-shouldnt-get-your-hopes-up-about-an-el-nio-this-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "It’s become almost common currency that El Niño conditions in the Pacific Ocean mean wet winters in the West. But history shows that’s not necessarily so, partly because many other weather phenomena also play a role in precipitation.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An El Niño is forecast for the winter ahead, and we all know what that means. Or do we?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño – that cyclical warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean – has long been associated with wet winters across much of the West. Which is always welcome news across the chronically water-short region. But in reality, whether El Niño actually delivers greater-than-normal precipitation is strictly a toss-up, says Jan Null, owner of \u003ca href=\"https://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>, a consultancy based in Saratoga, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center tells us, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">most recent forecast\u003c/a> of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span>), that there is as much as a 70 percent chance of El Niño conditions forming during the winter ahead. And it’s likely to be a “weak” El Niño. But what does that mean? Elementally, it means the equatorial Pacific is expected to be warmer than normal, and this may alter weather events around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t mean you should get your hopes up for a wet winter. Null has taken it upon himself to try to bring a dose of reality to the situation, via an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso2016/us_elnino.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">exhaustive breakdown\u003c/a> of precipitation results from past El Niño events. In an interview with Water Deeply, he explains why our expectations about this weather phenomenon are often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What does an El Niño prediction mean for precipitation in California and elsewhere in the West?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: With any El Niño, and especially weak events, there is no strong correlation with either above- or below-normal precipitation in California. For example, in the very important Sacramento Basin, of the 10 weak El Niño events since 1950, five have been above normal and five below normal. And the range of these solutions is from 43 percent of normal in 1976–77 to 135 percent of normal in 1977–78.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, rainfall in the California portion of the Colorado ranges from 30 percent of normal in 2006–07 to 214 percent in 2004–05 – both weak El Niños.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is forecasting El Niño so difficult?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: The accuracy for seasonal forecasts is not nearly as absolute as our weather forecasts in the short term. So with forecasting El Niño, you’re going to run into all the same issues you have with any seasonal forecast. Also, we’re finding out more and more that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events are not happening in a vacuum. It’s not the only thing that’s going on. You also have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation. I call it an alphabet soup of different things we have going on in the oceans and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of these, the strongest single events are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events, which I think is one of the reasons they get so much attention. But they don’t happen in that vacuum. So sometimes these other things make the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events stronger, or they might subtract from the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only do we have to forecast what the ocean temperatures are going to be along this fairly narrow swathe of the equatorial Pacific. You really have to consider what’s going on in all these other places – looking at pressure patterns in the Arctic or what’s going on in the North Pacific. It’s a complex puzzle. If you forecast one piece out of place, all the other ones aren’t going to fit right together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we also have to discuss the fact that you have climate change \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DNA\u003c/span> in everything that’s going on. The atmosphere and the oceans are warmer, so that’s going to add into the complexity of what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Much of the West is grappling with long-term water shortages. How should we manage our expectations around El Niño and avoid any ‘hype’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: I don’t think it necessarily is El Niño hype. There is always the hope that the next winter is going to be wet. People fixate on the idea that “This is an El Niño storm.” Well, you also have big storms in years that are not El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the way we get our “normal” precipitation is typically by having a lot of years that are a little bit less than normal. And that’s really what the drought in 2011–15 was. So that means you have a deficit over those four years. So to make up that deficit, you not only have to have a normal year. You almost have to have a year that would be twice as wet as normal. But something we have learned is that we can recover without making up all the deficit. And I think we saw that with the water supply after what happened in 2016–17, which was a wet year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really important that water managers, the media and the public \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">get out of the old mindset\u003c/a> from 1982–83 and 1997–98 that El Niño means a wet winter for California. I think the attention is appropriate. You just have to put it in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve often used, over the years, the analogy of a baseball team. You may have this one player who’s a superstar who helps you get more wins than any other player. But on any given day, somebody else might have a hot day and be the one who’s going to be the star. El Niño is not the only player on the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/11/why-you-shouldnt-get-your-hopes-up-about-an-el-nio-this-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "States Take On Urgent Negotiations To Avoid Colorado River Crisis",
"headTitle": "States Take On Urgent Negotiations To Avoid Colorado River Crisis | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 2007, years into a record-breaking drought throughout the southwestern U.S., officials along the Colorado River finally came to an agreement on how they’d deal with future water shortages — and then quietly hoped that wet weather would return.[contextly_sidebar id=”lliViJOAg1AmH71o9IssxV2yP7CUXru8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those states are now back at the negotiating table to hammer out new deals to avoid a slow-moving crisis on the river system that supports 40 million people in seven Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent of the problem can be seen in a place like Page, Ariz., on the southern edge of Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pitt, who works on Colorado River policy for the National Audubon Society, is standing on an overlook peering down at the lake itself and the giant concrete dam holding it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.[contextly_sidebar id=”ypnzIKhd8oswgMF8IIqsSvTLobkLbuwa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”ICj6nMnvnky3gcPFFyp1vLcuWIFAamX7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River, produced by KUNC and supported through a Walton Family Foundation grant. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+In+Drought%3A+States+Take+On+Urgent+Negotiations+To+Avoid+Colorado+River+Crisis&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After years of sustained drought, water managers along the Colorado River system are renegotiating water cutbacks to seven Western states, hoping to avoid more drastic shortages in the future.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2007, years into a record-breaking drought throughout the southwestern U.S., officials along the Colorado River finally came to an agreement on how they’d deal with future water shortages — and then quietly hoped that wet weather would return.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those states are now back at the negotiating table to hammer out new deals to avoid a slow-moving crisis on the river system that supports 40 million people in seven Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent of the problem can be seen in a place like Page, Ariz., on the southern edge of Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pitt, who works on Colorado River policy for the National Audubon Society, is standing on an overlook peering down at the lake itself and the giant concrete dam holding it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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