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"content": "\u003cp>An El Niño is forecast for the winter ahead, and we all know what that means. Or do we?[contextly_sidebar id=”v01DQ6sHcL6Y8AAzxIVYHh4sXp64rj2P”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño – that cyclical warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean – has long been associated with wet winters across much of the West. Which is always welcome news across the chronically water-short region. But in reality, whether El Niño actually delivers greater-than-normal precipitation is strictly a toss-up, says Jan Null, owner of \u003ca href=\"https://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>, a consultancy based in Saratoga, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center tells us, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">most recent forecast\u003c/a> of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span>), that there is as much as a 70 percent chance of El Niño conditions forming during the winter ahead. And it’s likely to be a “weak” El Niño. But what does that mean? Elementally, it means the equatorial Pacific is expected to be warmer than normal, and this may alter weather events around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t mean you should get your hopes up for a wet winter. Null has taken it upon himself to try to bring a dose of reality to the situation, via an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso2016/us_elnino.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">exhaustive breakdown\u003c/a> of precipitation results from past El Niño events. In an interview with Water Deeply, he explains why our expectations about this weather phenomenon are often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What does an El Niño prediction mean for precipitation in California and elsewhere in the West?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: With any El Niño, and especially weak events, there is no strong correlation with either above- or below-normal precipitation in California. For example, in the very important Sacramento Basin, of the 10 weak El Niño events since 1950, five have been above normal and five below normal. And the range of these solutions is from 43 percent of normal in 1976–77 to 135 percent of normal in 1977–78.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, rainfall in the California portion of the Colorado ranges from 30 percent of normal in 2006–07 to 214 percent in 2004–05 – both weak El Niños.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is forecasting El Niño so difficult?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: The accuracy for seasonal forecasts is not nearly as absolute as our weather forecasts in the short term. So with forecasting El Niño, you’re going to run into all the same issues you have with any seasonal forecast. Also, we’re finding out more and more that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events are not happening in a vacuum. It’s not the only thing that’s going on. You also have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation. I call it an alphabet soup of different things we have going on in the oceans and atmosphere.[contextly_sidebar id=”OjbQz2QiEAo6yhwJeN0DQKaAZQE3BVcq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of these, the strongest single events are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events, which I think is one of the reasons they get so much attention. But they don’t happen in that vacuum. So sometimes these other things make the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events stronger, or they might subtract from the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only do we have to forecast what the ocean temperatures are going to be along this fairly narrow swathe of the equatorial Pacific. You really have to consider what’s going on in all these other places – looking at pressure patterns in the Arctic or what’s going on in the North Pacific. It’s a complex puzzle. If you forecast one piece out of place, all the other ones aren’t going to fit right together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we also have to discuss the fact that you have climate change \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DNA\u003c/span> in everything that’s going on. The atmosphere and the oceans are warmer, so that’s going to add into the complexity of what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Much of the West is grappling with long-term water shortages. How should we manage our expectations around El Niño and avoid any ‘hype’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: I don’t think it necessarily is El Niño hype. There is always the hope that the next winter is going to be wet. People fixate on the idea that “This is an El Niño storm.” Well, you also have big storms in years that are not El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the way we get our “normal” precipitation is typically by having a lot of years that are a little bit less than normal. And that’s really what the drought in 2011–15 was. So that means you have a deficit over those four years. So to make up that deficit, you not only have to have a normal year. You almost have to have a year that would be twice as wet as normal. But something we have learned is that we can recover without making up all the deficit. And I think we saw that with the water supply after what happened in 2016–17, which was a wet year.[contextly_sidebar id=”9g2Bx8SJCT2SYEdwrQtMNln84K4oOvGl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really important that water managers, the media and the public \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">get out of the old mindset\u003c/a> from 1982–83 and 1997–98 that El Niño means a wet winter for California. I think the attention is appropriate. You just have to put it in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve often used, over the years, the analogy of a baseball team. You may have this one player who’s a superstar who helps you get more wins than any other player. But on any given day, somebody else might have a hot day and be the one who’s going to be the star. El Niño is not the only player on the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/11/why-you-shouldnt-get-your-hopes-up-about-an-el-nio-this-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An El Niño is forecast for the winter ahead, and we all know what that means. Or do we?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño – that cyclical warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean – has long been associated with wet winters across much of the West. Which is always welcome news across the chronically water-short region. But in reality, whether El Niño actually delivers greater-than-normal precipitation is strictly a toss-up, says Jan Null, owner of \u003ca href=\"https://ggweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Golden Gate Weather Services\u003c/a>, a consultancy based in Saratoga, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service Climate Prediction Center tells us, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">most recent forecast\u003c/a> of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span>), that there is as much as a 70 percent chance of El Niño conditions forming during the winter ahead. And it’s likely to be a “weak” El Niño. But what does that mean? Elementally, it means the equatorial Pacific is expected to be warmer than normal, and this may alter weather events around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it doesn’t mean you should get your hopes up for a wet winter. Null has taken it upon himself to try to bring a dose of reality to the situation, via an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso2016/us_elnino.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">exhaustive breakdown\u003c/a> of precipitation results from past El Niño events. In an interview with Water Deeply, he explains why our expectations about this weather phenomenon are often wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What does an El Niño prediction mean for precipitation in California and elsewhere in the West?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jan Null: With any El Niño, and especially weak events, there is no strong correlation with either above- or below-normal precipitation in California. For example, in the very important Sacramento Basin, of the 10 weak El Niño events since 1950, five have been above normal and five below normal. And the range of these solutions is from 43 percent of normal in 1976–77 to 135 percent of normal in 1977–78.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Likewise, rainfall in the California portion of the Colorado ranges from 30 percent of normal in 2006–07 to 214 percent in 2004–05 – both weak El Niños.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Why is forecasting El Niño so difficult?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: The accuracy for seasonal forecasts is not nearly as absolute as our weather forecasts in the short term. So with forecasting El Niño, you’re going to run into all the same issues you have with any seasonal forecast. Also, we’re finding out more and more that \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events are not happening in a vacuum. It’s not the only thing that’s going on. You also have the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation. I call it an alphabet soup of different things we have going on in the oceans and atmosphere.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, of these, the strongest single events are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events, which I think is one of the reasons they get so much attention. But they don’t happen in that vacuum. So sometimes these other things make the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ENSO\u003c/span> events stronger, or they might subtract from the impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So not only do we have to forecast what the ocean temperatures are going to be along this fairly narrow swathe of the equatorial Pacific. You really have to consider what’s going on in all these other places – looking at pressure patterns in the Arctic or what’s going on in the North Pacific. It’s a complex puzzle. If you forecast one piece out of place, all the other ones aren’t going to fit right together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then we also have to discuss the fact that you have climate change \u003cspan class=\"caps\">DNA\u003c/span> in everything that’s going on. The atmosphere and the oceans are warmer, so that’s going to add into the complexity of what’s going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Much of the West is grappling with long-term water shortages. How should we manage our expectations around El Niño and avoid any ‘hype’?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null: I don’t think it necessarily is El Niño hype. There is always the hope that the next winter is going to be wet. People fixate on the idea that “This is an El Niño storm.” Well, you also have big storms in years that are not El Niño.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, the way we get our “normal” precipitation is typically by having a lot of years that are a little bit less than normal. And that’s really what the drought in 2011–15 was. So that means you have a deficit over those four years. So to make up that deficit, you not only have to have a normal year. You almost have to have a year that would be twice as wet as normal. But something we have learned is that we can recover without making up all the deficit. And I think we saw that with the water supply after what happened in 2016–17, which was a wet year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s really important that water managers, the media and the public \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.ggweather.com/enso/enso_myths.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">get out of the old mindset\u003c/a> from 1982–83 and 1997–98 that El Niño means a wet winter for California. I think the attention is appropriate. You just have to put it in context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ve often used, over the years, the analogy of a baseball team. You may have this one player who’s a superstar who helps you get more wins than any other player. But on any given day, somebody else might have a hot day and be the one who’s going to be the star. El Niño is not the only player on the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/10/11/why-you-shouldnt-get-your-hopes-up-about-an-el-nio-this-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "States Take On Urgent Negotiations To Avoid Colorado River Crisis",
"headTitle": "States Take On Urgent Negotiations To Avoid Colorado River Crisis | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In 2007, years into a record-breaking drought throughout the southwestern U.S., officials along the Colorado River finally came to an agreement on how they’d deal with future water shortages — and then quietly hoped that wet weather would return.[contextly_sidebar id=”lliViJOAg1AmH71o9IssxV2yP7CUXru8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those states are now back at the negotiating table to hammer out new deals to avoid a slow-moving crisis on the river system that supports 40 million people in seven Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent of the problem can be seen in a place like Page, Ariz., on the southern edge of Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pitt, who works on Colorado River policy for the National Audubon Society, is standing on an overlook peering down at the lake itself and the giant concrete dam holding it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.[contextly_sidebar id=”ypnzIKhd8oswgMF8IIqsSvTLobkLbuwa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.[contextly_sidebar id=”ICj6nMnvnky3gcPFFyp1vLcuWIFAamX7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a project covering the Colorado River, produced by KUNC and supported through a Walton Family Foundation grant. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=When+In+Drought%3A+States+Take+On+Urgent+Negotiations+To+Avoid+Colorado+River+Crisis&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2007, years into a record-breaking drought throughout the southwestern U.S., officials along the Colorado River finally came to an agreement on how they’d deal with future water shortages — and then quietly hoped that wet weather would return.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those states are now back at the negotiating table to hammer out new deals to avoid a slow-moving crisis on the river system that supports 40 million people in seven Western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extent of the problem can be seen in a place like Page, Ariz., on the southern edge of Lake Powell, the second-largest reservoir in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Pitt, who works on Colorado River policy for the National Audubon Society, is standing on an overlook peering down at the lake itself and the giant concrete dam holding it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now you can tell that there’s a river here underneath this reservoir because it has somewhat of a linear shape,” Pitt says, tracing the red rock canyon with her finger. “And it’s wending its way towards where we’re standing, here, overlooking the Glen Canyon Dam.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The canyon beyond the dam is stained with a stark white ring. This past year was one of the driest on record, and this spring the reservoir only received about a third of the amount of water it does in an average year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past 20 years, Pitt says, demands for water have outstripped the supply, meaning Lake Powell and its sister reservoir, Lake Mead further downstream, continue to drop. Both are less than half full.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pitt says without changes to how the two human-made lakes are managed, they could plummet to levels where no water can be released, referred to as “dead pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that happened, that would be a catastrophe for this region’s economy, for all of the people who depend on the Colorado River, and for all of the wildlife that depends on it as well,” Pitt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drought Contingency Planning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dystopian future of shuttered farms, dried up streams and water-stressed cities is one water managers, like the Upper Colorado River Commission’s James Eklund, are attempting to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take Lake Mead,” Eklund says. “More is being taken out than comes into it. Like your bank account, if you do that over a sustained period you will run a deficit, and if you’re talking about water for 40 million people and economies that are massive — [the] fifth largest economy in the world [is what] the Colorado River Basin represents — then that’s significant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water managers are attempting to boost reservoir levels with a suite of agreements under the umbrella of “drought contingency planning.” The premise is simple: Cut water use now, and use that saved water to bump up Powell and Mead to help to avoid bigger problems in the future, when supplies are likely to be even tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water officials in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Wyoming are working on a plan that covers the river’s Upper Basin and focuses on boosting snowpack with weather modification, better managing existing reservoirs and creating a water bank in Lake Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Basin plan, being worked on by officials in Arizona, California and Nevada, is meant to create new incentives for water users like farmers and cities to conserve water in Lake Mead and to agree to earlier, deeper cuts to water use so the reservoir can avoid dropping to dead pool levels.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is clearly enough evidence that if we were to have another 2000 to 2004 kind of a multi-year drought, the system is in very serious trouble,” says Eric Kuhn, the former general manager of the Colorado River District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the current guidelines for river management were written back in 2007, he says people were feeling optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Historically we’ve always said, ‘Well, next year will be better,'” Kuhn says. “And that’s the easy way out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just finishing one of the driest and hottest water years on record, much of that optimism is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona has had the hardest time coming to an agreement due to intrastate battles over who will take cuts to water allocations and when they’ll take them. But states in the river’s Upper Basin have had issues, too, especially with the concept of ‘demand management.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the difficult one,” Kuhn says. “Somebody’s going to have to use less.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Economies Throughout the Southwest at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the process of using less water, Kuhn says, there’s a fear that if those cuts aren’t doled out fairly, it could injure economies throughout the southwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last three years drought contingency plan negotiations have laid bare familiar tensions throughout the basin. For decades it’s been common for farmers and cities to point fingers at their each other’s collective water uses. The same is true with water managers protective of their own interests in either the Upper or Lower Basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado River District officials and Western Slope agricultural interests have said they’re on board with a demand management program only if farmers are given a choice about how much water they give up, and that they’re paid for forgoing water deliveries to their operations. But state officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.aspentimes.com/news/local/mandatory-curtailment-of-water-rights-in-co-raised-as-possibility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have left the door open\u003c/a> to mandatory cutbacks in a crisis.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The thing we have to remember is [water use] in the basin is over 80 percent agriculture,” says Colby Pellegrino, who handles Colorado River issues for the Southern Nevada Water Authority, the Las Vegas metro area’s water utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pellegrino says current conservation programs, like their aggressive buyback of residential lawns, won’t be enough to avoid a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take out all the lawns we want and still not solve the problems that climate change is going to throw at us,” Pellegrino says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fear of Federal Intervention\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is just one factor to get these deals done quickly. Another is pressure from the federal government. Officials with the U.S. Department of the Interior have given states an end-of-year deadline to get things done. If not, the assumption is the feds will step in and do it for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s, I think, a fear of everybody on the river especially in the Upper Basin,” says Jennifer Gimbel, a former Interior undersecretary, now with Colorado State University. “And the last thing we want is interference by the federal government in that role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gimbel says the fate of the entire region hangs in the balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Glen Canyon Dam, the National Audubon Society’s Jennifer Pitt says it’s more than just the fates of people and economies tied up in river politics: an entire ecosystem is at stake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people who care about wildlife in this region are concerned,” she says. “And it’s not just birds. Seventy percent of all wildlife in the arid West rely on rivers at some point in their life cycle. So it has outsized importance for anyone who appreciates nature in this part of the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siJk7O-bSRQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this year, when two women won Nobel Prizes in science, only 17 women in the field had ever won the prestigious award. Since their inception, men have won nearly 98 percent of science Nobel Prizes. The striking disparity invites a lot of commentary, and now art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new play, called “No Belles” \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/no-belles-oct-13-tickets-48522343636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has arrived in\u003c/a> the Bay Area, to illuminate the identities and stories of some of those female Nobel Prize winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story opens with an inquiry: Why is Marie Curie the only female scientist of note that people recognize? This evolves into researching the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444697/nobel-prizes-grapple-with-widespread-gender-disparity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stark, unflattering statistics\u003c/a> mentioned above.[contextly_sidebar id=”46K8WV9zCrNuiX4oBBpwPYXanjGDmrOs”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created by Portal Theater in Portland, No Belles focuses on three women — Rosalyn Yalow, Rita Levi-Montalcini, and Rosalind Franklin, while also telling the stories of other winners in short form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1977/yalow/auto-biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosalyn Yalow\u003c/a> won the 1977 Nobel in Medicine & Physiology, and was the first American-born woman to win in that category. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/search/?s=Rita+Levi-Montalcini+\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rita Levi-Montalcini\u003c/a> was an Italian Nobel Prize winner for her work in neurobiology. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>, meanwhile, was from the United Kingdom, and made contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA and RNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medicine Nobel Prize Winner Rita Levi-Montalcini honored with the Legion D’Honneur Medal receives compliments from the French Ambassador Jean-Marc De La Sabliere (R) and the President of the French Academy in Rome Frederic Mitterrand (L) at the Villa Medici on December 5, 2008 in Rome, Italy. \u003ccite>(Franco Origlia/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Previous well-known plays celebrating male scientists have included Michael Frayn’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpgDILDlGvc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Copenhagen\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/tom-stoppards-arcadia-at-twenty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia\u003c/a>. But just as with the Nobel Prize, female scientists have been shortchanged when it comes to artistic depictions of scientific accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Belles seeks to honor their stories with an intimate look into their genius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Belles will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/no-belles-oct-13-tickets-48522343636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">performing in San Rafael\u003c/a> on Saturday, October 13 at Mills College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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The striking disparity invites a lot of commentary, and now art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new play, called “No Belles” \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/no-belles-oct-13-tickets-48522343636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has arrived in\u003c/a> the Bay Area, to illuminate the identities and stories of some of those female Nobel Prize winners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story opens with an inquiry: Why is Marie Curie the only female scientist of note that people recognize? This evolves into researching the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/444697/nobel-prizes-grapple-with-widespread-gender-disparity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stark, unflattering statistics\u003c/a> mentioned above.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Created by Portal Theater in Portland, No Belles focuses on three women — Rosalyn Yalow, Rita Levi-Montalcini, and Rosalind Franklin, while also telling the stories of other winners in short form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1977/yalow/auto-biography/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosalyn Yalow\u003c/a> won the 1977 Nobel in Medicine & Physiology, and was the first American-born woman to win in that category. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/search/?s=Rita+Levi-Montalcini+\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rita Levi-Montalcini\u003c/a> was an Italian Nobel Prize winner for her work in neurobiology. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/franklin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>, meanwhile, was from the United Kingdom, and made contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA and RNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932679\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-83929159-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Medicine Nobel Prize Winner Rita Levi-Montalcini honored with the Legion D’Honneur Medal receives compliments from the French Ambassador Jean-Marc De La Sabliere (R) and the President of the French Academy in Rome Frederic Mitterrand (L) at the Villa Medici on December 5, 2008 in Rome, Italy. \u003ccite>(Franco Origlia/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Previous well-known plays celebrating male scientists have included Michael Frayn’s\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpgDILDlGvc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Copenhagen\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/tom-stoppards-arcadia-at-twenty\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia\u003c/a>. But just as with the Nobel Prize, female scientists have been shortchanged when it comes to artistic depictions of scientific accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Belles seeks to honor their stories with an intimate look into their genius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No Belles will be \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/no-belles-oct-13-tickets-48522343636\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">performing in San Rafael\u003c/a> on Saturday, October 13 at Mills College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>They lived for two years and 20 minutes under the glass of a miniature Earth, complete with an ocean, rain forest, desert, grasslands and mangroves. Their air and water were recycled, and they grew the sweet potatoes, rice and other food they needed to survive.[contextly_sidebar id=”vAhk3ez7HbI2bnqSHjyPT5s7salbQmHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1,500 people were invited and some 200 journalists were on hand as the eight original inhabitants of Biosphere 2 left their glass terrarium a quarter-century ago last month in two groups that no longer talked to each other amid the stress of sharing a small space and disputes over how the project should be run. Detractors called the $150 million experiment a failure because additional oxygen was pumped into what was supposed to be a self-sustaining system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A power struggle in subsequent months led Texas billionaire backer Edward P. Bass to hire investment banker Stephen Bannon, who was later President Trump’s chief strategist, to bring the project back from financial disarray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Biosphere 2 is a different kind of place, a University of Arizona site where researchers from around the world can study everything from the effects of the ocean’s acidification on coral to ways of ensuring food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started out as a great, big kind of societal experiment and was transformed by pure ingenuity into something else that has proved useful,” said Jeffrey S. Dukes, director of the Perdue Climate Change Research Center. “It’s also a really cool facility to tour.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.[contextly_sidebar id=”iM24vQgI5QlRF0rTdOHTWhN4MXVwi9j7″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[contextly_sidebar id=”4sggZbfPmrBzcyvbzK1tdjVgFMVPfDHV”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joaquin Ruiz, a geologist who directs the project in the Sonoran Desert about 30 miles northeast of Tucson, said Biosphere 2′s controlled environments allow researchers to conduct experiments they won’t try outside “because you don’t want to have unintended circumstances.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means researchers from the Global Institute for Water Security at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada don’t have to worry about harming the environment while studying how plants in the tiny rainforest adjust their water consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The miniature ocean is being renovated so researchers from places including the University of Hawaii can continue experiments on a miniature reef without hurting reefs in the Pacific. A $550,000 grant from Johns Hopkins University is helping scientists test theories about water movement on three artificial hillslopes known as the Landscape Evolution Observatory, a gigantic Earth science laboratory.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university assumed management of Biosphere 2 in mid-2007 and in June 2011 announced full acquisition of the glass-enclosed area of just over 3 acres (1 hectare) that reaches as tall as 75 feet (23 meters) in some places, and the buildings and grounds around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Dukes, independent ecologist Christopher Field, director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, said Biosphere 2 has proved useful for science in its current iteration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to separate it from what it was originally to see its worth today,” said Field, adding that controlled environment facilities like Biosphere 2 “are a powerful way to help us understand the way the world works. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is an important piece in our portfolio for understanding climate change,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist John Adams, Biosphere 2′s deputy director, has been with the project since 1995, when he was a new University of Arizona graduate. “It’s always been an audacious, ambitious project,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adams said 55 people now work at the site, including 30 researchers. Bass donated $30 million to Biosphere 2 last year and sits on its advisory board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have been doing a really great job, laying some strong foundations for their science,” Jane Poynter, one of the eight original Biosphere 2 inhabitants, said of the current research. “Twenty-five years after we came out it’s still very forward-looking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter said that since she and the other “Biospherians” emerged from the greenhouse, much of the original animosity has faded away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial project was the brainchild of systems ecologist John Allen, and Bass was financial backer when the first group of four women and four men entered Biosphere 2 on Sept. 26, 1991. Now almost 90, Allen lives quietly in Santa Fe, New Mexico.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mission by a second group was terminated early after Bass ousted Allen and other top managers in April 1994 and temporarily made Bannon acting director during a management dispute. Bannon led the project for about two years, and Columbia University then took over, changing the once virtually airtight structure to a “flow-through” system and manipulating carbon dioxide levels to study global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poynter and Taber MacCallum later married and settled in Tucson, where they operate World View Enterprises, a company that is pioneering flight to the edge of space with high-altitude balloons. They met during training for Biosphere 2, and their romance flourished after entering the enclosure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple hopes World View’s high-altitude remote-controlled balloons will eventually be used for weather monitoring, communications and research at a fraction of the cost of satellites. They are also working on a craft called Voyager, which they want to use to take people some 100,000 feet (30,480 meters) above Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crew members Abigail Alling, Mark Van Thillo and Sarah Silverstone work with their Biosphere Foundation, which conducts marine research in southeast Asia. Fellow crew member Linda Leigh, a botanist lives near Biosphere 2 in Arizona. Crew physician \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Walford\">Roy Walford\u003c/a>, a well-known researcher on the effects of a low-calorie diet on longevity, died from Lou Gehrig’s disease in 2004 at age 79.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other crew member, Mark Nelson, lives in Santa Fe and recently published a book called “Pushing Our Limits: Insights from Biosphere 2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the book, Nelson reflects on the group’s experiences and calls on people to renew their relationship with nature to help reverse trends threatening the original biosphere, Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remain optimistic about the prospects for the ‘human experiment,’” he writes. “Problems humans cause can also be solved by humans.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A Soyuz rocket booster failed during the launch of a capsule carrying NASA astronaut Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin on Thursday, forcing officials to abort their mission. The capsule made a “ballistic landing” and rescue teams recovered the pair, who are reportedly in “good condition,” NASA says.[contextly_sidebar id=”fTWmkIyR9dK2TCF1bqBTpjnsmQcyvpH6″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hague and Ovchinin launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 4:40 a.m. ET, heading to join the crew of the International Space Station. But more than a minute after launch, their Soyuz MS-10’s booster failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Search and recovery teams had been predeployed to areas beneath the possible flight path. Helicopters were able to reach Hague and Ovchinin fairly quickly and get them out of the capsule. They then started the process of flying back to the Baikonur Cosmodrome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roscosmos, which oversees the Russian space program, tweeted a photo of Hague and Ovchinin being examined in Zhezkazgan. The two are seen sitting on a couch and appear to be in fine spirits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A NASA TV commentator at Mission Control Center in Houston describes a ballistic descent or landing as coming in “at a sharper angle to land than we normally land at. And that means that the crew inside experiences higher G-force loads as they go through the landing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is a landing mode we’ve seen before,” the commentator said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recording of communications between the space station and NASA stated that Hague and Ovchinin had experienced 6.7 G’s — about the same as Apollo astronauts felt during re-entry, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.airspacemag.com/space/space-tourists-like-us-180963201/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air & Space magazine\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A photo posted by Russia’s Roscosmos space agency shortly before launch showed Ovchinin and Hague awaiting launch in their capsule — ready to complete two weeks of intense preparations and final tests at the Baikonur launch site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m grateful that everyone is safe. A thorough investigation into the cause of the incident will be conducted,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, who was in Kazakhstan for the rocket launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roscosmos says it is forming a state commission to investigate the aborted launch.[contextly_sidebar id=”hBPbClnlY5GChbnOGYqsBKPMp7sJxyb0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA says it chose Hague as an astronaut in 2013; he completed training in 2015 and had been scheduled to perform at least two spacewalks as part of his mission on the space station. He is a colonel in the Air Force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ovchinin was heading to space for the second time, having previously served aboard the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two had been slated to join three crewmates on the ISS as part of Expedition 57. The trip to the station was to take them about six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The launch took place one week after three members of the ISS crew returned to Earth. Since then, the station has been operated by just three people: commander Alexander Gerst of the European Space Agency, and flight engineers Serena Auñón-Chancellor of NASA and Sergey Prokopyev of Roscosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Rocket+Headed+For+International+Space+Station+Fails%2C+Makes+Emergency+Landing+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>UPDATE: A judge is still deciding on whether to uphold a jury’s $289 million judgment against agribusiness giant Monsanto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Superior Court Judge Suzanne Bolanos ended a two-hour hearing without making a formal ruling. Earlier in the day, she issued a tentative ruling saying she intended to toss out the jury’s $250 million punitive damage award and schedule a new trial on that issue. The judge also suggested she may reduce the rest of the award by $31 million if she upholds the jury’s decision that Monsanto’s weed-killer caused DeWayne Johnson’s cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ordered lawyers to submit written legal arguments by Friday and will formally rule later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bolanos wrote plaintiff DeWayne Johnson, of Vallejo, failed to produce “clear and convincing evidence of malice or oppression” by Monsanto. She wrote that he did not provide any evidence that Monsanto employees believed that exposure to the product caused his lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto had argued ahead of the hearing that Johnson failed to prove that Roundup or similar herbicides caused his lymphoma, and presented no evidence that Monsanto executives were malicious in marketing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators around the world have concluded on “multiple occasions” that the active ingredient in Roundup — glyphosate — is not a human carcinogen, the attorneys said in court documents. They called the jury verdict “extraordinary” and said it requires “exceptional scrutiny.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[documentcloud url=”https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5000279-Johnson-vs-Monsanto-10-10-2018-Tentative-Ruling.html#document/p1”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson’s attorneys responded in court documents that the jury was well-educated and attentive. The evidence at trial was “more than sufficient to support an inference” that Johnson’s cancer was caused by his exposure to Monsanto’s herbicides, the attorneys said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mr. Johnson’s story is tragic and could have been prevented if Monsanto actually showed a modicum of care about human safety,” they said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson’s lawsuit is among hundreds alleging Roundup caused cancer, but it was the first one to go to trial. The jury in August determined that Roundup contributed to Johnson’s cancer, and Monsanto should have provided a label warning of a potential health hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]It awarded Johnson $39 million in compensatory damages and $250 million in punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson sprayed Roundup and a similar product, Ranger Pro, at his job as a pest control manager at a San Francisco Bay Area school district, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 2014 at age 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between glyphosate and cancer. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that glyphosate is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.[contextly_sidebar id=”0MiYKhblKxNoVEDUjyjx4Wb1Fi1GVN65″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.[contextly_sidebar id=”oi3a94MN6YmbXUQtGf35Llci0ddLYd5h”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mottled spots giraffes are known for aren’t random, according to a new study that suggests the patterns are inherited maternally — and that they may impact the chances of a calf surviving its first few months of life.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roundness and smoothness of a giraffe’s spots are inherited through its mother, wildlife biology researchers \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/5690/\">reported in the academic journal PeerJ\u003c/a> last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giraffe coat markings are more complex and variable than the eye suggests: The researchers studied 11 spot attributes in total. The researchers did not document any mother-offspring similarity between the number of spots and their area and perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study has produced the first data of its kind. Scientists have previously hypothesized that variation in spot patterns may camouflage newborns against predators, and that the animals’ spots are conferred at random. One prominent biologist, Anne Dagg, described similarities between parents and offspring in a zoo population in 1968, but analysis and objective measurements of spot characteristics were lacking in wild giraffes until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was borne out of curiosity for a definitive answer. “We were inspired by so many people’s natural curiosity about giraffe spots and where the patterns come from. It was a consistent theme of question we heard when talking about giraffes,” Derek Lee, principal scientist at the Wild Nature Institute and one of the authors of the study, told NPR. “We began looking for answers in the literature and found nobody had measured complex mammal coat patterns like spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee and his team conducted their study by using image analysis software to determine the similarity of spot traits between wild Masai mother giraffes and their offspring in Tanzania, where the animals exist free and unfenced across vast landscapes. Over the course of four years, the scientists photographed the coats of 31 sets of mother-calf pairs. They found that some characteristics, like roundness and smoothness, were strongly linked between mother and offspring, and likely to be heritable.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also examined how well a calf’s spots protected them from predators by allowing them to blend in with their wildlife surroundings. They photographed the same 258 juveniles six times a year for four years, noting when certain juveniles dropped off their radar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team then ran that data through statistical analyses to estimate the likelihood of survival within the group. Calves with larger spots and irregularly shaped spots were more likely to survive their first few months of life, according to their findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This increased survival could reflect better camouflage of these young giraffes, but it also could be related to other survival-enhancing factors, such as temperature regulation or visual communication,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/10/181002082420.htm\">a press release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee adds that other variables like good genes and maternal investment may also be correlated with spot traits. “Other alternative functions of the spots also could be under natural selection at different periods in a giraffe’s lifetime such as temperature regulation or visual signalling to identify individuals and kin,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team hopes their findings will inform further investigations into the “developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value,” as the study’s conclusion says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Giraffes+Inherit+Spot+Patterns+From+Their+Mamas%2C+Study+Says&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fact-Checking California Governor's Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy",
"headTitle": "Fact-Checking California Governor’s Debate on KQED: Climate and Energy | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "California's Gubernatorial candidates sound off on climate change policies, fracking, and California's new goal of obtaining all of its energy from clean sources by 2045. But did they get it right?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You won’t be seeing much of California’s gubernatorial candidates this fall — at least, you won’t be seeing much of them \u003cem>together\u003c/em>. The only debate between Democrat Gavin Newsom and Republican John Cox took place on KQED’s Forum radio \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101867627/cox-newsom-face-off-in-final-california-gubernatorial-debate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prompted by host Scott Shafer, the two had a lengthy exchange about the state’s approach to climate change. Newsom applauded the state’s aggressive goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while Cox said they would impose too high a price for the average Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is a transcript of what Newsom and Cox said, along with our fact-checking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Shafer kicked off the debate by asking Cox if he agreed with the steps California had taken to reduce the greenhouse gases that are affecting the climate. .\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Cox: \u003c/strong>I’m not an ideologue on this. I’m a problem solver. I’m also not a climatologist but I’ll certainly listen to climatologists. I believe the Earth is getting warmer and humans may well have an effect on it. And I want the air as clean as possible. I drive an electric car; I’m proud of that. The point is, are we getting enough of an impact on the world’s atmosphere to justify the cost to the people of this state? India and China are dumping tons of carbon into the air. We’ve done a lot in California to clean the air. Frankly, the politicians like Gavin have failed miserably to police the forest and take care of the forest and manage the forest. The carbon that was released by the fires comprised months of carbon from cars, trucks that we’re working to reduce.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>: When Cox says “humans may well have” an effect on the climate, that is understating the case. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalchange.gov/nca4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4th National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>, released by the Trump administration in 2017:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Natural factors are still affecting the planet’s climate today. The difference is that, since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, humans have been increasingly affecting global climate, to the point where we are now the primary cause of recent and projected future change. The majority of the warming at the global scale over the past 50 years can only be explained by the effects of human influences, especially the emissions from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and from deforestation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>It is true that California “has done a lot” in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This year the state met its goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels four years ahead of its target date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox mentions India and China as big C02 emitters. While it is true that China is the \u003ca href=\"http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/emis/top2014.tot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">top emitter\u003c/a> of CO2, as of 2014, India produced less than half that of the U.S., which remains the largest emitter on a per capita basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cox also asks if California is making enough of an impact on global emissions to “justify the cost to the people of this state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s unclear what Cox means by “cost.” Overall, the state’s economy has grown since the 2006 passage of AB 32, the landmark bill that mandated cuts in carbon emissions. Consumers also get a “climate rebate” on their electric bills from revenues generated by the state’s cap and trade system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California produces roughly 1 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. The “impact” that the state has made in helping solve the problem of climate change has less to do with the actual reduction of emissions than it does with serving as a model for other states and subnational entities around the world to follow. A dozen or so other states have adopted California’s stricter standards for auto emissions, and several have copied AB 32, to the point of even replicating its name — the Global Warming Solutions Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regarding tending to forests and its relationship to the increasingly destructive and deadly fires California has been experiencing, Cox is correct in saying the state has fallen \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927354/controlled-burns-can-help-solve-californias-fire-problem-so-why-arent-there-more-of-them\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">way behind\u003c/a> in forest management. Most fire scientists agree that there has to be much more aggressive use of tools like thinning, controlled burns and “managed fire,” all of which are controversial to some degree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cars and trucks, not fires, remain the largest source of greenhouse gases in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gavin Newsom:\u003c/strong> John Cox at least acknowledged enthusiastically that Donald Trump did the right thing when he pulled out of Paris. [The Paris Agreement, signed by almost 200 countries, aims to limit the global temperature increase.] I reject that and I applaud the leadership in the state of California, particularly Gov. Brown, to radically change the way we produce and consume energy. I applaud his effort to get to 100 percent renewables by 2045, to get to 60 percent renewables by 2030. And I believe California has a unique role and responsibility, not just nationally, but internationally to lead. Again, this reflects a stark contrast in this campaign for governor, someone who believes in climate change and believes that it’s man-made. John still is not convinced it’s man-made.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>The U.S. is technically still in the Paris accord. President Trump has announced his intention to withdraw, but it’s a multi-year process to do so. (For practical purposes, this might be a matter of semantics.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The numbers on renewables that Newsom cites refer to SB 100, which Gov. Brown signed last month. By 100 pecent “renewables,” he really means 100 percent clean or low-carbon energy, because under the new law, allowable energy sources include hydropower dams, nuclear power andfossil fuels in which carbon emissions are captured. Meeting those goals will be no small feat, necessitating a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1930972/why-100-percent-clean-energy-in-california-is-gonna-be-tricky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wholesale transformation\u003c/a> of the way the state gets its energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932506\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932506\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-768x524.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1200x818.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1920x1309.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-1021414352-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Lt. Gov. and gubernatorial candidate Gavin Newsom (L) talks with residents as he visits the Alice Griffith Apartments in San Francisco, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox:\u003c/strong> I certainly want the air to be clean but we’re going to keep pounding people of this state into poverty. Electricity prices in the state are already almost twice what Texas pays. I think it’s a wonderful goal to have renewable energy. \u003cb>\u003c/b>I’m all in favor but we can’t keep increasing the cost of electricity. I favor nuclear power, I think that can be done cleanly. Natural gas can be done cleanly. I believe we could use technology to ultimately have cars that are much cleaner burning. But right now the wind doesn’t always blow and the sun doesn’t always shine, and we need to make sure that we have a backup power. We need to make sure that we have a backup and Jerry Brown has been taking flack from the left from the keep-it-in-the-ground lobby about fracking and about drilling in California, not off the coast but in the mainland of California.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1932507\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1932507\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/GettyImages-968048180-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California GOP Gubernatorial Candidate John Cox speaks at the U.S. Grant Hotel on in San Diego. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK: \u003c/strong>It’s true that Californians pay more than Texans per unit of electricity, measured in kilowatt-hours. (It’s about a third more, not twice.) But monthly residential bills are actually about a third \u003cem>lower\u003c/em> because we use less electricity than Texans do. Californians rank in the lowest fourth of all the states when it comes to their electricity bills, having invested heavily in energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Newsom: \u003c/strong> I think fracking is starting to fall on its own petard and Wall Street is the one leading this recognition. You’re seeing interest rates rise; the fracking experiment is beginning to wane. So I think that’s a natural opportunity for the next governor to get a little bit more aggressive as it relates to fracking.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK : \u003c/strong>Fracking has not been profitable for companies. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/30/how-the-us-fracking-boom-almost-fell-apart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Guardian\u003c/a> in August: “Because so few fracking companies actually make money, the most vital ingredient in fracking isn’t chemicals, but capital, with companies relying on Wall Street’s willingness to fund them. If it weren’t for historically low interest rates, it’s not clear there would even have been a fracking boom at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom may also be using “fracking” in this context as a proxy for all oil and gas production. (Fracking is just one method used in energy production, one that has largely enabled the national boom in natural gas production.) It’s true that fossil fuels are beginning to fall out of favor among investors, but that’s a long way from saying they’re toast. One recent report from \u003ca href=\"https://www.carbontracker.org/reports/2020-vision-why-you-should-see-the-fossil-fuel-peak-coming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carbon Tracker\u003c/a> suggested that “peak fossil” could occur as soon as sometime around 2023, but even if this optimistic scenario is on target, fossil fuels will be omnipresent for decades to come; they’ll just be a gradually shrinking part of the mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cstrong>Cox: \u003c/strong>That’s wonderful except people can’t afford to live in this state. And they’re moving out, and our electricity costs and our gasoline costs are pounding the average person. And it’s all well and good to talk about this wonderful goal that we have. Let’s work toward it, but let’s not kill people in terms of their affordable lifestyles.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>FACT CHECK\u003c/strong>\u003cem>: \u003c/em>It’s true that California has high gas prices — in fact, currently, the second highest after Hawaii, according to \u003ca href=\"https://gasprices.aaa.com/state-gas-price-averages/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AAA. \u003c/a>One reason is that the state requires a specialized gas formula in order to reduce air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the state has also said that AB 32’s cap-and-trade rules have added 11 cents per gallon to gas prices. That’s in addition to the 12-cent per gallon gas tax that Jerry Brown signed last year to raise $5 billion a year to improve roads, highways and other transportation in California. Voters will decide whether or not to repeal that tax through \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11696663/what-if-californians-repealed-the-gas-tax-prop-6-explained\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proposition 6\u003c/a> this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Amel Ahmed, Jon Brooks, Craig Miller, and Lauren Sommer contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor",
"headTitle": "Nobel in Economics for Climate Research Includes ex-Stanford professor | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.[contextly_sidebar id=”aFMmotvNSht1tek6ZSafnBmy5J7U2Pye”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.[contextly_sidebar id=”OaXVPC74ERrdCqrpdk9jzqTXMv0Fk432″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two Americans won the Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for studying a pressing issue facing the global economy: how to deal with pollution and climate change and how to foster the innovation needed to tackle such problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>William Nordhaus of Yale University and Paul Romer of New York University were announced winners of the 9-million-kronor ($1.01 million) prize by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before moving to New York University, Romer, 62, was a professor at Stanford University as well as a senior fellow at Stanford’s Center for International Development, the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, and the Hoover Institution. Previously, he taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He also founded Aplia, an educational technology company that was based in Belmont, Calif., and then San Francisco; it was bought in 2007 by Cengage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romer’s father is Roy Romer, who was governor of Colorado from 1987 to 1999 and superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2000 to 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Romer’s work “explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market,” the academy said. Romer’s work found that unregulated economies will produce technological change, but insufficiently provide research and development; this can be addressed by government interventions such and R&D subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus in the 1990s became the first person to create a model that “describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate,” the academy said. Working separately from Romer, he showed that “the most efficient remedy for problems caused by greenhouse gases is a global scheme of universally imposed carbon taxes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon taxes are fees imposed on companies that burn carbon-based fuels such as coal and oil. Advocates see the taxes as encouraging companies to use less-polluting fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is, for sure, a Nobel Prize about the big questions,” University of Michigan economist Justin Wolfers said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Stromberg, head of the Nobel economics prize committee, said “it’s about the long-run future of the world economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first one is how do we keep on generating the new ideas, the new innovations, the new research that’s so important to solve the problems we’re facing in the future,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second is how do we deal with the negative effects of economic growth, which have to do with the emission of greenhouse gases leading to a warmer climate – which not just hurts the economy, but risks the life of everyone on earth,” Stromberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prize comes just a day after an international panel of scientists issued a report detailing how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nordhaus has argued that climate change should be considered a “global public good,” like public health and international trade, and regulated accordingly, but not through a command-and-control approach. Instead, by agreeing on a global price for burning carbon that reflects its whole cost, this primary cause of rising temperatures could be traded and taxed, putting market forces to work on the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many economists have since endorsed the concept of taxing carbon and using this financial lever to influence societal behavior. But adopting the regulatory frameworks on a global scale has been a complex challenge, and the world’s political leaders are failing to meet it, the head of the United Nations said last month.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres bluntly told leaders in New York that unless current emission trends for greenhouse gases are reversed by 2020, it will be impossible to keep global warming below 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), which was a key goal of the 2015 Paris climate accords. The U.N. chief challenged governments to end fossil fuel subsidies, help shift toward renewable energy and back a price for carbon emissions that reflects their actual cost. He cited, for example, that climate-related disasters already cost the world $320 billion last year, a figure likely to grow with increased warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that dealing with protecting the environment will be so costly and so hard that they just want to ignore the problem,” Romer said by telephone to the Swedish academy. “I hope the prize today could help everyone see that humans are capable of amazing accomplishments when we set about trying to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The economics prize is the last of the Nobels to be announced this year. Last year’s prize went to American Richard Thaler for studying how human irrationality affects economic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peace prize was awarded Friday to Denis Mukwege of Congo and Iraqi Nadia Murad for their work to draw attention to how sexual violence is used as a weapon of war.___Heintz reported from Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.[contextly_sidebar id=”sohluwz08eQDArC4pTov5vMO4JxNCAB0″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.[contextly_sidebar id=”6iGTegzlqnJy3vvE51EIswJGMTsbNzDB”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.[contextly_sidebar id=”in2KgHa53e2tcTtamr1IDOwgLLpCZBnm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.[contextly_sidebar id=”1kD3REVLsFvJR9oJ9qWuEXYNwpnE1SPp”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For scientists there is a bit of “wishful thinking” that the report will spur governments and people to act quickly and strongly, one of the panel’s leaders, German biologist Hans-Otto Portner, said. “If action is not taken it will take the planet into an unprecedented climate future.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Preventing an extra single degree of heat could make a life-or-death difference in the next few decades for multitudes of people and ecosystems on this fast-warming planet, an international panel of scientists reported Sunday. But they provide little hope the world will rise to the challenge.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nobel Prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued its gloomy report at a meeting in Incheon, South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 728-page document, the U.N. organization detailed how Earth’s weather, health and ecosystems would be in better shape if the world’s leaders could somehow limit future human-caused warming to just 0.9 degrees Fahrenheit (a half degree Celsius) from now, instead of the globally agreed-upon goal of 1.8 degrees F (1 degree C). Among other things:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many people would suffer from lack of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be fewer deaths and illnesses from heat, smog and infectious diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Seas would rise nearly 4 inches (0.1 meters) less.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Half as many animals with back bones and plants would lose the majority of their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— There would be substantially fewer heat waves, downpours and droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— The West Antarctic ice sheet might not kick into irreversible melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— And it just may be enough to save most of the world’s coral reefs from dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some people this is a life-or-death situation without a doubt,” said Cornell University climate scientist Natalie Mahowald, a lead author on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to 0.9 degrees from now means the world can keep “a semblance” of the ecosystems we have. Adding another 0.9 degrees on top of that — the looser global goal — essentially means a different and more challenging Earth for people and species, said another of the report’s lead authors, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, director of the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meeting the more ambitious goal of slightly less warming would require immediate, draconian cuts in emissions of heat-trapping gases and dramatic changes in the energy field. While the U.N. panel says technically that’s possible, it saw little chance of the needed adjustments happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, international negotiators adopted a goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees C (3.6 degrees F) since pre-industrial times. It’s called the 2-degree goal. In 2015, when the nations of the world agreed to the historic Paris climate agreement, they set dual goals: 2 degrees C and a more demanding target of 1.5 degrees C from pre-industrial times. The 1.5 was at the urging of vulnerable countries that called 2 degrees a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world has already warmed 1 degree C since pre-industrial times, so the talk is really about the difference of another half-degree C or 0.9 degrees F from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no definitive way to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 above pre-industrial levels,” the U.N.-requested report said. More than 90 scientists wrote the report, which is based on more than 6,000 peer reviews.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Global warming is likely to reach 1.5 degrees C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate,” the report states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep in the report, scientists say less than 2 percent of 529 of their calculated possible future scenarios kept warming below the 1.5 goal without the temperature going above that and somehow coming back down in the future.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pledges nations made in the Paris agreement in 2015 are “clearly insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 in any way,” one of the study’s lead authors, Joerj Roeglj of the Imperial College in London, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just don’t see the possibility of doing the one and a half” and even 2 degrees looks unlikely, said Appalachian State University environmental scientist Gregg Marland, who isn’t part of the U.N. panel but has tracked global emissions for decades for the U.S. Energy Department. He likened the report to an academic exercise wondering what would happen if a frog had wings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet report authors said they remain optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limiting warming to the lower goal is “not impossible but will require unprecedented changes,” U.N. panel chief Hoesung Lee said in a news conference in which scientists repeatedly declined to spell out just how feasible that goal is. They said it is up to governments to decide whether those unprecedented changes are acted upon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a monumental task in front of us, but it is not impossible,” Mahowald said earlier. “This is our chance to decide what the world is going to look like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To limit warming to the lower temperature goal, the world needs “rapid and far-reaching” changes in energy systems, land use, city and industrial design, transportation and building use, the report said. Annual carbon dioxide pollution levels that are still rising now would have to drop by about half by 2030 and then be near zero by 2050. Emissions of other greenhouse gases, such as methane, also will have to drop. Switching away rapidly from fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas to do this could be more expensive than the less ambitious goal, but it would clean the air of other pollutants. And that would have the side benefit of avoiding more than 100 million premature deaths through this century, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate-related risks to health, livelihoods, food security, water supply, human security and economic growth are projected to increase with global warming” the report said, adding that the world’s poor are more likely to get hit hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said extreme weather, especially heat waves, will be deadlier if the lower goal is passed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting the tougher-to-reach goal “could result in around 420 million fewer people being frequently exposed to extreme heat waves, and about 65 million fewer people being exposed to exceptional heat waves,” the report said. The deadly heat waves that hit India and Pakistan in 2015 will become practically yearly events if the world reaches the hotter of the two goals, the report said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coral and other ecosystems are also at risk. The report said warmer water coral reefs “will largely disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome will determine whether “my grandchildren would get to see beautiful coral reefs,” Princeton’s Oppenheimer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals",
"headTitle": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Groundwater depletion is \u003c/span>a big problem in parts of California. But it is not the only groundwater problem. The state also has many areas of polluted groundwater, and some places where groundwater overdraft has caused the land to subside, damaging roads, canals and other infrastructure. Near the coast, heavy groundwater pumping has caused contamination by pulling seawater underground from the ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”VrgFvC2TjJoUazM0GcgGH0zlTfCLh7x1″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you wanted to obtain a permit from the state to manage these problems by recharging groundwater, you could be out of luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater recharge is not considered a “beneficial use” under California water law if all you want to do is manage pollution in an aquifer or control subsidence. To obtain a water right, you must have a plan to apply that water for an accepted beneficial purpose, such as growing crops or delivering drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could become a problem as dozens of local agencies move to comply with the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>), a state law adopted in 2014. The sustainability goals under this law include treating pollution, managing seawater intrusion and controlling land subsidence. And yet the state does not allow surface water – diverted from a river or stream – to be used for these groundwater recharge purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a broader suite of things from our water than we used to,” said Holly Doremus, a professor of water law at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Berkeley. “The new thing encouraged by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> is the idea that you might want to put water in the ground not for the purpose of taking water out later, but for the purpose of making the aquifer healthier. We think that would often qualify as a beneficial use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/gw-recharge-beneficial-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> by a team of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> experts that examines this conundrum. They conclude that the State Water Resources Control Board needs to expand its definition of beneficial use to accommodate these other groundwater benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key issue is the difference between groundwater “recharge” and “storage.” The latter implies that the water will be pumped out later and reused – to grow food or refine into drinking water. Therefore, the path to obtaining a state permit to divert service water into an aquifer is clear for storage purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recharge, however, is a different matter. It implies the water will be diverted and pumped into the aquifer – and then left there, possibly forever. There can certainly be a benefit to this, such as diluting nitrate pollution caused by decades of fertilizer use on farms above ground. It’s just not recognized in the law.[contextly_sidebar id=”NZN72DLCwN3CNWqGqEv1AqJEGe5ULSZH”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clarifying that those \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> purposes are ‘beneficial’ could be something we need to do,” said Jennifer Clary, California water programs manager at Clean Water Action, a nonprofit group. “Avoiding undesirable results on water quality is one of the requirements of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> So I think saying yes on recharge water for this purpose is perfectly acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing up confusion around the issue is important, because groundwater agencies overseeing severely overdrafted basins face a 2020 deadline to submit management plans. Many of those plans will need to identify recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, uncertainty may discourage some organizations from seeking a water right for recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 686px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135888 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20181004051702/morris-in-alfalfa-field_hero.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"686\" height=\"510\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Morris, manager of Bryan-Morris Ranch in Siskiyou County, Calif., stands in an alfalfa field along the Scott River that was intentionally flooded to recharge groundwater. California law currently does not allow a surface water right to be used to recharge groundwater unless that water is put to a “beneficial use” within five years. Photo by Steve Orloff, University of California\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is a gray area,” said Andrew Fisher, a professor of hydrogeology at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>Santa Cruz. “I have found that landowners, tenants, agency staff and others are reluctant to pursue recharge projects that require permits for surface water use, if that use requires making a case independent from extractive use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even an open question as to whether achieving “sustainability” in an aquifer – as required under \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> – would be considered a beneficial use. Restoring groundwater to some sustainable elevation in an aquifer would require the use of surface water for recharge. Presumably, once the sustainable elevation is reached, that water would stay in the aquifer forever and would not be applied to grow crops or sent to a treatment plant. Thus, it might not satisfy today’s narrow definition of the beneficial use requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be complicated to figure out what exactly have you put in and what exactly can you get out,” Doremus said. “The water board kind of needs to work some of this out and be a little bit clearer.”[contextly_sidebar id=”1CQzVJGlEalx9jlMZGI3KS2vWYrWgWtq”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said a change in law is not required to create a broader definition of beneficial uses related to groundwater. The state water board can change the definition on its own at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board hasn’t done that yet. A page on \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/applications/groundwater_recharge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its website states\u003c/a> that preventing seawater intrusion may qualify as a beneficial use, but that’s as far as it goes. Application materials for non-storage water rights make no reference to groundwater uses that might be considered beneficial, and make no reference to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary said many local agencies grappling with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> are afraid to deal with a water rights application because of the complexity involved – if they’re thinking about it at all. Taking uncertainty out of the process with a broader definition of beneficial use would be a good place to start, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks haven’t figured out how complicated \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> really is when it comes to water rights and allocations,” she said. “I think that’s really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the state water board could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislature considered a bill earlier this year that would have defined groundwater recharge as a beneficial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">A.B.\u003c/span> 2649\u003c/a> by Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula (D-Fresno), also would have eliminated – for the purposes of groundwater recharge – a long-standing requirement that water rights be put to a beneficial use within a five-year period or be forfeited. This would have opened the door to more non-extractive groundwater recharge projects – such as subsidence reversal – in which the water might never be pumped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was approved in the Assembly, but stalled before a companion bill emerged in the Senate.[contextly_sidebar id=”jK2TKQQZURyXjGxpQhCEYJ9u8JarzW7l”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus said the bill might have gone too far by making a blanket statement that all groundwater recharge is beneficial. That isn’t always the case: Not all water pumped underground stays there, she said, nor does it necessarily go where you want it to go. It could meander to an adjoining aquifer where the benefits – diluting water pollution, for example – might disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A formal water-right application process should still be required, she said, in which the applicant must specify the beneficial use that is intended and provide evidence of real benefits to the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If you create a beneficial use for recharge in and of itself, then you’re competing with other things you might think are important, like drinking water or fish in the stream,” she said. “When you recharge groundwater, you need to recharge it for a reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State law does not currently allow surface water to be used for groundwater recharge in some cases. That could be a problem as local agencies begin trying to make groundwater use more sustainable.",
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"description": "State law does not currently allow surface water to be used for groundwater recharge in some cases. That could be a problem as local agencies begin trying to make groundwater use more sustainable.",
"title": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals | KQED",
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"headline": "California Law Barring Groundwater Recharge Clashes With Sustainability Goals",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Groundwater depletion is \u003c/span>a big problem in parts of California. But it is not the only groundwater problem. The state also has many areas of polluted groundwater, and some places where groundwater overdraft has caused the land to subside, damaging roads, canals and other infrastructure. Near the coast, heavy groundwater pumping has caused contamination by pulling seawater underground from the ocean.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you wanted to obtain a permit from the state to manage these problems by recharging groundwater, you could be out of luck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groundwater recharge is not considered a “beneficial use” under California water law if all you want to do is manage pollution in an aquifer or control subsidence. To obtain a water right, you must have a plan to apply that water for an accepted beneficial purpose, such as growing crops or delivering drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This could become a problem as dozens of local agencies move to comply with the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://water.ca.gov/Programs/Groundwater-Management/SGMA-Groundwater-Management\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span>), a state law adopted in 2014. The sustainability goals under this law include treating pollution, managing seawater intrusion and controlling land subsidence. And yet the state does not allow surface water – diverted from a river or stream – to be used for these groundwater recharge purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want a broader suite of things from our water than we used to,” said Holly Doremus, a professor of water law at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> Berkeley. “The new thing encouraged by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> is the idea that you might want to put water in the ground not for the purpose of taking water out later, but for the purpose of making the aquifer healthier. We think that would often qualify as a beneficial use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus is coauthor of a \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/clee/research/wheeler/gw-recharge-beneficial-use/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new report\u003c/a> by a team of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span> experts that examines this conundrum. They conclude that the State Water Resources Control Board needs to expand its definition of beneficial use to accommodate these other groundwater benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key issue is the difference between groundwater “recharge” and “storage.” The latter implies that the water will be pumped out later and reused – to grow food or refine into drinking water. Therefore, the path to obtaining a state permit to divert service water into an aquifer is clear for storage purposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recharge, however, is a different matter. It implies the water will be diverted and pumped into the aquifer – and then left there, possibly forever. There can certainly be a benefit to this, such as diluting nitrate pollution caused by decades of fertilizer use on farms above ground. It’s just not recognized in the law.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clarifying that those \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> purposes are ‘beneficial’ could be something we need to do,” said Jennifer Clary, California water programs manager at Clean Water Action, a nonprofit group. “Avoiding undesirable results on water quality is one of the requirements of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span> So I think saying yes on recharge water for this purpose is perfectly acceptable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing up confusion around the issue is important, because groundwater agencies overseeing severely overdrafted basins face a 2020 deadline to submit management plans. Many of those plans will need to identify recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, uncertainty may discourage some organizations from seeking a water right for recharge projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\">\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_135888\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 686px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-135888 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20181004051702/morris-in-alfalfa-field_hero.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"686\" height=\"510\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Morris, manager of Bryan-Morris Ranch in Siskiyou County, Calif., stands in an alfalfa field along the Scott River that was intentionally flooded to recharge groundwater. California law currently does not allow a surface water right to be used to recharge groundwater unless that water is put to a “beneficial use” within five years. Photo by Steve Orloff, University of California\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“This is a gray area,” said Andrew Fisher, a professor of hydrogeology at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.C.\u003c/span>Santa Cruz. “I have found that landowners, tenants, agency staff and others are reluctant to pursue recharge projects that require permits for surface water use, if that use requires making a case independent from extractive use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is even an open question as to whether achieving “sustainability” in an aquifer – as required under \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> – would be considered a beneficial use. Restoring groundwater to some sustainable elevation in an aquifer would require the use of surface water for recharge. Presumably, once the sustainable elevation is reached, that water would stay in the aquifer forever and would not be applied to grow crops or sent to a treatment plant. Thus, it might not satisfy today’s narrow definition of the beneficial use requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be complicated to figure out what exactly have you put in and what exactly can you get out,” Doremus said. “The water board kind of needs to work some of this out and be a little bit clearer.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said a change in law is not required to create a broader definition of beneficial uses related to groundwater. The state water board can change the definition on its own at any time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board hasn’t done that yet. A page on \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/applications/groundwater_recharge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its website states\u003c/a> that preventing seawater intrusion may qualify as a beneficial use, but that’s as far as it goes. Application materials for non-storage water rights make no reference to groundwater uses that might be considered beneficial, and make no reference to \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary said many local agencies grappling with \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> are afraid to deal with a water rights application because of the complexity involved – if they’re thinking about it at all. Taking uncertainty out of the process with a broader definition of beneficial use would be a good place to start, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks haven’t figured out how complicated \u003cspan class=\"caps\">SGMA\u003c/span> really is when it comes to water rights and allocations,” she said. “I think that’s really problematic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials at the state water board could not be reached for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislature considered a bill earlier this year that would have defined groundwater recharge as a beneficial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill, \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billAnalysisClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2649\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">A.B.\u003c/span> 2649\u003c/a> by Assemblymember Joaquin Arambula (D-Fresno), also would have eliminated – for the purposes of groundwater recharge – a long-standing requirement that water rights be put to a beneficial use within a five-year period or be forfeited. This would have opened the door to more non-extractive groundwater recharge projects – such as subsidence reversal – in which the water might never be pumped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill was approved in the Assembly, but stalled before a companion bill emerged in the Senate.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doremus said the bill might have gone too far by making a blanket statement that all groundwater recharge is beneficial. That isn’t always the case: Not all water pumped underground stays there, she said, nor does it necessarily go where you want it to go. It could meander to an adjoining aquifer where the benefits – diluting water pollution, for example – might disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A formal water-right application process should still be required, she said, in which the applicant must specify the beneficial use that is intended and provide evidence of real benefits to the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clary agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“If you create a beneficial use for recharge in and of itself, then you’re competing with other things you might think are important, like drinking water or fish in the stream,” she said. “When you recharge groundwater, you need to recharge it for a reason.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2018/10/04/is-groundwater-recharge-a-beneficial-use-california-law-says-no\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater%2farticles%2f2016%2f07%2f07%2fnine-experts-to-watch-on-california-water-policy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming",
"headTitle": "No Free Lunch for Renewables: Wind Power Causes Local Warming | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.[contextly_sidebar id=”JSXad718EhNubOe4ETT84QWtwbUWEEHj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.[contextly_sidebar id=”RIpsqIWy32bftHiHFliFPosDIJqCydsK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study out of Harvard finds that ramping up wind power in America would also dial up the nation’s temperatures.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ramping up wind power in America could also dial up the nation’s temperatures in the neighborhood of the wind farms, a new study out of Harvard found.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While wind energy is widely celebrated as environmentally friendly, the researchers concluded that a dramatic, all-out expansion in the number of turbines could warm the country even more than climate change from burning coal and other fossil fuels, because of the way the spinning blades disturb the layers of warm and cold air in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parts of the central United States are already seeing nights that are up to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) warmer because of nearby wind farms, said study lead author Lee Miller, an environmental scientist at Harvard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any big energy system has an environmental impact,” said Harvard engineering and physics professor David Keith, a study co-author. “There is no free lunch. You do wind on a scale big enough … it’ll change things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers and other scientists stressed that climate change from greenhouse gas emissions is clearly a far bigger threat globally and over the long term than turbine-caused warming, which is temporary and stops when the blades aren’t turning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the potential drawbacks, wind energy still makes more sense for the environment than fossil fuels, Keith said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just that advocates of wind power have been ignoring growing evidence of a downside, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, the Harvard study, published Thursday in the journal \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/joule/home\">Joule\u003c/a> , found that in the unlikely event that the U.S. switched massively to wind to supply nearly all of its electricity, there would be so many turbines that on average the nation’s temperature would go up about 0.4 degrees (0.2 Celsius). Some central areas would see localized warming around 2.5 degrees (1.4 Celsius), though there would also be some cooling in places, such as the East Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, \u003ca href=\"https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/\">wind\u003c/a> provides 6.3 percent of the nation’s electricity, according to the American Wind Energy Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which looked at just the United States, said that the turbines would cause more warming in the short term this century than the carbon dioxide America spews into the atmosphere would.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this \u003ca href=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/292029786\">effect\u003c/a> : Normally the air is more still at night, with cold air staying near the surface and warmer air resting a little higher. But turbines bring the warm air down and cool air up, making the ground a bit toastier. The effect is seen less during the day but is still there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the effect from turbines is different from human-caused climate change. It mostly consists of warming, it’s local, and it’s temporary. When the turbines are still because the air is calm, there’s no warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, in contrast, is a global effect that involves many more elements than temperature, such as sea level rise, extreme weather, melting glaciers and shifts in the jet stream. Even if a country stopped emitting greenhouse gases, it would still experience climate change if the rest of the world kept on polluting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past studies have observed a temporary nighttime warming of as much as 2 degrees (1.1 Celsius) in places with lots of wind turbines, such as North Texas. The Harvard study took observations and used computer simulation to project what a dramatic increase in turbines would look like for temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other technologies considered environmentally friendly have their downsides, too. Nuclear energy has no carbon dioxide emissions, but there are concerns about waste, safety and cost. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/7250a40e0b1e49a5988ef31259728ef0\">ethanol\u003c/a> boom has wiped out habitats, led farmers to plow over prairies, caused water pollution and raised food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind advocates emphasized that the Harvard study doesn’t show turbines causing global warming, just local heating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the paper instead looked across the global and long-lasting timescales that matter, renewable resources would fare hundreds of times if not infinitely better than fossil resources,” Michael Goggin, vice president of Grid Strategies and a former researcher for a wind energy group, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ken Caldeira, a climate scientist at the Carnegie Institution for Science who wasn’t part of the research, said the study is sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The climate effect of burning fossil fuels is cumulative,” Caldeira said in an email. “The longer you run a coal plant, the worse the climate change gets. In contrast, the climate effect of wind turbines is what it is. You build the wind turbine. Climate is affected. But as long as you run the wind turbine, the climate change doesn’t get any worse. So in the long run, as far as the climate is concerned, wind turbines are obviously better than fossil fuels.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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