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"title": "Is Raising Shasta Dam the Best Bet for California’s Water Supply?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kl3e4__IIA4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-19-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Audio report by KQED Science Editor Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7208\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7208\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-featured-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Shasta is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California (Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Just north of Redding sits the imposing Shasta Dam, and behind it, the largest single reservoir in California, accounting for about 17 percent of the state’s total water storage capacity. Government officials are now completing plans to make Shasta Lake even larger by raising the height of the dam. The proposed dam expansion is motivated by California’s projected population growth and increasingly limited water storage options. The estimated cost of adding 18 1/2 feet to the 600-foot edifice is over $1 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unsurprisingly, the expansion proposal has sparked intense debates among local residents, Central Valley farmers, environmentalists, tribal groups and developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Same War, New Battle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s tempting to say, “Welcome to the newest chapter in California’s never-ending battles over water” — though it’s not really new. The idea dates back at least a decade, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calwater.ca.gov/\">CALFED Bay-Delta water planning initiative\u003c/a>. But the proposal is getting fresh buzz now that the federal Bureau of Reclamation has issued a draft \u003ca title=\"USBOR - Shasta\" href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/nepa/nepa_projdetails.cfm?Project_ID=1915\">environmental impact report\u003c/a> on the plan recommending the extra 18 1/2 feet, and political pressure for more water storage is mounting in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you want to change anything in California water, it’s a big deal” said Jay Lund, who directs the \u003ca title=\"UCD - CWS\" href=\"https://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\">Center for Watershed Sciences\u003c/a> at the University of California Davis. “There’s always 500 different interests lined up on 500 different sides. There’s always going to be someone who’s unhappy, and they all have lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-7220\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/shasta-map05-640.jpg\" alt=\"shasta-map05\" width=\"1200\" height=\"868\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand the Shasta Dam proposal, a bit of historical perspective is helpful. When the dam was originally conceived in the 1930s, it was designed to be about 800 feet high. But the dam construction coincided with the outbreak of World War II, so limited manpower and scarce resources forced planners to scale back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Shasta Dam currently stands at 602 feet, or about 200 feet lower than originally envisaged. So while it’s therefore possible (from a purely engineering standpoint) to raise the dam by an additional 200 feet, no one is seriously considering that. Federal engineers say the proposed 18 1/2 feet of additional concrete would add about 14 percent to the lake’s existing capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea for adding capacity is to have a bigger bank for stockpiling water in wet years, which could then be tapped during dry years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious, immediate consequence of an 18 1/2 foot raise is that several homes and businesses along the shoreline would be inundated, forcing the government to compensate property owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water’s going to come up, so it’s going to take 11 of my 15 cabins out,” said Harold Jones, unrolling an aerial photo of his property. He and his wife have owned the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shasta-cabins.com/\">Sugarloaf Cottages\u003c/a> on the Sacramento River arm of Lake Shasta for 20 years. He said a government buyout of his property will push him into early retirement, with few alternate job prospects. “If they send us on our way and I lose my income, how am I going to support my family?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7238\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7238\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Jones-640.jpg\" alt=\"Jones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harold Jones owns Sugarloaf Cottages, which would be inundated if the lake level rose. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Jones and others believe that raising the lake will be the death knell for the resort town of Lakehead, which is a tiny town whose year-round population of about 500 balloons with the influx of boaters during the summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.winnememwintu.us/\">Winnemem Wintu\u003c/a> tribe of Native Americans have been railing against the raise. When the dam was first constructed in 1945, they lost lands they claim as part of their heritage. They argue that the proposed expansion would lead to the further demise of their cultural legacy, including the inundation of 60-to-80 of their remaining sacred sites, many still used for tribal rituals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of the debate is \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1920\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, a politically powerful agency that supplies water mostly to farmers in the San Joaquin Valley. Westlands is a major beneficiary of Shasta water and would pay approximately 20 percent — or $200 million — of the estimated construction costs. Westlands general manager, Tom Birmingham, talks like it’s a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re talking about creating surface storage in the state of California, this is the best project in terms of bang for your buck from the perspective of providing water for fisheries, providing water for human uses and providing hydroelectric generation,” Birmingham told us in a recent interview.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kl3e4__IIA4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Three Big Ideas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surface storage proposals of comparable cost and magnitude include \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/NODOS%20Project%20Docs/Sites_FAQ.pdf\">Sites Reservoir\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/storage/docs/USJ%20Project%20Docs/Temperance_FAQ.pdf\">Temperance Flat\u003c/a>. These projects have larger potential storage capacity, but also come with greater costs. Spokespeople for the Bureau of Reclamation expect draft environmental impact statements for both Sites Reservoir and Temperance Flat to be released in late-2013 or early-2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birmingham and the Bureau of Reclamation claim that the deeper pool of water behind Shasta Dam would allow more frequent releases of cold water to benefit \u003ca title=\"NMFS - salmon - steelhead\" href=\"http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/Steelhead_NCS.htm\">threatened salmon and other fish\u003c/a> downstream. Several environmental and fish advocacy groups beg to differ, saying there are more effective and cost-efficient ways to protect Central Valley salmon than a billion-dollar dam project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although theoretically there could be additional cold water — and there’s no doubt more of that is always better — it’s not guaranteed,” said John McManus, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/\">Golden Gate Salmon Association\u003c/a>. “Add to that the certainty that more water would be channeled north to south across the Delta, which will almost certainly entrain more salmon in the pumps or pull them off their natural migration path to their death in the interior delta, and this is a bad idea for salmon,” McManus wrote in an email to KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A crucial point is that raising Shasta dam would not \u003cem>create\u003c/em> water, it would only add storage potential. All in all, Lund is skeptical that spending over $1 billion is the best strategy for ensuring a healthy water supply, let alone water for fish. “I think it depends on what you want to accomplish,” says Lund. “If you’re going to add a large amount of surface storage to the system, Shasta is probably one of the better places to put it. But it does cost you money, and my question is ‘Is that the best investment of that money?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"CA Water Blog - Lund\" href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2012/02/22/expanding-water-storage-capacity-in-california/\">Lund has argued for a more “holistic” approach\u003c/a> to California’s water conundrum, assessing the combined benefits of conservation and integrated management of surface and groundwater, rather than looking at big, individual engineering projects. “That’s the big fallacy around much of the discussion about storage in California,” says Lund. “We have a water shortage, not necessarily a storage shortage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal to raise Shasta requires Congressional approval. The next step will be for the Bureau of Reclamation to submit a final recommendation to the Department of Interior. If Congress approves funding for raising Shasta, it’s expected that the issue will wind up before the courts. After all, this is California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Take a Hike at Watershed Lands in the Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Take a Hike at Watershed Lands in the Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ebmudview.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7165\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ebmudview.jpg\" alt=\"watershed land\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7165\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The high Berkeley Hills seen from East Bay MUD watershed lands in the Siesta Valley, Orinda. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lately I’ve been enjoying the special qualities of my local watershed lands. They’re interesting because even though our watersheds aren’t wildernesses, they have many wilderness qualities. Watershed land is put to work in the way that land works best: as a combination of soil and ecosystems that collects rain and preserves it as high-quality water. If humans have to make land useful—and no question about it, we must so we can stay alive and thriving—then using it to turn rain into clean drinking water instead of floods is a scheme that ranks right up there with spinning straw into gold. It’s like keeping part of the land certified-organic, free of pesticides and other pollution. Most Bay Area water agencies allow us carefully limited access to enjoy these clean working spaces for what they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our watersheds may look pristine, but they’re carefully managed. The hillsides are mowed, grazed and burned under careful monitoring. The ecosystem of the 19th century, with its elk herds and grizzlies and wolves, is long gone. But the sight of grassy slopes with their wooded creases in rain and sun remains a year-round feast for the eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs themselves are totally artificial, of course; they’re more like tanks than lakes. They have steep and jagged shorelines, and their water levels swing wildly over the course of the year. Many reservoirs also serve as aquariums, regularly stocked with sport fish that anglers pay to come and catch. Reservoir water still needs to be processed, in tanks, with chemicals. But the sight of water reacting to wind is still an inexhaustible blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watershed lands aren’t destinations, like state or national parks. Their natural features aren’t unusual, and to me that’s a key part of their charm: they are indigenous landscapes that help me paint a mental picture of the original land that underlies everything we’ve built on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick look at the possibilities, from north to south. I’m focusing mainly on hiking trails, but boating and horseback riding are other common activities on watershed lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has several reservoirs in the Russian River watershed, but only \u003ca href=\"http://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/Get_Outdoors/Parks/Spring_Lake_Regional_Park.aspx\">Spring Lake Park\u003c/a>, in Santa Rosa, welcomes visitors. Typical of water district facilities, it forbids gasoline-fueled boats and swimmers from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> has a major center of recreation in its \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=586\">Mount Tamalpais watershed lands\u003c/a>, with 130 miles of trails and unpaved roads serving hikers, equestrians and bicyclists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water District\u003c/a> operates its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/recreation.asp\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, east of Mount Diablo, as an intensive recreation resource including more than 50 miles of trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> manages the watershed around its San Mateo Peninsula reservoirs, the ones you see west of I-280. Hikers can visit this land \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=147\">on the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/a> only as part of a supervised hike, but it’s a beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> manages big chunks of land around its reservoirs behind the East Bay hills. These include \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/east-bay-trails\">80 miles of trails\u003c/a>, accessible with a very inexpensive pass. It also has watershed land \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/sierra-foothills-trails\">in the Sierra foothills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/\">Alameda County Water District\u003c/a>, serving the Fremont area, has no reservoirs because its local supply is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/index.aspx?NID=380\">groundwater of the Nile Cone\u003c/a>. But it has a unique “watershed” property where 19th-century gravel quarries on the Cone now serve as recharge ponds, and within the last 20 years the area has been developed as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Page138.aspx\">Quarry Lakes Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Water District\u003c/a> has several reservoirs in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, access to which is managed by the county and San Jose city governments. It also has 70 miles of trails along the creeks and holding ponds of the valley floor. \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/services/TrailMapLinks.aspx\">Find maps on this page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ebmudview.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7165\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ebmudview.jpg\" alt=\"watershed land\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7165\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The high Berkeley Hills seen from East Bay MUD watershed lands in the Siesta Valley, Orinda. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lately I’ve been enjoying the special qualities of my local watershed lands. They’re interesting because even though our watersheds aren’t wildernesses, they have many wilderness qualities. Watershed land is put to work in the way that land works best: as a combination of soil and ecosystems that collects rain and preserves it as high-quality water. If humans have to make land useful—and no question about it, we must so we can stay alive and thriving—then using it to turn rain into clean drinking water instead of floods is a scheme that ranks right up there with spinning straw into gold. It’s like keeping part of the land certified-organic, free of pesticides and other pollution. Most Bay Area water agencies allow us carefully limited access to enjoy these clean working spaces for what they are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our watersheds may look pristine, but they’re carefully managed. The hillsides are mowed, grazed and burned under careful monitoring. The ecosystem of the 19th century, with its elk herds and grizzlies and wolves, is long gone. But the sight of grassy slopes with their wooded creases in rain and sun remains a year-round feast for the eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reservoirs themselves are totally artificial, of course; they’re more like tanks than lakes. They have steep and jagged shorelines, and their water levels swing wildly over the course of the year. Many reservoirs also serve as aquariums, regularly stocked with sport fish that anglers pay to come and catch. Reservoir water still needs to be processed, in tanks, with chemicals. But the sight of water reacting to wind is still an inexhaustible blessing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watershed lands aren’t destinations, like state or national parks. Their natural features aren’t unusual, and to me that’s a key part of their charm: they are indigenous landscapes that help me paint a mental picture of the original land that underlies everything we’ve built on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick look at the possibilities, from north to south. I’m focusing mainly on hiking trails, but boating and horseback riding are other common activities on watershed lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a> has several reservoirs in the Russian River watershed, but only \u003ca href=\"http://parks.sonomacounty.ca.gov/Get_Outdoors/Parks/Spring_Lake_Regional_Park.aspx\">Spring Lake Park\u003c/a>, in Santa Rosa, welcomes visitors. Typical of water district facilities, it forbids gasoline-fueled boats and swimmers from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> has a major center of recreation in its \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=586\">Mount Tamalpais watershed lands\u003c/a>, with 130 miles of trails and unpaved roads serving hikers, equestrians and bicyclists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/\">Contra Costa Water District\u003c/a> operates its \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/losvaqueros/recreation.asp\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/a>, east of Mount Diablo, as an intensive recreation resource including more than 50 miles of trails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/\">San Francisco Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> manages the watershed around its San Mateo Peninsula reservoirs, the ones you see west of I-280. Hikers can visit this land \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=147\">on the Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail\u003c/a> only as part of a supervised hike, but it’s a beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/\">East Bay Municipal Utility District\u003c/a> manages big chunks of land around its reservoirs behind the East Bay hills. These include \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/east-bay-trails\">80 miles of trails\u003c/a>, accessible with a very inexpensive pass. It also has watershed land \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebmud.com/recreation/sierra-foothills-trails\">in the Sierra foothills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/\">Alameda County Water District\u003c/a>, serving the Fremont area, has no reservoirs because its local supply is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acwd.org/index.aspx?NID=380\">groundwater of the Nile Cone\u003c/a>. But it has a unique “watershed” property where 19th-century gravel quarries on the Cone now serve as recharge ponds, and within the last 20 years the area has been developed as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/Page138.aspx\">Quarry Lakes Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Water District\u003c/a> has several reservoirs in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, access to which is managed by the county and San Jose city governments. It also has 70 miles of trails along the creeks and holding ponds of the valley floor. \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleywater.org/services/TrailMapLinks.aspx\">Find maps on this page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_106803\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 310px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rows of bicycles are parked on the campus of UC Santa Barbara, where 94% of students take alternative means of transportation. (sleepymeko/Flickr)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Trayless dining halls, LEED-certified buildings and alternative energy sources are increasingly getting attention at college campuses across the country. Students aren’t just looking \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/13/106756/california-colleges-stand-out-among-green-schools\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/13/106756/california-colleges-stand-out-among-green-schools\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"California Colleges Stand Out Among Nation's Greenest\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "\u003cp>Trayless dining halls, LEED-certified buildings and alternative energy sources are increasingly getting attention at college campuses across the country. Students aren’t just looking for schools with good sports teams anymore. Now environmental consciousness is part of the equation.\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The next four weeks will determine how aggressively California regulates the controversial oil-drilling technique known as hydraulic fracturing. And as State Senator Fran Pavley points out, “four weeks is a long time, legislatively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">A natural gas-drilling rig in Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale formation. (Scott Detrow)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy \u003ca id=\"rssmore\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/13/california-fracking-regulators/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"State Faces Battle With Oil Industry Over Proposed New Fracking Regulations\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/13/california-fracking-regulators/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "California's Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Flammable West: Mega-Fires in the Age of Climate Change",
"title": "The Flammable West: Mega-Fires in the Age of Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>As of early August 2013, 36 wildfires were burning in eight western states and Alaska, including six in California and nine new large fires in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Wyoming, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/nfn.htm\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a>. Already this year, more than 2.5 million acres have gone up in smoke -- an area bigger than Yellowstone National Park. And that's actually a lot smaller than its been at this point in some recent years (last year, almost twice as many acres had burned by early August).\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer wildfires have always been a fact of life in the arid West. But with shrinking winter snowpack and warming spring and summer temperatures, the number and frequency of large fires has increased dramatically over the last four decades. In the more than 50 years that the NIFC has kept wildfire records, the three worst seasons have occurred within the last seven years (2006 topped the charts, followed by 2007 and 2012).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-the-age-of-western-wildfires-14873\">Climate Central\u003c/a> analyzed 42 years of U.S. Forest Service records for 11 Western states, and found a direct correlation between heightened fire risk and rising temperatures due to climate change -- a result, in part, of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-8874 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"2139\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg 735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size-400x1164.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size-320x931.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produced by the Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on findings from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/nrc/\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, the report notes that for every degree Celsius (1.8\u003csup>o \u003c/sup>F) of temperature increase, the size of area burned in the western U.S. could quadruple. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>, meanwhile, estimates that summer temperature in western North America, could increase between 3.6\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F and 9\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F by the middle of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Central report found that, as compared to the average year during the 1970s, the average year from 2002 to 2011 has had:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>7 times more fires exceeding 10,000 acres\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Nearly 5 times more fires exceeding 25,000 acres\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Twice as many fires exceeding 1,000 acres -- Now there are an average of roughly 100 fires per year as compared with less than 50 per year during the 1970s. In Arizona and Idaho, this rate has nearly quadrupled.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Twice as much land area burned by wildfires each year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A burn season that begins earlier, ends later, and lasting, on average, two-and-a-half months longer.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As of early August 2013, 36 wildfires were burning in eight western states and Alaska, including six in California and nine new large fires in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Wyoming, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/nfn.htm\">National Interagency Fire Center\u003c/a>. Already this year, more than 2.5 million acres have gone up in smoke -- an area bigger than Yellowstone National Park. And that's actually a lot smaller than its been at this point in some recent years (last year, almost twice as many acres had burned by early August).\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spring and summer wildfires have always been a fact of life in the arid West. But with shrinking winter snowpack and warming spring and summer temperatures, the number and frequency of large fires has increased dramatically over the last four decades. In the more than 50 years that the NIFC has kept wildfire records, the three worst seasons have occurred within the last seven years (2006 topped the charts, followed by 2007 and 2012).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-the-age-of-western-wildfires-14873\">Climate Central\u003c/a> analyzed 42 years of U.S. Forest Service records for 11 Western states, and found a direct correlation between heightened fire risk and rising temperatures due to climate change -- a result, in part, of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-8874 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"2139\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size.jpg 735w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size-400x1164.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2013/08/Infographic-Western-Wildfires-and-Climate-Change-All-Facts-Full-Size-320x931.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Produced by the Union of Concerned Scientists\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on findings from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/nrc/\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, the report notes that for every degree Celsius (1.8\u003csup>o \u003c/sup>F) of temperature increase, the size of area burned in the western U.S. could quadruple. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>, meanwhile, estimates that summer temperature in western North America, could increase between 3.6\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F and 9\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F by the middle of this century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Central report found that, as compared to the average year during the 1970s, the average year from 2002 to 2011 has had:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>7 times more fires exceeding 10,000 acres\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Nearly 5 times more fires exceeding 25,000 acres\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Twice as many fires exceeding 1,000 acres -- Now there are an average of roughly 100 fires per year as compared with less than 50 per year during the 1970s. In Arizona and Idaho, this rate has nearly quadrupled.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Twice as much land area burned by wildfires each year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A burn season that begins earlier, ends later, and lasting, on average, two-and-a-half months longer.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area",
"headTitle": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Valero wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its Bay Area refinery. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.",
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"description": "Valero wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its Bay Area refinery. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.",
"title": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area | KQED",
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"headline": "Valero Rail Project Fuels Tar Sands Speculation in Bay Area",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-12-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Valero, the nation’s largest oil refiner, wants to start using trains to bring crude oil to its \u003ca href=\"http://www.valero.com/ourbusiness/ourlocations/refineries/pages/benicia.aspx\">Bay Area refinery\u003c/a>. But the project is raising concerns about congestion, safety and air pollution in the East Bay city of Benicia – and the connection it may have to Canada’s controversial tar sands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6923\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6923\" title=\"Marilyn Bardet \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Marilyn-cropped-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero's crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marilyn Bardet has pushed for a more thorough review of Valero’s crude-by-rail project. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Small City, Big Industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Benicia sits near the mouth of the Sacramento River, in the northeastern corner of San Francisco Bay. It has a small-town vibe: antique stores, a pretty marina, nice views of the water. But it’s no stranger to heavy industry. Freight trains rumble past on the outskirts, and there’s a big industrial park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruszelwoodworks.com/\">Ruszel Woodworks\u003c/a> has been in the industrial park for more than 30 years. Brothers Ed and Jack Ruszel manage the company, which builds custom retail displays, among other specialty items. Their shop is just down the road from the refinery. They say Valero’s been a generally good neighbor, but they’re not happy with its latest proposed project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valero wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/Sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Valero_CBR_Project_Description.pdf\">build a rail terminal\u003c/a> on its property — currently it gets crude oil from pipelines and tanker ships. The $70 million rail project would allow it to source crude from the Midwest and Canada. The plan includes equipment to unload up to 70,000 barrels of crude oil a day. That’s almost half the daily capacity of the refinery. Two 50-car trains a day would deliver the oil, which would replace some of the crude that currently arrives by ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many Benicia residents support the project. Valero is a big employer. It gives to local charities, and its taxes represent a fifth of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Ruszels are concerned about the impacts on traffic, because the tracks are on either side of their building, and cross their driveway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6937\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6937\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/ruszel-crop-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Ruszel and his brother run Ruszel Woodworks, which is surrounded by the tracks Valero would be using to bring crude to the refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“And it doesn’t just affect me,” adds Jack. “It affects all the businesses up and down here, and all the people along the rail lines all the way back to the source.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another local business got a cease-and-desist order stalling upgrades to the nearby Union Pacific tracks, which would support the project. Caltrans has weighed in too, with fears that the long, slow-moving trains crossing near off-ramps could back traffic up onto Interstate-680.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But traffic is just one of the issues locals have raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marilyn Bardet is the founder of the Good Neighbor Steering Committee, a Valero watchdog as she describes it. She sits on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/index.asp?SEC=%7B77A312F2-B156-4443-98A9-3857BBF7BC47%7D&DE=%7B7432AB46-421A-4AB9-A22B-0DC25F451E77%7D\">Valero’s community advisory panel\u003c/a>. She’s among those who have been pushing for a more thorough review of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have an accident where you spill this stuff, how are you going to clean it up?” she asks. “Where does it begin, where does it end?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tracks go through \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/suisun/\">Suisun Marsh\u003c/a>, the largest brackish marsh on the West Coast, and a delicate wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are safety concerns. Last month in Quebec, a train carrying crude oil derailed and exploded, killing 47 people. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-08/rail-agency-probes-possible-safety-flaws-in-crude-transit.html\">Federal Railroad Administration has set rules\u003c/a> to help prevent that type of accident from happening here, but Bardet says it’s been on her mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there’s perhaps the biggest question of all: what kind of crude will be coming in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6951\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/refinery-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6951\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Valero refinery in Benicia refines about 165,000 barrels of oil a day. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Will Crude From the Tar Sands Come to the Bay Area?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All crudes are not created equal,” claims Brant Olson, a campaigner with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> in San Francisco. He says Valero has hinted to its investors that it wants to start bringing in crude from Canada’s tar sands, also known as oil sands. That oil is heavy, and environmentalists say, exceedingly “dirty” – it contains heavy metals, and the chemicals used to dilute it for shipment can be toxic, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re taking in dirty oil from Canada on the front end, you’re going to have more pollution in Benicia out the back end, and that’s really our concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olson says it also takes more energy to refine tar sands crude, which creates more greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentalists hope to stifle the refining opportunities for tar sands crude, because of the climate change implications. Groups including the NRDC have been fighting the extension of the Keystone pipeline, which would pump crude from the Alberta tar sands to refineries in Texas. (NRDC \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/Report_by_Dr._Phyllis_Fox.pdf\">commissioned a report\u003c/a> explaining why they think the crude could be coming from Canada, and what the air quality implications could be.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For California, rail is the equivalent of the Keystone pipeline,” Olson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Oil companies, on the other hand, are eager to find a way to get that low-cost crude to refineries in the United States, including here on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s in Texas, up in Canada, in the Northeast, in the Marcellus Shale, up in the Dakotas in the Bakken Shale, that’s where the new crude oil is coming from, and there are huge amounts of it,” says Bill Day, a spokesman for the San Antonio-based Valero. “There’s no such thing as dirty oil or clean oil, I want to be very clear about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Day won’t get more specific than to say that the crude would be coming by rail from “North America.” He says that no oil from the tar sands is currently being processed at the Benicia refinery. The plant is however, designed to be able to process “a variety of crudes,” from heavy to light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns About Air Pollution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is reviewing Valero’s permit application for the project. Jim Karas, director of engineering for the Air District, says Valero is already close to the limit of what it can put in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On a conceptual basis, I don’t see how those emissions can possibly increase,” he says. “Our rules don’t allow it. Our conditions don’t allow it. Our monitoring will verify it. So I don’t see how that could happen.” And if it did happen? “We would absolutely catch it, and there would be significant consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Air District has installed monitors in and around the refinery, Karas says, and inspectors go out and do tests. But Bardet is worried that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/07/31/124051/a_year_after_richmond_refinery_fire_community_air_monitors?category=science\">coverage is spotty\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They do not have other monitors in town,” she says. “They have a monitor at Tuolumne Street in Vallejo and one in Concord, and that’s supposed to give us some sense, triangulated, what our ambient air is like.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She also claims that the Air District measures pollution over time, focusing on averages and missing the impacts of emissions spikes or accidents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crude-by-Rail and the Future of Oil\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would be the first major crude-by-rail project in the Bay Area. Of the other four refineries here, Tesoro Corporation is the only one using rail to import crude, and on a scale far below what Valero would be capable of, should its rail expansion go through. Valero’s Day says, he wouldn’t be surprised if others are looking into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6942\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/train-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union Pacific owns the tracks that serve the Valero refinery. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is not just a California thing and it’s not just a Valero thing,” he says. “This is a phenomenon that we’re seeing across the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.benicia.ca.us/vertical/sites/%7B3436CBED-6A58-4FEF-BFDF-5F9331215932%7D/uploads/CBR_Notice_of_Preparation.pdf\">City of Benicia is studying\u003c/a> the impacts of the project. Its planning commission is expected to make a decision on it in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "News Pix: Hundreds Protest at Chevron Refinery, Berkeley Bluebirds Get Aggressive",
"headTitle": "News Pix: Hundreds Protest at Chevron Refinery, Berkeley Bluebirds Get Aggressive | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\nRichmond police \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/07/chevron-california-carbon-trading/\" rel=\"noopener\">arrested 209 people\u003c/a> who crossed onto refinery property and refused to leave during a protest on Saturday, August 3. (\u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://www.annavignet.com\" rel=\"noopener\">Anna Vignet\u003c/a> / \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Press\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-106201\" src=\"http://d1lhirsz7m8sbi.cloudfront.net/newsfix/files/2013/08/PhotoWeek130809chevronprote.jpg\" alt=\"PhotoWeek130809chevronprote\" width=\"640\" height=\"450\">\u003cbr>\nMore than 1,000 people marched from the Richmond BART \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/08/news-pix-90-year-old-woman-arrested-at-chevron-protest-berkeley-bluebirds-get-aggressive/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/08/news-pix-90-year-old-woman-arrested-at-chevron-protest-berkeley-bluebirds-get-aggressive/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"News Pix: Hundreds Protest at Chevron Refinery, Berkeley Bluebirds Get Aggressive\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6879\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_3146.jpg\" alt='Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the \"Coastal North.\" (Photo: Craig Miller)' width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daytime heat waves have been increasing in some unlikely parts of California, such as the “Coastal North.” (Photo: Craig Miller) \u003ccite>(Craig Miller)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“An immediate and growing threat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how California’s lead environmental agency — and the Governor’s office — describe climate change in the latest in a series of periodic reports on the subject.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report cites “already discernible impacts of climate change” and attempts to pinpoint the main drivers — no pun intended. In California, nearly 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from the transportation sector — trains, planes and automobiles, and the last in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsSummaryAugust2013.pdf\">the report\u003c/a> from the state Environmental Protection Agency, the annual average temperature in California has risen about 1.5 degrees (F) — but the state isn’t warming up uniformly. Parts of the Central Valley and Southern California are heating up faster; the hot are getting hotter. And a particularly insidious aspect of warming: overnight low temperatures are rising twice as fast as daytime highs. This has clear \u003ca title=\"KQED - Heat & Harvest\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\">implications for agriculture\u003c/a>, as many important cash crops, like stone fruits, need a certain amount of “chill time” to produce bountiful, quality fruit. Warmer nights put more pressure on the electric grid as air conditioners run longer, and also limit recovery time during hot spells, worsening the effects of heat waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, those are increasing, the Cal/EPA report finds, and in some surprising places, such as the North Coast (bear in mind that what passes for a “heat wave” in Mendocino is a little different from the Mojave threshold).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water picture is a little bit murkier, in that the report finds no clear change in the amount of precipitation that California is getting, but where and when that rain and snow falls is changing and proving to be just as important. For example, the Sacramento River — the main artery of California’s water system — has seen a nine percent drop in runoff coming into it over the past century. And the surface area of \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - Glaciers\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/27/californias-vanishing-glaciers-a-defining-moment/\">glaciers in the Sierra Nevada\u003c/a> has receded anywhere from 20-to-70 percent in the same time frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “good” news is that global warming emissions have tapered off in the state in recent years. The bad news is that’s largely due to slowing industrial activity in the recent recession. The long-term trend still has emissions rising overall but the state’s economy is becoming more carbon-efficient, so emissions per unit of industrial output are falling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cal/EPA report is just the latest in a flurry of sobering climate reports to hit the streets in recent days. Federal climate watchers issued their \u003ca title=\"NOAA - State of the Climate 2012\" href=\"http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/state-climate-2012-highlights\">State of the Climate\u003c/a> report on August 6, with confirmation that 2012 was among the hottest years on record, among other cheery pronouncements. And the \u003ca title=\"TERC - State of the Lake\" href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu\">latest environmental scorecard for Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> reveals gains in water clarity but mounting threats from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steady drumbeat of climate data may be having an effect on public attitudes. In its most recent \u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">statewide poll\u003c/a>, the California Public Policy Institute found that nearly 8-in-10 Californians consider warming at least a “somewhat serious” threat, and a record proportion favor immediate action to counter climate change impacts.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Julia Hannafin, \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeleyside\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the East Bay Green Corridor, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sungevity.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sungevity, Inc\u003c/a>., and the state Office of Economic Development met at Sungevity’s Oakland offices to announce a new set of permitting guidelines that will be used in all the cities in the corridor: Berkeley, Oakland, Richmond, Emeryville, Alameda, \u003ca id=\"rssmore\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/08/solar_East_Bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca title=\"Looking to Go Solar? Oakland, Berkeley Among E. Bay Cities Reducing Cost of Permits\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/08/solar_East_Bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>by Anna Vignet, \u003ca target=\"_blank\" href=\"http://sfpublicpress.org/\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Public Press\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hundreds of activists on hand Saturday at Chevron’s Richmond refinery to protest its contribution to global warming might be surprised to learn that California says it has found a way to control the company’s carbon footprint within the state, despite its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/07/chevron-california-carbon-trading/\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"rssmore\" rel=\"noopener\"> …read more\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/08/07/chevron-california-carbon-trading/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Chevron Refinery 's Planned Expansion Worries Environmentalists\" rel=\"noopener\">Newsfix – Environment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Low Water Levels Forcing Boats Out Of Folsom Lake",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/folsomlake-e1375727640566.jpg\" alt=\"Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6659\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low water levels at Folsom Lake are exposing more steps to get down to the dock than usual for this time of year. (Scott Detrow/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The people who dock their boats at Folsom Lake, about 25 miles east of Sacramento, keep track of how dry the reservoir is by how many steps it takes to get from the parking lot to the floating dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, when melting snow and rainfall fill the lake’s basin, less than ten steps peek out from above the water. Last week, the number was 80. Jeff Gomez said he made sure to count as he trekked up and down the stairs eight different times. “I came down to refuel the boat,” Gomez said as he caught his breath after dragging a cooler down the 80 steps. “That took two trips. Now this was two trips.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gomez and his family were getting ready for one of their final boat rides of the year. Folsom Lake is at half its capacity, and low water levels will force Gomez and everyone else who docks their boats in the lake to remove their crafts from the water by Sunday, August 11.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not unusual for Folsom Lake to lose water over the course of the summer, but the boat-removal order typically comes in the fall, not early August. “It’s not shocking, because we expected it. Lack of snow, lack of rain” said Gomez as he prepped his speedboat for an afternoon of tubing. “It’s kind of sad, though.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“It Just Fell Off The Map”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folsom Lake’s early boat-removal order is the latest evidence of California’s current dry stretch. The state’s “water year” begins in October. It got off to a “robust start,” in terms of rainfall, according to federal Bureau of Reclamation spokesman Pete Lucero. (Reclamation oversees the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/projects/Project.jsp?proj_Name=Central+Valley+Project\">Central Valley Project\u003c/a>, which manages water throughout central California.) “And then it just fell off the map,” he said. The January-May stretch “was the lowest recorded precipitation year in a five-month period ever,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s left Folsom Lake at 81 percent of its typical August average. \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">Other reservoirs are hurting\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Shasta [Lake] we’re at about 78 percent of its average. The state’s Oroville Reservoir is about 89 percent of average. The New Melones Reservoir is at 72 percent. And our off-storage reservoir, the San Luis Res down near Los Banos, is at 39 percent of the 15-year average.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Millerton Lake near Fresno is the only Central Valley reservoir above average August levels. “Water right now, as it always is in California, is a really finite resource,” said Lucero.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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