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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25307\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa_quake-e1418960288287.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa_quake-e1418960288287.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Kavarian, chief building official with the City of Napa, surveys a building that was damaged by a 6.0 earthquake on August 24, 2014 in Napa, California. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Kavarian, chief building official with the City of Napa, surveys a building that was damaged by a 6.0 earthquake on August 24 in Napa, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent studies of the \u003ca href=\"http://comcat.cr.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711#summary\">magnitude 6.0 Napa quake\u003c/a> in August suggest that the fault is longer and thus more powerful than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main strand of the West Napa Fault Zone was initially thought to span 25 miles, from Benicia north toward St. Helena. But \u003ca href=\"http://ucdavis.edu/\">U.C. Davis\u003c/a> scientists who have scrutinized the local geology in the wake of the August temblor, say that the fault is 45 miles long, reaching nearly to Calistoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more potential slippage, which could mean bigger earthquakes, according to U.C. Davis geology professor \u003ca href=\"http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/oskin/\">Mike Oskin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A magnitude 7.0 would be much more destructive because it would hit the entire wine industry.’\u003ccite>–Mike Oskin,U.C. Davis geology professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Napa Valley and its surroundings shouldn’t be complacent,” said Oskin. “A magnitude 7.0 would be much more destructive because it would hit the entire wine industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, scientists have called the August quake an “overachieving 6.0,” in terms of the damage it caused and the extent of ruptures at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oskin and his class mapped the Northern stem of the West Napa Valley Fault, which hadn’t been documented as active. There had been no Napa Valley surface rupture in recorded history prior to 2014; surface ruptures are a direct confirmation that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/09/quake-revived-streams-could-keep-flowing-for-a-while/\">the fault is active\u003c/a>, according to Oskin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor also noticed a line of deformed young gravel deposits along the West side of Napa Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We noticed the folding of river gravel,” Oskin said. “River valleys are flat so when you see a linear scar that’s an indication that the fault is active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stretching from Benicia north, this young newly overturned rock suggested the fault is active and contiguous up to Calistoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa-map-e1419027585710.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa-map-e1419027585710.jpg\" alt=\"The West Napa Valley Fault, including a newly mapped section near Calistoga created by U.C. Davis geology professor Mike Oskin and his class. (Mike Oskin)\" width=\"250\" height=\"327\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The West Napa Valley Fault, including a newly mapped section near Calistoga created by U.C. Davis geology professor Mike Oskin and his class. (Mike Oskin)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we did was continue mapping that fault,” said U.C. Davis geologist Chad Trexler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We extended that map all the way north to Calistoga, and when we realized it was all on one continuous structure, we started to think about what would happen if the whole fault ruptured in a single earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s potentially ugly. Trexler says the fault could produce a magnitude 7.0 quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">South Napa quake\u003c/a> struck in August it was the strongest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. About 200 people were injured and it caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage to wineries and historic buildings downtown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey \u003c/a>revealed this week that the fault is still moving, showing persistent “afterslip,” as it’s known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, they called it “the fastest-moving fault in the world,” with the potential to slip another 2 to 6 inches over the next few years. Scientist say, however, that the afterslip doesn’t necessarily portend another imminent earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very far from predicting an earthquake but we’re closer to knowing where they are likely to occur,” said Oskin. “Ideally we’ll get to something more like forecasting the weather in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oskin added a caveat saying even weather predictions aren’t foolproof.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25307\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa_quake-e1418960288287.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25307\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa_quake-e1418960288287.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Kavarian, chief building official with the City of Napa, surveys a building that was damaged by a 6.0 earthquake on August 24, 2014 in Napa, California. (Photo by Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Kavarian, chief building official with the City of Napa, surveys a building that was damaged by a 6.0 earthquake on August 24 in Napa, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent studies of the \u003ca href=\"http://comcat.cr.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc72282711#summary\">magnitude 6.0 Napa quake\u003c/a> in August suggest that the fault is longer and thus more powerful than previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main strand of the West Napa Fault Zone was initially thought to span 25 miles, from Benicia north toward St. Helena. But \u003ca href=\"http://ucdavis.edu/\">U.C. Davis\u003c/a> scientists who have scrutinized the local geology in the wake of the August temblor, say that the fault is 45 miles long, reaching nearly to Calistoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means more potential slippage, which could mean bigger earthquakes, according to U.C. Davis geology professor \u003ca href=\"http://mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu/oskin/\">Mike Oskin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘A magnitude 7.0 would be much more destructive because it would hit the entire wine industry.’\u003ccite>–Mike Oskin,U.C. Davis geology professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Napa Valley and its surroundings shouldn’t be complacent,” said Oskin. “A magnitude 7.0 would be much more destructive because it would hit the entire wine industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, scientists have called the August quake an “overachieving 6.0,” in terms of the damage it caused and the extent of ruptures at the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oskin and his class mapped the Northern stem of the West Napa Valley Fault, which hadn’t been documented as active. There had been no Napa Valley surface rupture in recorded history prior to 2014; surface ruptures are a direct confirmation that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/09/quake-revived-streams-could-keep-flowing-for-a-while/\">the fault is active\u003c/a>, according to Oskin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The professor also noticed a line of deformed young gravel deposits along the West side of Napa Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We noticed the folding of river gravel,” Oskin said. “River valleys are flat so when you see a linear scar that’s an indication that the fault is active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stretching from Benicia north, this young newly overturned rock suggested the fault is active and contiguous up to Calistoga.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa-map-e1419027585710.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Napa-map-e1419027585710.jpg\" alt=\"The West Napa Valley Fault, including a newly mapped section near Calistoga created by U.C. Davis geology professor Mike Oskin and his class. (Mike Oskin)\" width=\"250\" height=\"327\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The West Napa Valley Fault, including a newly mapped section near Calistoga created by U.C. Davis geology professor Mike Oskin and his class. (Mike Oskin)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we did was continue mapping that fault,” said U.C. Davis geologist Chad Trexler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We extended that map all the way north to Calistoga, and when we realized it was all on one continuous structure, we started to think about what would happen if the whole fault ruptured in a single earthquake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s potentially ugly. Trexler says the fault could produce a magnitude 7.0 quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/finding-faults-scientists-close-in-on-napa-quake-origins/\">South Napa quake\u003c/a> struck in August it was the strongest to hit the Bay Area in 25 years. About 200 people were injured and it caused hundreds of millions of dollars in damage to wineries and historic buildings downtown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/\">U.S. Geological Survey \u003c/a>revealed this week that the fault is still moving, showing persistent “afterslip,” as it’s known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, they called it “the fastest-moving fault in the world,” with the potential to slip another 2 to 6 inches over the next few years. Scientist say, however, that the afterslip doesn’t necessarily portend another imminent earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very far from predicting an earthquake but we’re closer to knowing where they are likely to occur,” said Oskin. “Ideally we’ll get to something more like forecasting the weather in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oskin added a caveat saying even weather predictions aren’t foolproof.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Storms a Boon for Rainwater Harvesters",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25178\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 681px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25178\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/rainwater-collection-system.jpeg\" alt=\"rainwater collection system\" width=\"681\" height=\"511\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many Northern California counties now offer rebates for rain barrels purchased for residential use. (Water Cache)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Water didn’t just pour into city streets during last week’s storm, it was also stashed away by rain harvesting enthusiasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy we have all this wasted water that is flooding our cities and we could be capturing and using it,” says Claire Elliot, a home owner in Palo Alto. Elliot has six barrels in her back yard that she uses to water her plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though they hold a total of 300 gallons of water, she says all six filled up within a couple of hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was excited to see them fill up but the question is whether I can use all the water before the next storm event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water is not potable but can be used as “graywater,” for outdoor irrigation, laundry and dish washing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Acterra_rain-barrel.jpg\" alt=\"Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\" width=\"339\" height=\"227\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteers for Acterra, an environmental non-profit, install rain barrels at Arastradero nature preserve in Palo Alto. (Acterra)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It hasn’t been universally embraced. In parts of the West, rainwater harvesting has been outlawed, seen as an infringement on those who have downstream water rights on rivers where that rain might end up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Californians have legally been able to collect household runoff \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB1750\">without a permit\u003c/a> since 2012. In fact, several counties and the \u003ca href=\"http://bawsca.org/conservation/rain-barrel-rebate-program/\">Bay Area Water Supply & Conservation Agency\u003c/a> provide up to $100 in rebates for barrels or cisterns purchased for rainwater harvesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BAWSCA has issued 75 rebates since launching its program in October. “We were getting calls the first day after the program was announced,” says Water Resources Manager Michael Hurley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco will start a similar program by spring of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most systems for corralling rainwater use a barrel, a mesh screen and a diverter. As rainfall collects in rooftop gutters, instead of gushing out of downspouts it takes a detour through the diverter and into storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the first rush of water often contains contaminants like leaves, insects and animal waste, many diverters will capture this debris and prevent it from flowing into the barrel, and the mesh discourages mosquitoes from using the collected water as a nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Australia, rainwater collection systems became standard accessories during the recent nine-year drought known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-lessons-from-down-under/\">Big Dry\u003c/a>, but have been slower to catch on in California. During a previous four-year program, San Francisco issued fewer than 1,000 rebates for rain catchments within the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tangible activity that people can do on their own to try and help address drought conditions,” said Hurley. “It won’t be the entire solution but it provides some benefit to home owners and the region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain barrels are available at most large hardware supply stores and hold between 50 and 200 gallons of water. A 100-gallon barrel costs about $200.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Northern California Ski Slopes Reopen After Storm",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/AA9Q7388-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"A skier at Alpine Meadows Ski Resort on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\" width=\"782\" height=\"521\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A skier at Alpine Meadows on Friday after a Bay Area storm left more than a foot of snow in parts of the Sierra Nevada. (Jeff Engerbretson/Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Strong winds and white-out conditions forced many Sierra Nevada ski resorts to close Thursday. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a> issued a blizzard warning and \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/cgi-bin/roads.cgi\">Caltrans\u003c/a> urged travelers to use chains while traveling Highway 80 toward Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Friday, the roads cleared and many ski resorts opened after receiving almost two feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/sugar-bowl-resort/ski-resort.html\">Sugar Bowl Resort\u003c/a>, near Donner Lake, got 22 inches and \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/alpine-meadows/ski-resort.html\">Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, which opened for the first time this season, has 14 inches of new snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tegan Kopilenko, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\">Squaw Valley-Alpine Meadows\u003c/a>, said the storm improved ski trails near the base of the mountain, where the resort has been relying on man-made snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lower parts don’t always get snow early,” Kopilenko said, “and this year they are, so it makes more of the mountain accessible to more people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra has had less snow this year in 2014, due partly to normal fluctuations temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-24992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Snow-pack-maps.png\" alt=\"Snow pack maps\" width=\"422\" height=\"383\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has played a minor role too, according to Greg Fall, a researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/\">National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the drought, we started off with almost no snow in the Sierra,” Fall said. “This storm has made a significant dent but it hasn’t turned it into a normal year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2013&month=12&day=12&units=e\">75 percent\u003c/a> of the Sierra Nevada range was covered in snow; this year, it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/nsa/index.html?region=Sierra_Nevada&year=2014&month=12&day=12&units=e\">25 percent\u003c/a>, according to data from the Remote Sensing Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A storm the first week of December left little more than what Coop Cooper calls “snain” — a combination of snow and rain. Cooper is a public communications manager for \u003ca href=\"http://www.onthesnow.com/california/kirkwood/ski-resort.html\">Kirkwood Mountain Resort\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rain came in really warm,” he said. Not this time, though. Kirkwood got 13 inches of snow in Thursday’s storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resorts can expect more snow next week as a new storm moves through the Bay Area Monday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Pineapple Express' Soaks Bay Area",
"headTitle": "‘Pineapple Express’ Soaks Bay Area | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”op29xT9KjaYGLxM5RebKoJBr5wxvJWJA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The precipitation flooding many parts of the Bay Area is part of a low pressure system that is both common and uncommon during California's winter months.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24894\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24894 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Storm_GIF.gif\" alt=\"Storm_GIF\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A satellite image shows an atmospheric river, which brought rain and strong winds to the U.S. West Coast on Thursday. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As city streets flood and power lines go down, don’t blame \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/drought-myth-busting-why-el-nino-wont-save-california/\">El Niño\u003c/a>. The epic storm that hit California early Thursday morning is caused by a water vapor filled low-pressure system called an atmospheric river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long and narrow, it carries ten Mississippi Rivers’ worth of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originating near Hawaii, this ‘Pineapple Express’ brings atmospheric moisture up to the West Coast. As it condenses, water vapor in the river falls as rain – or snow – at higher elevations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A handful of storms during California’s rainy season are atmospheric rivers that release large amounts of water in a short period of time. Although a megastorm can last more than a week, smaller atmospheric rivers usually last a few days. Annually, atmospheric rivers account for 30 to 50 percent of California’s precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These streams in the sky form near mid-latitudes. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/1188\">last large one\u003c/a> to hit the Bay Area was in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With 80 percent of California in an extreme drought, the deluge could bring some areas back to their average annual rainfall totals, according to \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a meteorologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This will have a potentially useful impact on water supply during this drought,” said Ralph.”Some reservoirs will get a real benefit out of this,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, some Bay Area counties are expected to receive more than a foot of water. Guerneville in Sonoma County has received nearly five inches of water in less than 24 hours. A blizzard warning is also in effect for the western slope of the northern Sierra Nevada, which could receive up to 3 feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24844\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/NOAA.jpg\" alt=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay, CA, on March 19, 2013.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) electronics engineer Tom Ayers conducting an atmospheric river observation at the Bodega Marine Laboratory in Bodega Bay on March 19, 2013. (California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After three years of little rain, some reservoirs like Uvas near Gilroy are at less than five percent of capacity. Fuller reservoirs may be one result of this storm, in addition to power outages, mudslides and blizzard conditions in the mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect “numerous trees down” due to gusts of wind measuring 50 miles per hour, said meteorologist Steve Anderson of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.weather.gov/\">National Weather Service\u003c/a>. “Most of the trees are in drought stress…so it won’t take much, if anything, to push them all over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Damage from the storm, such as downed trees, power lines and mudslides, may extend from Mendocino to Monterey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For meteorologist Marty Ralph, who studies extreme atmospheric events, this storm is a chance to understand how the pressure system works, which could help prepare for future powerful storm events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory\u003c/a> in Bodega Bay, he measures soil moisture networks and uses rain gauges to track precipitation.”This is part of the beauty of science, we’re studying how this all works…in real time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm is expected to clear tomorrow, as the atmospheric river of rain continues moving down the coast to San Diego, losing strength along the way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years",
"headTitle": "Study: California Drought Most Severe Dry Spell in at least 1,200 Years | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24540 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/droughtpic1.jpg\" alt=\"A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir on January 28, 2014 in San Jose, California. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"430\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A car sits in dried and cracked earth of what was the bottom of the Almaden Reservoir south of San Jose on Jan. 28. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is pretty exceptional — like the driest in about a millennium — according to an article published today in the journal \u003cem>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/em> by scientists with the University of Minnesota and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how could they know that? There weren’t a lot of rain gauges in California in 800 A.D. — at least, not the plastic kind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So authors Daniel Griffin and Kevin Anchukaitis looked to tree-ring samples from California blue oaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24564\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/ring-core-ejon_ranch_DSC3975-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\" width=\"320\" height=\"213\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pencil-like tree-ring cores are collected non-destructively using a Swedish increment borer in May, 2014. (Daniel Griffin/University of Minnesota)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“California’s old blue oaks are as close to nature’s rain gauges as we get,” said Griffin, a NOAA Climate and Global Change Fellow with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. “They thrive in some of California’s driest environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers collected their own blue oak tree-ring samples from south and central California, giving them a pretty good idea of yearly precipitation in the area back to 1293. They then augmented their samples with data from the \u003ca href=\"http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.LDEO/.TRL/.NADA2004/.pdsi-atlas.html\">North American Drought Atlas\u003c/a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Palmer Drought Severity Index.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result: The study estimates that in the past 1,200 years, there have been 66 dry periods lasting three-to-nine years and 37 more-severe, three-year droughts. But not one of them has been as extreme as the one beginning in 2012, despite some years in the past seeing similarly low precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not only lack of rain that makes a drought, though. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">Record-high temperatures\u003c/a> added to California’s strife to make this dry spell the worst in more than 1,000 years, according to the study. The researchers estimate high temperatures have intensified the drought by about 36 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley geology professor and researcher Lynn Ingram said the study’s findings appear solid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The tree-ring records provide the highest resolution as they have annual growth layers,” she said, adding the study provides a “cautionary lesson” about how human-caused warming “may already be impacting climate and water in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the California drought progress from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2014 below. The NOAA U.S. Drought Monitor released the latest outlook today, up-to-date as of Dec. 2. More than half the state is now in “exceptional drought,” defined as “exceptional and widespread crop/pasture losses; shortages of water in reservoirs, streams, and wells creating water emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/12/04/DroughtMapOverTimeLargerupdateDecember.gif\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24592\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-24592 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/drought-legend-1024x396.jpg\" alt=\"Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click on the legend for a description of each drought category.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation shows California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early December 2014, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor.\u003c/em> (Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide",
"headTitle": "New Residential Water Use Numbers Indicate Conservation Backslide | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/waterlevel.jpg\" alt=\"Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"537\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24447\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Receding water levels can be seen around the San Gabriel Reservoir, or San Gabriel Dam, on July 29. The reservoir provides flood control, groundwater recharge flows and hydroelectricity for the heavily populated San Gabriel Valley in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The latest year-over-year \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/drought/conservation_reporting_info.shtml\">residential water use numbers\u003c/a> are out, offering a glimpse at how much of the wet stuff larger cities throughout California are using and how much they’re conserving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The broad view for October’s water conservation efforts isn’t good, but the gloomy news comes with warnings about comparing data 1) between cities that may have very different water needs and 2) across time when temperature could be factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, October represents a significant backslide in water conservation statewide. Water use this October was down 6.7 percent compared to the same time last year. Sounds good, but that’s also a 3.6 percent decrease in water savings compared to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/04/new-numbers-highlight-contrasts-in-california-water-use/\">September\u003c/a>, 2014, which had a statewide conservation rate of 10.3 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re using less water, but they’re using less less water than they did last month,” State Water Board Chair Felicia Marcus said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus said the gallons per capita, per day average is a new measurement, and officials are still grappling with exactly what it means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This set of reports has raised more questions than answers for us,” Marcus said, but she added that it could be useful in transferring a best practice from a city with conservation success to another similar community struggling to reduce usage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State and local water officials worry the drive to conserve will falter as winter storms start to hit the state. But it’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/drought/ci_26932356/california-drought-not-likely-end-this-winter-experts\">unlikely\u003c/a> that California will get enough rain this season to break the severe drought, now entering its fourth year.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.’\u003ccite>Felicia Marcus\u003cbr>State Water Board Chair\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“As we’ve seen over time, conservation wanes a bit when you get into fall and winter months,” said Lisa Lien-Mager, spokeswoman for the Association of California Water Agencies. “Even though we may be in a drought, people aren’t thinking about it as much as they did in the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lien-Mager noted that 2014 is on pace to be a record-setting warm year for California, which factors into water usage and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/10/14/high-temps-intensified-california-drought/\">the drought\u003c/a>. She said long-term efforts, like water districts offering \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/take-out-your-lawn-and-get-paid-for-it/\">cash rewards to residents who replace lawns\u003c/a> with drought-friendlier landscaping, have yet to impact usage, but they will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They may not show the results immediately, but those things are happening, we know that,” she said. “Those programs are going through the roof all around the state. We have to show some patience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report does indicate which larger cities and regions are continuing to conserve and which are falling off. The Bay Area “gets a gold star,” Marcus said, noting that San Francisco uses the fewest gallons per capita, per day of any major city in the state. San Franciscans used an average of 45 gallons per person each day in October, with an 8.73 percent reduction this year compared to the same time last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even bigger users in the Bay Area, like the city of Hillsborough down the peninsula, are maintaining conservation. The city guzzles 228 gallons per person, per day, but it has reduced usage by 21 percent, compared to last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so in parts of Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really is Southern California bringing down the curve,” Marcus said. “In Northern California people have maintained their percentage year-over-year rates, and in Southern California it seemed to drop significantly with some communities actually using more water and others who had been saving 7 or 8 percent now saving 2 percent. And we’re not entirely sure why that is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators are not currently considering harsher restrictions or fines for people who fail to conserve, Marcus said. Last summer, California became the first state in the country to institute statewide water conservation regulations, which she said are generally better handled by local water districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We took the unusual step of doing what were relatively modest regulations to help kick [local] agencies into gear because it felt like they kept thinking it was just going to rain,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, regulators are opting for positive reinforcement and friendly reminders. The State Water Board is planning a Southern California water conservation workshop for Dec. 17 in the Los Angeles area. But that could change if next month’s conservation rate continues to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It depends on what people do about these numbers,” Marcus said. “If it rains a lot, it’s hard to keep the messaging up, and it could go either way. If folks don’t take action, we probably will have to.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Call for Suspension of Crude-by-Rail Shipments After Feather River Derailment",
"title": "Call for Suspension of Crude-by-Rail Shipments After Feather River Derailment",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>A prominent critic of the state's readiness to respond to potential crude-by-rail accidents wants Gov. Jerry Brown to impose a moratorium on oil trains traveling through Northern California's Feather River Canyon and more than a dozen other sections of railroad throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Jerry Hill (D-San Mateo) made the request after \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article4143203.html\" target=\"_blank\">a Union Pacific freight train derailed\u003c/a> on the Feather River route northeast of Oroville last week. A dozen cars of the train, which was carrying grain, left the tracks; one car spilled corn into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill's letter (\u003ca href=\"#hillletter\">embedded below\u003c/a>) reminded the governor the incident was a close call:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Your Office of Emergency Services (OES) was quoted as saying that \"we dodged a bullet\" because the train was carrying corn rather than oil. OES stated that each week a train carrying 1 million gallons of highly volatile crude oil from the Bakken oil field in Montana and North Dakota travels down the canyon and there are plans to add a second train shortly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident serves as a warning alarm to the State of California. Had Tuesday's derailment resulted in a spill of oil, the spill could have caused serious contamination in the Feather River, flowing into Lake Oroville, and contaminating California's second largest reservoir that supplies water to the California Water Project and millions of people.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Hill's letter goes on to call for a halt to shipments of crude oil and other hazardous substances on sections of railroad that the California Public Utilities Commission has identified as particularly hazardous. Those track segments include about 87 miles of the Feather River route between Oroville and Quincy and roughly 16 other sites throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC identified rail segments with steep grades and sharp curves, many of which are situated adjacent to bodies of water. Because those sites are usually in remote areas, emergency responders are generally unequipped to respond quickly to accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill asked Brown to impose a moratorium on hazardous materials shipments until state and local agencies \"have developed and fully implemented emergency prevention and response plans are fully protective of our environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's Hill's complete letter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"hillletter\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/248980547/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"undefined\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_68048\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sen. Jerry Hill wants action after state 'dodged a bullet' when train derailed along key waterway. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A prominent critic of the state's readiness to respond to potential crude-by-rail accidents wants Gov. Jerry Brown to impose a moratorium on oil trains traveling through Northern California's Feather River Canyon and more than a dozen other sections of railroad throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Jerry Hill (D-San Mateo) made the request after \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/article4143203.html\" target=\"_blank\">a Union Pacific freight train derailed\u003c/a> on the Feather River route northeast of Oroville last week. A dozen cars of the train, which was carrying grain, left the tracks; one car spilled corn into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill's letter (\u003ca href=\"#hillletter\">embedded below\u003c/a>) reminded the governor the incident was a close call:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Your Office of Emergency Services (OES) was quoted as saying that \"we dodged a bullet\" because the train was carrying corn rather than oil. OES stated that each week a train carrying 1 million gallons of highly volatile crude oil from the Bakken oil field in Montana and North Dakota travels down the canyon and there are plans to add a second train shortly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The incident serves as a warning alarm to the State of California. Had Tuesday's derailment resulted in a spill of oil, the spill could have caused serious contamination in the Feather River, flowing into Lake Oroville, and contaminating California's second largest reservoir that supplies water to the California Water Project and millions of people.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Hill's letter goes on to call for a halt to shipments of crude oil and other hazardous substances on sections of railroad that the California Public Utilities Commission has identified as particularly hazardous. Those track segments include about 87 miles of the Feather River route between Oroville and Quincy and roughly 16 other sites throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CPUC identified rail segments with steep grades and sharp curves, many of which are situated adjacent to bodies of water. Because those sites are usually in remote areas, emergency responders are generally unequipped to respond quickly to accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill asked Brown to impose a moratorium on hazardous materials shipments until state and local agencies \"have developed and fully implemented emergency prevention and response plans are fully protective of our environment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's Hill's complete letter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"hillletter\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe class=\"scribd_iframe_embed\" src=\"https://www.scribd.com/embeds/248980547/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" data-auto-height=\"false\" data-aspect-ratio=\"undefined\" scrolling=\"no\" id=\"doc_68048\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>There’s something buried in the Arctic soil that could have a huge effect on the future of our planet’s climate. Scientists from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> have descended on Barrow, Alaska to study permafrost — soil that remains frozen throughout the seasons, often for thousands of years. They’re interested in permafrost because it has the potential to release an enormous amount of greenhouse gases in a short amount of time if rising temperatures cause the permafrost to thaw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24402\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24402\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Hubbard-and-Gusmeroli.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard and Alessio Gusmeroli collecting ground penetrating radar data. \" width=\"720\" height=\"540\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard driving and Alessio Gusmeroli (UA Fairbanks) collecting ground penetrating radar data. Photo: John Peterson/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly one quarter of the land in the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is permafrost, and the decaying plant matter within it contains about twice as much carbon as is presently in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24409\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24409\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Susan-Hubard.jpg\" alt=\"Susan Hubbard exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Susan Hubbard, LBNL’s representative on the NGEE-Arctic project exploring the different types of Arctic vegetation present at the Barrow, AK field site.\u003cbr>Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/\">The Next Generation Ecosystem Experiment – Arctic\u003c/a>, is a collaborative project between Lawrence Berkeley Lab and seven other institutions to study this ecosystem in incredible detail. The researchers began work in 2012, and plan to continue their research through 2022.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24404\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-271.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite.\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting imagery of the land surface using sensors mounted on a kite. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They aim to combine information from a wide range of techniques – from \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsound.ie/electrical-resistivity-tomography.html\">Electrical Resistance Tomography\u003c/a> that measures the soil’s moisture, salinity and texture, to a kite outfitted with a camera that reveals the surface vegetation and topography. By bringing together a variety of techniques, they hope to learn all they can about this one specific location. The team plans to use the knowledge to create more accurate computer models of our planet’s climate, which will allow scientists to better understand how permafrost everywhere will react to changes in temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The combination of above and below ground geophysical imaging of the Arctic tundra has enabled us to, for the first time, ‘see’ complex interactions occurring between land surface, active layer, and permafrost processes that contribute to carbon cycling,” says Susan Hubbard, Director of the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to predict how large swaths of permafrost will react to changing conditions, the researchers must learn exactly what the soils are made of — down to the microscopic level. They need to know where the permafrost is and how deep it goes. They need to know what minerals it contains, including how much water and gas, and what tiny organisms live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24411\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1836px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24411\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/20140423_125037.jpg\" alt=\"Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\" width=\"1836\" height=\"3264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling permafrost cores in Barrow, AK. Photo: Craig Ulrich/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One aspect of the project requires the researchers to drill down from the surface and extract long solid cylinders of frozen soil. They ship the frozen samples back to research labs for a battery of tests. At Lawrence Berkeley Lab, they’re using a CT scanner, similar to those found in hospitals, to measure and examine the makeup of the cores, because different substances react differently to changing temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24412\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3840px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24412\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/Kneafsey-CT.jpg\" alt=\"Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tim Kneafsey loading a permafrost core onto a CT scanner at LBNL. Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While the “active layer” near the soil’s surface can freeze each fall and thaw each summer, the permafrost layer further below may stay frozen for thousands of years. Within it lays the remnants of ancient plants and bacteria that have stayed dormant, trapped in the frozen soil. It also contains greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, which are the waste products created by bacteria as they break down the dead plant matter buried in the soil. If the soil thaws, the ancient bacteria will get to work decomposing the plant matter and releasing greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24403\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2499px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24403\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/XBD201307-03354-026.jpg\" alt=\"Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data\" width=\"2499\" height=\"1668\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Craig Ulrich of LBNL collecting Electrical Resistance Tomography data using sensors buried in the Alaskan soil. Photo: Roy Kaltschmidt/LBNL\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The extra greenhouse gases could trap heat in the atmosphere, which would in turn thaw more permafrost. This could result in a catastrophic feedback loop that would accelerate the warming of the planet. Another possibility is that a warming climate might create longer growing seasons in the summer, which would allow more plants to grow at the surface. As the plants grow, they could trap more carbon out of the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast size, the Arctic tundra is also extremely complex. The different geological features make it difficult to predict how the large swaths of land will react to warming, researchers say. Current models suggest that between 7 percent and 90 percent of permafrost may thaw by the year 2100. That wide range shows that scientists need to gain a more detailed understanding of the systems at play in order to achieve more precise predictions about the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10 a.m. Monday:\u003c/strong> Well, the rainy weekend is over and the sun has returned. Next up: a wetter and windier storm that should arrive the Bay Area Tuesday morning. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\">The National Weather Service says\u003c/a> the storm could bring about an inch and a third of rain to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bay Area Gets a Day to Dry Out; and Then, Another Storm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 10 a.m. Monday:\u003c/strong> Well, the rainy weekend is over and the sun has returned. Next up: a wetter and windier storm that should arrive the Bay Area Tuesday morning. \u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/FXC/wxstory.php?wfo=mtr\">The National Weather Service says\u003c/a> the storm could bring about an inch and a third of rain to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" class=\"rssmi_more\">…Read More\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/28/San-Francisco-Bay-Area-Rain\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Bay Area Gets a Day to Dry Out; and Then, Another Storm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Drought Boosts 'Cash for Grass' Programs",
"headTitle": "California Drought Boosts ‘Cash for Grass’ Programs | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/11/20141201science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24339\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-EdZuckerman-1024x654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-EdZuckerman-1024x654.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Zuckerman shows off part of the 1,400-acre sod farm he runs in Stockton. He says no-mow and native varieties are a small but growing part of the business. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"654\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Zuckerman shows off part of the 1,400-acre sod farm he runs in Stockton. He says no-mow and native varieties are a small but growing part of the business. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt would take a truly drenching winter to declare California’s drought over and, at least so far, that hasn’t materialized. One way water companies are nudging homeowners to conserve? Asking them to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2594219.html\">rip out their grassy lawns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, they’ve been paying people to do it, and that’s given a boost to companies hawking alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cash for Grass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass in front of Rebecca Lowell’s house was dead — \u003cem>dead\u003c/em> dead — as in, not so much yellow as gray. She moved with her three children to this house in Los Altos last year, as the drought was going from bad to worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We came here from a much smaller yard with a lot less grass,” she says. “I felt guilty this past year watering the grass, so I stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she’s replacing the lawn with native shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just don’t need it,” she says. “We don’t play in the grass as much, and we have lots of parkland around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowell says if her kids miss grass, they can ride their bikes to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is also installing an irrigation system that tracks the weather and only waters when it’s needed. It’ll water close to the ground because with aerial sprinklers, too much of the moisture evaporates before the plants get a chance to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Clara Valley Water District pays homeowners $2 per square foot to tear out their lawn and plant something less thirsty. In the case of her large dead lawn, Lowell is hoping to get roughly $6,000 to put toward her landscaping bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lowell.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lowell.jpg\" alt=\"Los Altos resident Rebecca Lowell let her lawn die over the summer, and is planning to replace it, with help via a rebate from the Santa Clara Valley Water District. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"334\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Altos resident Rebecca Lowell let her lawn die over the summer, and is planning to replace it, with help via a rebate from the Santa Clara Valley Water District. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For its part, the water district estimates it saves 36 gallons a year for every square foot of turf that’s replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is helping us plan toward the future and save water,” says Ashley Carter, the district’s conservation specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district used to pay $1 per square foot, but opted last spring to double the rebate. Since July, homeowners have traded in 10 times as much grass, compared to this same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter says there are another 1.4 million square feet of conversions on the way. That could save as much water as 300 homes use in a year, based on the district’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The increased rebate amount definitely helps people who were maybe on the fence about it,” Carter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/LYL-rebates.shtml\">Dozens of agencies\u003c/a> around the state trying to throttle back on water use have similar “cash for grass” programs, including in the East Bay, Los Angeles and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Beautiful, In Its Own Way’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the popularity of such programs, farmer Ed Zuckerman says a lot still has to change about the way Californians think about lawns if residents are to make a long-term transition to a low-water way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a pretty entrenched value system built up around the cultivated English garden with a well-manicured lawn,” Zuckerman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman is CEO of Delta Bluegrass, a sprawling sod farm surrounded by levies near Stockton. On an overcast fall day, he showed off seemingly endless bright green acres, including grasses that were native to California before 1830 — that is, before farming became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Landscape watering makes up about half of residential water use in California.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wearing blue jeans and brown boots, Zuckerman strode through a patch of wet grass, pointing to varieties with names such as native preservation and native mow-free. He says the mow-free, which grows long and flops over into what he calls a meadow look, can be a tough sell. Some people like the smell of fresh-trimmed grass and prefer the standard-issue crew cut of a traditional lawn to one with a sort of hippie shag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is beautiful, in its own way,” he says, “and guess what: It’s saving half the water you would normally put on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman says the meadow look is also appealing if you’re a mouse or vole looking for a new home, which can be a turnoff to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can almost look like it’s in disrepair or you’re not paying attention to the maintenance of your house—like ‘Oh, this guy doesn’t mow his lawn — what a pig.’ You know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Zuckerman says alternative varieties of grass are a growing part of his business, thanks to both homeowners ready to be done with traditional lawns, and companies redoing their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Synthetics, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach that’s growing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-california-drought-lawn-fake-grass-20141111-story.html\">despite some skepticism\u003c/a>, is synthetic turf. Jason Miller installs it for a living around Sacramento and the Bay Area. He says partly because plastic grass requires no water, business lately has been crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see the turf the way that it looks now, it looks completely different,” Miller says. “It’s very soft; it looks very realistic. You can’t tell it’s fake, except for it’s perfect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/3-TurfViaJasonMiller.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/3-TurfViaJasonMiller.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Miller says the drought has more homeowners looking into artificial substitutes like the kind his company installed at this home, but man made turf still faces critiques over how hot it can get and how little it provides in the way of habitat. (Courtesy: Jason Miller)\" width=\"339\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Miller says the drought has more homeowners looking into artificial substitutes like the kind his company installed at this home, but man made turf still faces critiques over how hot it can get and how little it provides in the way of habitat. (Courtesy: Jason Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Synthetic turf doesn’t always qualify for rebates. And critics argue it’s more akin to a parking lot than a lawn, in terms of the habitat — or lack thereof — it provides, to say nothing of the temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crumb-rubber infill gets very hot if it’s in direct sun,” Miller says. “That gets up to, I believe, about 145 degrees in direct sun on a 100-degree day. It’s just blistering hot, kinda melts your shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says a good fake lawn made from the latest materials can be much cooler, but it can’t rival the natural air-conditioning of the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still going to get hotter than grass, because grass is an organism,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watering grass — and other organisms, from flowers to shade trees — makes up about half of residential water use in California. If the drought persists, more homeowners will likely try to wring out their traditional yards for savings.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California homeowners are replacing Kentucky bluegrass with native species and other water-friendly options to try and cut back on outdoor watering. Depending on what replacement residents choose, water districts may offer a cash reward for tearing out that thirsty lawn.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24339\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-EdZuckerman-1024x654.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/1-EdZuckerman-1024x654.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Zuckerman shows off part of the 1,400-acre sod farm he runs in Stockton. He says no-mow and native varieties are a small but growing part of the business. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"654\" class=\"size-large wp-image-24339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Zuckerman shows off part of the 1,400-acre sod farm he runs in Stockton. He says no-mow and native varieties are a small but growing part of the business. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Daniel Potter\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt would take a truly drenching winter to declare California’s drought over and, at least so far, that hasn’t materialized. One way water companies are nudging homeowners to conserve? Asking them to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2594219.html\">rip out their grassy lawns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some places, they’ve been paying people to do it, and that’s given a boost to companies hawking alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cash for Grass\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass in front of Rebecca Lowell’s house was dead — \u003cem>dead\u003c/em> dead — as in, not so much yellow as gray. She moved with her three children to this house in Los Altos last year, as the drought was going from bad to worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We came here from a much smaller yard with a lot less grass,” she says. “I felt guilty this past year watering the grass, so I stopped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now she’s replacing the lawn with native shrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We just don’t need it,” she says. “We don’t play in the grass as much, and we have lots of parkland around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowell says if her kids miss grass, they can ride their bikes to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She is also installing an irrigation system that tracks the weather and only waters when it’s needed. It’ll water close to the ground because with aerial sprinklers, too much of the moisture evaporates before the plants get a chance to use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Clara Valley Water District pays homeowners $2 per square foot to tear out their lawn and plant something less thirsty. In the case of her large dead lawn, Lowell is hoping to get roughly $6,000 to put toward her landscaping bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24342\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lowell.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24342\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/Lowell.jpg\" alt=\"Los Altos resident Rebecca Lowell let her lawn die over the summer, and is planning to replace it, with help via a rebate from the Santa Clara Valley Water District. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\" width=\"334\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Altos resident Rebecca Lowell let her lawn die over the summer, and is planning to replace it, with help via a rebate from the Santa Clara Valley Water District. (Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For its part, the water district estimates it saves 36 gallons a year for every square foot of turf that’s replaced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is helping us plan toward the future and save water,” says Ashley Carter, the district’s conservation specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water district used to pay $1 per square foot, but opted last spring to double the rebate. Since July, homeowners have traded in 10 times as much grass, compared to this same period last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carter says there are another 1.4 million square feet of conversions on the way. That could save as much water as 300 homes use in a year, based on the district’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The increased rebate amount definitely helps people who were maybe on the fence about it,” Carter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayfriendlycoalition.org/LYL-rebates.shtml\">Dozens of agencies\u003c/a> around the state trying to throttle back on water use have similar “cash for grass” programs, including in the East Bay, Los Angeles and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Beautiful, In Its Own Way’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the popularity of such programs, farmer Ed Zuckerman says a lot still has to change about the way Californians think about lawns if residents are to make a long-term transition to a low-water way of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s still a pretty entrenched value system built up around the cultivated English garden with a well-manicured lawn,” Zuckerman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman is CEO of Delta Bluegrass, a sprawling sod farm surrounded by levies near Stockton. On an overcast fall day, he showed off seemingly endless bright green acres, including grasses that were native to California before 1830 — that is, before farming became widespread.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Landscape watering makes up about half of residential water use in California.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wearing blue jeans and brown boots, Zuckerman strode through a patch of wet grass, pointing to varieties with names such as native preservation and native mow-free. He says the mow-free, which grows long and flops over into what he calls a meadow look, can be a tough sell. Some people like the smell of fresh-trimmed grass and prefer the standard-issue crew cut of a traditional lawn to one with a sort of hippie shag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is beautiful, in its own way,” he says, “and guess what: It’s saving half the water you would normally put on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman says the meadow look is also appealing if you’re a mouse or vole looking for a new home, which can be a turnoff to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can almost look like it’s in disrepair or you’re not paying attention to the maintenance of your house—like ‘Oh, this guy doesn’t mow his lawn — what a pig.’ You know?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Zuckerman says alternative varieties of grass are a growing part of his business, thanks to both homeowners ready to be done with traditional lawns, and companies redoing their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Synthetics, Too\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach that’s growing, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-california-drought-lawn-fake-grass-20141111-story.html\">despite some skepticism\u003c/a>, is synthetic turf. Jason Miller installs it for a living around Sacramento and the Bay Area. He says partly because plastic grass requires no water, business lately has been crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you see the turf the way that it looks now, it looks completely different,” Miller says. “It’s very soft; it looks very realistic. You can’t tell it’s fake, except for it’s perfect.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 339px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/3-TurfViaJasonMiller.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-24355\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/3-TurfViaJasonMiller.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Miller says the drought has more homeowners looking into artificial substitutes like the kind his company installed at this home, but man made turf still faces critiques over how hot it can get and how little it provides in the way of habitat. (Courtesy: Jason Miller)\" width=\"339\" height=\"254\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Miller says the drought has more homeowners looking into artificial substitutes like the kind his company installed at this home, but man made turf still faces critiques over how hot it can get and how little it provides in the way of habitat. (Courtesy: Jason Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Synthetic turf doesn’t always qualify for rebates. And critics argue it’s more akin to a parking lot than a lawn, in terms of the habitat — or lack thereof — it provides, to say nothing of the temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The crumb-rubber infill gets very hot if it’s in direct sun,” Miller says. “That gets up to, I believe, about 145 degrees in direct sun on a 100-degree day. It’s just blistering hot, kinda melts your shoes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says a good fake lawn made from the latest materials can be much cooler, but it can’t rival the natural air-conditioning of the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still going to get hotter than grass, because grass is an organism,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watering grass — and other organisms, from flowers to shade trees — makes up about half of residential water use in California. If the drought persists, more homeowners will likely try to wring out their traditional yards for savings.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Proposes New Rules to Curb Ozone Levels",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24330\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/EPA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/EPA.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Gina McCarthy. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Gina McCarthy. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNPR\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/glo/\">unveiled new rules today\u003c/a> to reduce emission levels for smog-causing ozone, which is linked to asthma and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft measure calls for lowering the threshold for ozone from 75 parts per billion to between 65 ppb to 70 ppb. The agency said it would take comments on an ozone level as low as 60 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bringing ozone pollution standards in line with the latest science will clean up our air, improve access to crucial air quality information, and protect those most at-risk,” EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said in a statement. “It empowers the American people with updated air quality information to protect our loved ones — because whether we work or play outdoors — we deserve to know the air we breathe is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act requires the agency to review standards every five year. The ozone levels were set at 75 ppb in 2008 by President George W. Bush’s administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are likely to draw opposition from industry groups as well as Republicans. Critics say the standards will hurt jobs and adversely affect an economy that is only just recovering from the Great Recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Timmons, the president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nam.org/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2014/11/New-Ozone-Regulation-Jeopardizes-Manufacturing-Comeback/\">said today\u003c/a> that the proposed rules would jeopardize the manufacturing sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new standard comes at the same time dozens of other new EPA regulations are being imposed that collectively place increased costs, burdens and delays on manufacturers, threaten our international competitiveness and make it nearly impossible to grow jobs,” Timmons said in a statement. “Before the Obama administration moves the goalposts with yet another set of requirements that will make it more difficult for manufacturers across the country, they need to allow existing ozone standards to be implemented and give time to American businesses to meet those already stringent and onerous requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Pete Olson, R-Texas, told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-epa-ozone-rule-20141126-story.html#page=1\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> that the current ozone standard was healthy and the new levels would hurt the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law as it stands now says [the EPA] can’t look at jobs,” Olson told the newspaper. “But if you don’t have jobs, you don’t have healthcare, and that is a public health issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s McCarthy rejected those claims in an op-ed article on \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/26/news/economy/epa-stronger-ozone-standard/\">CNN.com\u003c/a>. She said states will have until 2020 to 2037 to meet the new standards, depending on how severe the area’s ozone problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Critics play a dangerous game when they denounce the science and law EPA has used to defend clean air for more than 40 years,” she said. “The American people know better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules must be finalized by Oct. 1, 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24330\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/EPA.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/EPA.jpg\" alt=\"Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Gina McCarthy. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\" width=\"850\" height=\"567\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Gina McCarthy. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Krishnadev Calamur\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNPR\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/glo/\">unveiled new rules today\u003c/a> to reduce emission levels for smog-causing ozone, which is linked to asthma and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft measure calls for lowering the threshold for ozone from 75 parts per billion to between 65 ppb to 70 ppb. The agency said it would take comments on an ozone level as low as 60 ppb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bringing ozone pollution standards in line with the latest science will clean up our air, improve access to crucial air quality information, and protect those most at-risk,” EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy said in a statement. “It empowers the American people with updated air quality information to protect our loved ones — because whether we work or play outdoors — we deserve to know the air we breathe is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act requires the agency to review standards every five year. The ozone levels were set at 75 ppb in 2008 by President George W. Bush’s administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rules are likely to draw opposition from industry groups as well as Republicans. Critics say the standards will hurt jobs and adversely affect an economy that is only just recovering from the Great Recession.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Timmons, the president and CEO of the National Association of Manufacturers, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nam.org/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2014/11/New-Ozone-Regulation-Jeopardizes-Manufacturing-Comeback/\">said today\u003c/a> that the proposed rules would jeopardize the manufacturing sector.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This new standard comes at the same time dozens of other new EPA regulations are being imposed that collectively place increased costs, burdens and delays on manufacturers, threaten our international competitiveness and make it nearly impossible to grow jobs,” Timmons said in a statement. “Before the Obama administration moves the goalposts with yet another set of requirements that will make it more difficult for manufacturers across the country, they need to allow existing ozone standards to be implemented and give time to American businesses to meet those already stringent and onerous requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Pete Olson, R-Texas, told the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-epa-ozone-rule-20141126-story.html#page=1\">Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> that the current ozone standard was healthy and the new levels would hurt the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law as it stands now says [the EPA] can’t look at jobs,” Olson told the newspaper. “But if you don’t have jobs, you don’t have healthcare, and that is a public health issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA’s McCarthy rejected those claims in an op-ed article on \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2014/11/26/news/economy/epa-stronger-ozone-standard/\">CNN.com\u003c/a>. She said states will have until 2020 to 2037 to meet the new standards, depending on how severe the area’s ozone problem is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Critics play a dangerous game when they denounce the science and law EPA has used to defend clean air for more than 40 years,” she said. “The American people know better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rules must be finalized by Oct. 1, 2015.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hot Showers a Blessing for Valley Town Suffering From Drought",
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"content": "\u003cp>Drought conditions in parts of California are now so harsh that it has become normal to turn on the tap and have no water coming out. In the small San Joaquin Valley town of East Porterville, more than 600 household wells went dry this summer, leaving more than half the population without water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been without running water for the last three months,” says Gilberto Sandoval, 81. “No water whatsoever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/178770294\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval’s age and bad leg have kept him from going very far to find water so he turned to neighbors, asking if they could spare some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I use one of those store carts,” Sandoval says, “fill it with jugs and walk in either direction and ask people, ‘Will you give me water to take back home?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few days, the church across the street from his house, Iglesia Emmanuel, got hold of a pallet of water bottles that Sandoval can use that until they run out. But the last time he had a warm shower was more than a month ago at his daughter’s house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10356300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10356300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"Gilberto Sandoval (left), 81, lives across the street from the church where the showers are parked. Pastor Roman Hernandez started bringing Sandoval drinking water a week ago. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-1440x1080.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gilberto Sandoval (left), 81, lives across the street from the church where the showers are parked. The Rev. Roman Hernandez started bringing Sandoval drinking water a week ago. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, until Tulare County stepped in. Last week, the Tulare County Office of Emergency Services pulled up three flatbed trucks at Iglesia Emmanuel, each truck carrying a portable building with rows of doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open a door and you enter a room just big enough for a white fiberglass shower, three shelves for belongings and a stool. The water pouring from the showerheads comes from a hose connected to the water main in the neighboring city of Porterville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The showers are funded with state and federal money. Andrew Lockman, with Tulare County’s emergency services office, says hot showers are a health issue in this neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognized as the weather gets colder here in wintertime,” Lockman says, “that folks taking baths and showers using water out of buckets -- when the ambient temperature was nice that works. It does not work anymore in the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who live in warm houses, a bucket bath would suffice. But in East Porterville, living conditions are poor. Many residents live in trailers with failing roofs and have a hard time paying bills because of seasonal agricultural work. Gilberto Sandoval lives in one of those homes. He was coughing the day he spoke with \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em>, and he says cold showers would worsen his health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program here is a good thing,” Sandoval says. “I’m picking up trash in the back and then I’m gonna go and get a towel and a soap. I’m gonna go into the shower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare County plans to run the showers for the next six months. But if the drought persists, the showers may stay up even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new year Lockman hopes to begin a household tank program since the drought isn’t showing signs of letting up. Each applicant with a dry well will receive a tank where he or she can store potable water, brought in by delivery trucks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought conditions in parts of California are now so harsh that it has become normal to turn on the tap and have no water coming out. In the small San Joaquin Valley town of East Porterville, more than 600 household wells went dry this summer, leaving more than half the population without water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been without running water for the last three months,” says Gilberto Sandoval, 81. “No water whatsoever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/178770294&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/178770294'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandoval’s age and bad leg have kept him from going very far to find water so he turned to neighbors, asking if they could spare some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I use one of those store carts,” Sandoval says, “fill it with jugs and walk in either direction and ask people, ‘Will you give me water to take back home?’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few days, the church across the street from his house, Iglesia Emmanuel, got hold of a pallet of water bottles that Sandoval can use that until they run out. But the last time he had a warm shower was more than a month ago at his daughter’s house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10356300\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10356300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg\" alt=\"Gilberto Sandoval (left), 81, lives across the street from the church where the showers are parked. Pastor Roman Hernandez started bringing Sandoval drinking water a week ago. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/11/Sandoval.jpg-1440x1080.jpg 1440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gilberto Sandoval (left), 81, lives across the street from the church where the showers are parked. The Rev. Roman Hernandez started bringing Sandoval drinking water a week ago. (Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That is, until Tulare County stepped in. Last week, the Tulare County Office of Emergency Services pulled up three flatbed trucks at Iglesia Emmanuel, each truck carrying a portable building with rows of doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Open a door and you enter a room just big enough for a white fiberglass shower, three shelves for belongings and a stool. The water pouring from the showerheads comes from a hose connected to the water main in the neighboring city of Porterville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The showers are funded with state and federal money. Andrew Lockman, with Tulare County’s emergency services office, says hot showers are a health issue in this neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognized as the weather gets colder here in wintertime,” Lockman says, “that folks taking baths and showers using water out of buckets -- when the ambient temperature was nice that works. It does not work anymore in the winter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who live in warm houses, a bucket bath would suffice. But in East Porterville, living conditions are poor. Many residents live in trailers with failing roofs and have a hard time paying bills because of seasonal agricultural work. Gilberto Sandoval lives in one of those homes. He was coughing the day he spoke with \u003cem>The California Report\u003c/em>, and he says cold showers would worsen his health conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This program here is a good thing,” Sandoval says. “I’m picking up trash in the back and then I’m gonna go and get a towel and a soap. I’m gonna go into the shower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tulare County plans to run the showers for the next six months. But if the drought persists, the showers may stay up even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the new year Lockman hopes to begin a household tank program since the drought isn’t showing signs of letting up. Each applicant with a dry well will receive a tank where he or she can store potable water, brought in by delivery trucks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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