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"content": "\u003cp>Did you wake up this morning with an overwhelming sense of sadness, a feeling that there was a hole in your heart? You’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world officially said goodbye to an old friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">past year’s El Niño\u003c/a> was no more. The declaration comes a few weeks after Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, the other big El Niño monitoring group, also declared it dead and gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now near normal. But they might not stay that way for long as odds are pointing to a cooling in the region that could herald the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">arrival of a La Niña\u003c/a> event later this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we move on, let’s take a minute to reflect on the dearly departed \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/el-nino\">El Niño\u003c/a> of 2015-16. This El Niño was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/one-graph-shows-el-ninos-new-record-19693\">strongest on record\u003c/a> and made its fair share of headlines. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">impacts on the weather\u003c/a> were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/search?q=el+nino&x=0&y=0\">vigorously dissected\u003c/a> by countless news organizations, weather forecasters and Twitter commenters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño played a role the terrible fire season in Indonesia, a soggy winter and spring in the U.S. Southeast, and the severe drought in northeast Brazil, not to mention the planet’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">record hot streak\u003c/a>. That heat has mostly been \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">driven by global warming\u003c/a>, but El Niño helped boost it as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there were also surprises. The U.S. Southwest — generally wet during an El Niño — had a fairly dry winter. And California had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-california-reservoir-20222\">near average wet season\u003c/a>, which sounds good except for the fact that the state needed a lot \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">more precipitation than it got\u003c/a> to kick its four-year drought to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the formation of this El Niño was a weird one, with it sitting in a holding pattern for much of 2014 before \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/after-much-ado-el-nino-declared-by-NOAA-18729\">finally getting going\u003c/a> in March 2015 and subsequently rocketing into the record books later that year. It’s a good reminder that El Niño is like a snowflake. No two are alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, even in a major event, not everything dances to El Niño’s drumbeat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/author/michelle-lheureux\">Michelle L’Heureux\u003c/a>, an El Niño forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be no shortage of fodder for researchers to dissect in the coming months and years about just what happened in the tropical Pacific. L’Heureux said one of the key areas researchers will be looking at is teasing out how different climate factors beyond El Niño interacted with this year’s event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, to me, it’s clear that the warmth across the globe was in part driven by El Niño, but the intensity of the warmth in certain areas was impressive,” she said. “How much was due to trends/climate change and how much was due to other factors?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/simon-mason/\">Simon Mason\u003c/a>, a senior research scientist at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said the reason for 2014’s holding pattern was also another major issue researchers would be looking at in hopes of avoiding a repeat forecast misstep when the next El Niño rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering these questions will help scientists get a better handle on what to expect from future El Niños. But first they have a more pressing task at hand: monitoring the tropical Pacific for signs of a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already hints that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">La Niña could emerge\u003c/a> later this year. The climate phenomenon is characterized by cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific that shift weather. And according to the latest analysis by NOAA, temperatures are already dipping below normal in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more telling of La Niña’s possible rise is the stash of cooler-than-normal waters below the surface. If those cooler waters push up in the coming months, it would almost certainly trigger a La Niña event. Right now, NOAA is calling for a 65 percent chance of a La Niña forming this summer and a 75 percent chance it will form by fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an El Niño, the two biggest wild cards with a La Niña are its strength and longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s are also like snowflakes so its impacts are still uncertain, though they could include an increased number of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/near-normal-hurricane-season-expected-20389\">Atlantic hurricanes\u003c/a>, as well as cool and wet conditions during the winter in the Pacific Northwest. And a strong La Niña could also cause the global average temperature to fall off \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/2016-is-off-to-a-scorching-start\">the record pace\u003c/a> it’s been on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, however, means the world will continue to be well warmer than the long-term average and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">2016 is basically a lock\u003c/a> to be the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So say a prayer, pour one out or do whatever it is you need to do to get over the loss of this El Niño. But don’t fret too much, there will likely be another climate phenomenon to obsess over soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>,\u003cem> an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Did you wake up this morning with an overwhelming sense of sadness, a feeling that there was a hole in your heart? You’re not alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world officially said goodbye to an old friend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) announced that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">past year’s El Niño\u003c/a> was no more. The declaration comes a few weeks after Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology, the other big El Niño monitoring group, also declared it dead and gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now near normal. But they might not stay that way for long as odds are pointing to a cooling in the region that could herald the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">arrival of a La Niña\u003c/a> event later this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before we move on, let’s take a minute to reflect on the dearly departed \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/el-nino\">El Niño\u003c/a> of 2015-16. This El Niño was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/one-graph-shows-el-ninos-new-record-19693\">strongest on record\u003c/a> and made its fair share of headlines. Its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/monster-el-nino-transforms-worlds-weather-20138\">impacts on the weather\u003c/a> were \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/search?q=el+nino&x=0&y=0\">vigorously dissected\u003c/a> by countless news organizations, weather forecasters and Twitter commenters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño played a role the terrible fire season in Indonesia, a soggy winter and spring in the U.S. Southeast, and the severe drought in northeast Brazil, not to mention the planet’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">record hot streak\u003c/a>. That heat has mostly been \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/global-warming-key-driver-record-heat-19734\">driven by global warming\u003c/a>, but El Niño helped boost it as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/wgts/el-nino-impacts/index.html?utm_source=KQED&utm_medium=embed&utm_campaign=2016ElNinoImpacts\" width=\"720\" height=\"571\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course there were also surprises. The U.S. Southwest — generally wet during an El Niño — had a fairly dry winter. And California had a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-california-reservoir-20222\">near average wet season\u003c/a>, which sounds good except for the fact that the state needed a lot \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/el-nino-is-here-so-why-is-california-still-in-drought-19975\">more precipitation than it got\u003c/a> to kick its four-year drought to the curb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the formation of this El Niño was a weird one, with it sitting in a holding pattern for much of 2014 before \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/after-much-ado-el-nino-declared-by-NOAA-18729\">finally getting going\u003c/a> in March 2015 and subsequently rocketing into the record books later that year. It’s a good reminder that El Niño is like a snowflake. No two are alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Clearly, even in a major event, not everything dances to El Niño’s drumbeat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/author/michelle-lheureux\">Michelle L’Heureux\u003c/a>, an El Niño forecaster at NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be no shortage of fodder for researchers to dissect in the coming months and years about just what happened in the tropical Pacific. L’Heureux said one of the key areas researchers will be looking at is teasing out how different climate factors beyond El Niño interacted with this year’s event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, to me, it’s clear that the warmth across the globe was in part driven by El Niño, but the intensity of the warmth in certain areas was impressive,” she said. “How much was due to trends/climate change and how much was due to other factors?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://iri.columbia.edu/contact/staff-directory/simon-mason/\">Simon Mason\u003c/a>, a senior research scientist at the International Research Institute for Climate and Society, said the reason for 2014’s holding pattern was also another major issue researchers would be looking at in hopes of avoiding a repeat forecast misstep when the next El Niño rolls around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Answering these questions will help scientists get a better handle on what to expect from future El Niños. But first they have a more pressing task at hand: monitoring the tropical Pacific for signs of a La Niña.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are already hints that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/will-la-nina-follow-one-of-strongest-el-ninos-20223\">La Niña could emerge\u003c/a> later this year. The climate phenomenon is characterized by cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific that shift weather. And according to the latest analysis by NOAA, temperatures are already dipping below normal in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even more telling of La Niña’s possible rise is the stash of cooler-than-normal waters below the surface. If those cooler waters push up in the coming months, it would almost certainly trigger a La Niña event. Right now, NOAA is calling for a 65 percent chance of a La Niña forming this summer and a 75 percent chance it will form by fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like an El Niño, the two biggest wild cards with a La Niña are its strength and longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Niña’s are also like snowflakes so its impacts are still uncertain, though they could include an increased number of \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/near-normal-hurricane-season-expected-20389\">Atlantic hurricanes\u003c/a>, as well as cool and wet conditions during the winter in the Pacific Northwest. And a strong La Niña could also cause the global average temperature to fall off \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/2016-is-off-to-a-scorching-start\">the record pace\u003c/a> it’s been on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change, however, means the world will continue to be well warmer than the long-term average and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/99-percent-chance-2016-hottest-year-20359\">2016 is basically a lock\u003c/a> to be the hottest year on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So say a prayer, pour one out or do whatever it is you need to do to get over the loss of this El Niño. But don’t fret too much, there will likely be another climate phenomenon to obsess over soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>This story first appeared at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a>,\u003cem> an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Restoration Measure Clears Two-Thirds Hurdle",
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"content": "\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A measure to restore San Francisco Bay wetlands and prepare for sea level rise appears to have passed with about 69 percent of the vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday morning, unofficial counts had \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/09/measure-aa-asks-bay-area-residents-to-help-protect-against-sea-level-rise/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA \u003c/a>clearing the required two-thirds vote by more than 31,000 votes. That’s a margin unlikely to be overcome by the few ballots yet to be counted. The $12 per year parcel tax would raise $500 million over 20 years for environmental restoration. The measure requires a two-thirds margin of all the votes cast among counties surrounding the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters worked for more than a decade to put the rare, all-Bay Area measure on the ballot. Thousands of acres of the bay’s shoreline are slated for restoration, but have lacked a funding source. Around 80 percent of the bay’s wetlands have been lost since the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People in the Bay Area love San Francisco Bay,” said David Lewis, executive director or Save the Bay. “They want it to be clean and healthy. The money raised by Measure AA could restore 10,000 to 15,000 acres of tidal marsh.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also one of the first times climate change adaptation has been put before voters. Sea level could rise 2 feet by midcentury and Measure AA supporters say wetlands are a key strategy in the face of rising water, since they absorb storm surges and protect important infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some anti-tax groups opposed the measure, saying a flat $12 per parcel would be unfair. Low-income households would pay the same as large tech campuses located right on the shoreline, like Google and Facebook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measure AA doesn’t specify exactly what restoration would take place. Instead, restoration projects would apply to the San Francisco Bay Restoration Authority, a special governing board made up of local elected officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the $25 million raised each year would be given out based on geographic region, while the other half could be allocated to any county. The projects must meet specific goals, like restoring habitat for wildlife, protecting shoreline communities from floods or improving water quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parcel tax would begin in tax year 2017, with the first restoration funds being awarded in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Court Suspends Metropolitan Water District's Massive Delta Land Buy",
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"content": "\u003cp>FRESNO — Southern California's largest water supplier was temporarily blocked from buying sprawling farmland that could be used to help build twin tunnels under the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a court ruled Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's 3rd District Court of Appeal in Sacramento granted a temporary restraining order the day before escrow was set to close on Metropolitan Water District's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/13/metropolitan-water-districts-175-million-land-deal-raises-alarms-in-delta\" target=\"_blank\">$175 million deal for 20,000 acres\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling delays the district's purchase by no more than a few weeks, Metropolitan attorney Catherine Stites said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't believe it's a substantive decision,\" she said, adding that the court probably needs more time to review hundreds of pages of documents filed in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10981692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Zurich American, a subsidiary of a Swiss insurance company, is selling the Metropolitan Water District about 20,000 acres, including Bacon Island, Bouldin Island, Webb Tract, most of Holland Tract and a piece of Chipps Island. \" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-400x227.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zurich American, a subsidiary of a Swiss insurance company, is selling the Metropolitan Water District about 20,000 acres, including Bacon Island, Bouldin Island, Webb Tract, most of Holland Tract and a piece of Chipps Island. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Metropolitan Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan will ultimately be cleared to buy the land at the hub of California's water system east of San Francisco and more than 300 miles north of Los Angeles, Stites said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Joaquin and Contra Costa counties \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/17/opponents-sue-to-block-l-a-water-districts-purchase-of-delta-islands-2\" target=\"_blank\">filed suit against Metropolitan\u003c/a>, a major backer of Gov. Jerry Brown's plan to build the tunnels to send water south. The counties, which oppose the tunnels, contend that Metropolitan failed to study how the deal may harm the fragile delta before buying the land from a Swiss investment group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"HeCngGj42Bt9Cuujm2laEpVLGWIqYZKH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan officials say the lawsuit is premature because it has not formally decided how it will use the land. The district says it may use it to store earth from the tunnel project or for habitat restoration to ensure a reliable supply of delta water to its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $15.7 billion tunnels plan awaits regulatory approval before work can begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board dropped a historic $1.4 million fine against the Byron-Bethany Irrigation District, accused of illegally taking river water at the height of drought last summer. The board found that its enforcement officers could not prove their case against Byron-Bethany and a second district, West Side Irrigation, which was ordered to stop taking water but not fined.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>FRESNO — Southern California's largest water supplier was temporarily blocked from buying sprawling farmland that could be used to help build twin tunnels under the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a court ruled Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state's 3rd District Court of Appeal in Sacramento granted a temporary restraining order the day before escrow was set to close on Metropolitan Water District's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/13/metropolitan-water-districts-175-million-land-deal-raises-alarms-in-delta\" target=\"_blank\">$175 million deal for 20,000 acres\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ruling delays the district's purchase by no more than a few weeks, Metropolitan attorney Catherine Stites said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't believe it's a substantive decision,\" she said, adding that the court probably needs more time to review hundreds of pages of documents filed in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10981692\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-800x455.jpg\" alt=\"Zurich American, a subsidiary of a Swiss insurance company, is selling the Metropolitan Water District about 20,000 acres, including Bacon Island, Bouldin Island, Webb Tract, most of Holland Tract and a piece of Chipps Island. \" width=\"800\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-800x455.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-400x227.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-1180x671.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/DeltaIslands-1-1920x1091-960x546.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Zurich American, a subsidiary of a Swiss insurance company, is selling the Metropolitan Water District about 20,000 acres, including Bacon Island, Bouldin Island, Webb Tract, most of Holland Tract and a piece of Chipps Island. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Metropolitan Water District)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan will ultimately be cleared to buy the land at the hub of California's water system east of San Francisco and more than 300 miles north of Los Angeles, Stites said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Joaquin and Contra Costa counties \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/17/opponents-sue-to-block-l-a-water-districts-purchase-of-delta-islands-2\" target=\"_blank\">filed suit against Metropolitan\u003c/a>, a major backer of Gov. Jerry Brown's plan to build the tunnels to send water south. The counties, which oppose the tunnels, contend that Metropolitan failed to study how the deal may harm the fragile delta before buying the land from a Swiss investment group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metropolitan officials say the lawsuit is premature because it has not formally decided how it will use the land. The district says it may use it to store earth from the tunnel project or for habitat restoration to ensure a reliable supply of delta water to its customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $15.7 billion tunnels plan awaits regulatory approval before work can begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also Tuesday, the State Water Resources Control Board dropped a historic $1.4 million fine against the Byron-Bethany Irrigation District, accused of illegally taking river water at the height of drought last summer. The board found that its enforcement officers could not prove their case against Byron-Bethany and a second district, West Side Irrigation, which was ordered to stop taking water but not fined.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Treehoppers, pea-sized insects of the family Membracidae, communicate with each other in an intriguing way: using jiggles. By rapidly bouncing their abdomens, they send vibrations down through their legs and into the plant they are standing on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearby treehoppers pick up and interpret the vibrations, which vary in frequency and pattern depending on the message being conveyed. Now, scientists are listening in, and starting to crack the treehopper code. And it turns out, the conversations are happening nearly everywhere they eavesdrop — from tropical rainforests to urban gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your own backyard may in fact be hosting a cacophony of communication that is imperceptible, until you listen in just the right way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "California Beekeepers Feel The Sting Of Stolen Hives",
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"content": "\u003cp>Between December and March, beekeepers send millions of hives to California to pollinate almond trees. Not all of the hives make it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of beehive thefts is increasing,\" explains Jay Freeman, a detective with the Butte County Sheriff's Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, 1,734 hives were stolen during peak almond pollination season in 2016. In Butte County alone, the number of stolen hives jumped from 200 in 2015 to 400 this year, according to Freeman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"90ykU6u00hwQwtksxa9svPP0mQMH6DU9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denise Qualls, a California bee broker who arranges contracts between beekeepers and almond growers, isn't surprised that beehive thefts are on the rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes more than 2 million beehives to pollinate California almonds. Currently, beekeepers are paid $200 per hive for pollination services (compared with $130 per hive in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complicate matters, bee brokers who arrange contracts between beekeepers and almond growers are discovering that there are not enough beehives to go around, driving up demand, rental costs — and thefts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the expertise required to steal hives, the general consensus is that beekeepers are behind the heists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Beekeepers have the knowledge and equipment to go in and take the hives and the market to profit from them,\" Qualls says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thieves targeting hives to rent during pollination season are not making off with one or two hives. In Butte County, several large-scale hive thefts occurred this year, with reports ranging from 64 to 200 hives swiped at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almond orchards are in rural areas with acres of trees, few homesteads and almost no surveillance,\" says Qualls, president and CEO of Pollination Connection. \"It's hard to monitor the hives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most hives are unmarked, making it impossible to identify hives that might be stolen. Beekeepers who do brand each of their hives with the names and numbers of their apiaries often fall victim to creative thieves who remove the frames (the guts of the hive that are covered with bees and laden with honey) and put them in new, unmarked hive bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thieves are going after easily accessible hives and unmarked hives,\" says Freeman. \"Someone who knows how to handle them can move 200 hives in a matter of minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because stolen hives are hard to detect, it's difficult for law enforcement to catch and prosecute thieves and return hives to beekeepers. When thieves are caught, the penalties are harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a beekeeper stood trial for the theft of 64 hives that he pilfered from Butte County and rented to an almond grower (through a bee broker) in a neighboring county. At the trial for the February crime, he was convicted of grand theft of an animal — a felony in California — and sentenced to 90 days in county jail and three years' probation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance policies are cost prohibitive, according to Freeman, and few beekeepers are reimbursed for their losses. To combat bee theft, some beekeepers are putting GPS units in their hives. And some growers are hiring guards to patrol almond orchards overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the growers, this is their entire livelihood,\" Qualls says. \"If someone steals their bees, it hurts their crops.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just large-scale apiaries and California almond growers feeling the sting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, 184 hives valued at CA$200,000 were stolen in Quebec. Three hives were pinched from the garden at a dental office in Greenville, S.C., in February. And thieves made off with two hives from a clover field in Des Moines, Iowa, in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Iowa theft was caught on a surveillance camera. The thieves pulled up in a pickup truck and loaded up the hives. None of the beehives, which belonged to the Iowa Honey Co., were branded, according to its owner, Rob Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor, a beekeeper and member of the U.S. House of Representatives, lost the honey and equipment and spent more than $500 on replacements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone steals the hives, they have no upfront costs,\" he says. \"Any honey they pull off at the end of the season is pure profit; they are short-cutting the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff who took the report said he'd never heard of a beehive theft before. When news of the stolen hives hit the local media, three more Iowa beekeepers came forward with similar reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor hopes the surveillance footage will help local law enforcement catch the thieves and recover the stolen hives. In the meantime, he's branded the 17 additional hives he maintains in locations throughout Des Moines and installed GPS tracking systems in each one in case his hives are targeted again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who would have thought in the 21st century we'd have to worry about bee rustlers?\" he ponders.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jodi Helmer is a North Carolina journalist and beekeeper who frequently writes about food and farming.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Beekeepers+Feel+The+Sting+Of+Stolen+Hives&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Between December and March, beekeepers send millions of hives to California to pollinate almond trees. Not all of the hives make it back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number of beehive thefts is increasing,\" explains Jay Freeman, a detective with the Butte County Sheriff's Office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, 1,734 hives were stolen during peak almond pollination season in 2016. In Butte County alone, the number of stolen hives jumped from 200 in 2015 to 400 this year, according to Freeman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denise Qualls, a California bee broker who arranges contracts between beekeepers and almond growers, isn't surprised that beehive thefts are on the rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes more than 2 million beehives to pollinate California almonds. Currently, beekeepers are paid $200 per hive for pollination services (compared with $130 per hive in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To complicate matters, bee brokers who arrange contracts between beekeepers and almond growers are discovering that there are not enough beehives to go around, driving up demand, rental costs — and thefts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the expertise required to steal hives, the general consensus is that beekeepers are behind the heists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Beekeepers have the knowledge and equipment to go in and take the hives and the market to profit from them,\" Qualls says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thieves targeting hives to rent during pollination season are not making off with one or two hives. In Butte County, several large-scale hive thefts occurred this year, with reports ranging from 64 to 200 hives swiped at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Almond orchards are in rural areas with acres of trees, few homesteads and almost no surveillance,\" says Qualls, president and CEO of Pollination Connection. \"It's hard to monitor the hives.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most hives are unmarked, making it impossible to identify hives that might be stolen. Beekeepers who do brand each of their hives with the names and numbers of their apiaries often fall victim to creative thieves who remove the frames (the guts of the hive that are covered with bees and laden with honey) and put them in new, unmarked hive bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thieves are going after easily accessible hives and unmarked hives,\" says Freeman. \"Someone who knows how to handle them can move 200 hives in a matter of minutes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because stolen hives are hard to detect, it's difficult for law enforcement to catch and prosecute thieves and return hives to beekeepers. When thieves are caught, the penalties are harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, a beekeeper stood trial for the theft of 64 hives that he pilfered from Butte County and rented to an almond grower (through a bee broker) in a neighboring county. At the trial for the February crime, he was convicted of grand theft of an animal — a felony in California — and sentenced to 90 days in county jail and three years' probation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance policies are cost prohibitive, according to Freeman, and few beekeepers are reimbursed for their losses. To combat bee theft, some beekeepers are putting GPS units in their hives. And some growers are hiring guards to patrol almond orchards overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the growers, this is their entire livelihood,\" Qualls says. \"If someone steals their bees, it hurts their crops.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not just large-scale apiaries and California almond growers feeling the sting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, 184 hives valued at CA$200,000 were stolen in Quebec. Three hives were pinched from the garden at a dental office in Greenville, S.C., in February. And thieves made off with two hives from a clover field in Des Moines, Iowa, in May.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Iowa theft was caught on a surveillance camera. The thieves pulled up in a pickup truck and loaded up the hives. None of the beehives, which belonged to the Iowa Honey Co., were branded, according to its owner, Rob Taylor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor, a beekeeper and member of the U.S. House of Representatives, lost the honey and equipment and spent more than $500 on replacements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If someone steals the hives, they have no upfront costs,\" he says. \"Any honey they pull off at the end of the season is pure profit; they are short-cutting the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff who took the report said he'd never heard of a beehive theft before. When news of the stolen hives hit the local media, three more Iowa beekeepers came forward with similar reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taylor hopes the surveillance footage will help local law enforcement catch the thieves and recover the stolen hives. In the meantime, he's branded the 17 additional hives he maintains in locations throughout Des Moines and installed GPS tracking systems in each one in case his hives are targeted again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who would have thought in the 21st century we'd have to worry about bee rustlers?\" he ponders.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jodi Helmer is a North Carolina journalist and beekeeper who frequently writes about food and farming.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Beekeepers+Feel+The+Sting+Of+Stolen+Hives&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet",
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"content": "\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”om8ScfHfARgN0Kfg3H2pUfY4qmpPl4je”]Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "When California searches for relief from the drought, and explores different solutions, from conserving water to desalination, one avenue that often gets overlooked is what’s under our feet — soil.",
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"description": "When California searches for relief from the drought, and explores different solutions, from conserving water to desalination, one avenue that often gets overlooked is what’s under our feet — soil.",
"title": "The Drought Solution That’s Under Our Feet | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Now in the fifth year of an epic drought, Californians have explored ways to save water and wring it out of typical and atypical sources. The search has spanned the gamut from funding research, investing in expensive solutions like desalination plants, toying with the idea of recycling wastewater, imposing water-use restrictions, letting lawns go dry and experimenting with irrigation efficiency techniques for the crops that feed the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Thirsty crops, a burgeoning population and below-average precipitation have also led to seriously \u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">\u003ca title=\"Link: https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/01/13/federal-policies-add-to-groundwater-strain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overdrawn groundwater\u003c/a> \u003c/span>sources that took a very long time to fill up. The state’s agricultural industry, which grows more than 250 crops, has also been vilified for its heavy water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is the Golden State missing a solution that could offer a high payout — a solution that’s right under its feet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy soil that’s rich in organic matter has an ability to retain water that surpasses much more expensive solutions to the drought, yet not many people are aware of its potential to reduce farm water use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Name something that doesn’t come from the soil?” asked Tony Rolfe, a California state soil scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">Natural Resources Conservation Service\u003c/span>\u003c/a> (NRCS), a U.S. Department of Agriculture agency. “It’s not just food, but also your clothes that come from cotton, construction and homes that rely on wood, even oxygen because you need soil to grow the plants that take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil has been overlooked because it’s underfoot, but he and other soil scientists around the world have been trying to bring it into the limelight, and highlight how better soil management can help reduce the water we use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a spoonful of healthy soil rich in organic carbon will have billions of microbes that help plants thrive. These microorganisms need water, for which the soil forms a dark, rich organic matter called \u003ca href=\"http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that emerges from decayed plant and animal matter — and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/Gardennotes/212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">humus acts as a sponge\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, helping the soil retain moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Soil Gets Depleted\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But our soil has been seriously depleted in many areas because we’ve been abusing it knowingly and unknowingly. This has reduced its ability to retain moisture and as a result we’ve been drawing heavily on fast-disappearing ground and surface water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil depletion is caused by several factors, but overtilling of the land is a top reason, according to Rolfe. Growing only one crop without crop rotation and crop diversity, not putting in a cover crop during the winter and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides are other reasons why soil gets depleted of its rich nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“China uses 400–500lb of fertilizer per acre, India uses 100lb per acre and the U.S uses 150–200lb per acre,” said Rattan Lal, a veteran soil scientist at Ohio State University, Columbus (OSU). [100lb is 45kg; 1 acre is 0.4 hectare.] “Sub-Saharan Africa uses only about 8lb per acre, but most are subsistence farmers. What we need is integrated nutrient management to help combat depletion in soil; fertilizer alone can’t compensate for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal explained that healthy soils should have high soil organic carbon in the root zone, in the range of 1.5–2 percent. If the carbon is reduced, the soil’s ability to hold water is also reduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep the soil healthy, tilling and chemical inputs need to be reduced, and farmers are advised to put in cover crops in the off-season and to leave in root residue after harvesting, to feed the soil. The soil is akin to a machine in that a well-maintained, well-oiled machine runs better than one that is left idle until it’s needed. Soil is similar. It needs to have crops rotating throughout the year to feed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation agriculture is the term applied to these practices, which help reduce soil disturbance and maximize sustainable, economically viable farming that improves yield and the soil’s ecosystem in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know Your Soil, Help Save Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing what soil you have is important. Once you know, you can manage it better in a drought,” Rolfe said, explaining that the NRCS maps all the soils across the U.S — something it’s been doing for 100 years – and this information is available online. There’s also a\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/home/?cid=stelprdb1049255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">smartphone app\u003c/span>\u003c/a> that anyone can use to get an instant snapshot of the soil they’re standing over anywhere in the country.”\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The payoff that healthy soil offers is huge — both in terms of water savings and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you increase soil organic matter by 1 percent, you can save 25,000 gallons [95,000 liters] of water per acre from being used, so you’re less dependent on other sources of water,” Rolfe said. “And the more you can store organic carbon in the soil, the less carbon dioxide is released, which also helps with climate and carbon sequestration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current tillage practices are a legacy practice from the 1950s, but overtilling depletes the organic matter, which hurts the microorganisms and leads to the soil acting as a sieve instead of a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought the best method was to go out and till,” Rolfe said. “We didn’t realize that we were hurting the soil ecosystem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, many farmers may not recognize the benefits of leaving in crop residue, which acts as a surface shade for the soil and helps soil microbes thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Easier Said Than Done\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>It’s not rocket science, right?” laughed Rolfe. “But it’s not easy to put into practice, because in California we have 300-plus crops compared to three or four in the Midwest, so there are barriers for farmers to change the way they do things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing soil management practices is a risk that many may be reluctant to take, given the ramifications, he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I feel for the farmers because while it sounds simple, it’s not,” Rolfe said. “It’s like a diet – you think it’s simple going in but it’s not that easy to stick with it. It’s like a paradigm shift, you have to change your management systems and we’re used to doing things the way we’ve always done it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big risk that worries growers is yields dropping while they transition to healthier soil practices. Transitions can take three to five years to happen, making it an economic risk. Nonbeneficial pests may increase during this period, and farmers may realize they need to invest in new equipment for minimum tillage and seeding, both of which can add to their financial burden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smart Agriculture\u003c/strong>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May this year, secretary of agriculture Tom Vilsack released a roadmap for the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s “\u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&contentid=climate-smart.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"Hyperlink0\">building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry\u003c/span>\u003c/a>” in which he lists soil health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lal cited the example of an OSU experiment that proved soil health does impact water retention and crop production. When Ohio went through a bad drought back in 2012, OSU experimented by leaving in crop residue in one patch of the field and stripping residue from another patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that soil moisture was nearly one-third more in the patch with residue, because there was no surface runoff or evaporation, and what’s more, the soil temperature was cooler by 5–6 degrees Celsius. This led to a 60 percent hike in production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is what we’re talking about — a cover crop can keep the soil cooler, more moist and what we call climate smart agriculture,” Lal pointed out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residue also helps feed earthworms, which then burrow channels up and down in the soil. These worm holes or biopores can be up to 2ft (60cm) deep, and plant roots will follow the holes, which leads them to deeper soil where there’s more water available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One other advantage of soils with high carbon content and microbial activity is that it helps destroy plant diseases.\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The health of the soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems are interdependent, interconnected and indivisible,” Lal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"start\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/about/\">Water Deeply\u003c/a> is\u003c/span> an independent digital media project dedicated to covering California’s water crisis. The project is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.newsdeeply.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">News Deeply\u003c/a>, a new media startup and social enterprise based in New York.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Meet the Naturalist Who Sang Like an (Actual) Bird",
"title": "Meet the Naturalist Who Sang Like an (Actual) Bird",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Charles Kellogg is remembered as a naturalist, a man who spent his life fighting to protect California’s forests in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But Kellogg’s first claim has to do with his throat, not his activism. It was said that the man came into this world with the vocal chords of a bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10969649\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10969649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-800x1171.jpeg\" alt=\"Charles Kellogg travelled around the country telling people about the mighty trees of California.\" width=\"421\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-800x1171.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-400x586.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-960x1406.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles.jpeg 1049w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Kellogg traveled around the country telling people about the mighty trees of California. \u003ccite>(Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Assocation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kellogg was born in Susanville, a small town on the eastern edge of California. It was 1868 and old-growth trees around him were being logged to build towns and cities across the state. Kellogg would later tour the country to raise awareness about the destruction of these beautiful trees. First though, he toured vaudeville stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the late 19th century, whistling bird songs was a big thing. Performers would imitate birds, or whistle bird songs to music. Kellogg claimed that he had a singular gift as a performer. Unlike others, Kellogg said he did not whistle with his lips, but made the songs with his throat, just like a bird. He opened his mouth and presto! Out came the mellifluous chirpings and songs of our ornithological friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now most of us humans have larynges. Kellogg, on the other hand, said he possessed the larynx of a bird, a “syrinx.” Needless to say, your friends at The World According to Sound find this anatomical claim dubious. But back in the day it was a big hit. Kellogg traveled around the world singing his canti d’uccelli in vaudeville shows. The Western world couldn’t get enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kellogg rose to pop star fame on account of his bird throat, but he is remembered for his conservationism. Always a lover of trees, Kellogg was particularly enamored of that majestic northern Californian evergreen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php\">sequoia sempervirens\u003c/a>, the giant redwood. The love ran so deep he built an RV out of the trunk of a fallen redwood. In it he traveled across the country -- four times! -- trumpeting the virtues of the sequoia to Americans totally ignorant of the giant tree. This must have taken forever, too. His RV topped out at 18 mph. Good Lord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10969651\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10969651\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-800x712.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Kellogg built a mobile home from the log of a fallen redwood tree.\" width=\"800\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-800x712.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-400x356.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-1180x1050.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-960x854.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log.jpg 1909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Kellogg built a mobile home from the log of a fallen redwood tree. \u003ccite>(Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Assocation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kellogg’s so-called Travel Log is a thing of beauty, and arguably the first modern-day mobile home in America. Add that to Kellogg’s quirky list of accomplishments. You can check out Kellogg’s old RV in person at \u003ca href=\"http://humboldtredwoods.org/\">Humboldt Redwoods State Park\u003c/a>. As for this sound, we have it thanks to the Library of Congress, which preserves this bird music along with countless other audio wonders in its extensive sound collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from our friends Chris Hoff and Sam Harnett at \u003ca href=\"http://www.theworldaccordingtosound.org/\">The World According to Sound\u003c/a>. Check out their podcast for more unexpected and delightful audio treats.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Charles Kellogg is remembered as a naturalist, a man who spent his life fighting to protect California’s forests in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. But Kellogg’s first claim has to do with his throat, not his activism. It was said that the man came into this world with the vocal chords of a bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10969649\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 421px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10969649\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-800x1171.jpeg\" alt=\"Charles Kellogg travelled around the country telling people about the mighty trees of California.\" width=\"421\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-800x1171.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-400x586.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles-960x1406.jpeg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/the-tree-and-charles.jpeg 1049w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Kellogg traveled around the country telling people about the mighty trees of California. \u003ccite>(Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Assocation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kellogg was born in Susanville, a small town on the eastern edge of California. It was 1868 and old-growth trees around him were being logged to build towns and cities across the state. Kellogg would later tour the country to raise awareness about the destruction of these beautiful trees. First though, he toured vaudeville stages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the late 19th century, whistling bird songs was a big thing. Performers would imitate birds, or whistle bird songs to music. Kellogg claimed that he had a singular gift as a performer. Unlike others, Kellogg said he did not whistle with his lips, but made the songs with his throat, just like a bird. He opened his mouth and presto! Out came the mellifluous chirpings and songs of our ornithological friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now most of us humans have larynges. Kellogg, on the other hand, said he possessed the larynx of a bird, a “syrinx.” Needless to say, your friends at The World According to Sound find this anatomical claim dubious. But back in the day it was a big hit. Kellogg traveled around the world singing his canti d’uccelli in vaudeville shows. The Western world couldn’t get enough of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kellogg rose to pop star fame on account of his bird throat, but he is remembered for his conservationism. Always a lover of trees, Kellogg was particularly enamored of that majestic northern Californian evergreen, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php\">sequoia sempervirens\u003c/a>, the giant redwood. The love ran so deep he built an RV out of the trunk of a fallen redwood. In it he traveled across the country -- four times! -- trumpeting the virtues of the sequoia to Americans totally ignorant of the giant tree. This must have taken forever, too. His RV topped out at 18 mph. Good Lord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10969651\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10969651\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-800x712.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Kellogg built a mobile home from the log of a fallen redwood tree.\" width=\"800\" height=\"712\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-800x712.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-400x356.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-1180x1050.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log-960x854.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/finished-log.jpg 1909w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Kellogg built a mobile home from the log of a fallen redwood tree. \u003ccite>(Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Assocation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kellogg’s so-called Travel Log is a thing of beauty, and arguably the first modern-day mobile home in America. Add that to Kellogg’s quirky list of accomplishments. You can check out Kellogg’s old RV in person at \u003ca href=\"http://humboldtredwoods.org/\">Humboldt Redwoods State Park\u003c/a>. As for this sound, we have it thanks to the Library of Congress, which preserves this bird music along with countless other audio wonders in its extensive sound collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lawmaker Wants Answers After Shell Pipeline Suffers 2nd Rupture and Spill",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Joaquin County Assemblywoman Susan Eggman plans to meet with Shell Oil officials after learning one of the company's crude petroleum pipelines \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/24/pipeline-at-center-of-altamont-pass-oil-spill-also-ruptured-last-september\" target=\"_blank\">has ruptured twice\u003c/a> in the past eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spills -- one last Sept. 17 and another May 20 -- dumped an estimated 42,000 gallons of heavy crude oil on rangeland near the junction of Interstates 580 and 205 east of the Altamont Pass and west of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These incidents are of great concern to Assemblymember Eggman,\" said spokesman Christian Burkin about the ruptures near the Alameda-San Joaquin county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eggman is scheduled to meet with Shell executives next Monday and is contacting residents who live near the pipeline to find out how the spills have impacted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to let the investigation take its course, to allow for a full grasp of the facts so that an effective solution can be reached,\" Burkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10974514\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10974514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline-400x300.png\" alt=\"Image from Central Valley Water Quality Control Board report on Shell Oil's May 20 pipeline break. Picture shows inactive older pipeline and newer pipeline that ruptured, spilling about 21,000 gallons of oil. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline.png 669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from Central Valley Water Quality Control Board report on Shell Oil's May 20 pipeline break. Picture shows inactive older pipeline and newer pipeline that ruptured, spilling about 21,000 gallons of oil. \u003ccite>(Central Valley Water Quality Control Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shell officials say they believed they had already fixed the pipeline after it broke last September and leaked 21,000 gallons of oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire marshal, responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipeline/pipeline\" target=\"_blank\">overseeing the safety\u003c/a> of intrastate hazardous liquid pipelines, says corrosion in the 24-inch underground line caused last year's rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynne Tolmachoff, a spokeswoman for Cal Fire, said the agency’s investigation determined the cause to be a “fatigue crack resulting from a small corrosion pit\" on a welded pipeline seam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell said after the September rupture was repaired, inspections detected no further problems with the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We employed the best technological tools available to identify the presence of possible similar issues in the pipeline,” said company spokesman Ray Fisher in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tools included ultrasonic and magnetic tests, Fisher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The subsequent evaluations indicated there were no additional defects similar to that which caused the September 2015 release,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline has been shut down since May 20, the day of the most recent spill. The line brings oil from oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley to Martinez, where it goes to local refineries, including one operated by Shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline is expected to remain inactive this week as Shell conducts test on the most recently repaired sections. According to the Central Valley Regional Quality Control Board, which has been monitoring the spill and its aftermath, the inspection will include hydrostatic testing, a process in which a section of pipeline is filled with water, then subjected to high pressure to check on its integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10974518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10974518\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3-400x258.jpg\" alt=\"Containers of contaminated soil excavated from the site of May 20 Shell Oil pipeline rupture east of the Altamont Pass. \" width=\"400\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Containers of contaminated soil excavated from the site of May 20 Shell Oil pipeline rupture east of the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/Courtesy of Greenpeace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pipeline can carry up to 200,000 barrels of oil a day -- nearly 8.5 million gallons. The impact of the recent break and continuing pipeline shutdown on Martinez refinery operations, local fuel supplies and Shell’s bottom line is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of one of the pipeline's Bay Area customers, Tesoro’s Martinez refinery, say they don't expect the service interruption to affect operations at the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At this time we do not expect this issue to have an impact on planned rates at our Martinez refinery or our ability to fulfill customer product supply commitments,” said Brendan Smith, a Tesoro spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline, which is about 7 feet below the ground, was installed in 1989 to replace an older line. The old and new pipes run next to each other. Water control board officials say much of the oil that leaked appears to be between the two pipelines\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews are working to clean up the most recent spill and, if the last one is any indication, that effort will be massive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Shell and its contractors two months to clean up oil from the September pipeline rupture. That work, which is now essentially being repeated, involved recovering oil on the surface of the land, excavating and testing soil saturated with crude and trucking 6,560 tons of that soil to a landfill in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Assemblywoman Susan Eggman of Stockton says she's troubled that May 20 break occurred close to site of September 2015 incident. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Joaquin County Assemblywoman Susan Eggman plans to meet with Shell Oil officials after learning one of the company's crude petroleum pipelines \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/24/pipeline-at-center-of-altamont-pass-oil-spill-also-ruptured-last-september\" target=\"_blank\">has ruptured twice\u003c/a> in the past eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spills -- one last Sept. 17 and another May 20 -- dumped an estimated 42,000 gallons of heavy crude oil on rangeland near the junction of Interstates 580 and 205 east of the Altamont Pass and west of Tracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These incidents are of great concern to Assemblymember Eggman,\" said spokesman Christian Burkin about the ruptures near the Alameda-San Joaquin county line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eggman is scheduled to meet with Shell executives next Monday and is contacting residents who live near the pipeline to find out how the spills have impacted them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to let the investigation take its course, to allow for a full grasp of the facts so that an effective solution can be reached,\" Burkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10974514\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10974514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline-400x300.png\" alt=\"Image from Central Valley Water Quality Control Board report on Shell Oil's May 20 pipeline break. Picture shows inactive older pipeline and newer pipeline that ruptured, spilling about 21,000 gallons of oil. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipeline.png 669w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image from Central Valley Water Quality Control Board report on Shell Oil's May 20 pipeline break. Picture shows inactive older pipeline and newer pipeline that ruptured, spilling about 21,000 gallons of oil. \u003ccite>(Central Valley Water Quality Control Board)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shell officials say they believed they had already fixed the pipeline after it broke last September and leaked 21,000 gallons of oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s fire marshal, responsible for \u003ca href=\"http://osfm.fire.ca.gov/pipeline/pipeline\" target=\"_blank\">overseeing the safety\u003c/a> of intrastate hazardous liquid pipelines, says corrosion in the 24-inch underground line caused last year's rupture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynne Tolmachoff, a spokeswoman for Cal Fire, said the agency’s investigation determined the cause to be a “fatigue crack resulting from a small corrosion pit\" on a welded pipeline seam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell said after the September rupture was repaired, inspections detected no further problems with the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We employed the best technological tools available to identify the presence of possible similar issues in the pipeline,” said company spokesman Ray Fisher in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tools included ultrasonic and magnetic tests, Fisher said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The subsequent evaluations indicated there were no additional defects similar to that which caused the September 2015 release,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline has been shut down since May 20, the day of the most recent spill. The line brings oil from oil fields in the San Joaquin Valley to Martinez, where it goes to local refineries, including one operated by Shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline is expected to remain inactive this week as Shell conducts test on the most recently repaired sections. According to the Central Valley Regional Quality Control Board, which has been monitoring the spill and its aftermath, the inspection will include hydrostatic testing, a process in which a section of pipeline is filled with water, then subjected to high pressure to check on its integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10974518\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10974518\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3-400x258.jpg\" alt=\"Containers of contaminated soil excavated from the site of May 20 Shell Oil pipeline rupture east of the Altamont Pass. \" width=\"400\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/shellpipelinegp3.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Containers of contaminated soil excavated from the site of May 20 Shell Oil pipeline rupture east of the Altamont Pass. \u003ccite>(Noah Berger/Courtesy of Greenpeace)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pipeline can carry up to 200,000 barrels of oil a day -- nearly 8.5 million gallons. The impact of the recent break and continuing pipeline shutdown on Martinez refinery operations, local fuel supplies and Shell’s bottom line is unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representatives of one of the pipeline's Bay Area customers, Tesoro’s Martinez refinery, say they don't expect the service interruption to affect operations at the facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At this time we do not expect this issue to have an impact on planned rates at our Martinez refinery or our ability to fulfill customer product supply commitments,” said Brendan Smith, a Tesoro spokesman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline, which is about 7 feet below the ground, was installed in 1989 to replace an older line. The old and new pipes run next to each other. Water control board officials say much of the oil that leaked appears to be between the two pipelines\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews are working to clean up the most recent spill and, if the last one is any indication, that effort will be massive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took Shell and its contractors two months to clean up oil from the September pipeline rupture. That work, which is now essentially being repeated, involved recovering oil on the surface of the land, excavating and testing soil saturated with crude and trucking 6,560 tons of that soil to a landfill in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Giant Sand-Dwelling Skeletons Descend on the Exploratorium",
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"content": "\u003cp>“The floor is very slippery here,” said Theo Jansen, helpfully positioning his foot against a flailing leg of \u003ci>Animaris Suspendisse\u003c/i> as it uncannily propelled itself across the floor of the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netherlands-based Jansen was in town to celebrate the opening of \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, a traveling exhibition organized by the Peabody Essex Museum of Salem, Mass. that brought the “dream machines” to the Bay Area for the first time. \u003ci>Animaris Suspendisse\u003c/i> is used to moving across the hard-packed sands of Dutch beaches, not a museum’s polished concrete floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/yTzz80fLAAQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Resembling a cross between a Leonardo da Vinci flying machine and a plastic Erector Set, \u003ci>Suspendisse\u003c/i> is the latest and largest strandbeest to date, measuring in at 43 feet of PVC tubing, rubber tubes, zip ties, plastic bottles and rip-stop nylon sails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jansen began building the beests in 1990, prompted by the idea of creating a herd of machines that might be able to autonomously repair the Netherlands’ eroding coastline by moving sand from the surf zone to the dunes farther inland, continuously. In the nearly three decades since, the strandbeests have evolved over distinct periods of time — mapped on an Exploratorium wall — to become animated skeletons propelled by the wind, capable of storing compressed air and able to sense their positions on the beach by testing the hardness of the ground and the depth of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200.jpg\" alt=\"Theo Jansen, Sheveningen beach, The Netherlands, 2011\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634864\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Theo Jansen, Sheveningen beach, The Netherlands, 2011. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Theo Jansen; Photo by Loek van der Klis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As for their intended purpose? The Exploratorium wall text explains, “The strandbeests did what any creature would do — they ignored human interests and pursued their own: survival and proliferation.” In other words, the beests are less interested in saving the Dutch coastline than they are in taking long walks on the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spirit of \u003ci>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen\u003c/i> finds a perfect home at the Exploratorium, a museum that often resembles a really popular playground, each exhibition cleverly concealing its agenda of teaching visitors about science, art and human perception under the guise of hands-on fun. Jansen fits right in; he’s a relentless tinkerer, zip ties always at the ready. Building each new iteration of the beests during the winter, he sets them loose on the beaches of the seaside resort of Scheveningen during the prime summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200.jpg\" alt=\"'Animaris Plaudens Vela,' 2013.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634872\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Animaris Plaudens Vela,’ 2013. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Marco Zwinkels)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Exploratorium, whole beests are displayed alongside “fossils,” sun-bleached segments of strandbeest joints, wings and feet. The exhibition might not contain as many touchable elements as visitors to the museum are used to finding, but the beests do wake their creaky joints to participate in daily walking demonstrations, rest assured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lining the walls are photographer Lena Herzog’s large black-and-white images of Jansen standing on near-empty beaches — just a man alone with his beests, all of which dwarf him. In many of the images he’s clad, impractically, in a suit jacket and button-down shirt, the wind blowing his hair and propelling his automatons along the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200.jpg\" alt=\"'Animaris Rhinoceros,' 2004. An evolutionary foray into wood, according to Jansen, the one time he was "unfaithful" to PVC tubing.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Animaris Rhinoceros,’ 2004. An evolutionary foray into wood, according to Jansen, the one time he was “unfaithful” to PVC tubing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Theo Jansen; Photo by Loek van der Klis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The beests aren’t pure whimsy. Jansen’s design decisions are often fueled by evolutionary science. The creatures’ legs were developed with the help of an iterative computer program to achieve optimal leg segment lengths, giving the beests a stable yet millipede-like gait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beests even think about self-preservation, to an extent. \u003ci>Animaris Sabulosa\u003c/i> adheres sand to its body as a form of camouflage. \u003ci>Animaris Rectus\u003c/i> hammers a stake into the sand when the wind picks up, to keep itself from blowing away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200.jpg\" alt=\"Jansen's signature suit jacket during installation at the Exploratorium.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634874\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jansen’s signature suit jacket during installation at the Exploratorium. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Exploratorium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a retrospective show, but Jansen is far from done. His singular focus, his playful capacity to make, by hand, these strange and wonderful creatures and then claim it is they who are forcing themselves into existence, is inspiring, both for the ingenuity of Jansen’s creations and the legacy he wishes to establish. “In the next 20 years I hope to work on their future,” Jansen said. “Mark my words, by the time I leave this planet, I will leave behind a new species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cb>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen \u003c/b>is on view at the Exploratorium in San Francisco through September 5. For tickets and more information on a whole range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest/events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strandbeest-related events\u003c/a> visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exploratorium.edu\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Theo Jansen's wind-powered \"strandbeests\" journey to San Francisco in a show that's part natural history display, part fine art. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“The floor is very slippery here,” said Theo Jansen, helpfully positioning his foot against a flailing leg of \u003ci>Animaris Suspendisse\u003c/i> as it uncannily propelled itself across the floor of the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Netherlands-based Jansen was in town to celebrate the opening of \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, a traveling exhibition organized by the Peabody Essex Museum of Salem, Mass. that brought the “dream machines” to the Bay Area for the first time. \u003ci>Animaris Suspendisse\u003c/i> is used to moving across the hard-packed sands of Dutch beaches, not a museum’s polished concrete floor.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/yTzz80fLAAQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/yTzz80fLAAQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Resembling a cross between a Leonardo da Vinci flying machine and a plastic Erector Set, \u003ci>Suspendisse\u003c/i> is the latest and largest strandbeest to date, measuring in at 43 feet of PVC tubing, rubber tubes, zip ties, plastic bottles and rip-stop nylon sails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jansen began building the beests in 1990, prompted by the idea of creating a herd of machines that might be able to autonomously repair the Netherlands’ eroding coastline by moving sand from the surf zone to the dunes farther inland, continuously. In the nearly three decades since, the strandbeests have evolved over distinct periods of time — mapped on an Exploratorium wall — to become animated skeletons propelled by the wind, capable of storing compressed air and able to sense their positions on the beach by testing the hardness of the ground and the depth of the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200.jpg\" alt=\"Theo Jansen, Sheveningen beach, The Netherlands, 2011\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634864\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/LVDKTheo_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Theo Jansen, Sheveningen beach, The Netherlands, 2011. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Theo Jansen; Photo by Loek van der Klis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As for their intended purpose? The Exploratorium wall text explains, “The strandbeests did what any creature would do — they ignored human interests and pursued their own: survival and proliferation.” In other words, the beests are less interested in saving the Dutch coastline than they are in taking long walks on the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spirit of \u003ci>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen\u003c/i> finds a perfect home at the Exploratorium, a museum that often resembles a really popular playground, each exhibition cleverly concealing its agenda of teaching visitors about science, art and human perception under the guise of hands-on fun. Jansen fits right in; he’s a relentless tinkerer, zip ties always at the ready. Building each new iteration of the beests during the winter, he sets them loose on the beaches of the seaside resort of Scheveningen during the prime summer months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634872\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200.jpg\" alt=\"'Animaris Plaudens Vela,' 2013.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634872\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Plaudens-Vela-MarcoZwinkels-silent-beach-2013_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Animaris Plaudens Vela,’ 2013. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Marco Zwinkels)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the Exploratorium, whole beests are displayed alongside “fossils,” sun-bleached segments of strandbeest joints, wings and feet. The exhibition might not contain as many touchable elements as visitors to the museum are used to finding, but the beests do wake their creaky joints to participate in daily walking demonstrations, rest assured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lining the walls are photographer Lena Herzog’s large black-and-white images of Jansen standing on near-empty beaches — just a man alone with his beests, all of which dwarf him. In many of the images he’s clad, impractically, in a suit jacket and button-down shirt, the wind blowing his hair and propelling his automatons along the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200.jpg\" alt=\"'Animaris Rhinoceros,' 2004. An evolutionary foray into wood, according to Jansen, the one time he was "unfaithful" to PVC tubing.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/loek-van-der-klis-26Animaris-Rhinoceros-Vliegveld-Valkenburg-2004-kopie_1200-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">‘Animaris Rhinoceros,’ 2004. An evolutionary foray into wood, according to Jansen, the one time he was “unfaithful” to PVC tubing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Theo Jansen; Photo by Loek van der Klis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The beests aren’t pure whimsy. Jansen’s design decisions are often fueled by evolutionary science. The creatures’ legs were developed with the help of an iterative computer program to achieve optimal leg segment lengths, giving the beests a stable yet millipede-like gait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beests even think about self-preservation, to an extent. \u003ci>Animaris Sabulosa\u003c/i> adheres sand to its body as a form of camouflage. \u003ci>Animaris Rectus\u003c/i> hammers a stake into the sand when the wind picks up, to keep itself from blowing away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11634874\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200.jpg\" alt=\"Jansen's signature suit jacket during installation at the Exploratorium.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"799\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11634874\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/05/Strandbeest_DSC_8453_GL_1200-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jansen’s signature suit jacket during installation at the Exploratorium. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Exploratorium)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a retrospective show, but Jansen is far from done. His singular focus, his playful capacity to make, by hand, these strange and wonderful creatures and then claim it is they who are forcing themselves into existence, is inspiring, both for the ingenuity of Jansen’s creations and the legacy he wishes to establish. “In the next 20 years I hope to work on their future,” Jansen said. “Mark my words, by the time I leave this planet, I will leave behind a new species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cb>Strandbeest: The Dream Machines of Theo Jansen \u003c/b>is on view at the Exploratorium in San Francisco through September 5. For tickets and more information on a whole range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest/events\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">strandbeest-related events\u003c/a> visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/strandbeest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">exploratorium.edu\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan>T\u003c/span>he perhaps not-so-secret nature of California’s major reservoirs — the big artificial lakes designed to impound floodwaters and snowmelt coursing down the state’s biggest rivers — is that they’re little more than big bathtubs. We depend on a beneficent nature to turn on the taps every winter and fill them. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/31/california-reservoir-levels-may-2016\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" id=\"rssmi_more\">Read More …\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/05/31/california-reservoir-levels-may-2016\" target=\"_self\" title=\"California Reservoirs Full Again; Let the Draining Begin\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days?",
"headTitle": "Do People Drive Less on Spare the Air Days? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife",
"headTitle": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The best thing we can do for wildlife this summer, says anthropologist Barbara J. King, is to back off while visiting the wild lands where they live.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"soldout": {
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"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
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