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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>As part of our series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, we are answering questions from KQED listeners and readers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On some warm summer days, Bay Area resident Sprague Terplan watches a brown haze settle over the bay and wonders about air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess because I grew up here, I’ve always cared about the local environment,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan thinks about cars on the roads, hundreds of thousands of them, spurting exhaust into the atmosphere and into his kids’ lungs. This led him to ask \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On Spare the Air days, is there a reduction in driving/pollution? If so, by how much? Why not automatically raise bridge tolls on such days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin-bottom: 10px\" src=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2015/04/20/baycurious.png\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhat do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want\u003cbr>\nKQED to investigate? \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ask Bay\u003cbr>\nCurious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This year marks the 25th anniversary of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sparetheair.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spare the Air\u003c/a>, a program run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The district calls a Spare the Air alert when weather conditions in any of the nine counties under its jurisdiction indicate there could be unhealthy levels of pollution that day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summertime alerts warn people sensitive to smog to stay indoors. For kids, older folks and people with respiratory issues, smog can aggravate asthma and allergies or inflame the lungs. (How does the ozone forecast \u003ca href=\"https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_state&stateid=5&mapcenter=0&tabs=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">look today\u003c/a>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In winter, the alerts ban wood burning. In summer, they prompt people to reduce air pollution by driving less, taking transit or carpooling. Terplan, our question-asker, doesn’t buy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really question—or, quite frankly, doubt—that people are reducing their driving,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Terplan and I set off to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do People Cut Back on Driving?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We called Randy Rentschler of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. The MTC counts the cars that pass over the Bay Area bridges. He was blunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We generally do not see a meaningful change on Spare the Air days with respect to traffic counts,” Rentschler told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terplan said that on Spare the Air days, anyone can see the air is polluted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a shame that public policy is not effective in altering people’s behavior and, I guess, we all suffer as a result,” he pressed Rentschler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yeah, I think you’re on to something important there,” Rentschler responded. “Generally what we find is people have their way to get to work everyday—they have to get to work everyday, or to school, or whatever else their trips are and they tend to just do what people normally do which is to have a routine and just stay with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_726276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 983px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-726276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg\" alt=\"Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015.\" width=\"983\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog.jpg 983w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-400x248.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-768x477.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/smog-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 983px) 100vw, 983px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pollution over the South Bay on January 3, 2015. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/au_ears/17442532079/in/photolist-aYvLqF-aYvLtx-gjpkJ-dkPLV6-dkPMNs-ifdyE-dkPQY3-dkPQuJ-szkx6H-ghWpE-i8Xxn-jmi1hQ-idGWSd\" target=\"_blank\">au_ears/Flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Terplan wasn’t surprised by Rentschler’s response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so reluctant to change their daily ways despite the filth in the sky at times. We just got to live with it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, we were a little discouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Spare the Air Does Accomplish\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most people have heard the catchy Spare the Air slogan, mainly because of a campaign that gave people free rides on public transit on Spare the Air days from 2004 and 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion.”\u003ccite>Sprague Terplan\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Air District no longer has funding for the free rides, says spokeswoman Kristine Roselius, but it did wonders for name recognition. An Air District survey in 2011 found more than 75 percent of responders knew about the program. And less than 4 percent said they cut at least one car trip due to a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not sound like a lot but it adds up to a significant amount of cars, Roselius says. Using a formula from the California Air Resources Board, the survey estimated that more than 200,000 drivers reduced one car trip in response to Spare the Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It’s All About the Ozone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make ozone, combine three oxygen atoms to form O3. When I read this, I thought, “Wait, isn’t ozone a good thing? Didn’t that hole in the ozone layer increase my chance of skin cancer?” I was right—in the upper atmosphere, O3 is the Earth’s ultimate SPF. It blocks most of the sun’s ultra-violet radiation from getting to the surface and burning your skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confused, I called meteorologist Jan Null, who told me the trouble starts when ozone forms on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early morning, commuters congest the roadways. Drivers spout curse words while our cars expel exhaust, a ‘precursor’ to ozone. On hot days, the sun cooks all those pollutants, sparking a chemical reaction that creates O3. When inland temperatures get to be about 90 degrees, the Spare the Air folks take notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_711754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-711754\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg\" alt=\"A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972.\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-800x638.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-400x319.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-768x613.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1440x1149.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1920x1531.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-1180x941.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653-960x766.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/WATER-TO-LAND_PHOTO_SHOWS_SMOG_OVER_SAN_FRANCISCO_-_NARA_-_544697-e1464220638653.jpg 1927w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of San Francisco through a filter of smog in 1972. \u003ccite>(Belinda Rain/U.S. National Archives and Records Administration)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The number of Spare the Air days is going to be very dependent on how hot the summer is,” Null told me. They’re also dependent on days with low wind. “Now, fortunately the ozone season is during the sea breeze season.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have a natural ventilator in the Pacific Ocean. When inland parts of the Bay Area heat up, the hot air rises and makes room for a cool sea breeze to fill the gap. The pollutant-ridden ground air gets mixed up and out before it can cook into ozone. On days with low wind, the Bay Area terrain blocks the weak breezes, Null says. If air district meteorologists see the heat combined with low wind, they’re likely to call a Spare the Air alert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Not Raise Bridge Tolls on Spare the Air Days?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MTC doesn’t have the authority to raise bridge tolls on Spare the Air Days, Rentschler told us. Even if they did, they probably wouldn’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the food chain of things, putting our effort on intermittent Spare the Air Days is something we did do in the past,” he says. “I can’t see us focusing on it as a primary item in the future. I just can’t see it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason, he says, is because Bay Area air quality is pretty good. The American Lung Association’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lung.org/local-content/california/documents/state-of-the-air/2016/sota-2016_ca_greater-bay-fact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Air 2016\u003c/a> found that since 2000, Bay Area counties had a 73 percent fewer unhealthy ozone days. Their analysis includes San Joaquin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-726278\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg\" alt=\"spare the air\" width=\"2048\" height=\"2048\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1440x1440.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1920x1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/8100629626_3c5a4ce578_k-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Terplan says there are still reasons to strengthen Spare the Air day efforts. Remember that sea breeze that carries pollutants up and out of the Bay Area? Sometimes that air ends up in the San Joaquin Valley, which has some of the worst air quality in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the San Joaquin Valley Pollution Control District, \u003ca href=\"http://www.valleyair.org/general_info/frequently_asked_questions.htm\">about 27 percent\u003c/a> of the air pollution in the valley’s northern counties blows in from the Bay Area and Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe I’m just being an idealist here,” he says, “but just the idea that, on the days that they’ve got really bad air quality, if the Bay Area would do that much more to reduce their emissions, ideally, that could have a tangible benefit, as well, for San Joaquin Valley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Rentschler what he would tell someone like Sprague Terplan, who says, if we can do more, why not do it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would try to look at him,” Rentschler says, “and say, ‘Sprague, look, we’ve had this incredible win. Now, it ain’t over yet, but let’s just talk about the kind of win we’ve had because we’ve had a good one.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put this answer to Terplan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I’d like to see more, but that’s just my humble opinion,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Got a question you want the Bay Area team to tackle? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Submit it\u003c/a>!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife",
"headTitle": "As National Park Service Turns 100, We Can Celebrate by Not Bothering Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The best thing we can do for wildlife this summer, says anthropologist Barbara J. King, is to back off while visiting the wild lands where they live.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/subjects/centennial/index.htm\">turns 100\u003c/a> this summer, and I’ve been thinking about how all of us might celebrate this milestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get in the mood, I went with my husband this week to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vasc.org/\">Virginia Air & Space Center\u003c/a> to see \u003ca href=\"http://nationalparksadventure.com/\">National Parks Adventure\u003c/a>, the new IMAX movie directed by Greg MacGillivray and narrated by Robert Redford. More than \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/upload/Site-Designations-04-13-16.pdf\">400 sites\u003c/a> are located on national park lands, and the movie notes this, but as expected it favors the big famous parks. (See a 2-minute trailer \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iqF2Tk_1WA\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>National Parks Adventure\u003c/em> treats us to spectacular sounds as well as sights: in Wyoming, the “molten fury” of Yellowstone’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/04/24/402032765/scientists-discover-massive-new-magma-chamber-under-yellowstone\">magma chambers\u003c/a> and the “highly developed vocabulary” of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/01/20/132650631/new-language-discovered-prairiedogese\">prairie dogs\u003c/a> at Devils Tower; in Michigan, the cracking crash of ice displaced by climbers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore; in Arizona, the roiling foamy rapids encountered by Colorado River rafters in the Grand Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/historyculture/muir.htm\">role\u003c/a> early on in helping to protect natural lands — along with Theodore Roosevelt’s — is highlighted, and we hear a voiceover quoting Muir as he urges us to “get close to nature’s heart” by visiting them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best way we can celebrate our parks, of course, is to hike in them or climb or raft or explore history or just sit and soak up nature. I’m counting the weeks until I return in September to Yellowstone and again immerse myself in \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2012/05/29/153955803/dreaming-big-how-yellowstones-wonders-can-turn-kids-on-to-science\">science and nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a second way, too. We can realize what Muir \u003cem>didn’t \u003c/em>mean by “get close to nature’s heart.” We can think what narrator Redford \u003cem>does \u003c/em>mean when he says, referring to the wildlife in our parks, “These lands are their lands, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can respect the wildlife in our parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us probably know by now about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/16/478279342/baby-bison-that-was-placed-in-a-van-by-tourists-in-yellowstone-is-euthanized\">terrible outcome\u003c/a> last week after tourists placed a Yellowstone bison calf in a vehicle, wishing to shelter it from the cold. Once rescued from the tourists, the calf was rejected by the bison herd and began approaching people and cars along the road in ways that the National Park Service considered to be hazardous. The calf was then killed. (“Euthanasia” isn’t the right word; this wasn’t a good death.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But do we know the reasons why the calf wasn’t sent to a wildlife rehabilitator or to a sanctuary? I didn’t. When I contacted the Park Service public-relations team at Yellowstone to ask, I was sent a press release that says, in part:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Federal and state regulations prohibit the transport of bison out of Yellowstone unless those bison are going to meat processing or scientific research facilities. We are working to establish quarantine facilities for bison so that they can go through the months-long testing protocols for brucellosis and, if negative, be used to start conservation herds elsewhere. However, the use of quarantine for bison hasn’t been approved, nor would a newborn calf that’s unable to care for itself be a good candidate for quarantine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why wouldn’t we try to care for the calf on our own? It may be hard to imagine that Yellowstone does not provide direct care for its animals. What we do provide is a space for animals to live their lives with as little human intervention as possible in today’s world. A bison raised by humans in captivity would probably never be returned to the wild…It’s really important to understand that national parks are very different than animal sanctuaries or zoos.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are lessons for all of us here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service people mean it when they say they’re not a zoo and they’re not a sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We see that wild bison are sometimes sent to meat processing plants, but the point I want to make today is that we need to really understand that our \u003cem>own\u003c/em> actions can doom animals to dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the main cause of the 61 grizzly bear deaths in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecosystem.htm\">Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem\u003c/a> (which includes lands outside the national park) was human interaction, including hunting and being hit by cars. Scarface, a bear beloved \u003cem>inside\u003c/em> Yellowstone National Park, was \u003ca href=\"http://kutv.com/news/local/more-tourists-more-animals-leading-to-more-problems-in-yellowstone\">killed by a hunter\u003c/a> \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, most of us don’t go to wilderness areas to hunt. But we do go to hike, and if wild animals feel threatened and attack hikers in the parks, it’s not unusual for them to be killed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/08/13/432146758/female-grizzly-bear-in-yellowstone-euthanized-after-killing-hiker\">in the name of public safety\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this week the \u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/05/24/park-officials-euthanized-a-black-bear-after-a-hiker-was-attacked-then-they-realized-theyd-killed-the-wrong-animal/\">reported\u003c/a> that a black bear was killed after a camper in North Carolina’s Great Smoky Mountains National Park was mauled by a bear. The “wrong” bear was killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d love to argue the ethics of these killing policies with the Park Service (and probably will), but the fact remains, all of us who visit national parks need to know the reality of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t mean to compare hikers’ behavior to that of the tourists who put the bison calf in the car, and obviously I’m not suggesting that it’s wrong or thoughtless to hike in national park lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we venture into nature’s heart, we need to do it with our brains fully engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can avoid hiking into areas with active bears, especially cubs, and if we do go we can follow \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/bearspray.htm\">recommendations\u003c/a> for carrying bear spray (while realizing that bear spray isn’t always effective).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can refuse to succumb to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/20/us/when-humans-fueled-by-the-selfie-culture-imperil-wildlife.html\">the “taking selfies” trend\u003c/a> that puts us way too close to wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can pledge never to crowd close to, feed or touch any wild animal in the parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Achieving these goals would be a major cause for celebration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Barbara J. King is an anthropology professor at the College of William and Mary. She often writes about human evolution, primate behavior and the cognition and emotion of animals. Barbara’s most recent book on animals is titled\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/176686699/how-animals-grieve\">How Animals Grieve\u003c/a>.\u003cem> You can keep up with what she is thinking on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/bjkingape\">@bjkingape\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=As+National+Park+Service+Turns+100%2C+We+Can+Celebrate+By+Not+Bothering+Wildlife&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — California’s ambitious efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are taking a hit as demand has plummeted for pollution credits that are supposed to fund the initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about a tenth of the available pollution credits were sold in an auction last week, according to results released Wednesday by the California Air Resources Board. Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration says revenue from the program was $600 million short of the $2.4 billion anticipated in the current fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown built a cushion in his budget proposal, but the shortfall will still force the Democratic governor and state lawmakers to scale back their ambitions for the money. A quarter of the revenue is earmarked for Brown’s high-speed rail project, with the rest funding a wide variety of programs aimed at reducing emissions or mitigating the damage from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What programs to fund and how much to spend will be the subject of negotiations with the Legislature, said H.D. Palmer, spokesman for Brown’s Department of Commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California launched the pollution-restriction program in 2012. Known as cap and trade, the program is designed to control emissions of heat-trapping gases and to spur investment in clean technologies. It limits how much pollution businesses can spew, making them buy permits, which are auctioned quarterly or sold on the secondary market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Clegern, spokesman for the Air Resources Board, declined to discuss what factors may contribute to the softening demand or whether the lawsuit played a role. But he said officials aren’t concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the program is functioning as it’s supposed to, and we anticipated that there would be ups and downs, as there always are in markets,” Clegern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Softening demand first appeared in February, when about 95 percent of the available credits were sold. It was the first time since quarterly auctions began in 2012 that any credits were left unsold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In last week’s auction, California and its trading partner, the Canadian province of Quebec, offered 67.7 million pollution credits for immediate use and 10 million for use in 2019 and beyond. California sold 6.1 million for current use, with all the revenue going to utilities, and 914,000 for future use, which netted the state only about $10 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plummeting demand for pollution credits comes as a state appeals court considers a challenge to the program by the California Chamber of Commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3rd District Court of Appeal in Sacramento asked for briefings in the case, which were filed this week, and could schedule oral arguments at any time, said Loren Kaye, who is handling the suit on behalf of the chamber. The chamber and Morning Star Packing Co. argue in the lawsuit that if the program is a tax, it is illegal because it was approved by a simple majority of the Legislature rather than the two-thirds majority that is needed to approve a tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP writer Juliet Williams contributed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — California’s ambitious efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are taking a hit as demand has plummeted for pollution credits that are supposed to fund the initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about a tenth of the available pollution credits were sold in an auction last week, according to results released Wednesday by the California Air Resources Board. Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration says revenue from the program was $600 million short of the $2.4 billion anticipated in the current fiscal year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown built a cushion in his budget proposal, but the shortfall will still force the Democratic governor and state lawmakers to scale back their ambitions for the money. A quarter of the revenue is earmarked for Brown’s high-speed rail project, with the rest funding a wide variety of programs aimed at reducing emissions or mitigating the damage from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What programs to fund and how much to spend will be the subject of negotiations with the Legislature, said H.D. Palmer, spokesman for Brown’s Department of Commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California launched the pollution-restriction program in 2012. Known as cap and trade, the program is designed to control emissions of heat-trapping gases and to spur investment in clean technologies. It limits how much pollution businesses can spew, making them buy permits, which are auctioned quarterly or sold on the secondary market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Clegern, spokesman for the Air Resources Board, declined to discuss what factors may contribute to the softening demand or whether the lawsuit played a role. But he said officials aren’t concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the program is functioning as it’s supposed to, and we anticipated that there would be ups and downs, as there always are in markets,” Clegern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Softening demand first appeared in February, when about 95 percent of the available credits were sold. It was the first time since quarterly auctions began in 2012 that any credits were left unsold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In last week’s auction, California and its trading partner, the Canadian province of Quebec, offered 67.7 million pollution credits for immediate use and 10 million for use in 2019 and beyond. California sold 6.1 million for current use, with all the revenue going to utilities, and 914,000 for future use, which netted the state only about $10 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plummeting demand for pollution credits comes as a state appeals court considers a challenge to the program by the California Chamber of Commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3rd District Court of Appeal in Sacramento asked for briefings in the case, which were filed this week, and could schedule oral arguments at any time, said Loren Kaye, who is handling the suit on behalf of the chamber. The chamber and Morning Star Packing Co. argue in the lawsuit that if the program is a tax, it is illegal because it was approved by a simple majority of the Legislature rather than the two-thirds majority that is needed to approve a tax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP writer Juliet Williams contributed.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on May 23, 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Since this story first aired, Yuriana Aguilar is now a postdoc in Chicago, continuing her cardiovascular research. She says she’s currently feeling very insecure about the fate of undocumented students like her once President-elect Trump takes office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever seen a beating heart, pulsing on its own for hours, outside of the body? I got to see one last week, after it had been removed from a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see that it’s still beating,” says 26-year-old Yuriana Aguilar, a newly minted Ph.D. in a white lab coat. “It’s a very impressive organ.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar is injecting a special dye into the heart, so she can look at the electrical signaling going on in the membrane of each cell. She's a researcher in a biomedical lab at UC Merced, the University of California’s newest campus. She’s also the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2016/undocumented-student-makes-history-phd\">first undocumented student\u003c/a> to get her doctorate at UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/265150534\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar is looking at mouse hearts to figure out what happens in the human heart just before sudden cardiac death, which kills hundreds of thousands of people each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Ariel Escobar, who runs the lab, says Aguilar is the best student he’s ever taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She presented her work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biophysics.org/Meetings/AnnualMeeting/tabid/85/Default.aspx\">Biophysical Society\u003c/a> meeting. She was the only student in that session. They were all full professors and chairmen of departments, and her!” he exclaims. “She’s superb, superb!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">DACA allowed Yuriana to get a temporary work permit. She has to renew it every two years, but has no path to permanent legal status.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Aguilar’s future is uncertain. She came to California from Mexico with her farmworker parents when she was 5. None of them have immigration papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody has the American dream,\" Aguilar says. “They think, ‘We’re going to strive, we’re going to have our own homes, our own businesses.' My parents have not been better off economically. But they see the American dream fulfilling in me. That keeps me going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar has worked her way through school picking watermelons, cleaning hotels and selling produce at flea markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are fears. I fear that if I’m in the flea market, and they're doing deportations or something, nobody's going to care that I have a title,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965233\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10965233 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-800x626.jpg\" alt=\"Yuriana Aguilar with her family in their squash field: (L-R) Arturo Aguilar, Yuriana and her daughter Victoria, Ana Torres, and Yuriana's husband, Ismael. Yuriana is the first undocumented student to graduate with a Ph.D. from UC Merced.\" width=\"800\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-800x626.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-400x313.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-1180x924.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-960x752.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuriana Aguilar with her family in their squash field: (L-R) Arturo Aguilar, Yuriana and her daughter Victoria, Ana Torres, and Yuriana's husband, Ismael. Yuriana is the first undocumented student to graduate with a Ph.D. from UC Merced. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate, Aguilar wasn’t eligible for many grants and scholarships. Her parents sold enchiladas and vegetables to help pay her costs. Once she got her bachelor's degree, she was working as an unpaid volunteer in the lab when the Obama administration announced\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\"> Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>, or DACA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember, I was here in the lab when I was watching the news about DACA. I cried,\" she says. \"I was here with the heart, so that was very emotional. To see that I could actually do this, that it would allow me to continue to work here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FkEmmd0lIiGlNtVKdEhyXBRcNUlU76bk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DACA allowed Aguilar to get a temporary work permit. She has to renew it every two years, but has no path to permanent legal status. Without that, she can't apply for a lot of government grants and fellowships. She also can't travel to visit the scientists she’s collaborated with in Brazil, Spain and Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you don’t have papers, you are very limited. But science just doesn’t have borders. That's very impressive to me. They don’t exist because that would limit the advancement of technologies and how much progress we’re making in the field,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/education/uc-merced/article77336967.html\">article\u003c/a> about her in the local Merced Sun-Star newspaper prompted a number of readers to write in, saying she shouldn't be at the university taking the space of a U.S. citizen, or that she should be deported. I asked her how she felt about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, you get discouraged, but I am used to hearing those comments. There are shortages of researchers and physicians. Definitely, if somebody's more qualified, go for it,\" says Aguilar. \"We all compete for the same spots.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Yuriana Explains Her Research With Mouse Hearts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/aKhlXw88wzI\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"She hasn’t taken anybody’s spot. She earned that,\" says Alex Delgadillo, who runs a \u003ca href=\"http://undoc.ucmerced.edu/\">special office at UC Merced \u003c/a> to help undocumented students, and to train faculty and staff about how to assist them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yuriana came here as an undergraduate, distinguished herself at her high school, she continued and excelled, did research here,\" says Delgadillo. \"She was up against competitive candidates, and she distinguished herself in that regard, just like any competitive candidate has to meet the rigorous requirements of a UC.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serving low-income immigrant students is core to UC Merced’s mission. About two-thirds of its students are the first in their family to go to college, and many are immigrants, like Aguilar. UC President Janet Napolitano recently\u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/uc-president-napolitano-proposes-multi-year-support-undocumented-students\"> earmarked $8.4 million \u003c/a>to expand support for undocumented students across the UC system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Did Two Farmworkers Put Five Kids Through College?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After working at the lab, Aguilar drives with her husband and 1-year-old daughter, Victoria, to visit her parents on their farm in West Fresno. It’s right in the heart of one the\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/23/worried-about-pollution-where-you-live-check-how-your-zip-code-ranks/\"> most impoverished ZIP codes \u003c/a>in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents rent a plot of land to raise goats and grow squash and cucumbers they sell at markets in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuriana's mother, Ana Torres, is a tough lady. She climbs a tall metal fence and leaps down into the goat pen to help a 3-day-old goat nurse on the mama goat she calls Bambi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10965237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"Ana Torres shows off a baby goat to her daughter Yuriana and granddaughter Victoria.\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Torres shows off a baby goat to her daughter Yuriana and granddaughter Victoria. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have to be tough,\" she tells me in Spanish. \"I raised five kids, and they’re all getting their degrees.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tending the goats and picking zucchini has destroyed Torres' fancy manicure. She normally doesn't get her nails done, she tells me, but two of her children graduated this week -- Yuriana with her doctorate, and a son as a pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Torres and her husband, Arturo Aguilar, what their secret is. How did two farmworker parents who didn’t finish elementary school put five kids through college?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd talk to them a lot, tell them they're smart,\" says Arturo. \"And we would pay them $20 for every A and B they got. They had to pay us $25 or $30 if they got an F. We had to work harder to earn more money if they got A's, but it was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if they didn't do a good job in school, they had to do longer shifts on the farm, picking spiny cactus. Ana and Arturo say they were tough on their kids, but loving, present, involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10965240 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-800x888.jpg\" alt=\"Farmworkers Arturo Aguilar and Ana Torres have put their five children through college, including Yuriana, UC Merced's first undocumented Ph.D.\" width=\"800\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-800x888.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-400x444.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-1180x1310.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-960x1066.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworkers Arturo Aguilar and Ana Torres have put their five children through college, including Yuriana, UC Merced's first undocumented Ph.D. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Arturo says a lot of immigrants come from Mexico wanting to buy fancy trucks or cars. \"But the best investment you can make is your children’s education,\" he says. \"A car or truck only stays new and shiny for a while. But a child’s education lasts their whole life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana Torres starts to cry as she tells me how proud she is of her daughter getting her Ph.D. She walks over to hug her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am crying, but they're happy tears,\" says Torres. \"Before, I was crying tears of sadness. Especially when Yuriana would call me to tell me that people cared more about her documents than about her intelligence or her perseverance in getting ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank you for believing in me,\" says Yuriana, \"even though there were so many obstacles in our way. I remember you always told me that no one can take away your education. The government may not give you papers, but they can’t take away your learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's right,\" says Torres. \"I always told you that learning lasts you your whole life. It's the only inheritance you're going to get from us, and as long as we have feet to stand on and hands to work, we’re going to support you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuriana Aguilar says she hopes to open her own medical research lab. She’s got faith that somehow she’ll find a path to citizenship. But even then, she won’t mind working in the fields sometimes -- or even buying a lot of land to farm someday. You have to do every job with dignity, she says, and with your heart.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on May 23, 2016.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UPDATE: Since this story first aired, Yuriana Aguilar is now a postdoc in Chicago, continuing her cardiovascular research. She says she’s currently feeling very insecure about the fate of undocumented students like her once President-elect Trump takes office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you ever seen a beating heart, pulsing on its own for hours, outside of the body? I got to see one last week, after it had been removed from a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see that it’s still beating,” says 26-year-old Yuriana Aguilar, a newly minted Ph.D. in a white lab coat. “It’s a very impressive organ.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar is injecting a special dye into the heart, so she can look at the electrical signaling going on in the membrane of each cell. She's a researcher in a biomedical lab at UC Merced, the University of California’s newest campus. She’s also the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/news/2016/undocumented-student-makes-history-phd\">first undocumented student\u003c/a> to get her doctorate at UC Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/265150534&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/265150534'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar is looking at mouse hearts to figure out what happens in the human heart just before sudden cardiac death, which kills hundreds of thousands of people each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professor Ariel Escobar, who runs the lab, says Aguilar is the best student he’s ever taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She presented her work at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biophysics.org/Meetings/AnnualMeeting/tabid/85/Default.aspx\">Biophysical Society\u003c/a> meeting. She was the only student in that session. They were all full professors and chairmen of departments, and her!” he exclaims. “She’s superb, superb!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">DACA allowed Yuriana to get a temporary work permit. She has to renew it every two years, but has no path to permanent legal status.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Aguilar’s future is uncertain. She came to California from Mexico with her farmworker parents when she was 5. None of them have immigration papers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody has the American dream,\" Aguilar says. “They think, ‘We’re going to strive, we’re going to have our own homes, our own businesses.' My parents have not been better off economically. But they see the American dream fulfilling in me. That keeps me going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aguilar has worked her way through school picking watermelons, cleaning hotels and selling produce at flea markets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are fears. I fear that if I’m in the flea market, and they're doing deportations or something, nobody's going to care that I have a title,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965233\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10965233 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-800x626.jpg\" alt=\"Yuriana Aguilar with her family in their squash field: (L-R) Arturo Aguilar, Yuriana and her daughter Victoria, Ana Torres, and Yuriana's husband, Ismael. Yuriana is the first undocumented student to graduate with a Ph.D. from UC Merced.\" width=\"800\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-800x626.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-400x313.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-1180x924.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsField-960x752.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yuriana Aguilar with her family in their squash field: (L-R) Arturo Aguilar, Yuriana and her daughter Victoria, Ana Torres, and Yuriana's husband, Ismael. Yuriana is the first undocumented student to graduate with a Ph.D. from UC Merced. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate, Aguilar wasn’t eligible for many grants and scholarships. Her parents sold enchiladas and vegetables to help pay her costs. Once she got her bachelor's degree, she was working as an unpaid volunteer in the lab when the Obama administration announced\u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-deferred-action-childhood-arrivals-daca\"> Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a>, or DACA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember, I was here in the lab when I was watching the news about DACA. I cried,\" she says. \"I was here with the heart, so that was very emotional. To see that I could actually do this, that it would allow me to continue to work here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DACA allowed Aguilar to get a temporary work permit. She has to renew it every two years, but has no path to permanent legal status. Without that, she can't apply for a lot of government grants and fellowships. She also can't travel to visit the scientists she’s collaborated with in Brazil, Spain and Argentina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you don’t have papers, you are very limited. But science just doesn’t have borders. That's very impressive to me. They don’t exist because that would limit the advancement of technologies and how much progress we’re making in the field,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercedsunstar.com/news/local/education/uc-merced/article77336967.html\">article\u003c/a> about her in the local Merced Sun-Star newspaper prompted a number of readers to write in, saying she shouldn't be at the university taking the space of a U.S. citizen, or that she should be deported. I asked her how she felt about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, you get discouraged, but I am used to hearing those comments. There are shortages of researchers and physicians. Definitely, if somebody's more qualified, go for it,\" says Aguilar. \"We all compete for the same spots.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Yuriana Explains Her Research With Mouse Hearts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/aKhlXw88wzI\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"She hasn’t taken anybody’s spot. She earned that,\" says Alex Delgadillo, who runs a \u003ca href=\"http://undoc.ucmerced.edu/\">special office at UC Merced \u003c/a> to help undocumented students, and to train faculty and staff about how to assist them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yuriana came here as an undergraduate, distinguished herself at her high school, she continued and excelled, did research here,\" says Delgadillo. \"She was up against competitive candidates, and she distinguished herself in that regard, just like any competitive candidate has to meet the rigorous requirements of a UC.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serving low-income immigrant students is core to UC Merced’s mission. About two-thirds of its students are the first in their family to go to college, and many are immigrants, like Aguilar. UC President Janet Napolitano recently\u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/press-room/uc-president-napolitano-proposes-multi-year-support-undocumented-students\"> earmarked $8.4 million \u003c/a>to expand support for undocumented students across the UC system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Did Two Farmworkers Put Five Kids Through College?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After working at the lab, Aguilar drives with her husband and 1-year-old daughter, Victoria, to visit her parents on their farm in West Fresno. It’s right in the heart of one the\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/23/worried-about-pollution-where-you-live-check-how-your-zip-code-ranks/\"> most impoverished ZIP codes \u003c/a>in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her parents rent a plot of land to raise goats and grow squash and cucumbers they sell at markets in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuriana's mother, Ana Torres, is a tough lady. She climbs a tall metal fence and leaps down into the goat pen to help a 3-day-old goat nurse on the mama goat she calls Bambi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10965237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-800x528.jpg\" alt=\"Ana Torres shows off a baby goat to her daughter Yuriana and granddaughter Victoria.\" width=\"800\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/BabyGoats-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ana Torres shows off a baby goat to her daughter Yuriana and granddaughter Victoria. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I have to be tough,\" she tells me in Spanish. \"I raised five kids, and they’re all getting their degrees.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tending the goats and picking zucchini has destroyed Torres' fancy manicure. She normally doesn't get her nails done, she tells me, but two of her children graduated this week -- Yuriana with her doctorate, and a son as a pilot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Torres and her husband, Arturo Aguilar, what their secret is. How did two farmworker parents who didn’t finish elementary school put five kids through college?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd talk to them a lot, tell them they're smart,\" says Arturo. \"And we would pay them $20 for every A and B they got. They had to pay us $25 or $30 if they got an F. We had to work harder to earn more money if they got A's, but it was worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if they didn't do a good job in school, they had to do longer shifts on the farm, picking spiny cactus. Ana and Arturo say they were tough on their kids, but loving, present, involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10965240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10965240 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-800x888.jpg\" alt=\"Farmworkers Arturo Aguilar and Ana Torres have put their five children through college, including Yuriana, UC Merced's first undocumented Ph.D.\" width=\"800\" height=\"888\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-800x888.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-400x444.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-1180x1310.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/AguilarsWSquash-960x1066.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworkers Arturo Aguilar and Ana Torres have put their five children through college, including Yuriana, UC Merced's first undocumented Ph.D. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Arturo says a lot of immigrants come from Mexico wanting to buy fancy trucks or cars. \"But the best investment you can make is your children’s education,\" he says. \"A car or truck only stays new and shiny for a while. But a child’s education lasts their whole life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ana Torres starts to cry as she tells me how proud she is of her daughter getting her Ph.D. She walks over to hug her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am crying, but they're happy tears,\" says Torres. \"Before, I was crying tears of sadness. Especially when Yuriana would call me to tell me that people cared more about her documents than about her intelligence or her perseverance in getting ahead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Thank you for believing in me,\" says Yuriana, \"even though there were so many obstacles in our way. I remember you always told me that no one can take away your education. The government may not give you papers, but they can’t take away your learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's right,\" says Torres. \"I always told you that learning lasts you your whole life. It's the only inheritance you're going to get from us, and as long as we have feet to stand on and hands to work, we’re going to support you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuriana Aguilar says she hopes to open her own medical research lab. She’s got faith that somehow she’ll find a path to citizenship. But even then, she won’t mind working in the fields sometimes -- or even buying a lot of land to farm someday. You have to do every job with dignity, she says, and with your heart.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers",
"headTitle": "Utilities Want To Plug In More Electric Drivers | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”7iRpbksr6A4bO4sLtkOgbq30DJPt3ZAJ”]By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Automakers plan to roll out more electric cars in the next few years. But will there be enough stations to charge them up? ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What region leads the nation in electric car sales? Here’s a hint, one of the city mayors drives a plug-in hybrid and Tesla Motors is located there. Well, that was kind of a big hint. Yes, the number one market for electric vehicle adoption is the San Francisco Bay Area (S.F. Mayor Ed Lee drives a Chevy Volt).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there are more than 100 public charging stations in San Francisco, electric car drivers can’t always find a place to plug in.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We need more chargers and we need them yesterday.’\u003ccite>Maureen Blanc, Charge Across Town\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Standing in front of city hall near a row of private chargers reserved for the city’s electric fleet, Maureen Blanc shakes her head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t see here, which is very frustrating and they are probably buried in the parking garage,” she says, “are the public chargers for everyday people to use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blanc says chargers are not always accessible. Many are inside parking garages where drivers have to pay to use them. Beyond that, she says, “There are a lot of broken chargers where you pull into a garage and they are broken or they are old.” Or, Blanc says, they are in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to grow the charging network in California, Blanc helped start an advocacy group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.chargeacrosstown.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charge Across Town\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though most of us charge at home,” she says, “you still want to know that when you’re traveling, whether it’s to Marin or the south bay or even up to Lake Tahoe, that you’re going to get there and not have to worry about finding an electric vehicle outlet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Electric Car Driver Maureen Blanc\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0170.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric car driver Maureen Blanc \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But chargers cost money, says Dan Sperling, a member of the California Air Resources Board. He stresses that building charging stations can be a tough business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of revenue generated is fifty cents, a dollar per charge,” he says, “and so you are not going to make a lot of money from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private companies have relied, in part, on federal and state grants to help build much of California’s public charging network and now some of those grants are running out. That’s tough timing for the state’s efforts to reach its ambitious clean air goals. California has set a goal of building an infrastructure to support a million clean cars by 2020 — that’s five times the number of electric cars on the roads now. So the public charging network is going to need to scale up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are just over 9,000 public charging points, or outlets, in California right now. Those include 120v and 220v stations, plus fast chargers, which juice up a car in less than 20 minutes. But to keep pace with efforts to get more electric cars on the roads, the state needs at least 40,000 more charging points by 2020, according to one estimate by the California Energy Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>By the way, those numbers don’t include Tesla’s proprietary network, which only Tesla drivers can access.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To give the electric car charging network another jump start, state regulators have invited California’s major utilities into the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E has submitted \u003ca href=\"http://greenlining.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/JtMotiontoAdoptSettlementAll-03-21-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a plan\u003c/a> to roll out thousands of electric car chargers across its service area, in central and northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our electric vehicle charging program is really targeted at multi-unit dwellings and workplace charging,” says PG&E vice president Aaron Johnson. “The idea is to deploy about 7500 chargers across that area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Here’s the Controversial Part\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PG&E wants to build, own and operate the charging stations itself. To do that, the utility wants to charge ratepayers 22 cents a month. Johnson says the plan is meant to make it easier for customers to communicate with PG&E for all of their charging needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The actual site host, the customer that is going to install the charging infrastructure, won’t have to work with multiple entities,” he explains. “They will be able to just work with us and then choose from a number of providers who are available, and we’ll also perform the maintenance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But PG&E’s proposal to own the stations does not sit well with private charging companies or utility reform groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_713859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-713859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_0118.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Mercer and Abdellah Cherkaoui with the electric car charging service, Volta \u003ccite>(Andrea Kissack/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“PG&E is charging rate payers for the capital expenses to build a charging network,” says Scott Mercer, CEO of Volta, a San Francisco start-up that builds free plug-in charging stations and makes its money by selling ads on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer believes PG&E’s plan is akin to a utility wanting to own a gas station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If PG&E came to me and said I would be required to pay to build the gasoline infrastructure that would give them a monopoly to profit on selling gasoline,” he says, “I’d feel a little weird about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercer says utilities can help open up under-served markets like apartment buildings but he thinks PG&E’s current proposal would stifle the growth of companies like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“EV charging is still very much in its early days,” he says, “so to hand over to a utility company what is a practical monopoly seems like a very dangerous thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> will decide on the PG&E plan this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Criminal Charges in 2015 Santa Barbara County Oil Spill",
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"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — A Texas pipeline company that spilled more than 140,000 gallons of crude oil on the California coast last year was indicted on dozens of criminal charges in the disaster that closed popular beaches and killed sea lions and birds, prosecutors said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains All American Pipeline and one of its employees face 46 counts of state law violations in the May 19, 2015, spill that initially went undetected when a severely corroded 2-foot-wide pipe ruptured and oil began pouring onto a pristine beach on the Santa Barbara coastline and flowing out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains was charged in Santa Barbara Superior Court with four felony counts of spilling oil in state waters and could face fines of up to $2.8 million if convicted of all the charges, prosecutors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264760658\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carelessness of Plains All American harmed hundreds of species and marine life off Refugio Beach,\" California Attorney General Kamala Harris said in a statement. \"This conduct is criminal, and today's charges serve as a powerful reminder of the consequences that flow from jeopardizing the well-being of our ecosystems and public health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill two weeks before Memorial Day weekend last year forced the state to close popular beaches as an oil plume spread nine miles into the Pacific Ocean. Tar balls from the oil washed up more than 100 miles away on Los Angeles County beaches and more than 220 birds, such as pelicans, and nearly 140 marine mammals, mostly sea lions, were found dead in the aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Houston-based company faces three dozen misdemeanor counts of harming wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"vRIRevVSJAMUA4xKMOrBkpPLUnlgCth9\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains said in a statement that the spill was an accident and believes no criminal behavior occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will demonstrate that the charges have no merit and represent an inappropriate attempt to criminalize an unfortunate accident,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill was a grim reminder of a much larger disaster in 1969 when an offshore oil rig blowout blackened Santa Barbara beaches, killed wildlife and created a backlash that helped give birth to the environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains rupture was the largest coastal oil spill in the U.S. since the BP's Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico six years ago killed 11 rig workers and spewed millions of gallons of crude. BP settled federal criminal charges by pleading guilty to 12 felony counts and two misdemeanors and reached a $20 billion settlement with the Justice Department for environmental damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains could still face federal criminal charges for last year's spill. The Department of Transportation's pipeline enforcement agency is expected to release results this spring of its year-long investigation into the disaster's cause and could issue fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial investigation results have pointed to a badly corroded pipeline that had undergone strength tests just weeks before the spill, but the results had not been analyzed before it broke. Preliminary reports also show it took hours for Plains to recognize what happened before notifying officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Plains employee and the company were charged in the indictment with misdemeanor counts of failing to report the spill quickly enough to state emergency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Buchanan, 41, the company's environmental and regulatory compliance specialist, faces up to three years if convicted of three counts, prosecutors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company and Buchanan are scheduled for arraignment June 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains said it had cooperated fully in the investigation, but Harris said at a news conference the company had been \"far less than cooperative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges were welcomed by environmental groups, who said it would hold the company accountable and send a strong message to other companies in the petroleum industry to eliminate the risk of spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many local residents didn't think Plains took the spill seriously even as a representative apologized at regular press conferences and the company sent postcards across the county to apologize \"for the inconvenience,\" said Linda Krop, chief counsel for the Environmental Defense Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That really insulted everybody,\" Krop said. \"It showed that they did not understand the magnitude of this and that they weren't taking responsibility the way they should.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline remains shutdown while the company makes repairs and federal regulators other actions necessary. In the meantime, seven offshore platforms, including three owned by Exxon Mobil, are idle because the pipeline delivered crude they produced to refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill is expected to cost the company $269 million, not counting lost revenue, according to the company's annual report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple class-action lawsuits from landowners, fishermen and business owners who say the spill crippled a thriving tourism industry are still pending. Some investors have filed suit alleging they were misled about the integrity of company pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated and corrected to reflect that the arraignment is scheduled June 2, not June 6.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Garske contributed to this story from Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — A Texas pipeline company that spilled more than 140,000 gallons of crude oil on the California coast last year was indicted on dozens of criminal charges in the disaster that closed popular beaches and killed sea lions and birds, prosecutors said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains All American Pipeline and one of its employees face 46 counts of state law violations in the May 19, 2015, spill that initially went undetected when a severely corroded 2-foot-wide pipe ruptured and oil began pouring onto a pristine beach on the Santa Barbara coastline and flowing out to sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains was charged in Santa Barbara Superior Court with four felony counts of spilling oil in state waters and could face fines of up to $2.8 million if convicted of all the charges, prosecutors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264760658&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264760658'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The carelessness of Plains All American harmed hundreds of species and marine life off Refugio Beach,\" California Attorney General Kamala Harris said in a statement. \"This conduct is criminal, and today's charges serve as a powerful reminder of the consequences that flow from jeopardizing the well-being of our ecosystems and public health.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill two weeks before Memorial Day weekend last year forced the state to close popular beaches as an oil plume spread nine miles into the Pacific Ocean. Tar balls from the oil washed up more than 100 miles away on Los Angeles County beaches and more than 220 birds, such as pelicans, and nearly 140 marine mammals, mostly sea lions, were found dead in the aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Houston-based company faces three dozen misdemeanor counts of harming wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains said in a statement that the spill was an accident and believes no criminal behavior occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will demonstrate that the charges have no merit and represent an inappropriate attempt to criminalize an unfortunate accident,\" the company said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill was a grim reminder of a much larger disaster in 1969 when an offshore oil rig blowout blackened Santa Barbara beaches, killed wildlife and created a backlash that helped give birth to the environmental movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains rupture was the largest coastal oil spill in the U.S. since the BP's Deepwater Horizon explosion in the Gulf of Mexico six years ago killed 11 rig workers and spewed millions of gallons of crude. BP settled federal criminal charges by pleading guilty to 12 felony counts and two misdemeanors and reached a $20 billion settlement with the Justice Department for environmental damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains could still face federal criminal charges for last year's spill. The Department of Transportation's pipeline enforcement agency is expected to release results this spring of its year-long investigation into the disaster's cause and could issue fines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial investigation results have pointed to a badly corroded pipeline that had undergone strength tests just weeks before the spill, but the results had not been analyzed before it broke. Preliminary reports also show it took hours for Plains to recognize what happened before notifying officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Plains employee and the company were charged in the indictment with misdemeanor counts of failing to report the spill quickly enough to state emergency officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Buchanan, 41, the company's environmental and regulatory compliance specialist, faces up to three years if convicted of three counts, prosecutors said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company and Buchanan are scheduled for arraignment June 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plains said it had cooperated fully in the investigation, but Harris said at a news conference the company had been \"far less than cooperative.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The charges were welcomed by environmental groups, who said it would hold the company accountable and send a strong message to other companies in the petroleum industry to eliminate the risk of spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many local residents didn't think Plains took the spill seriously even as a representative apologized at regular press conferences and the company sent postcards across the county to apologize \"for the inconvenience,\" said Linda Krop, chief counsel for the Environmental Defense Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That really insulted everybody,\" Krop said. \"It showed that they did not understand the magnitude of this and that they weren't taking responsibility the way they should.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipeline remains shutdown while the company makes repairs and federal regulators other actions necessary. In the meantime, seven offshore platforms, including three owned by Exxon Mobil, are idle because the pipeline delivered crude they produced to refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill is expected to cost the company $269 million, not counting lost revenue, according to the company's annual report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple class-action lawsuits from landowners, fishermen and business owners who say the spill crippled a thriving tourism industry are still pending. Some investors have filed suit alleging they were misled about the integrity of company pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated and corrected to reflect that the arraignment is scheduled June 2, not June 6.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Garske contributed to this story from Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Baby Bison Placed in Van by Yellowstone Tourists Is Euthanized",
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"content": "\u003cp>A story that started off as viral catnip highlighting the thoughtlessness of tourists took a dark turn on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/news/16024.htm\">The National Park Service announced\u003c/a> that a bison calf, which was put in the back of a van by tourists at Yellowstone National Park who thought it looked cold, had to be euthanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of the tourists went viral over the weekend after a picture of the baby bison in the van was posted online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eastidahonews.com/2016/05/yellowstone-tourists-worried-bison-calf-is-cold-so-they-put-it-in-their-car/\">East Idaho News reported\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"[Karen Richardson of Victor, who posted the picture,] says on Monday, as students were being taught at Lamar Buffalo Ranch, a father and son pulled up at the ranger station with a bison calf in their SUV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'They were demanding to speak with a ranger,' Richardson tells EastIdahoNews.com. 'They were seriously worried that the calf was freezing and dying.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rob Heusevelet, a father of a student, told the men to remove the bison from their car and warned they could be in trouble for having the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'They didn't care,' Heusevelet says. 'They sincerely thought they were doing a service and helping that calf by trying to save it from the cold.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The tourists were ticketed, but today the Park Service said that following the incident, the baby bison was rejected by its family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Interference by people can cause mothers to reject their offspring,\" the Park Service wrote in a statement. \"In this case, park rangers tried repeatedly to reunite the newborn bison calf with the herd. These efforts failed. The bison calf was later euthanized because it was abandoned and causing a dangerous situation by continually approaching people and cars along the roadway.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, by the way, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/29/476192259/the-bison-is-poised-to-become-the-u-s-national-mammal\">just became the U.S. national mammal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Baby+Bison+That+Was+Placed+In+A+Van+By+Tourists+In+Yellowstone+Is+Euthanized+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A story that started off as viral catnip highlighting the thoughtlessness of tourists took a dark turn on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/news/16024.htm\">The National Park Service announced\u003c/a> that a bison calf, which was put in the back of a van by tourists at Yellowstone National Park who thought it looked cold, had to be euthanized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of the tourists went viral over the weekend after a picture of the baby bison in the van was posted online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eastidahonews.com/2016/05/yellowstone-tourists-worried-bison-calf-is-cold-so-they-put-it-in-their-car/\">East Idaho News reported\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"[Karen Richardson of Victor, who posted the picture,] says on Monday, as students were being taught at Lamar Buffalo Ranch, a father and son pulled up at the ranger station with a bison calf in their SUV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'They were demanding to speak with a ranger,' Richardson tells EastIdahoNews.com. 'They were seriously worried that the calf was freezing and dying.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rob Heusevelet, a father of a student, told the men to remove the bison from their car and warned they could be in trouble for having the animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'They didn't care,' Heusevelet says. 'They sincerely thought they were doing a service and helping that calf by trying to save it from the cold.' \"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The tourists were ticketed, but today the Park Service said that following the incident, the baby bison was rejected by its family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Interference by people can cause mothers to reject their offspring,\" the Park Service wrote in a statement. \"In this case, park rangers tried repeatedly to reunite the newborn bison calf with the herd. These efforts failed. The bison calf was later euthanized because it was abandoned and causing a dangerous situation by continually approaching people and cars along the roadway.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bison, by the way, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/29/476192259/the-bison-is-poised-to-become-the-u-s-national-mammal\">just became the U.S. national mammal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Baby+Bison+That+Was+Placed+In+A+Van+By+Tourists+In+Yellowstone+Is+Euthanized+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Answering a reporter's call on Sunday, Contra Costa County beekeeper Norman Lott was asked if he was the man who had come face to face with an angry swarm of honeybees in Concord over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Butt to face is more like it,\" Lott said, referring to the fact the bees stung him repeatedly on Saturday as he tried to help contain the swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insects, which Lott and others say they believe to be hybridized \"killer\" bees known for their ferocious defensive behavior, were mostly eradicated by Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The killer bee episode began Friday, when a man living on the 3800 block of Hitchcock Drive tried to move a hive in his backyard. The bees responded aggressively to defend the hive -- a hallmark of the hybridized bees that are believed to have descended from \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/repositoryfiles/ca4601p18-69587.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a 1956 effort in Brazil\u003c/a> to cross European honeybees with honeybees from southern Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees fanned out from the backyard after the hive was disturbed, killing two small dogs in an adjacent yard and stinging people in the area. The resident of the Hitchcock Drive home reportedly responded by removing the hive from which the aggressive bees had emerged. Lott said that only made matters worse because, \"without a queen to cluster to,\" the angry bees were left roaming in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, bee attacks in the neighborhood were widespread enough that Concord police told residents to stay indoors and advised motorists driving through the area to keep their windows rolled up. Saturday night, most of the remaining hybridized bees were doused with soapy water, killing them, after they returned to the site of their former hive. By Sunday, the bee attacks were pretty much over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott kept several of the dead bees for DNA analysis, the only sure way of distinguishing the hybridized bees from their closely related domestic cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible appearance of the hybridized bees in Concord isn't a complete surprise. After emerging in Brazil in the late 1950s, the aggressive honeybees arrived in Texas in 1990 and reached Southern California in 1994. Last fall, researchers from UC San Diego who have been following the insects' northward progress through the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Killer-bees-found-in-the-Bay-Area-for-the-6535892.php\" target=\"_blank\">announced\u003c/a> they had found the hybrid bees outside Lafayette, near Briones Regional Park. The researchers also found hybridized bees at two places in eastern Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott said the aggressive bees pose a new challenge for beekeepers, who he said need to be vigilant in observing the behavior of their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only way to control their spread would be recognizing these bees, eradicating them or thinning out that bad DNA\" by replacing the queens in an aggressive hive, Lott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott, who's in his mid-60s, said he's been raising bees in and near Concord since he was 10 years old. The hybridized bees, he said, are just the latest challenge for Bay Area beekeepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic honeybees have been beset by what \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029639\" target=\"_blank\">a 2012 study\u003c/a> called \"numerous pathogens and parasites,\" leading to a phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/News/docs.htm?docid=15572\" target=\"_blank\">colony collapse disorder\u003c/a> and leading to a widespread shortage of bees for pollinating crops in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was a kid growing up in Concord, being a beekeeper was easy, so easy,\" Lott said. \"No diseases to worry about. They requeened themselves. It's totally different now.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Answering a reporter's call on Sunday, Contra Costa County beekeeper Norman Lott was asked if he was the man who had come face to face with an angry swarm of honeybees in Concord over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Butt to face is more like it,\" Lott said, referring to the fact the bees stung him repeatedly on Saturday as he tried to help contain the swarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The insects, which Lott and others say they believe to be hybridized \"killer\" bees known for their ferocious defensive behavior, were mostly eradicated by Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The killer bee episode began Friday, when a man living on the 3800 block of Hitchcock Drive tried to move a hive in his backyard. The bees responded aggressively to defend the hive -- a hallmark of the hybridized bees that are believed to have descended from \u003ca href=\"http://ucanr.edu/repositoryfiles/ca4601p18-69587.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">a 1956 effort in Brazil\u003c/a> to cross European honeybees with honeybees from southern Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bees fanned out from the backyard after the hive was disturbed, killing two small dogs in an adjacent yard and stinging people in the area. The resident of the Hitchcock Drive home reportedly responded by removing the hive from which the aggressive bees had emerged. Lott said that only made matters worse because, \"without a queen to cluster to,\" the angry bees were left roaming in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday, bee attacks in the neighborhood were widespread enough that Concord police told residents to stay indoors and advised motorists driving through the area to keep their windows rolled up. Saturday night, most of the remaining hybridized bees were doused with soapy water, killing them, after they returned to the site of their former hive. By Sunday, the bee attacks were pretty much over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott kept several of the dead bees for DNA analysis, the only sure way of distinguishing the hybridized bees from their closely related domestic cousins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possible appearance of the hybridized bees in Concord isn't a complete surprise. After emerging in Brazil in the late 1950s, the aggressive honeybees arrived in Texas in 1990 and reached Southern California in 1994. Last fall, researchers from UC San Diego who have been following the insects' northward progress through the state \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Killer-bees-found-in-the-Bay-Area-for-the-6535892.php\" target=\"_blank\">announced\u003c/a> they had found the hybrid bees outside Lafayette, near Briones Regional Park. The researchers also found hybridized bees at two places in eastern Solano County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott said the aggressive bees pose a new challenge for beekeepers, who he said need to be vigilant in observing the behavior of their hives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only way to control their spread would be recognizing these bees, eradicating them or thinning out that bad DNA\" by replacing the queens in an aggressive hive, Lott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lott, who's in his mid-60s, said he's been raising bees in and near Concord since he was 10 years old. The hybridized bees, he said, are just the latest challenge for Bay Area beekeepers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Domestic honeybees have been beset by what \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0029639\" target=\"_blank\">a 2012 study\u003c/a> called \"numerous pathogens and parasites,\" leading to a phenomenon called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/News/docs.htm?docid=15572\" target=\"_blank\">colony collapse disorder\u003c/a> and leading to a widespread shortage of bees for pollinating crops in California and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was a kid growing up in Concord, being a beekeeper was easy, so easy,\" Lott said. \"No diseases to worry about. They requeened themselves. It's totally different now.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The World According to Sound: Mud You'll Want to Listen To",
"title": "The World According to Sound: Mud You'll Want to Listen To",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>All day we had been driving down streets lined with abandoned homes and undeveloped lots. We stopped to photograph the thousands and thousands of dead fish washed up onshore. It was hot and they were rotting. We met an old man sitting at a desk chair nailed to the end of a wooden dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Salton Sea is drying up,” he said, “and no one cares.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we talked the wind picked up, blowing polluted, powdery soil off the exposed seabed and into our faces. On the way out of town we saw a brown sign advertising mud pots, a tourist attraction. So we went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033749\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea is a perfect habitat for mud pots. The area has a \u003ca href=\"http://saltonseamuseum.org/salton_sea_history.html\">peculiar history\u003c/a>. It was once an inland sea, then the delta of the Colorado River. Since the turn of the 20th century it has been a man-made salt lake surrounded by farms. The sea had a brief moment in the 1950s as a resort spot. Real estate boomed, then busted. Today, people come to gawk at the post-apocalyptic landscape and a community of drifters that \u003ca href=\"http://www.salvationmountain.us/\">painted a mountain for Jesus\u003c/a>. Some, though, come to see mud pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-10953528\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Mud pots have a lot to say.\" width=\"376\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson-400x600.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mud pots have a lot to say. \u003ccite>(Gundi Vigfusson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mud pots, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/mudpots.htm\">like these in Yosemite\u003c/a>, form when there is the right combination of geothermal activity, particulate soil and lack of water. The Salton Sea has plenty of geothermal activity. Geothermal power plants circle the shore, marking the landscape with their giant plumes of steam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of soil, the silty, toxic old seabed is so fine that gusts of wind turn into hazardous duststorms that now \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/11/the-airborne-toxic-lake-event/414888/\">pose a health crisis\u003c/a> for nearby towns. As for water, there’s not much around here besides the increasingly salty sea liquid that has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/us/salton-sea-is-blamed-for-southern-california-stench.html?_r=0\">killed countless tilapia\u003c/a>. It’s a bad place for fish, but a great one for mud pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We followed the road sign toward the edge of the Salton Sea. The dirt road led to piles of hardened mud, some taller than a man. In the background, a large industrial plant let out a plume of steam, the only landmark on the flat landscape. It was quiet when we shut off the car. That was when we heard one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A burst of steam came up through a pool of silty slurry. We watched mud spurt into the air, shot from below by geothermal heat. There were mud pots all around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" size=\"full\" ids=\"10953549,10953548,10953551,10953550,10953553,10953554,10953527,10953555,10953552,10953556\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud pots make a great range of noises -- pipping, plopping, plooping sounds. Some speak slowly, some fast. Each pot has its own particular personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recorded some two dozen of these mud pots and mixed together all their different songs. If you want to see a pretty rad short movie that features Salton Sea mud pot footage from the 1940s, check out “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1aL6iavv70\">On The Edge\u003c/a>.” For a more modern take, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9hUsVq9q7U\">here are mud pots\u003c/a> in Yosemite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from our friends Chris Hoff and Sam Harnett at \u003ca href=\"http://www.theworldaccordingtosound.org\">The World According to Sound\u003c/a>. Check out their podcast for more unexpected and delightful audio treats.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photos by the inimitable Icelandic photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.vigfusson.com/#/\">Gundi Vigfusson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All day we had been driving down streets lined with abandoned homes and undeveloped lots. We stopped to photograph the thousands and thousands of dead fish washed up onshore. It was hot and they were rotting. We met an old man sitting at a desk chair nailed to the end of a wooden dock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Salton Sea is drying up,” he said, “and no one cares.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we talked the wind picked up, blowing polluted, powdery soil off the exposed seabed and into our faces. On the way out of town we saw a brown sign advertising mud pots, a tourist attraction. So we went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033749&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033749'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Salton Sea is a perfect habitat for mud pots. The area has a \u003ca href=\"http://saltonseamuseum.org/salton_sea_history.html\">peculiar history\u003c/a>. It was once an inland sea, then the delta of the Colorado River. Since the turn of the 20th century it has been a man-made salt lake surrounded by farms. The sea had a brief moment in the 1950s as a resort spot. Real estate boomed, then busted. Today, people come to gawk at the post-apocalyptic landscape and a community of drifters that \u003ca href=\"http://www.salvationmountain.us/\">painted a mountain for Jesus\u003c/a>. Some, though, come to see mud pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-10953528\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"Mud pots have a lot to say.\" width=\"376\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/Sam-Harnett-interviewing-a-mud-pot.-Photo-by-Gundi-Vigfusson-400x600.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mud pots have a lot to say. \u003ccite>(Gundi Vigfusson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mud pots, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/mudpots.htm\">like these in Yosemite\u003c/a>, form when there is the right combination of geothermal activity, particulate soil and lack of water. The Salton Sea has plenty of geothermal activity. Geothermal power plants circle the shore, marking the landscape with their giant plumes of steam. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In terms of soil, the silty, toxic old seabed is so fine that gusts of wind turn into hazardous duststorms that now \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/11/the-airborne-toxic-lake-event/414888/\">pose a health crisis\u003c/a> for nearby towns. As for water, there’s not much around here besides the increasingly salty sea liquid that has \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/us/salton-sea-is-blamed-for-southern-california-stench.html?_r=0\">killed countless tilapia\u003c/a>. It’s a bad place for fish, but a great one for mud pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We followed the road sign toward the edge of the Salton Sea. The dirt road led to piles of hardened mud, some taller than a man. In the background, a large industrial plant let out a plume of steam, the only landmark on the flat landscape. It was quiet when we shut off the car. That was when we heard one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A burst of steam came up through a pool of silty slurry. We watched mud spurt into the air, shot from below by geothermal heat. There were mud pots all around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mud pots make a great range of noises -- pipping, plopping, plooping sounds. Some speak slowly, some fast. Each pot has its own particular personality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recorded some two dozen of these mud pots and mixed together all their different songs. If you want to see a pretty rad short movie that features Salton Sea mud pot footage from the 1940s, check out “\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1aL6iavv70\">On The Edge\u003c/a>.” For a more modern take, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9hUsVq9q7U\">here are mud pots\u003c/a> in Yosemite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from our friends Chris Hoff and Sam Harnett at \u003ca href=\"http://www.theworldaccordingtosound.org\">The World According to Sound\u003c/a>. Check out their podcast for more unexpected and delightful audio treats.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photos by the inimitable Icelandic photographer \u003ca href=\"http://www.vigfusson.com/#/\">Gundi Vigfusson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "After Rough Fire, Millions of Giant Sequoia Seedlings Take Root",
"title": "After Rough Fire, Millions of Giant Sequoia Seedlings Take Root",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The lightning-sparked \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/x08/18/campgrounds-closed-as-fast-moving-sierra-fire-burns-20000-acres\" target=\"_blank\">Rough Fire\u003c/a> burned last year for more than five months, consuming over 150,000 acres of forest in the Sierra Nevada. Now, after a wet winter, the charred forest is slowly coming back to life -- and the first signs of growth are the tiniest of seedlings that may become the world’s largest trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 the Rough Fire in the mountains east of Fresno grew so large that it threatened 12 different giant sequoia groves. Unlike the millions of pine and fir trees that were decimated by the blaze, giant sequoia trees weren’t taken out altogether. Instead, the Rough Fire actually helped them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a lot of the sequoia groves that burned in the Rough Fire that had never seen fire,” says Tony Caprio, a fire ecologist with Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. \"So those trees have been accumulating cones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033916\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Rough Fire crept through these groves, Caprio says the fire burned the cones, unleashing oatmeal-like seeds into the fertile soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get a pulse of heat up into the crown, it dries those cones and then they will open up and release the seeds. Following the fire in the groves, the ground was littered with just millions and millions of seeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953941\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10953941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The Rough Fire tore through 8,888 aces of giant sequoia groves.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rough Fire tore through 8,888 aces of giant sequoia groves. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caprio, a few other scientists and I are hiking the 1½-mile North Grove Trail in Grant Grove. Caprio says many giant sequoias withstood the Rough Fire because the Park Service used prescribed burns to decrease the chance of high-intensity blazes. The other reason is the sequoia's fibrous bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a lot of air pockets in it,\" Caprio says. \"If you come over here and actually knock on it, it actually sounds hollow. So the heat from the fire doesn’t penetrate the tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little farther down the trail there’s a clear delineation of how prescribed burns can help preserve the landscape. National Park Service Fire Information Officer Mike Theune points to an area west of the trail where everything is charred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fire was so hot,\" says Theune. \"It came up this hill. This is not a place you would want to be. So there was some tree mortality in this inner part.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area not too far from the famous General Grant Tree was never intentionally burned to reduce the hazards of wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YhmbUXMGwTeHNoJHo0pavuA75n2IHsiU\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can really see how hot it got in there, up in the canopies, even the giant sequoias,” Theune says. “That’s the heat of the fire. Up to your left you’ll see green. This is an area where the fire literally hit one of our prescribed fire treatments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire approached this previously treated area the blaze slowed down, preventing damage to the core of Grant Grove. But despite how dead and scorched this area looks today, at our feet are signs of the forest ready to regenerate itself. All those seeds that the fire unlocked are beginning to sprout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>MIKE THEUNE: “They’re really tiny. Almost smaller than your pinky finger.”\u003cbr>\nEZRA ROMERO: “Do you see one down here?”\u003cbr>\nTHEUNE: “Oh, yeah. I can point them out. They’re little tiny, green... That’s a baby sequoia there. Eventually over 1,000 plus years, one of these baby sequoias will be one of our new giant sequoias.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He also says so many seeds have germinated that clusters of seedlings are growing up together, which he says usually doesn’t happen. By next year Theune and Caprio expect the seedlings to be joined by ferns and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10953980\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sequoia seeds are released from their cones when fire burns them -- and they look a little like oatmeal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant sequoia seeds are released from their cones when fire burns them -- and they look a little like oatmeal. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It’ll look like there’s a green lawn out there with all the little sequoia seedlings,\" Caprio says. \"The thing we have to think about in the future is how we manage fire in that area, because we want some of those to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says a prescribed burn a few years ago in another giant sequoia grove taught them how important fire is in thinning out young seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine if none of these trees never got thinned out how dense of a forest it would be,\" Theune says. \"So this process takes generations of time. It’s slow, but this is the process of the forest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also hope to apply those lessons to this grove, so in 1,000 years these little seedlings could be some of the largest trees in the world.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/people/ezra-david-romero\">Ezra David Romero\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://kvpr.org/\">Valley Public Radio\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The lightning-sparked \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/x08/18/campgrounds-closed-as-fast-moving-sierra-fire-burns-20000-acres\" target=\"_blank\">Rough Fire\u003c/a> burned last year for more than five months, consuming over 150,000 acres of forest in the Sierra Nevada. Now, after a wet winter, the charred forest is slowly coming back to life -- and the first signs of growth are the tiniest of seedlings that may become the world’s largest trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015 the Rough Fire in the mountains east of Fresno grew so large that it threatened 12 different giant sequoia groves. Unlike the millions of pine and fir trees that were decimated by the blaze, giant sequoia trees weren’t taken out altogether. Instead, the Rough Fire actually helped them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a lot of the sequoia groves that burned in the Rough Fire that had never seen fire,” says Tony Caprio, a fire ecologist with Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. \"So those trees have been accumulating cones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033916&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/264033916'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the Rough Fire crept through these groves, Caprio says the fire burned the cones, unleashing oatmeal-like seeds into the fertile soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get a pulse of heat up into the crown, it dries those cones and then they will open up and release the seeds. Following the fire in the groves, the ground was littered with just millions and millions of seeds.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953941\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10953941\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The Rough Fire tore through 8,888 aces of giant sequoia groves.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/BurnedSequoia-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Rough Fire tore through 8,888 aces of giant sequoia groves. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Caprio, a few other scientists and I are hiking the 1½-mile North Grove Trail in Grant Grove. Caprio says many giant sequoias withstood the Rough Fire because the Park Service used prescribed burns to decrease the chance of high-intensity blazes. The other reason is the sequoia's fibrous bark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a lot of air pockets in it,\" Caprio says. \"If you come over here and actually knock on it, it actually sounds hollow. So the heat from the fire doesn’t penetrate the tree.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little farther down the trail there’s a clear delineation of how prescribed burns can help preserve the landscape. National Park Service Fire Information Officer Mike Theune points to an area west of the trail where everything is charred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fire was so hot,\" says Theune. \"It came up this hill. This is not a place you would want to be. So there was some tree mortality in this inner part.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This area not too far from the famous General Grant Tree was never intentionally burned to reduce the hazards of wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can really see how hot it got in there, up in the canopies, even the giant sequoias,” Theune says. “That’s the heat of the fire. Up to your left you’ll see green. This is an area where the fire literally hit one of our prescribed fire treatments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the fire approached this previously treated area the blaze slowed down, preventing damage to the core of Grant Grove. But despite how dead and scorched this area looks today, at our feet are signs of the forest ready to regenerate itself. All those seeds that the fire unlocked are beginning to sprout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>MIKE THEUNE: “They’re really tiny. Almost smaller than your pinky finger.”\u003cbr>\nEZRA ROMERO: “Do you see one down here?”\u003cbr>\nTHEUNE: “Oh, yeah. I can point them out. They’re little tiny, green... That’s a baby sequoia there. Eventually over 1,000 plus years, one of these baby sequoias will be one of our new giant sequoias.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He also says so many seeds have germinated that clusters of seedlings are growing up together, which he says usually doesn’t happen. By next year Theune and Caprio expect the seedlings to be joined by ferns and other plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10953980\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10953980\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-800x529.jpg\" alt=\"Giant sequoia seeds are released from their cones when fire burns them -- and they look a little like oatmeal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-800x529.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-1180x780.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/05/SequoiaSeeds-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant sequoia seeds are released from their cones when fire burns them -- and they look a little like oatmeal. \u003ccite>(Ezra David Romero/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It’ll look like there’s a green lawn out there with all the little sequoia seedlings,\" Caprio says. \"The thing we have to think about in the future is how we manage fire in that area, because we want some of those to survive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says a prescribed burn a few years ago in another giant sequoia grove taught them how important fire is in thinning out young seedlings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Imagine if none of these trees never got thinned out how dense of a forest it would be,\" Theune says. \"So this process takes generations of time. It’s slow, but this is the process of the forest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also hope to apply those lessons to this grove, so in 1,000 years these little seedlings could be some of the largest trees in the world.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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