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"disqusTitle": "Whaaaa? Little Evidence that Flossing Works",
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"content": "\u003cp>It's one of the most universal recommendations in all of public health: Floss daily to prevent gum disease and cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except there's little proof that flossing works.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In a letter to the Associated Press, the federal government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, the federal government, dental organizations and manufacturers of floss have pushed the practice for decades. Dentists provide samples to their patients, and the American Dental Association insists on its website that \"flossing is an essential part of taking care of your teeth and gums.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has recommended flossing since 1979, first in a surgeon general's report and later in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans issued every five years. The guidelines must be based on scientific evidence, under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Associated Press asked the departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture for their evidence, and followed up with written requests under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the federal government issued its latest dietary guidelines this year, the flossing recommendation had been removed, without notice. In a letter to the AP, the government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP looked at the most rigorous research conducted over the past decade, focusing on 25 studies that generally compared the use of a toothbrush with the combination of toothbrushes and floss. The findings? The evidence for flossing is \"weak, very unreliable,\" of \"very low\" quality, and carries \"a moderate to large potential for bias.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of available studies fail to demonstrate that flossing is generally effective in plaque removal,\" said one review conducted last year. Another 2015 review cites \"inconsistent/weak evidence\" for flossing and a \"lack of efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study review in 2011 did credit floss with a slight reduction in gum inflammation — which can sometimes develop over time into full-fledged gum disease. However, the reviewers ranked the evidence as \"very unreliable.\" A commentary in a dental magazine stated that any benefit would be so minute it might not be noticed by users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two leading professional groups — the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Periodontology, for specialists in gum disease and implants — cited other studies as proof of their claims that flossing prevents buildup of gunk known as plaque, early gum inflammation called gingivitis and tooth decay. However, most of these studies used outdated methods or tested few people. Some lasted only two weeks, far too brief for a cavity or dental disease to develop. One tested 25 people after only a single use of floss. Such research, like the reviewed studies, focused on warning signs like bleeding and inflammation, barely dealing with gum disease or cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wayne Aldredge, president of the periodontists' group, acknowledged the weak scientific evidence and the brief duration of many studies. In an interview at his private practice in New Jersey, he said that the impact of floss might be clearer if researchers focused on patients at highest risk of gum disease, such as diabetics and smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he urges his patients to floss to help avoid gum disease. \"It's like building a house and not painting two sides of it,\" he said. \"Ultimately those two sides are going to rot away quicker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldredge also said many people use floss incorrectly, moving it in a sawing motion instead of up and down the sides of the teeth. Pressed about the origins of his organization's endorsement of flossing, he said it may simply have \"taken the ADA's lead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the ADA was asked for proof of its claim that flossing helps prevent early gum disease and cavities, the group cited the 2011 review and a 2008 two-week study that measured bacteria and did not even consider gum disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a later statement to the AP, the ADA said flossing \"removes plaque\" and \"is proven to help remove\" debris from between teeth. A video on its website proclaims that flossing \"helps prevent gum disease.\" When pressed, Matthew J. Messina, a practicing dentist and spokesman for the dental association, acknowledged weak evidence, but he blamed research participants who didn't floss correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even companies with a big market share of the flossing business — by next year, the global market is predicted to reach almost $2 billion, with half in the United States, according to publisher MarketSizeInfo.com — struggled to provide convincing evidence of their claims that floss reduces plaque or gingivitis. Yet the industry has paid for most studies and sometimes designed and conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Procter & Gamble, which claims that its floss fights plaque and gingivitis, pointed to a two-week study, which was discounted as irrelevant in the 2011 research review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson spokesman Marc Boston said floss helps remove plaque. When the AP sent him a list of contradicting studies, he declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The floss-making companies partner with the ADA through its Seal of Acceptance program. The ADA promotes the seal to companies as something that \"directly affects the purchase decisions of consumers,\" and each manufacturer is charged $14,500 for the evaluation. If it approves the product, the ADA then charges an additional annual fee of $3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA says it rigorously evaluates products and makes no profit from the program. However, floss companies themselves are allowed to design the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The funding can come from companies — no problem at all,\" said dentist Marcelo W.B. Araujo, vice president of the ADA's Science Institute, who joined the organization after serving as an executive for Johnson & Johnson. \"The design can start from the company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flossing first gained acceptance, no proof was required of remedies. Dentist Levi Spear Parmly is credited with inventing floss in the early 19th century. By the time the first floss patent was issued, in 1874, the applicant noted that dentists were widely recommending its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA has been promoting floss universally since 1908. \"They just looked into what they did every day in their clinical practice and what they would recommend for patients,\" said Araujo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count dentist Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, among the skeptics. \"It's important to tell people to do the basics. Flossing is not part of the basics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floss can occasionally cause harm. Careless flossing can damage gums, teeth and dental work. Though frequency is unclear, floss can dislodge bad bacteria that invade the bloodstream and cause dangerous infections, especially in people with weak immunity, according to the medical literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Institutes of Health dentist Tim Iafolla acknowledged that if the highest standards of science were applied in keeping with the flossing reviews of the past decade, \"then it would be appropriate to drop the floss guidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, he added, Americans should still floss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's low risk, low cost,\" he said. \"We know there's a possibility that it works, so we feel comfortable telling people to go ahead and do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's one of the most universal recommendations in all of public health: Floss daily to prevent gum disease and cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except there's little proof that flossing works.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">In a letter to the Associated Press, the federal government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Still, the federal government, dental organizations and manufacturers of floss have pushed the practice for decades. Dentists provide samples to their patients, and the American Dental Association insists on its website that \"flossing is an essential part of taking care of your teeth and gums.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has recommended flossing since 1979, first in a surgeon general's report and later in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans issued every five years. The guidelines must be based on scientific evidence, under the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the Associated Press asked the departments of Health and Human Services and Agriculture for their evidence, and followed up with written requests under the Freedom of Information Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the federal government issued its latest dietary guidelines this year, the flossing recommendation had been removed, without notice. In a letter to the AP, the government acknowledged the effectiveness of flossing had never been researched, as required.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP looked at the most rigorous research conducted over the past decade, focusing on 25 studies that generally compared the use of a toothbrush with the combination of toothbrushes and floss. The findings? The evidence for flossing is \"weak, very unreliable,\" of \"very low\" quality, and carries \"a moderate to large potential for bias.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The majority of available studies fail to demonstrate that flossing is generally effective in plaque removal,\" said one review conducted last year. Another 2015 review cites \"inconsistent/weak evidence\" for flossing and a \"lack of efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One study review in 2011 did credit floss with a slight reduction in gum inflammation — which can sometimes develop over time into full-fledged gum disease. However, the reviewers ranked the evidence as \"very unreliable.\" A commentary in a dental magazine stated that any benefit would be so minute it might not be noticed by users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two leading professional groups — the American Dental Association and the American Academy of Periodontology, for specialists in gum disease and implants — cited other studies as proof of their claims that flossing prevents buildup of gunk known as plaque, early gum inflammation called gingivitis and tooth decay. However, most of these studies used outdated methods or tested few people. Some lasted only two weeks, far too brief for a cavity or dental disease to develop. One tested 25 people after only a single use of floss. Such research, like the reviewed studies, focused on warning signs like bleeding and inflammation, barely dealing with gum disease or cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wayne Aldredge, president of the periodontists' group, acknowledged the weak scientific evidence and the brief duration of many studies. In an interview at his private practice in New Jersey, he said that the impact of floss might be clearer if researchers focused on patients at highest risk of gum disease, such as diabetics and smokers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he urges his patients to floss to help avoid gum disease. \"It's like building a house and not painting two sides of it,\" he said. \"Ultimately those two sides are going to rot away quicker.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aldredge also said many people use floss incorrectly, moving it in a sawing motion instead of up and down the sides of the teeth. Pressed about the origins of his organization's endorsement of flossing, he said it may simply have \"taken the ADA's lead.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the ADA was asked for proof of its claim that flossing helps prevent early gum disease and cavities, the group cited the 2011 review and a 2008 two-week study that measured bacteria and did not even consider gum disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a later statement to the AP, the ADA said flossing \"removes plaque\" and \"is proven to help remove\" debris from between teeth. A video on its website proclaims that flossing \"helps prevent gum disease.\" When pressed, Matthew J. Messina, a practicing dentist and spokesman for the dental association, acknowledged weak evidence, but he blamed research participants who didn't floss correctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even companies with a big market share of the flossing business — by next year, the global market is predicted to reach almost $2 billion, with half in the United States, according to publisher MarketSizeInfo.com — struggled to provide convincing evidence of their claims that floss reduces plaque or gingivitis. Yet the industry has paid for most studies and sometimes designed and conducted the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Procter & Gamble, which claims that its floss fights plaque and gingivitis, pointed to a two-week study, which was discounted as irrelevant in the 2011 research review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnson & Johnson spokesman Marc Boston said floss helps remove plaque. When the AP sent him a list of contradicting studies, he declined comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The floss-making companies partner with the ADA through its Seal of Acceptance program. The ADA promotes the seal to companies as something that \"directly affects the purchase decisions of consumers,\" and each manufacturer is charged $14,500 for the evaluation. If it approves the product, the ADA then charges an additional annual fee of $3,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA says it rigorously evaluates products and makes no profit from the program. However, floss companies themselves are allowed to design the studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The funding can come from companies — no problem at all,\" said dentist Marcelo W.B. Araujo, vice president of the ADA's Science Institute, who joined the organization after serving as an executive for Johnson & Johnson. \"The design can start from the company.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When flossing first gained acceptance, no proof was required of remedies. Dentist Levi Spear Parmly is credited with inventing floss in the early 19th century. By the time the first floss patent was issued, in 1874, the applicant noted that dentists were widely recommending its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ADA has been promoting floss universally since 1908. \"They just looked into what they did every day in their clinical practice and what they would recommend for patients,\" said Araujo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Count dentist Damien Walmsley, scientific adviser to the British Dental Association, among the skeptics. \"It's important to tell people to do the basics. Flossing is not part of the basics.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Floss can occasionally cause harm. Careless flossing can damage gums, teeth and dental work. Though frequency is unclear, floss can dislodge bad bacteria that invade the bloodstream and cause dangerous infections, especially in people with weak immunity, according to the medical literature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National Institutes of Health dentist Tim Iafolla acknowledged that if the highest standards of science were applied in keeping with the flossing reviews of the past decade, \"then it would be appropriate to drop the floss guidelines.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless, he added, Americans should still floss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's low risk, low cost,\" he said. \"We know there's a possibility that it works, so we feel comfortable telling people to go ahead and do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Microfibers: How the Tiny Threads in Our Clothes Are Polluting the Bay",
"headTitle": "Microfibers: How the Tiny Threads in Our Clothes Are Polluting the Bay | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>One of the major sources of microplastic pollution in the San Francisco Bay comes from something you might not expect: our laundry. Turns out, our clothes shed thousands of fibers every time they’re washed. And in our synthetic clothes, those fibers are made of plastic. They slough off of the fleece jackets, athletic clothes, and even jeggings that make life in this land of microclimates a little more comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These fibers are a bit longer, and they’re loopy, and they can get caught in the digestive tract or in the stomach. They can cause an animal to starve or stop eating.’\u003ccite>Chelsea Rochman, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Microplastics—which are plastic fragments, pellets, and films smaller than 0.2 inches—raise concerns because they become a magnet for the chemicals that linger in our water: pesticides, flame retardants, even the DDT that was banned decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best-known culprit, the plastic microbead found in personal care products, has been banned—first in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/governor-signs-23-enviro-bills-including-microbead-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> and New York, and then federally in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/science/ban-on-microbeads-proves-easy-to-pass-through-pipeline.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">impressively swift time period\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But microfibers present a unique threat, and the solution is far less clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny, Contaminated Ropes\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay tested the effluent of eight wastewater treatment plants last year and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/microplasticfacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that 80 percent of the microplastics and other microscopic particles were fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what proportion of these fibers were synthetic or natural—synthetic fibers like polyester or acrylic are categorized as “microplastics” and, like other microplastics, do not break down in the water. But, plastic or not, the microfibers are a cause for concern. Once they enter the water, they can absorb chemicals and might work their way up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”ba2ASsZ8eqj98efYVzXMGyqbwXXXxZdW”]Most of the animals in the water are tiny. They also evolved in a world where they haven’t had to distinguish between a nutritious piece of plankton and a contaminant-laden plastic pellet. These animals mistake small manmade particles for food, potentially allowing contaminants to accumulate as they make their way from the base of the food web to the apex predator: humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the fibers are, indeed, working their way into our marine food chain. When UC Davis researchers looked into the guts of fish from a market in Half Moon Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they found\u003c/a> that 25 percent of the fish were carrying\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>manmade debris; fibers made up 80 percent of this debris. Fibers were also found in one-third of the oysters the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microfibers are unique among marine debris for two reasons. The first is their shape; most microplastics exist as small spheres or fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These fibers are a bit longer, and they’re loopy, and they can get caught in the digestive tract or in the stomach,” says Chelsea Rochman, the lead scientist behind the UC Davis study. “They can cause an animal to starve or stop eating, or can actually loop around the organ.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about the large sources of plastic pollution you hear about—the buoys, nets, or fishing lines that entangle sea turtles or whales. Microfibers are essentially the shrunken-down version of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you could say a whale with a big rope isn’t that different from plankton with a small fiber,” Rochman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884447 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic fibers are released from synthetic clothes every time they are washed, and likely make their way into the marine food web.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic fibers are released from synthetic clothes every time they are washed, and likely make their way into the marine food web. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second unique trait of fibers is their history. Clothes are often treated with chemicals throughout the manufacturing process. When their fibers enter our waterways, they attract the water’s long-lingering chemicals on top of the chemicals they arrived with. This might sound like a lot for one little thread to handle, but its surface-area-to-mass ratio makes it really good at absorbing things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Are These Fibers Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are tied to synthetic clothing, says Stiv Wilson of the \u003ca href=\"http://storyofstuff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Story of Stuff\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go to Marin and look at 90 percent of people dressed there, they’re wearing active clothing meant for sports or that sort of thing,” Wilson says. “These are all polluting textiles, essentially, and it’s really hard for manufacturers to find a replacement because of the performance attributes of the fabric itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are the toxins leaching out in the gut and getting into the flesh of the fish? And are they getting in in high enough concentrations that they’re a human health risk?\u003ccite>Susan Williams, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Every time a fleece jacket is washed, it releases hundreds, if not thousands, of fibers. The amount of plastic released by the laundering of 100,000 fleece jackets is equivalent to up to 11,900 plastic grocery bags, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://brenmicroplastics.weebly.com/project-findings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> from the UC Santa Barbara Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, commissioned by Patagonia itself earlier this summer. And standard washing machines don’t have filters to catch these fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they escape from our laundry, the tiny, mobile threads work their way to our wastewater treatment plants. Here is where the journey becomes unclear, and where wastewater treatment agencies are working to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the fibers might be captured by current methods. But this might create a problem in itself, says Wilson, in cases when the solid material that is separated out during treatment gets applied to the land as fertilizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’re also looking at corrupting soil,” he says, “and eventually creating fiber runoff into watersheds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Threading Together a Solution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patagonia was the first company to take a look at its own manufacturing practices in response to microfiber pollution. After commissioning the UC Santa Barbara study, the company informed its customers about the issue in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2016/06/what-do-we-know-about-tiny-plastic-fibers-in-the-ocean/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog post\u003c/a> last month. One of the results presents an interesting conundrum to the company; Patagonia has encouraged customers to use their items for as long as possible, but older jackets were shown to shed more fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_883907\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-883907 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fleece jackets release thousands of plastic fibers that, unlike plastic bags or bottles, are small enough for most animals to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fleece jackets release thousands of plastic fibers that, unlike plastic bags or bottles, are small enough for most animals to eat. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company did find one straightforward solution: front-loading washing machines shed less fibers than top-loading. Chelsea Rochman echoed this, recommending that concerned consumers use front-loading machines, wash synthetic clothes less often, and encourage appliance manufacturers to put a filter on washing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area wastewater treatment plants are now focused on understanding the extent of the microfiber loads. “This is a stepwise type of effort to figure out—very importantly—what are the loads, where are the loads coming from, how detrimental are the loads?” says David Williams of the Bay Area Clean Water Agencies (BACWA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know whether there’s an actual risk to humans. The UC Davis study found fibers in oysters, which we eat whole. But the only part of the fish they examined was the digestive system—not a part that Californians generally eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are the toxins leaching out in the gut and getting into the flesh of the fish?” asks Susan Williams, another UC Davis researcher. “And are they getting in in high enough concentrations that they’re a human health risk?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One first step, says David Williams, is to understand just how many of the fibers found in the Bay are, in fact, synthetic. BACWA’s lab team has “been working for several months now on developing more robust protocols” in order to make the distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day,” he says, “everyone is on the same page about keeping our Bay clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if it means taking a long, hard look at our layers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The ban on microbeads targeted one type of plastic pollution, but microfibers can't be cleaned up by a simple ban.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the major sources of microplastic pollution in the San Francisco Bay comes from something you might not expect: our laundry. Turns out, our clothes shed thousands of fibers every time they’re washed. And in our synthetic clothes, those fibers are made of plastic. They slough off of the fleece jackets, athletic clothes, and even jeggings that make life in this land of microclimates a little more comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These fibers are a bit longer, and they’re loopy, and they can get caught in the digestive tract or in the stomach. They can cause an animal to starve or stop eating.’\u003ccite>Chelsea Rochman, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Microplastics—which are plastic fragments, pellets, and films smaller than 0.2 inches—raise concerns because they become a magnet for the chemicals that linger in our water: pesticides, flame retardants, even the DDT that was banned decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the best-known culprit, the plastic microbead found in personal care products, has been banned—first in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/governor-signs-23-enviro-bills-including-microbead-ban/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California\u003c/a> and New York, and then federally in an \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/23/science/ban-on-microbeads-proves-easy-to-pass-through-pipeline.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">impressively swift time period\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But microfibers present a unique threat, and the solution is far less clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny, Contaminated Ropes\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay tested the effluent of eight wastewater treatment plants last year and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/microplasticfacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> that 80 percent of the microplastics and other microscopic particles were fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what proportion of these fibers were synthetic or natural—synthetic fibers like polyester or acrylic are categorized as “microplastics” and, like other microplastics, do not break down in the water. But, plastic or not, the microfibers are a cause for concern. Once they enter the water, they can absorb chemicals and might work their way up the food chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Most of the animals in the water are tiny. They also evolved in a world where they haven’t had to distinguish between a nutritious piece of plankton and a contaminant-laden plastic pellet. These animals mistake small manmade particles for food, potentially allowing contaminants to accumulate as they make their way from the base of the food web to the apex predator: humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the fibers are, indeed, working their way into our marine food chain. When UC Davis researchers looked into the guts of fish from a market in Half Moon Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they found\u003c/a> that 25 percent of the fish were carrying\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>manmade debris; fibers made up 80 percent of this debris. Fibers were also found in one-third of the oysters the researchers studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microfibers are unique among marine debris for two reasons. The first is their shape; most microplastics exist as small spheres or fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These fibers are a bit longer, and they’re loopy, and they can get caught in the digestive tract or in the stomach,” says Chelsea Rochman, the lead scientist behind the UC Davis study. “They can cause an animal to starve or stop eating, or can actually loop around the organ.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about the large sources of plastic pollution you hear about—the buoys, nets, or fishing lines that entangle sea turtles or whales. Microfibers are essentially the shrunken-down version of this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you could say a whale with a big rope isn’t that different from plankton with a small fiber,” Rochman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_884447\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-884447 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic fibers are released from synthetic clothes every time they are washed, and likely make their way into the marine food web.\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_12769961_LARGE-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic fibers are released from synthetic clothes every time they are washed, and likely make their way into the marine food web. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second unique trait of fibers is their history. Clothes are often treated with chemicals throughout the manufacturing process. When their fibers enter our waterways, they attract the water’s long-lingering chemicals on top of the chemicals they arrived with. This might sound like a lot for one little thread to handle, but its surface-area-to-mass ratio makes it really good at absorbing things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Are These Fibers Coming From?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are tied to synthetic clothing, says Stiv Wilson of the \u003ca href=\"http://storyofstuff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Story of Stuff\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you go to Marin and look at 90 percent of people dressed there, they’re wearing active clothing meant for sports or that sort of thing,” Wilson says. “These are all polluting textiles, essentially, and it’s really hard for manufacturers to find a replacement because of the performance attributes of the fabric itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Are the toxins leaching out in the gut and getting into the flesh of the fish? And are they getting in in high enough concentrations that they’re a human health risk?\u003ccite>Susan Williams, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Every time a fleece jacket is washed, it releases hundreds, if not thousands, of fibers. The amount of plastic released by the laundering of 100,000 fleece jackets is equivalent to up to 11,900 plastic grocery bags, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://brenmicroplastics.weebly.com/project-findings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> from the UC Santa Barbara Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, commissioned by Patagonia itself earlier this summer. And standard washing machines don’t have filters to catch these fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once they escape from our laundry, the tiny, mobile threads work their way to our wastewater treatment plants. Here is where the journey becomes unclear, and where wastewater treatment agencies are working to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the fibers might be captured by current methods. But this might create a problem in itself, says Wilson, in cases when the solid material that is separated out during treatment gets applied to the land as fertilizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we’re also looking at corrupting soil,” he says, “and eventually creating fiber runoff into watersheds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Threading Together a Solution\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patagonia was the first company to take a look at its own manufacturing practices in response to microfiber pollution. After commissioning the UC Santa Barbara study, the company informed its customers about the issue in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.patagonia.com/blog/2016/06/what-do-we-know-about-tiny-plastic-fibers-in-the-ocean/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog post\u003c/a> last month. One of the results presents an interesting conundrum to the company; Patagonia has encouraged customers to use their items for as long as possible, but older jackets were shown to shed more fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_883907\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-883907 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fleece jackets release thousands of plastic fibers that, unlike plastic bags or bottles, are small enough for most animals to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/iStock_57061838_XXLARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fleece jackets release thousands of plastic fibers that, unlike plastic bags or bottles, are small enough for most animals to eat. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company did find one straightforward solution: front-loading washing machines shed less fibers than top-loading. Chelsea Rochman echoed this, recommending that concerned consumers use front-loading machines, wash synthetic clothes less often, and encourage appliance manufacturers to put a filter on washing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area wastewater treatment plants are now focused on understanding the extent of the microfiber loads. “This is a stepwise type of effort to figure out—very importantly—what are the loads, where are the loads coming from, how detrimental are the loads?” says David Williams of the Bay Area Clean Water Agencies (BACWA).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know whether there’s an actual risk to humans. The UC Davis study found fibers in oysters, which we eat whole. But the only part of the fish they examined was the digestive system—not a part that Californians generally eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are the toxins leaching out in the gut and getting into the flesh of the fish?” asks Susan Williams, another UC Davis researcher. “And are they getting in in high enough concentrations that they’re a human health risk?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One first step, says David Williams, is to understand just how many of the fibers found in the Bay are, in fact, synthetic. BACWA’s lab team has “been working for several months now on developing more robust protocols” in order to make the distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At the end of the day,” he says, “everyone is on the same page about keeping our Bay clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>MOJAVE, California — Virgin Galactic says it has received an operating license for its space tourism rocket from the Federal Aviation Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic says the operating license awarded by the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation will ultimately permit commercial operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said Monday the licensing process involved a review of the system’s design, safety analysis and flight trajectory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic’s first spaceship \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke apart in 2014\u003c/a> during its fourth rocket-powered test flight when the co-pilot prematurely unlocked a key system. He was killed and the pilot was seriously injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second version of the company’s SpaceShipTwo was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/19/virgin-galactic-rolls-out-replacement-for-space-tourism-craft-destroyed-in-2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unveiled in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first taxi test of the new spacecraft took place Monday morning at the airport in Mojave (Kern County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The taxi test evaluated and calibrated navigation and communications telemetry systems as the spacecraft was pulled by a sports utility vehicle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>MOJAVE, California — Virgin Galactic says it has received an operating license for its space tourism rocket from the Federal Aviation Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic says the operating license awarded by the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation will ultimately permit commercial operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said Monday the licensing process involved a review of the system’s design, safety analysis and flight trajectory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virgin Galactic’s first spaceship \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-test-flight/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">broke apart in 2014\u003c/a> during its fourth rocket-powered test flight when the co-pilot prematurely unlocked a key system. He was killed and the pilot was seriously injured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second version of the company’s SpaceShipTwo was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/02/19/virgin-galactic-rolls-out-replacement-for-space-tourism-craft-destroyed-in-2014/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">unveiled in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Life in the Park: Finding Meaning in Park Service Work",
"headTitle": "Life in the Park: Finding Meaning in Park Service Work | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>There’s a popular refrain among National Park Service employees, one that doubles as a reminder, of sorts, after a long, wearisome day: “We get paid in sunrises and sunsets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many park employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours are long. The question is usually the same (“Where’s the bathroom?”). And no matter how many pamphlets you pass out, instructions you give or “Attention!” signs you put up, people still wander off trails, carve their names in trees and get too close to the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw and heard all of this earlier this summer, during a reporting trip to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most-visited park in the U.S. For 10 days, I tagged along with the park’s employees and volunteers — releasing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescued bear cubs\u003c/a>, welcoming delegations of foreign diplomats, hunting for invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/26/479584561/on-the-hunt-for-wily-wild-hogs-in-a-national-park\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feral hogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/19/478643466/budget-shortfalls-affect-national-parks-maintenance-cleaning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleaning bathrooms\u003c/a> — to try to get an idea of just how much work goes on behind-the-scenes in our national parks. (Spoiler alert: It’s a lot.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what struck me the most were the reasons why — outside of the stunning sunrises and sunsets — people decide to work and dedicate their lives to a place like Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Bill Gober\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trail rover volunteer, 4 years with NPS\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It must have been the chicken salad,” Bill Gober thought, hiking down from Laurel Falls on one of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park’s most popular trails. His stomach was all knotted up. He was sweating bullets and short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made it down the trail to a creek, where he dipped his handkerchief in the water and sat on a rock. “That’s when I called into dispatch and asked for a carry out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gober had started volunteering on the Laurel Falls Trail a couple of years after losing his job in the medical supply field. He was spending a lot of his time hiking in the park anyway. “It was therapeutic, an escape from reality,” he says. So he figured he’d help out the park’s staff by working as a trail rover one day a week, monitoring visitors and warning them about stuff like rattlesnakes and bears. “Mostly, I pick up a lot of garbage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during one of those shifts, not long after a chicken salad lunch, that he had his heart attack. After calling for help, he was carried out by park employees and airlifted to Knoxville, Tenn., for bypass surgery. The doctors agreed that if it wasn’t for the quick response and professionalism of park staff, Gober would have died on that rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he came back to volunteer on the trail as soon as he was physically able. You’ll find him there on Wednesdays. “I definitely have some payback to give back to the park,” Gober says. “I’m alive today because of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Will Jaynes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg\" alt=\"Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Park ranger, 15 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before patrolling the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer, Will Jaynes walked it under \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmuseum.org/trail-names.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the trail name\u003c/a> Hayduke, an homage to the law-defying radical environmentalist portrayed in Edward Abbey’s \u003cem>The Monkey Wrench Gang\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had long nasty hair and dirty clothes,” says a short-haired, clean-clothed Jaynes. “I tell my boss now that if he wants someone to go undercover with thru-hikers I could look the part again pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a park ranger, Jaynes is part of a small police force tasked with policing the roughly 11 million visitors a year who visit the trail, which runs from Georgia to Maine. That includes thru-hikers and drive-thru motorists, RV campers and minimalists, outdoors people and city folk. It’s no small task. And Jaynes says he draws on his experiences in previous jobs and in previous lifestyles to be a more relatable and effective police officer, a skill that he thinks has been made all the more important by recent events and public distrust with law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I can relate to someone and provide someone with education as opposed to a citation, that’s what I want to do,” Jaynes says. “The person that gets the ticket is going to angry and not as on board with the mission of the park service five years down the road, whereas the guy who gets the education is going to feel relieved and grateful and be way more likely to buy-in to what we’re trying to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Michael Smith\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He's the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He’s the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mountain farm museum coordinator, 5 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are\u003cem> you\u003c/em> doing in the Appalachian Mountains?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Smith says he got that question a lot when he started working in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and living in the southern Appalachia. People didn’t ask it in a derogatory or demeaning way, he says, but more out of a genuine interest. The Appalachian Mountains \u003ca href=\"http://www.prb.org/pdf12/appalachia-census-chartbook-2011.pdf\">aren’t known for their diversity\u003c/a>. But that can be misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you dive into [the history] of an area like this, there were many different cultures that were in this area — Cherokee Indians, European settlers, even slavery was in this area,” Smith says. “Those stories have to be told for people to know how they relate to these mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service is facing larger relevancy issues nationwide. Most of its workforce and visitors are older and white, so engaging with younger and more diverse groups is key to its future. Relatability, Smith says, is crucial to that. And as a Florida-born African-American who interacts with student groups from all across the South, Smith sees himself as being able to help fill that role in the Great Smokies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want something out of a visit. They don’t want to come and visit just for the sake of visiting. They want a view or scenery or they want to be able to connect to the area and its history,” Smith says. “To get those individuals you have to have something or someone for them to relate to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Paul “Doc” Hadala \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg\" alt='Paul \"Doc\" Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest.' width=\"2002\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889689\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg 2002w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-400x599.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-768x1151.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1440x2158.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1920x2877.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-960x1439.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2002px) 100vw, 2002px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul “Doc” Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Vegetation crew volunteer with more than 15,000 volunteer hours\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Hadala started volunteering at Great Smoky Mountains National Park for a simple reason: “I was single at the time and needed something to do,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent 32 years with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a military engineer, working on missile systems and dams; then another seven years teaching at Louisiana Tech University. He was semi-retired and had time on his hands, so he decided to spend it killing invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate exercising. It’s like pulling teeth,” he says, chopping away at a vine of honeysuckle. “This is a good way to stay in shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hadala’s is a love story. Volunteering with the vegetation crew, he spends a lot of time with the crew’s permanent and seasonal workers. After two summers of working with one of the seasonal employees, he mentioned to her that he was a bit lonesome and that “it would be nice to have someone to go to dinner with,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She introduced Hadala to her mom, and they’ve been happily married for 11 years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hadala still volunteers at the park 30 hours a week. Spending that much time at the park is good for their relationship, he says. “The wife said she’d marry me for better or for worse, but not for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Jessica Tezak \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2008\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contractor at LeConte Lodge since 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two corners of the porch of the main building at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park where, if the weather’s just right, you \u003cem>might\u003c/em> get enough cell phone service to make a call. Don’t bother trying to load Facebook or stream a video. Sorry, millennials, it just won’t happen at the highest-elevation guest lodge in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be my favorite part of living here,” says Jessica Tezak, a millennial herself. “I feel a lot less anxious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before working at the lodge, Tezak was connected all of the time. She studied journalism in college and then did photojournalism internships. Neither allowed her to ignore her phone or the stress of always being on-call. “I couldn’t escape it,” she says. “And that’s so not the person that I want to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an internship at the\u003cem> Knoxville News Sentinel, \u003c/em>Tezak was assigned to take photos for a feature called Hike of the Month. Leading the hike that month was a couple, who had met at LeConte Lodge. “They had this beautiful love story,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her internship ended, she thought back to the lodge and the way the couple described it as an “escape.” She was feeling unsure about daily journalism and wanted a change, so she applied for a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months later, she’s living at the lodge with a handful of other workers, cooking meals, washing dishes and helping out a rotating list of guests. It’s not a dream job, she says. Someday she’d like to go back to full-time photography. But in the interim, she says, it’s a good way to save money, meet nice people and enjoy the simpler things in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Heidi Brill \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg\" alt=\"Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years. \u003ccite>(Ntahan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trails crew, animal caretaker, 8 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Brill prefers to start her mornings early. On days she’s going to be on the trails, she’s at the barn by 4:30 a.m. and out on the trail with the horses at daybreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s so quiet,” she says. “As the sun comes down and hits the forest floor, the animals start getting sweated up and steam’s rising off of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s those moments that carry her through long days on horseback at the park, leading in teams of pack mules to haul equipment and supplies for maintenance workers in the park. It’s backbreaking work, loading the mules up with crossbuck saddles and keeping gear evenly balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brill’s used to it though. She’s been working on trail maintenance crews for the better part of a decade, mostly back West along the Pacific Crest Trail. In her early jobs, her crew would go out on long self-supported jobs, packing in eight days’ worth of food, tools and personal gear. They’d cut new trails and clear old trails, sawing away fallen trees and sweeping away brush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an instant gratification that comes with that type of intense team labor, she says, a feeling of “Yay, we did this!” that comes from seeing a clean trail or new walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+In+The+Park%3A+Finding+Meaning+In+Park+Service+Work&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For many National Park Service employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours can be long and tedious. But for many, there's a big payoff in dedicating their days to nature.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s a popular refrain among National Park Service employees, one that doubles as a reminder, of sorts, after a long, wearisome day: “We get paid in sunrises and sunsets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many park employees, the pay is seasonal and not great. The hours are long. The question is usually the same (“Where’s the bathroom?”). And no matter how many pamphlets you pass out, instructions you give or “Attention!” signs you put up, people still wander off trails, carve their names in trees and get too close to the bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I saw and heard all of this earlier this summer, during a reporting trip to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most-visited park in the U.S. For 10 days, I tagged along with the park’s employees and volunteers — releasing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/11/477693489/wildlife-biologists-manage-bear-interactions-in-americas-national-parks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescued bear cubs\u003c/a>, welcoming delegations of foreign diplomats, hunting for invasive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/26/479584561/on-the-hunt-for-wily-wild-hogs-in-a-national-park\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">feral hogs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/05/19/478643466/budget-shortfalls-affect-national-parks-maintenance-cleaning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cleaning bathrooms\u003c/a> — to try to get an idea of just how much work goes on behind-the-scenes in our national parks. (Spoiler alert: It’s a lot.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what struck me the most were the reasons why — outside of the stunning sunrises and sunsets — people decide to work and dedicate their lives to a place like Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Bill Gober\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/bill-gober_custom-c5c8e66cd6581f59806d7b1c95e9594821b9ddec-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gober started volunteering as a trail rover at Great Smoky Mountains National Park 4 years ago after he lost his job. He helps monitor visitors and pick up garbage from the trails. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trail rover volunteer, 4 years with NPS\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It must have been the chicken salad,” Bill Gober thought, hiking down from Laurel Falls on one of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park’s most popular trails. His stomach was all knotted up. He was sweating bullets and short of breath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He made it down the trail to a creek, where he dipped his handkerchief in the water and sat on a rock. “That’s when I called into dispatch and asked for a carry out,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gober had started volunteering on the Laurel Falls Trail a couple of years after losing his job in the medical supply field. He was spending a lot of his time hiking in the park anyway. “It was therapeutic, an escape from reality,” he says. So he figured he’d help out the park’s staff by working as a trail rover one day a week, monitoring visitors and warning them about stuff like rattlesnakes and bears. “Mostly, I pick up a lot of garbage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during one of those shifts, not long after a chicken salad lunch, that he had his heart attack. After calling for help, he was carried out by park employees and airlifted to Knoxville, Tenn., for bypass surgery. The doctors agreed that if it wasn’t for the quick response and professionalism of park staff, Gober would have died on that rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why he came back to volunteer on the trail as soon as he was physically able. You’ll find him there on Wednesdays. “I definitely have some payback to give back to the park,” Gober says. “I’m alive today because of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Will Jaynes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg\" alt=\"Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1440x961.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/willjaynes_custom-4d77f099f37d7f222fa9f0f2111aab0c10ebcb61-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Jaynes patrols the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer. He has worked with the National Park Service for 15 years. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Park ranger, 15 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years before patrolling the Appalachian Trail as a law enforcement officer, Will Jaynes walked it under \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmuseum.org/trail-names.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the trail name\u003c/a> Hayduke, an homage to the law-defying radical environmentalist portrayed in Edward Abbey’s \u003cem>The Monkey Wrench Gang\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had long nasty hair and dirty clothes,” says a short-haired, clean-clothed Jaynes. “I tell my boss now that if he wants someone to go undercover with thru-hikers I could look the part again pretty quick.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a park ranger, Jaynes is part of a small police force tasked with policing the roughly 11 million visitors a year who visit the trail, which runs from Georgia to Maine. That includes thru-hikers and drive-thru motorists, RV campers and minimalists, outdoors people and city folk. It’s no small task. And Jaynes says he draws on his experiences in previous jobs and in previous lifestyles to be a more relatable and effective police officer, a skill that he thinks has been made all the more important by recent events and public distrust with law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I can relate to someone and provide someone with education as opposed to a citation, that’s what I want to do,” Jaynes says. “The person that gets the ticket is going to angry and not as on board with the mission of the park service five years down the road, whereas the guy who gets the education is going to feel relieved and grateful and be way more likely to buy-in to what we’re trying to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Michael Smith\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889688\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He's the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889688\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/michaelsmith_custom-a17ea28c4ba791f710b83778512dae48185b8876-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Smith has worked with the National Park Service for the past 5 years. He’s the mountain farm museum coordinator at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mountain farm museum coordinator, 5 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What are\u003cem> you\u003c/em> doing in the Appalachian Mountains?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Smith says he got that question a lot when he started working in Great Smoky Mountains National Park and living in the southern Appalachia. People didn’t ask it in a derogatory or demeaning way, he says, but more out of a genuine interest. The Appalachian Mountains \u003ca href=\"http://www.prb.org/pdf12/appalachia-census-chartbook-2011.pdf\">aren’t known for their diversity\u003c/a>. But that can be misleading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you dive into [the history] of an area like this, there were many different cultures that were in this area — Cherokee Indians, European settlers, even slavery was in this area,” Smith says. “Those stories have to be told for people to know how they relate to these mountains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service is facing larger relevancy issues nationwide. Most of its workforce and visitors are older and white, so engaging with younger and more diverse groups is key to its future. Relatability, Smith says, is crucial to that. And as a Florida-born African-American who interacts with student groups from all across the South, Smith sees himself as being able to help fill that role in the Great Smokies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want something out of a visit. They don’t want to come and visit just for the sake of visiting. They want a view or scenery or they want to be able to connect to the area and its history,” Smith says. “To get those individuals you have to have something or someone for them to relate to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Paul “Doc” Hadala \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889689\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2002px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg\" alt='Paul \"Doc\" Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest.' width=\"2002\" height=\"3000\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889689\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530.jpg 2002w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-400x599.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-800x1199.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-768x1151.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1440x2158.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1920x2877.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-1180x1768.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/doc_custom-a57a4ca6d8e47850947661334849dccc1ce75530-960x1439.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2002px) 100vw, 2002px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul “Doc” Hadala, a volunteer at Great Smoky Mountains National Park, works to eliminate invasive plant species from a section of forest. \u003ccite>(Mike Belleme for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Vegetation crew volunteer with more than 15,000 volunteer hours\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Hadala started volunteering at Great Smoky Mountains National Park for a simple reason: “I was single at the time and needed something to do,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d spent 32 years with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as a military engineer, working on missile systems and dams; then another seven years teaching at Louisiana Tech University. He was semi-retired and had time on his hands, so he decided to spend it killing invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hate exercising. It’s like pulling teeth,” he says, chopping away at a vine of honeysuckle. “This is a good way to stay in shape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Hadala’s is a love story. Volunteering with the vegetation crew, he spends a lot of time with the crew’s permanent and seasonal workers. After two summers of working with one of the seasonal employees, he mentioned to her that he was a bit lonesome and that “it would be nice to have someone to go to dinner with,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She introduced Hadala to her mom, and they’ve been happily married for 11 years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hadala still volunteers at the park 30 hours a week. Spending that much time at the park is good for their relationship, he says. “The wife said she’d marry me for better or for worse, but not for lunch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Jessica Tezak \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889690\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"2008\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889690\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-768x514.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1920x1285.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/jessica-tezak_custom-e662932768df480021dd9549d99dba0f0b7aef9c-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Tezak is a contractor at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. \u003ccite>(Nathan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Contractor at LeConte Lodge since 2016\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two corners of the porch of the main building at LeConte Lodge in Great Smoky Mountains National Park where, if the weather’s just right, you \u003cem>might\u003c/em> get enough cell phone service to make a call. Don’t bother trying to load Facebook or stream a video. Sorry, millennials, it just won’t happen at the highest-elevation guest lodge in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That might be my favorite part of living here,” says Jessica Tezak, a millennial herself. “I feel a lot less anxious.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before working at the lodge, Tezak was connected all of the time. She studied journalism in college and then did photojournalism internships. Neither allowed her to ignore her phone or the stress of always being on-call. “I couldn’t escape it,” she says. “And that’s so not the person that I want to be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During an internship at the\u003cem> Knoxville News Sentinel, \u003c/em>Tezak was assigned to take photos for a feature called Hike of the Month. Leading the hike that month was a couple, who had met at LeConte Lodge. “They had this beautiful love story,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her internship ended, she thought back to the lodge and the way the couple described it as an “escape.” She was feeling unsure about daily journalism and wanted a change, so she applied for a job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months later, she’s living at the lodge with a handful of other workers, cooking meals, washing dishes and helping out a rotating list of guests. It’s not a dream job, she says. Someday she’d like to go back to full-time photography. But in the interim, she says, it’s a good way to save money, meet nice people and enjoy the simpler things in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Heidi Brill \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_889691\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg\" alt=\"Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" class=\"size-full wp-image-889691\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/heidi-brill_custom-87c518bcff8e026c56ce3607b155fc0b43f3d10b-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heidi Brill works with the Trails crew as an animal caretaker. She has been working for the National Park Service for 8 years. \u003ccite>(Ntahan Rott/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Trails crew, animal caretaker, 8 years with NPS\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heidi Brill prefers to start her mornings early. On days she’s going to be on the trails, she’s at the barn by 4:30 a.m. and out on the trail with the horses at daybreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s so quiet,” she says. “As the sun comes down and hits the forest floor, the animals start getting sweated up and steam’s rising off of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s those moments that carry her through long days on horseback at the park, leading in teams of pack mules to haul equipment and supplies for maintenance workers in the park. It’s backbreaking work, loading the mules up with crossbuck saddles and keeping gear evenly balanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brill’s used to it though. She’s been working on trail maintenance crews for the better part of a decade, mostly back West along the Pacific Crest Trail. In her early jobs, her crew would go out on long self-supported jobs, packing in eight days’ worth of food, tools and personal gear. They’d cut new trails and clear old trails, sawing away fallen trees and sweeping away brush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s an instant gratification that comes with that type of intense team labor, she says, a feeling of “Yay, we did this!” that comes from seeing a clean trail or new walkway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Life+In+The+Park%3A+Finding+Meaning+In+Park+Service+Work&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires",
"headTitle": "Climate Change Signs Seen in California Wildfires | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reports this week from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-sand-fire-santa-clarita-20160725-snap-story.html\">front lines\u003c/a> of the Sand Fire in Southern California painted the scene as apocalyptic. The drought-fueled blaze was explosive, fast-moving and devastating, burning through 38,000 acres in the Santa Clarita Valley and forcing the evacuation of more than 10,000 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions.’\u003ccite>Robert Field, NASA\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If the state’s wildfire season holds true to forecasts, the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4878/\">Sand Fire\u003c/a> will be one of many catastrophic wildfires to scorch drought-stricken forests and shrublands across California this year. So far, only one wildfire has been larger — the 48,019-acre \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4806/\">Erskine Fire\u003c/a>, which started in June in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and destroyed 250 homes and buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the fires have been among the worst or largest wildfires the state has seen in recent years, but they’re part of a dire global warming-fueled trend toward larger, more frequent and intense wildfires. The number of blazes on public lands across the West has increased 500 percent since the late 1970s, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmerced.edu/content/leroy-westerling\">LeRoy Westerling\u003c/a>, a professor studying climate and wildfire at the University of California-Merced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outlook this summer is sobering: Wildland fire potential for most of coastal California and the Sierra Nevada Mountains is above normal and is expected to remain that way through October, \u003ca href=\"http://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/outlooks/monthly_seasonal_outlook.pdf\">according to\u003c/a> the National Interagency Fire Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfire forecast follows a major heat wave in California, where the temperatures soared above 120°F (48.9°C) in some parts of Southern California. The region is seeing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">significant warming trend\u003c/a>. Each decade since 1970, average summer temperatures \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/seasonal-temperature-trends-united-states-20040\">have warmed\u003c/a> about 0.45°F (0.25°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worst of the fire season in Southern California may be yet to come, said \u003ca href=\"https://saffordlab.wordpress.com/people-2/\">Hugh Safford\u003c/a>, a U.S. Forest Service ecologist based in Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most dangerous fire conditions occur from the end of September to December, when Santa Ana winds from the desert interact with the driest fuels of the season after five to six months of drying,” he said. “I would expect an active fire season, and critical conditions in the fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Westerling said 140,000 acres have burned across Southern California this year — a figure that amounts to nearly four times the five-year average for annual acreage burned in an entire wildfire season in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global warming’s fingerprints can be clearly seen on this year’s fire season in California, where the state’s extreme drought is entering its fifth year and record-breaking heat has baked the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change has exacerbated naturally occurring droughts, and therefore fuel conditions,” said Robert Field, a research scientist at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The worse the drought, the more of a tinderbox forests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures exacerbate the drought by increasing evaporation and transpiration,” Westerling said. “Drier conditions mean highly flammable (wildfire) fuels. Drier conditions and high temperatures drive more extreme fire behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California fire conditions today are already bad as firefighters attempt to contain the Sand Fire and battle the \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, which has \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\">burned more than 31,000 acres\u003c/a> south of Monterey since the fire started on July 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sand Fire, burning in mountainous shrubland known as chaparral, has surprised wildfire scientists because of the speed with which it scorched the slopes north of Los Angeles. It’s an example of how climate change affects the way wildfires burn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chaparral always burns at high intensity, but the mean size of chaparral fires has been growing,” Safford said. “We haven’t seen much change in the severity of these fires, but they are getting bigger on average, which may be due to drought-driven shrub mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dead and dry trees do a lot to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-firefighters-wrangling-with-dead-trees-20471\">help fires spread\u003c/a>, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This last factor results in fire embers that are cast far ahead of the flaming front and leads to faster fire growth and more difficult control,” Safford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Warming at Alarming Rate, Lake Tahoe Reflects Rapid Sierra Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is showing some severe impacts from the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indicators released Thursday in the annual “\u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">State of the Lake\u003c/a>” report packed a few surprises, even for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, the lake has been warming faster than ever recorded. In 2015 the lake’s average temperature rose 0.48 degrees Fahrenheit — and over the last four years, the rise was 15 times faster than the lake’s historic warming rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That came as a surprise to me,” says Geoffrey Schladow, a UC Davis freshwater scientist and lead author of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the enormous volume of Lake Tahoe, Schladow is struck by how quickly it warmed. Schladow says if you took the full volume of water in Tahoe and spread it out over California, it would cover the state in 15 inches of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a lot of water,” he notes. “We’re not saying that it’s going to keep increasing at that rate, but the fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The fact that it can change so quickly is disturbing.’\u003ccite>Geoffrey Schladow, UC Davis freshwater scientist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more disturbing to scientists is how all this warming has affected the lake’s ability to mix its own waters, a natural process that is thermally driven. The warm winters have stunted that process, meaning that oxygen-rich surface water is not making it to the lake bottom, depriving fish and other life forms of oxygen. Scientists routinely measure how deep the mixing occurs — the deeper, the healthier for the lake — and last year’s level was 262 feet, the most shallow ever recorded. Tahoe’s maximum depth is more than 1600 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re seeing now is that the climate and the weather are starting to affect the lake more directly,” says Schladow, who notes that Tahoe is only a mirror held up to the rest of the state; if this critical mixing process is shutting down in Tahoe, it’s doubtless happening in other lakes around the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 716px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg\" alt=\"The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe -- and elsewhere in the Sierra -- is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state's water supply.\" width=\"716\" height=\"429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429.jpg 716w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/sotl_2016_snow_as_precipitation_ver1605263-716x429-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long-term trend at Lake Tahoe — and elsewhere in the Sierra — is for more rain and less snow, which affects the state’s water supply. \u003ccite>(UC Davis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that the Sierra would gradually see more rain and less snow because of the warming climate, a trend that has potentially dire consequences for California’s water supply. But the trend of the last few years has been stunning. The report’s authors noted that during the winter of 2014-2015, just 6.5 percent of precipitation at the lake level fell in the form of snow. Decades ago it was more like a 50-50 mix.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Oyster Archaeology: Ancient Trash Holds Clues to Sustainable Harvesting",
"headTitle": "Oyster Archaeology: Ancient Trash Holds Clues to Sustainable Harvesting | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Modern-day oyster populations in the Chesapeake are dwindling, but a multi-millennia archaeological survey shows that wasn't always the case. Native Americans harvested the shellfish sustainably.",
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"description": "Modern-day oyster populations in the Chesapeake are dwindling, but a multi-millennia archaeological survey shows that wasn't always the case. Native Americans harvested the shellfish sustainably.",
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"headline": "Oyster Archaeology: Ancient Trash Holds Clues to Sustainable Harvesting",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Times are tough for Chesapeake oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one thing, they used to be bigger. “If you look at what people were saying back in the 1600s and 1700s about oysters, people had to cut them in half before they could even eat them,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/estuarine_ecology/\">Denise Breitburg\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, these oyster behemoths were so plentiful that they formed tall towers stretching up to the water’s surface. But today, after decades of overfishing, oyster populations in Maryland’s waters have dropped to 1 percent of what they were around 1900.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To see how much the population has changed over the years, Breitburg and other biologists and archaeologists undertook the largest survey to date of any shellfishery, chronicling the Chesapeake Bay’s oyster population from almost 800,000 years ago to the present day. The researchers were surprised to find thousands of years during which oyster populations stayed stable – the era of Native Americans. The stability suggests Native Americans figured out how to farm oysters sustainably, and their techniques could help support our oyster habit today, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/113/23/6568\">study\u003c/a> published earlier this summer in the \u003cem>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The archaeologists began by studying Native American trash pits, which speckle the Chesapeake Bay coast and are full of oyster shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882107\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-400x323.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-800x645.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-768x619.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1440x1161.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1920x1548.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-1180x952.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster2_enl-f5b5fffb0cac7dd109c2dd8b1cdb2b41ef1d1144-960x774.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the research team, Sean McCanty and Courtney Hofman, excavate an ancient oyster shell midden at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md. \u003ccite>(Torben Rick/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By using radio carbon dating, researchers found the oldest trash pit surveyed to be 3,200 years old, and the most recent to date no later than 1900. Next they measured the height of each oyster as a proxy for past human pressure on oysters. (Humans tend to harvest bigger oysters first, so if the average oyster size is smaller, it likely means that oysters were being harvested too fast for many of them to reach a large size and produce a lot of baby oysters.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists rounded the survey out by examining oyster size from fossils hundreds of thousands of years old and by analyzing harvest numbers from the 20th and 21st centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scale of the data set is massive. To my knowledge, it’s unparalleled,” says environmental archaeologist \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.uga.edu/directory/victor-thompson\">Victor Thompson\u003c/a> of the University of Georgia, who was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found oysters were bigger hundreds of thousands of years ago than during the time of humans, but no decrease in oyster size happened during the time of prehistoric Native Americans, from roughly 3,200 to 400 years ago. This suggests the oyster population wasn’t under increasing pressure as Native Americans harvested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882108\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882108\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg\" alt=\"Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum's collection.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1589\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-400x318.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-800x636.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-768x610.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1440x1144.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1920x1525.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-1180x938.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/oyster3_enl-bf3013f8befd28859bf8e977dd9e44d0c63202cf-960x763.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Torben Rick, an anthropologist at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History and lead author of the research, examines a 1,500-year-old oyster shell in the museum’s collection. \u003ccite>(John Gibbons/Smithsonian Institution)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A relatively low number of humans partially explains the limited pressure on oysters during this period, says lead author \u003ca href=\"http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/rick.html\">Torben Rick\u003c/a> of the Smithsonian Institution. But he said Native Americans also seem to have relied on sustainable fishing techniques. Thanks to technological limitations, Native Americans generally fished close to shore, giving oysters in deep water a safe space to grow and reproduce. Native Americans also may have harvested oysters from different areas seasonally, and the rotation gave sites time to recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened since the time of Native American harvesting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster specialist Stephanie Westby of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Chesapeake office blames pollution, overfishing and dredging – a fishing practice that rips up the water’s bottom and leaves mud, where oysters can’t attach easily to make homes. Without oysters to filter tiny organisms in the water, the water quality suffers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native American practices, according to Rick, underscore the importance of sanctuaries today. Establishing refuges can be controversial, since fishers rely on oysters for their livelihood, but Rick says well-placed refuges could boost oyster populations for everyone, including fishers. “Ultimately, it’s about rethinking our oyster strategy so we can have our cake and eat it too,” says Rick. “We don’t want to alienate anyone. This doesn’t need to pit biologists against fishermen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some areas are already establishing refuges. In 2014, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chesapeakebay.net/documents/FINAL_Ches_Bay_Watershed_Agreement.withsignatures-HIres.pdf\">the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement\u003c/a> set the goal to restore oyster populations in 10 tributaries by 2025. Now there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129037024\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> in Virginia and Maryland especially for oysters, Westby says, and hatcheries are producing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/07/16/202718742/can-oysters-with-no-sex-life-repopulate-the-chesapeake-bay\">young oysters to be transplanted\u003c/a> to wild oyster reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a new source of oysters that Native Americans didn’t have – farming. Michael Hild owns Anderson’s Neck Oyster Company, which is currently farming 6 million oysters. “Not only are you taking pressure off of the wild stock that remain in the Chesapeake Bay,” says Hild, “but the farmed oysters that you place in the water are making water cleaner.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick says he hopes archaeology can help uncover more about the history of other fisheries, like blue crab. “The past isn’t something we can recreate or return to,” Rick admits, “but it just gives us much more information to work with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Oyster+Archaeology%3A+Ancient+Trash+Holds+Clues+To+Sustainable+Harvesting&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban",
"headTitle": "California Adds Atrazine to List of Toxic Chemicals, But No Ban | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Atrazine has been a dirty word among environmentalists for decades. Now state and federal agencies are coming down on the weed killer, amid troubling evidence that it \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/99/8/5476.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">disrupts hormones\u003c/a> and contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036484\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">birth defects\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California added atrazine to the Prop 65 list of toxic chemicals since it’s known to cause \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Menstrual_cycle_women_Cragin_20111.pdf\">reproductive harm\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans.’\u003ccite>Tyrone Hayes, UC Berkeley biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>And in June, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/EPA-draft-ecological-risk-assessment.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared\u003c/a>, “there are risk concerns for mammals, birds, reptiles, plants and plant communities across the country for many atrazine uses.” The agency opened a public comment period for its atrazine draft ecological risk assessment, which is based on new studies. By the end of the year it will issue a separate report on atrazine’s human impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a major about-face for the EPA. Initially, in 2006, the EPA said atrazine \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/web/pdf/atrazine_combined_docs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wasn’t a concern\u003c/a>, and that \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">“the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years later, the agency has changed its tune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What the EPA is saying now, which I told them 20 years ago, is that this compound is found at levels in the environment where it’s known to affect animals, wildlife, laboratory animals and the data suggests also affects humans,” says biologist \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/hayest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tyrone Hayes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The UC Berkeley scientist has spent decades researching atrazine’s health implications on amphibians. He discovered that the pesticide chemically castrates male frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Hayes published his findings about the chemical, Syngenta, the Swiss-based company that produces atrazine, attempted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/02/10/a-valuable-reputation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">discredit him\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Not a Household Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atrazine is the second most commonly used herbicide in the United States but chances are you’ve never bought it. It’s mainly used on Midwestern corn, sorghum and sugar cane crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California uses more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur14rep/14_pur.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">20,000 pounds a year\u003c/a>, mostly on corn and grass for livestock in San Joaquin and Imperial county, according to Paul Towers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.panna.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pesticide Action Network\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also occasionally sprayed on golf courses and lawns. In home improvement stores like \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowes.com/pd/Sta-Green-5000-Sq-Ft-Ultra-Southern-Phosphorus-Free-Lawn-Fertilizer-and-Atrazine-Weed-Control/3031892\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lowe’s\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/IMAGE-32-oz-Concentrate-Herbicide-for-St-Augustine-Grass-and-Centipede-Grass-100099401/100598626\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home Depot\u003c/a> it’s sold as a fertilizer and herbicide for grass, although in California only certified applicators, like farm owners, can purchase it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under Prop 65, the state must publish a \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/chemicals\">list of chemicals\u003c/a> known to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. California businesses must also warn the public of exposure to substances on the list, which is why you may have seen signs at gas stations, parking garages and convenience stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting July 15, 2017, products with atrazine sold in California will require a warning if exposure occurs at high enough levels. The state is \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/crnr/notice-proposed-rulemaking-madls-atrazine-propazine-simazine-24-diamino-6-chloro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">currently deciding \u003c/a>what that level should be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since approval is required to purchase atrazine, the new labeling requirements will mainly affect the farming industry. Consumers likely won’t see a change on the products they buy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Towers says there’s little concern about the agricultural chemical contaminating California produce, but tap water is a concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has the ability to persist in water for long periods of time, particularly through drinking water, that’s one of the greatest threats to our health and that of our children,” says Towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical seeps into soil and enters waterways, where it can contaminate tap water. The EPA requires workers using the pesticide to wear protective gear and doesn’t allow spraying near rivers, lakes or other waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2004 Environmental Working Group \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/tap-water/whatsinyourwater/CA/Rancho-California-Water-District/3310038/\">report\u003c/a> found dangerously high levels of atrazine in drinking water in Riverside, Bakerfield and San Bernardino.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA recently established a new “level of concern” for wildlife exposed to atrazine. Anything above that level likely causes harm. Unfortunately, the agency’s own reporting shows this environmental level was “exceeded by as much as 22, 198 and 62 times for birds, mammals and fish, respectively.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syngenta criticized the EPA’s draft risk assessment, saying it “contains numerous data and methodological errors and needs to be corrected.” In an email, a company spokesperson said, “atrazine’s safety has been established in nearly 7,000 scientific studies over more than 50 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Too Little, Too Late?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes says it’s good news that the state added the pesticide to the Prop 65 list, but the federal review feels like too little too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like those stories you hear about the guy that’s been in jail for four years, who was falsely accused of murder,” says Hayes. “Of course you’re happy, now you’re out of jail, but you’ve also been in jail for four years — or in my case twenty years — so it’s sort of mixed feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached for comment, EPA spokesperson Cathy Milbourn said, “EPA considers all available science, including studies submitted to the agency in support of registration, as well as scientific open literature, in developing its risk assessments and decisions to register pesticides.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union banned atrazine in 2004, citing ubiquitous water contamination. But the EPA won’t say whether a ban is on the table, despite the mounting evidence. Why? Hayes opines that economic interests play a role — atrazine is big business for Syngenta. Even the Prop 65 designation took over a year because Syngenta sued the EPA and the state of California \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/listingnoticetriazines070516.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">to delay\u003c/a> the decision.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Authorities say the mysterious object that streaked through California skies Wednesday night was \u003cem>not\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The beginning of The Rapture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hillary Clinton's email server\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Donald Trump's ego\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Related in any way to Pokémon Go\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon's \u003ca href=\"https://www.stratcom.mil/\" target=\"_blank\">Strategic Command\u003c/a> says the object, which became the focus of many an entertaining online video, was the remains of a Chinese rocket \u003ca href=\"https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/06/25/chinas-new-long-march-7-rocket-successful-on-first-flight/\" target=\"_blank\">launched about five weeks ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'That is so freakin' pretty! ... That is so cool! ... That is the coolest thing that I've ever seen in my life!'\u003ccite>Twitter user @24cdawg\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stratcom officials told The Associated Press and Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-streak-light-20160727-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">among other outlets\u003c/a> that the Long March 7 rocket re-entered the atmosphere at 9:36 p.m. PDT Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What ensued were gasps of delight and amazement from the smartphone-wielding multitudes who happened to be outdoors at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative sample:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is so freakin' pretty!\" Twitter user @24cdawg recorded himself saying from an unknown location in the western United States. \"That is so cool. ... That is the coolest thing that I've ever seen in my life!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His video is below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/24cdawg/status/758528224376688641\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Authorities say the mysterious object that streaked through California skies Wednesday night was \u003cem>not\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The beginning of The Rapture\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Hillary Clinton's email server\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Donald Trump's ego\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Related in any way to Pokémon Go\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon's \u003ca href=\"https://www.stratcom.mil/\" target=\"_blank\">Strategic Command\u003c/a> says the object, which became the focus of many an entertaining online video, was the remains of a Chinese rocket \u003ca href=\"https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/06/25/chinas-new-long-march-7-rocket-successful-on-first-flight/\" target=\"_blank\">launched about five weeks ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'That is so freakin' pretty! ... That is so cool! ... That is the coolest thing that I've ever seen in my life!'\u003ccite>Twitter user @24cdawg\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Stratcom officials told The Associated Press and Los Angeles Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-streak-light-20160727-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">among other outlets\u003c/a> that the Long March 7 rocket re-entered the atmosphere at 9:36 p.m. PDT Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What ensued were gasps of delight and amazement from the smartphone-wielding multitudes who happened to be outdoors at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Representative sample:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That is so freakin' pretty!\" Twitter user @24cdawg recorded himself saying from an unknown location in the western United States. \"That is so cool. ... That is the coolest thing that I've ever seen in my life!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His video is below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Smoke From Big Sur Fire Prompts New Spare the Air Alerts",
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"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 2:15 p.m. Wednesday\u003c/strong>: With a blanket of smoke continuing to drift north from the \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/soberanes-fire-updates.html\" target=\"_blank\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> in Monterey County, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has extended its Spare the Air alert for the region through Thursday .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As before, the Wednesday and Thursday alerts were triggered by high ozone levels, especially in the Santa Clara Valley and eastern Contra Costa and Alameda counties. The air agency and weather forecasters say no significant relief is expected from the smoky conditions until a trough of low pressure dislodges a dome of high pressure that has built over California and the Southwest. That's not expected to happen until this weekend at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the fire lines, Cal Fire reported that an on-call bulldozer operator, part of the 3,000-person force called in to contain the blaze just inland from the northern reaches of the Big Sur coast, was killed during night-time operations early Wednesday. The exact circumstances of the incident haven't been reported. A second dozer operator survived an accident in which his machine rolled over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of midday Wednesday, the Soberanes blaze, which started last Friday, had burned through about 24,000 acres of drought-desiccated chaparral and forest in the mountains between Carmel Highlands and Point Sur. The fire is just 10 percent contained and fire managers estimate that full containment won't be achieved until Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is believed to have started in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=579\" target=\"_blank\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>, a 3,000-acre property that features a precipitous coastal ridge. The fire has burned through virtually all of Garrapata and has prompted the closure of several other popular destinations in the area, including Andrew Molera and Julia Pfeiffer Big Sur state parks, Point Lobos Marine Reserve and the historic Point Sur lighthouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to challenging terrain, firefighters are facing challenges from hot, dry weather and a temperature inversion that has trapped smoke near ground level in some locations and limited the use of aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Tuesday, July 26):\u003c/strong> That unusual coppery cast to the sunlight Tuesday morning? It's caused by smoke that continues to spread from the \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/soberanes-fire-updates.html\" target=\"_blank\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, burning in the Monterey County mountains along the northern end of the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the blaze, which Cal Fire said \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/6/8/39687906/soberanes_fire_7-26_am_fact_sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday morning\u003c/a> has burned 19,311 acres and is 10 percent contained, spread haze across much of the region and prompted the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to declare a second straight Spare the Air day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2016/2016-038-sta-alert-tenth-072216pd-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">district statement\u003c/a> says that strong high pressure over the region, along with smoke drifting north and east, will lead to high ozone levels in both the Santa Clara Valley and the hot eastern sector of Alameda and Contra Costa counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11032019\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 679px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/smokeforecastloop.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11032019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/smokeforecastloop.gif\" alt=\"Smoke forecast from NOAA's Air Resource Laboratory. \" width=\"679\" height=\"532\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke forecast from NOAA's Air Resource Laboratory. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A week of poor air quality is expected in our region due to high temperatures, stagnant air and smoke from the\u003cbr>\nSoberanes Fire,” said Jack Broadbent, the air agency's executive officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point of the Spare the Air alert, in case you've forgotten, is to get us to limit our use of cars and other machines that use internal combustion engines. Their exhaust is a principal contributor to high ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday's forecast highs east of the Oakland and Berkeley hills include 103 in San Ramon; 102 in Lafayette, Livermore and Pleasanton; 100 in Concord; and 98 in Antioch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=MTR&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\">forecasts\u003c/a> lower temperatures and clearing skies later in the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of the Soberanes Fire are not just a Bay Area concern, by the way. Reno, a good 300 miles from Big Sur, has experienced \u003ca href=\"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2016/07/25/layer-smoke-reno-california-fire/87529006/\" target=\"_blank\">elevated air pollution levels\u003c/a> from the smoke -- a situation expected to continue most of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple additional smoke forecast and observation resources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://airquality.weather.gov/sectors/northcalifornia.php?period=1#tabs\" target=\"_blank\">interactive air quality guidance\u003c/a> for Northern California.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/current_text.html\" target=\"_blank\">daily narrative\u003c/a> for observed smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Current \u003ca href=\"http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/smoke-bin/smokevrf.pl?dy=25\">smoke forecast verification\u003c/a> from NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 2:15 p.m. Wednesday\u003c/strong>: With a blanket of smoke continuing to drift north from the \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/soberanes-fire-updates.html\" target=\"_blank\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> in Monterey County, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District has extended its Spare the Air alert for the region through Thursday .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As before, the Wednesday and Thursday alerts were triggered by high ozone levels, especially in the Santa Clara Valley and eastern Contra Costa and Alameda counties. The air agency and weather forecasters say no significant relief is expected from the smoky conditions until a trough of low pressure dislodges a dome of high pressure that has built over California and the Southwest. That's not expected to happen until this weekend at the earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the fire lines, Cal Fire reported that an on-call bulldozer operator, part of the 3,000-person force called in to contain the blaze just inland from the northern reaches of the Big Sur coast, was killed during night-time operations early Wednesday. The exact circumstances of the incident haven't been reported. A second dozer operator survived an accident in which his machine rolled over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of midday Wednesday, the Soberanes blaze, which started last Friday, had burned through about 24,000 acres of drought-desiccated chaparral and forest in the mountains between Carmel Highlands and Point Sur. The fire is just 10 percent contained and fire managers estimate that full containment won't be achieved until Aug. 31.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is believed to have started in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=579\" target=\"_blank\">Garrapata State Park\u003c/a>, a 3,000-acre property that features a precipitous coastal ridge. The fire has burned through virtually all of Garrapata and has prompted the closure of several other popular destinations in the area, including Andrew Molera and Julia Pfeiffer Big Sur state parks, Point Lobos Marine Reserve and the historic Point Sur lighthouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to challenging terrain, firefighters are facing challenges from hot, dry weather and a temperature inversion that has trapped smoke near ground level in some locations and limited the use of aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post (Tuesday, July 26):\u003c/strong> That unusual coppery cast to the sunlight Tuesday morning? It's caused by smoke that continues to spread from the \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/soberanes-fire-updates.html\" target=\"_blank\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a>, burning in the Monterey County mountains along the northern end of the Big Sur coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smoke from the blaze, which Cal Fire said \u003ca href=\"http://calfireinformation.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/6/8/39687906/soberanes_fire_7-26_am_fact_sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Tuesday morning\u003c/a> has burned 19,311 acres and is 10 percent contained, spread haze across much of the region and prompted the Bay Area Air Quality Management District to declare a second straight Spare the Air day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/communications-and-outreach/publications/news-releases/2016/2016-038-sta-alert-tenth-072216pd-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\">district statement\u003c/a> says that strong high pressure over the region, along with smoke drifting north and east, will lead to high ozone levels in both the Santa Clara Valley and the hot eastern sector of Alameda and Contra Costa counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11032019\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 679px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/smokeforecastloop.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11032019\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/07/smokeforecastloop.gif\" alt=\"Smoke forecast from NOAA's Air Resource Laboratory. \" width=\"679\" height=\"532\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smoke forecast from NOAA's Air Resource Laboratory. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A week of poor air quality is expected in our region due to high temperatures, stagnant air and smoke from the\u003cbr>\nSoberanes Fire,” said Jack Broadbent, the air agency's executive officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The point of the Spare the Air alert, in case you've forgotten, is to get us to limit our use of cars and other machines that use internal combustion engines. Their exhaust is a principal contributor to high ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuesday's forecast highs east of the Oakland and Berkeley hills include 103 in San Ramon; 102 in Lafayette, Livermore and Pleasanton; 100 in Concord; and 98 in Antioch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service \u003ca href=\"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=MTR&issuedby=MTR&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1\" target=\"_blank\">forecasts\u003c/a> lower temperatures and clearing skies later in the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of the Soberanes Fire are not just a Bay Area concern, by the way. Reno, a good 300 miles from Big Sur, has experienced \u003ca href=\"http://www.rgj.com/story/news/2016/07/25/layer-smoke-reno-california-fire/87529006/\" target=\"_blank\">elevated air pollution levels\u003c/a> from the smoke -- a situation expected to continue most of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple additional smoke forecast and observation resources:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://airquality.weather.gov/sectors/northcalifornia.php?period=1#tabs\" target=\"_blank\">interactive air quality guidance\u003c/a> for Northern California.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NOAA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/current_text.html\" target=\"_blank\">daily narrative\u003c/a> for observed smoke.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Current \u003ca href=\"http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/smoke-bin/smokevrf.pl?dy=25\">smoke forecast verification\u003c/a> from NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A pet 75-pound tortoise has been reunited with his owners who were forced to leave him behind, after sheriff’s deputies found the animal trying to escape the wildfire that had prompted an evacuation order in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That evacuation order was among those lifted on Monday, giving relief to many of the 20,000 people who had been forced to flee the Sand Fire north of Los Angeles. But the situation is far from resolved: other areas remain under evacuation orders, and state officials have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/26/sand-fire-l-a-county-declares-state-of-emergency/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared an emergency in Los Angeles County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weekend evacuation also covered Tank the tortoise — whose nickname, Pebbles, comes from his early life when his owners thought perhaps he was female — but the reptile was forced to stay behind when his owner, Wendy Collins, and her husband fled their home in Santa Clarita on Saturday afternoon. Collins \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/pet-tortoise-reunited-family-walking-quickly-la-wildfire/story?id=40887019\">tells ABC News\u003c/a> that she wasn’t able to get home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the tight time frame he was given, my husband was only able to take our two dogs, his bearded dragon and the essentials,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfires have led \u003ca href=\"http://animalcare.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/acc\">Los Angeles County Animal Care and Control\u003c/a> facilities to take in 768 pets and a range of animals, officials say. The agency lists some of the animals it has sheltered during the fire:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>377 horses\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>187 goats\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>117 chickens\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>34 pigs\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also included: a Brahma bull, llama, mules, sheep, rabbits, ducks, turkeys, donkeys — and three tortoises, officials say. The overall number has fluctuated along with fire conditions, according to Aaron Reyes, deputy director of the County of Los Angeles Animal Care and Control agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was bustling early on,” Reyes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”WTPEeVL8XUcdtBWH2dzfgSuL4jM3fVQe”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals are given refuge in large RV trailers that were deployed around the county to act as “mini kennels,” says Reyes, who adds that they were purchased with funds from a grant. And because many pet owners go to Red Cross shelters — which don’t accept animals — the teams often set up an Animal Safe trailer nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Tank’s race to safety, Reyes says his agency got a call from the sheriff’s department about “a tortoise that was running down the street, and away from the fire zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a “very chaotic” time, Reyes says, adding that another account of the event described Tank as being on his owners’ property, near a gate. In any case, the animal displayed testudinal fortitude — and besides, Reyes, says, “unless we can interview a tortoise,” we might never know the details of his escape from danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s certain, Reyes says: It was imperative to “grab that tortoise and get out of there,” because the fire was only a few hundred yards away. Animal Control workers were also able to leave a notice at the Collinses’ house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really happy that he was impounded” and taken to safety, where the tortoise rested comfortably, Reyes says, adding that the tortoise’s owners “were very emotional and thankful to the staff for picking Tank up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike some other homes in their area, the Collinses’ house survived the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing the tortoise’s homecoming for ABC, Collins said Tank went straight to bed when he got back home, adding, “He’s adorable. We’re so glad this had a happy ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A pet 75-pound tortoise has been reunited with his owners who were forced to leave him behind, after sheriff’s deputies found the animal trying to escape the wildfire that had prompted an evacuation order in Los Angeles County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That evacuation order was among those lifted on Monday, giving relief to many of the 20,000 people who had been forced to flee the Sand Fire north of Los Angeles. But the situation is far from resolved: other areas remain under evacuation orders, and state officials have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/26/sand-fire-l-a-county-declares-state-of-emergency/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">declared an emergency in Los Angeles County\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weekend evacuation also covered Tank the tortoise — whose nickname, Pebbles, comes from his early life when his owners thought perhaps he was female — but the reptile was forced to stay behind when his owner, Wendy Collins, and her husband fled their home in Santa Clarita on Saturday afternoon. Collins \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/US/pet-tortoise-reunited-family-walking-quickly-la-wildfire/story?id=40887019\">tells ABC News\u003c/a> that she wasn’t able to get home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because of the tight time frame he was given, my husband was only able to take our two dogs, his bearded dragon and the essentials,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildfires have led \u003ca href=\"http://animalcare.lacounty.gov/wps/portal/acc\">Los Angeles County Animal Care and Control\u003c/a> facilities to take in 768 pets and a range of animals, officials say. The agency lists some of the animals it has sheltered during the fire:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>377 horses\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>187 goats\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>117 chickens\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>34 pigs\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also included: a Brahma bull, llama, mules, sheep, rabbits, ducks, turkeys, donkeys — and three tortoises, officials say. The overall number has fluctuated along with fire conditions, according to Aaron Reyes, deputy director of the County of Los Angeles Animal Care and Control agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was bustling early on,” Reyes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The animals are given refuge in large RV trailers that were deployed around the county to act as “mini kennels,” says Reyes, who adds that they were purchased with funds from a grant. And because many pet owners go to Red Cross shelters — which don’t accept animals — the teams often set up an Animal Safe trailer nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Tank’s race to safety, Reyes says his agency got a call from the sheriff’s department about “a tortoise that was running down the street, and away from the fire zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a “very chaotic” time, Reyes says, adding that another account of the event described Tank as being on his owners’ property, near a gate. In any case, the animal displayed testudinal fortitude — and besides, Reyes, says, “unless we can interview a tortoise,” we might never know the details of his escape from danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s certain, Reyes says: It was imperative to “grab that tortoise and get out of there,” because the fire was only a few hundred yards away. Animal Control workers were also able to leave a notice at the Collinses’ house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really happy that he was impounded” and taken to safety, where the tortoise rested comfortably, Reyes says, adding that the tortoise’s owners “were very emotional and thankful to the staff for picking Tank up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike some other homes in their area, the Collinses’ house survived the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Describing the tortoise’s homecoming for ABC, Collins said Tank went straight to bed when he got back home, adding, “He’s adorable. We’re so glad this had a happy ending.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
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