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"bio": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.MarkFiore.com\">MarkFiore.com\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/markfiore\">Follow on Twitter\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mark-Fiore-Animated-Political-Cartoons/94451707396?ref=bookmarks\">Facebook\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"mailto:mark@markfiore.com\">email\u003c/a>\r\n\r\nPulitzer Prize-winner, Mark Fiore, who the Wall Street Journal has called “the undisputed guru of the form,” creates animated political cartoons in San Francisco, where his work has been featured regularly on the San Francisco Chronicle’s web site, SFGate.com. His work has appeared on Newsweek.com, Slate.com, CBSNews.com, MotherJones.com, DailyKos.com and NPR’s web site. Fiore’s political animation has appeared on CNN, Frontline, Bill Moyers Journal, Salon.com and cable and broadcast outlets across the globe.\r\n\r\nBeginning his professional life by drawing traditional political cartoons for newspapers, Fiore’s work appeared in publications ranging from the Washington Post to the Los Angeles Times. In the late 1990s, he began to experiment with animating political cartoons and, after a short stint at the San Jose Mercury News as their staff cartoonist, Fiore devoted all his energies to animation.\r\nGrowing up in California, Fiore also spent a good portion of his life in the backwoods of Idaho. It was this combination that shaped him politically. Mark majored in political science at Colorado College, where, in a perfect send-off for a cartoonist, he received his diploma in 1991 as commencement speaker Dick Cheney smiled approvingly.\r\nMark Fiore was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for political cartooning in 2010, a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award in 2004 and has twice received an Online Journalism Award for commentary from the Online News Association (2002, 2008). Fiore has received two awards for his work in new media from the National Cartoonists Society (2001, 2002), and in 2006 received The James Madison Freedom of Information Award from The Society of Professional Journalists.",
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"content": "\u003cp>California’s Legislature on Monday approved an extension of the state’s cap-and-trade program, ensuring the market-based system to limit emissions will continue -- a key tool aimed at allowing the state to meet ambitious goals to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bipartisan vote, the state Senate and Assembly approved an agreement that addressed both local air quality concerns and the marketplace through which the state limits greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap and trade, businesses buy and sell credits in order to pollute, allowing the state to cap overall greenhouse gas emissions and raise money to fight pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is rising above party,” Gov. Jerry Brown said shortly after the final vote. “When you can lock something in with support of Republicans and Democrats, it has durability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic and Republican lawmakers who supported the bills gathered after the vote, along with Brown, on the stage of a news conference room in the Capitol. It was a rare bipartisan victory lap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Republicans don’t get to stand on this stage very much,” said Republican Assembly Leader Chad Mayes, of Yucca Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayes helped broker the final deal to get some Republicans on board, authoring one of a trio of bills that together made up the climate change agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn’t come here to Sacramento to just be Republicans and to hate on Democrats,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's a rare bill, a legislative unicorn, that can gain this type of support.'\u003ccite>Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The votes and discussion on the floor of the state Assembly and Senate showed that California’s continued status as a world leader in the fight against climate change is contingent upon old-fashioned consensus politics back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal that guaranteed the extension of cap and trade required concessions from both liberal and moderate Democrats. The package also included provisions that helped secure the Republican votes needed to get the bill passed in the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I personally think cap and trade sucks,” said Assemblyman Devon Mathis, R-Porterville, who seemed to choke up as he spoke of weighing the decision in church on Sunday. “What we have before us is the opportunity to make something that many of us think is horrible a little bit better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, which passed the Assembly on a 55-22 vote, and the Senate on a 28-12 margin, will extend the cap-and-trade system until 2030, while making significant changes to the marketplace. The free emission allowances that help businesses compete with companies in other states will decrease over the life of the extension. So, too, will the free offsets that allow companies to pay for projects to compensate for their emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those provisions, and the maintenance of global climate leadership, were enough to win over many environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others took issue with provisions in the extension that will limit emission regulations outside the cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most notably, local air districts will not be allowed to limit carbon dioxide emissions, leaving that responsibility wholly to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only four Democratic lawmakers voted against the extension, all in the state Assembly. On the left flank of the party, progressives Mark Stone of Santa Cruz and Monique Limon of Santa Barbara opposed SB 398. So did business-friendly moderates Adam Gray of Modesto and Sharon Quirk-Silva of Fullerton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On balance, I’m quite clear that supporting it is the superior choice,” said Richard Bloom, D-Santa Monica, one of the progressive Democrats who wrote to Brown last month asking that an extension take a tough stance against local pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB617\">Assembly Bill 617\u003c/a>, the second bill in the package, sought to take on those local air quality concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will empower regional air districts to step up monitoring, retrofitting and enforcement actions against local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is personal to me,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia, D-Bell Gardens, who carried AB 617 and was a leading voice during Capitol negotiations for the environmental justice movement. “While I did not get everything that I wanted in this bill, we have moved the ball forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece to the cap-and-trade agreement was Assembly Constitutional Amendment 1, introduced late on Friday by Mayes, the Assembly Republican leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure addresses a key component of the cap-and-trade program that the first two bills were silent on: Revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to give Republicans a future say in the spending of cap-and-trade auction proceeds, Mayes' bill would require a two-thirds vote after 2024 to appropriate funds raised through the sale of emission allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180ACA1\">ACA 1 \u003c/a>proved to be the most difficult measure to push through the Legislature on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Senate, Democrats Scott Wiener and Ricardo Lara were initial \"no\" votes, who changed to \"yes\" to keep the measure, and overall deal, alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Republicans were less willing to join the governor and Democrats in extending a program they contend will increase costs for businesses, which will be passed along to California’s consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today is the start of the next great California recession,\" said Sen. Ted Gaines, R-El Dorado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months of negotiations required a delicate balance of the concerns of business interests, environmentalists, moderate Republicans and liberal Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a rare bill,” said Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León of Los Angeles. “A legislative unicorn, that can gain this type of support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The higher threshold to spend cap-and-trade funds wasn’t the only olive branch to Republicans. Assembly Bill 378 eliminates the Fire Prevention Fee largely paid by rural Republican areas. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mayes helped broker the final deal to get some Republicans on board, authoring one of a trio of bills that together made up the climate change agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn’t come here to Sacramento to just be Republicans and to hate on Democrats,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It's a rare bill, a legislative unicorn, that can gain this type of support.'\u003ccite>Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The votes and discussion on the floor of the state Assembly and Senate showed that California’s continued status as a world leader in the fight against climate change is contingent upon old-fashioned consensus politics back home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deal that guaranteed the extension of cap and trade required concessions from both liberal and moderate Democrats. The package also included provisions that helped secure the Republican votes needed to get the bill passed in the Assembly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I personally think cap and trade sucks,” said Assemblyman Devon Mathis, R-Porterville, who seemed to choke up as he spoke of weighing the decision in church on Sunday. “What we have before us is the opportunity to make something that many of us think is horrible a little bit better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, which passed the Assembly on a 55-22 vote, and the Senate on a 28-12 margin, will extend the cap-and-trade system until 2030, while making significant changes to the marketplace. The free emission allowances that help businesses compete with companies in other states will decrease over the life of the extension. 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So did business-friendly moderates Adam Gray of Modesto and Sharon Quirk-Silva of Fullerton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On balance, I’m quite clear that supporting it is the superior choice,” said Richard Bloom, D-Santa Monica, one of the progressive Democrats who wrote to Brown last month asking that an extension take a tough stance against local pollutants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB617\">Assembly Bill 617\u003c/a>, the second bill in the package, sought to take on those local air quality concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will empower regional air districts to step up monitoring, retrofitting and enforcement actions against local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is personal to me,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia, D-Bell Gardens, who carried AB 617 and was a leading voice during Capitol negotiations for the environmental justice movement. “While I did not get everything that I wanted in this bill, we have moved the ball forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece to the cap-and-trade agreement was Assembly Constitutional Amendment 1, introduced late on Friday by Mayes, the Assembly Republican leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure addresses a key component of the cap-and-trade program that the first two bills were silent on: Revenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to give Republicans a future say in the spending of cap-and-trade auction proceeds, Mayes' bill would require a two-thirds vote after 2024 to appropriate funds raised through the sale of emission allowances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180ACA1\">ACA 1 \u003c/a>proved to be the most difficult measure to push through the Legislature on Monday night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Senate, Democrats Scott Wiener and Ricardo Lara were initial \"no\" votes, who changed to \"yes\" to keep the measure, and overall deal, alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senate Republicans were less willing to join the governor and Democrats in extending a program they contend will increase costs for businesses, which will be passed along to California’s consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today is the start of the next great California recession,\" said Sen. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was clearly not thrilled to make that argument, calling regulation generally \"not fun\" and \"irksome,\" but he said that in the case of AI, the risks are too high to allow AI to develop unfettered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think people should be really concerned about it,\" Musk said. \"I keep sounding the alarm bell.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true: For years, Musk has issued Cassandra-like cautions about the risks of artificial intelligence. In 2014, he \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/27/elon-musk-artificial-intelligence-ai-biggest-existential-threat\">likened AI developers to people summoning demons\u003c/a> they think they can control. In 2015, he signed a letter warning of \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/28/technology/ai-weapons-robots-musk-hawking/index.html\">the risk of an AI arms race\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk has invested in \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/04/openai-elon-musk-sam-altman-plan-to-set-artificial-intelligence-free/\">a project\u003c/a> designed to make AI tech open source, which he asserts will prevent it from being controlled by one company. And earlier this year, Maureen Dowd wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/03/elon-musk-billion-dollar-crusade-to-stop-ai-space-x\">a lengthy piece\u003c/a> for \u003cem>Vanity Fair \u003c/em>about Musk's \"crusade to stop the A.I. apocalypse.\" Dowd noted that some Silicon Valley leaders — including Google co-founder Larry Page — do not share Musk's skepticism, and describe AI as a possible force for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics \"argue that Musk is interested less in saving the world than in buffing his brand,\" Dowd writes, and that his speeches on the threat of AI are part of a larger sales strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the governors conference, some politicians expressed skepticism about the wisdom of regulating a technology that's still in development. Musk said the first step would be for the government to gain \"insight\" into the actual status of current research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once there is awareness, people will be extremely afraid,\" Musk said. \"As they should be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the reaction to Musk's comments on the part of governors in attendance, Colorado Gov. John Hickenlooper said, \"You could have heard a pin drop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/537844706/537844707\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Elon+Musk+Warns+Governors%3A+Artificial+Intelligence+Poses+%27Existential+Risk%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xjhhEzWh4lPFlZ8KQAOa4BZ2i0vogYyQ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dG4wmmAiWMmSs63qzXtekOcvdfTeZk0k\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>State lawmakers are nearing a high-stakes decision that will decide the fate of a climate initiative that Gov. Jerry Brown holds up as a model to be replicated around the world to confront rising global temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote Monday on whether to give another decade of life to California's cap-and-trade program has global implications, as the largest U.S. state moves to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions at a time when President Trump is pulling back from fighting global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown portrays the initiative as essential for the survival of civilization, but critics say it fails to aggressively combat pollution. It is one of his highest priorities as he nears the end of his fourth term, but he's struggled to line up support from two-thirds of lawmakers that he will need to pass the extension.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program expires in 2020 if lawmakers don't renew it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown sounded an apocalyptic tone in a rare personal appeal before a Senate committee last week, telling lawmakers that failing to pass his bill would lead to fires, disease and mass migration, not to mention higher costs for food and gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is supported by national environmental groups and business interests, which echo Brown's refrain that cap and trade is the most affordable way for California to meet its ambitious climate goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But his plan has mobilized intense opposition from conservatives who say it will raise costs in an already expensive state, as well as from liberals who say it's too timid for progressive California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cap and trade puts a limit on carbon emissions and requires polluters to obtain permits to release greenhouse gases. Some permits, known as allowances, are given away while others are auctioned, generating billions of dollars in revenue for the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers are considering a two-measure package, one to renew cap and trade through 2030 and another aimed at improving local air quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State law requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent from 1990 levels by 2030 — among the most aggressive mandates for carbon reduction in the world. Without cap and trade, state regulators will be forced to enact restrictive mandates on polluters that would be burdensome for businesses and significantly more expensive for consumers, Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation shows the divisions between environmentalists who work nationally, focusing on reducing global carbon emissions and creating a policy that can be replicated elsewhere, and environmental justice advocates who work locally. The latter group says cap and trade allows polluters to keep fouling the air around major sources of pollution like refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental justice advocates object to concessions Brown made to the oil industry and other polluters in a bid to win support from Republicans and moderate Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers have questioned why Brown so urgently wants to extend a program that doesn't expire for another 2½ years. Brown says extending it now would give businesses the certainty they need to plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick extension would also bolster Brown's global advocacy for climate action. He made a high-profile trip to China last month, plans to attend a climate summit in Germany in November and will host a climate conference next year in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Tag With Southern California's Great White Sharks",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Shark Lab at California State University Long Beach has a bumper crop of research subjects this summer. White sharks, more commonly known as great whites, have been hanging around L.A. and Orange County beaches in numbers \u003ca href=\"http://www.csulb.edu/shark-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Shark Lab\u003c/a> director Chris Lowe only dreamed of a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, he and his research assistants have tagged 18 sharks -- mostly 1- to 3-year-olds -- in local waters. That's more than they ever have this early in the year, Lowe said. \"And the peak of pupping season isn’t until late July.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pupping season, when female white sharks give birth to 4- to 5½-foot-long babies, generally runs from May to October. Researchers don’t know exactly where they give birth, but they suspect that the babies hightail it to warmer coastal waters quickly after they’re born. They then spend the next several years cruising the coast, eating stingrays and other small prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dearth of knowledge about white sharks drives Lowe’s research. Asked how much we know about the ocean predators on a scale of 1 to 10, Lowe answered “2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re getting there,” he said. \"We’ve jumped from zero to 2 in literally the last 20 years. And all the new technology that we have is going to get us up that scale much, much faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently joined Lowe on a trip off Dana Point to see some of that technology in action. The goal was to find baby white sharks and attach acoustic tags to their backs in order to track their movements up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568132\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-1020x675.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-960x636.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-240x159.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-375x248.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full-520x344.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164329-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A research assistant working for Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, attaches a device to a pole used to tag sharks for a research project near San Clemente, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Receivers attached to buoys along the shoreline register data any time one of the tagged sharks passes within 300 yards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of like using E-ZPass on the toll road to keep track of who’s going by,” Lowe said. The city of San Clemente recently purchased several of its own receivers so that it can monitor sharks swimming near its public beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city has logged more than 100 shark sightings this year, forcing lifeguards to close sections of beach to swimming and surfing on several occasions out of safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those closures followed an attack on a woman swimming at San Onofre State Beach on April 29. She survived but suffered serious injuries to her hip and upper leg that kept her in the hospital until mid-June, the last time she updated her status on a fundraising webpage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hers is the fifth confirmed unprovoked shark attack in Orange County since 1926, according to the International Shark Attack File maintained by the University of Florida. Another woman was bitten last year while swimming off Corona Del Mar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568133\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568133\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164334-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach, joins San Clemente lifeguard Rod Mellott on a jet ski while looking for sharks during a research project on shark behavior near the San Clemente Pier, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trolling for Baby Sharks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I set off with Lowe and his research team from Dana Point Harbor on the 22-foot boat “Wingman” as the morning fog began to break up. Near the San Clemente coast, local lifeguard Rod Mellott drove up on a jet ski. He wore a headset to communicate with the pilot of an Orange County Sheriff’s Department helicopter flying overhead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sheriff’s helicopter has become a key ally in Lowe’s research and in efforts to keep OC beaches safe for swimmers. It’s much easier to spot the outline of a shark from the sky on a sunny day than to scan the water for fins at sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, Lowe said, the increasing number of tourist boats out looking for sharks may be starting to spook them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People want to see them, which is great, but they are kind of harassing the sharks,” he said, adding that he hoped his research might lead to guidelines for responsible shark watching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe pulled on a wetsuit, attached a tag to the end of a spear and got on the back of the jet ski. He and Mellott headed a few hundred yards closer to shore and then we all turned south to troll for sharks. We scanned the water while the helicopter above did several laps up and down the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing. Not a single shark, even though there were multiple sightings around San Clemente the previous day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the trip wasn’t a total bust: On the way back to Dana Point Harbor, we stopped at a buoy -- just outside of the designated swim zone at Doheny State Beach -- to check on one of Lowe's receivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe swam out to the buoy, detached a canister holding the device, then swam back to the boat and transferred the data to a laptop computer. Lowe’s research assistant, Echelle Burns, pulled up a graph showing dozens of blips, color-coded to represent individual, tagged sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrolling through the data, Burns announced that the most recent detection was just a few hours before we passed by the same location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, 17 tagged white sharks had swum by the buoy a cumulative 1,125 times in the previous two weeks. That means they’re hanging out in the area.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nFollow the movement of tagged sharks and other fish at \u003ca href=\"http://scattn.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">scattn.org\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568134\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568134\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-960x638.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-375x249.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full-520x346.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/164346-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shark researcher Chris Lowe of California State University, Long Beach swims to a buoy to attach a device that collects information from sharks that the team has tagged for a research project on shark behavior near Dana Point, June 28, 2017. \u003ccite>(Andrew Cullen for KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Life Gives You No Sharks, Ask Questions Instead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these sharks hanging out together, does that make them a school? I asked Lowe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technically, no,” he said. “They’re not that close together, but they do use the same general area. We’re not sure if there’s a social component or whether they’re all seeking out the same conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks the latter is more likely. Historical fishing data show that there are at least four juvenile white shark “hot spots” in Southern California: Ventura/Oxnard, Santa Monica Bay, Huntington Beach and the stretch between Dana Point and San Onofre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lowe hasn’t yet been able to determine from his research what makes young white sharks pick one area one year and another the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the summertime hot spot for baby sharks seems to be Ventura, Lowe said, and for juveniles (1- to 3-year-olds), it's Belmont Shore in Long Beach and between Dana Point and San Clemente.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally, Lowe said, the young sharks seem to be attracted by the warm coastal waters (juvenile sharks can’t handle cold temperatures the way adult sharks can), the lack of predators, like orcas and other big sharks, and abundant food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The number one thing we’ve found in baby white sharks’ stomachs are stingrays,” Lowe said. \"And stingrays are super abundant in Southern California. Their numbers have been going up over the last 50 years because we got rid of all the coastal predators.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe said the increased number of sharks we’re seeing this year is an ecological success story: Decades ago, we started to protect white sharks and the marine mammals that adult sharks feed on, and now there are more of both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t just say we want to have marine mammals, but we don’t want to have sharks. We need them to have a healthy ecosystem,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe suspects that the sharks’ behavior might be changing because of rising ocean temperatures and changing climate patterns. The young sharks that usually migrate in the winter from Southern California to Baja haven’t done so in the past few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had weird oceanographic conditions this past winter,” Lowe said. \"It started to get cold, then all of a sudden a warm slug of water moved in close to shore again, so it's possible they started to move to Baja, got halfway there and then conditions changed, and they thought, 'Ok, maybe I should stay.' We just don’t know the answer to those questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes to get at some of these questions by tagging sharks and tracking their movements and behaviors. But right now he’s sort of a victim of his own -- and the sharks’ -- success: It’s barely the beginning of prime research season, and he’s pretty much out of tags and out of money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11568136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11568136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-240x135.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-375x211.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/165428-full-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Lowe, director of the Shark Lab at California State University, Long Beach, releases a juvenile white shark off Belmont Shore in spring 2017 after successfully affixing a smart tag to its dorsal fin. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Cal State Long Beach Shark Lab)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sharing the Waves\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lowe hopes the high demand for his research -- especially from local beaches wanting to keep visitors safe -- will translate into more resources to fund his work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he's constantly reminding the public that the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is extremely slim -- much less than the chance of dying in a car accident on the way to the beach, he told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you do see a shark, consider yourself lucky, he said. And respect its territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve basically had a sterile ocean for the last 50 years where we got rid of all the predators, either because we wanted to eat them or we killed them because we viewed them as a risk,” he said. \"People have to learn to share the waves again.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds",
"headTitle": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gov. Brown's Cap-and-Trade Pitch: 'This isn't for me. I'm going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.'",
"title": "Gov. Brown's Cap-and-Trade Pitch: 'This isn't for me. I'm going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown made a fiery pitch for his proposal to extend the state's cap-and-trade system on Thursday, batting back concerns about the bill from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy that people talk about,\" the 79-year-old governor said in an impassioned speech to a room packed with activists, lobbyists and lawmakers. \"This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor spoke at a Senate Environmental Quality Committee hearing in support of a deal that would extend cap-and-trade beyond its 2020 expiration date. The system, which caps carbon emissions and requires businesses to purchase or receive credits in order to release pollutants, is one of the tools California plans on using to meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/jerrybrowngov/status/885603411005022208\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legislation to extend cap and trade -- and an accompanying bill addressing local air quality -- were both passed by the committee. That kept the measures on track for a final vote Monday in both houses of the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spent the week trying to rally support both publicly and privately for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/10/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system/\">final version\u003c/a> of his proposal to extend the cap-and-trade program. Before Thursday's committee hearing, Brown made his pitch in a meeting with Assembly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main legislation to extend cap and trade, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, requires a two-thirds vote, meaning Brown can't afford to lose Democratic votes in either house, unless Republicans sign on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Republicans Announce Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of a bipartisan agreement took a hit on Thursday morning, when Assembly Republican Leader Chad Mayes announced that members of his caucus, who had \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/06/cap-and-trade-deal-could-woo-gop-support-anger-environmentalists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously signaled\u003c/a> some support for an extension, were against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no Assembly Republican votes for the cap-and-trade deal in its current form,\" said Mayes, R-Yucca Valley, in a statement. \"We will not support a deal that doesn’t cut taxes, roll back regulations and protect ordinary Californians.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Senate Leader Pat Bates also announced the opposition of her caucus in a letter to the governor, although GOP Sens. Tom Berryhill, R-Modesto, and Anthony Cannella, R-Ceres, did not sign their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told the two Republican senators on the Environmental Quality Committee, Ted Gaines, R-El Dorado, and Jeff Stone, R-Riverside County, that the alternative to cap and trade would be much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, called \"command and control,\" the California Air Resources Board could mandate specific emission cuts from companies in order to meet the state's overall emissions reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ARB will regulate the food processing, the oil industry, the cement industry in a way that is not efficient, that will be three to five times more costly,\" Brown said. \"Yes, that will be noticed by your constituents.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaines said potential increases in the gasoline prices under cap and trade could amount to \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a regressive tax on the poor in California.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Air Districts Voice Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans on the committee criticized potential costs on consumers, expert witnesses and dozens of speakers told the committee the plan isn't tough enough on local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air districts and members of the environmental justice community have focused on a provision in the plan that bars local air regulators from joining the state in limiting carbon dioxide emissions from factories and refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that as long as it’s done consistently and in support of the overall program, the air districts ought to be a part of regulating greenhouse gases from these sources,\" said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BAAQMD has been working on its own plan to regulate CO2 emissions from local oil refineries. Business groups have said that local regulators should focus on local pollutants, not greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air quality is addressed in Assembly Bill 617, which was also approved by the Senate committee on Thursday. Many Democratic lawmakers wanted a cap-and-trade extension to come with a focus on pollutants that disproportionately impact poorer neighborhoods in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm talking about is making sure that we show the world that we can take care of our global community, but that we're not going to do it at the expense of our own communities,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia. The Los Angeles Democrat is carrying AB 617.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown took notes as speakers came forward to express environmental concerns about the cap-and-trade plan. Garcia promised that the work to reduce local air pollution would continue beyond this deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is a down payment and not all that we need to be doing,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two bills now move the Senate Appropriations Committee, which will take them up on Monday morning, before an expected afternoon floor vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation does not detail how all the money from the state's cap-and-trade auctions (where businesses purchase the credits that allow them to release emissions) would be spent. A piece of the fund would go toward backfilling the state fire prevention fee, which AB 398 eliminates. The fee is paid mostly by rural residents, and is very unpopular among Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding could also be used to woo individual lawmakers or to address the state's housing affordability crisis, a top priority for many legislative Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown made a fiery pitch for his proposal to extend the state's cap-and-trade system on Thursday, batting back concerns about the bill from both sides of the aisle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m not here about some cockamamie legacy that people talk about,\" the 79-year-old governor said in an impassioned speech to a room packed with activists, lobbyists and lawmakers. \"This isn’t for me. I’m going to be dead. It’s for you and it’s damn real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor spoke at a Senate Environmental Quality Committee hearing in support of a deal that would extend cap-and-trade beyond its 2020 expiration date. The system, which caps carbon emissions and requires businesses to purchase or receive credits in order to release pollutants, is one of the tools California plans on using to meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Legislation to extend cap and trade -- and an accompanying bill addressing local air quality -- were both passed by the committee. That kept the measures on track for a final vote Monday in both houses of the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has spent the week trying to rally support both publicly and privately for the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/10/heres-whats-in-the-deal-to-extend-californias-cap-and-trade-system/\">final version\u003c/a> of his proposal to extend the cap-and-trade program. Before Thursday's committee hearing, Brown made his pitch in a meeting with Assembly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main legislation to extend cap and trade, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 398\u003c/a>, requires a two-thirds vote, meaning Brown can't afford to lose Democratic votes in either house, unless Republicans sign on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Republicans Announce Opposition\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of a bipartisan agreement took a hit on Thursday morning, when Assembly Republican Leader Chad Mayes announced that members of his caucus, who had \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/07/06/cap-and-trade-deal-could-woo-gop-support-anger-environmentalists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">previously signaled\u003c/a> some support for an extension, were against the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are no Assembly Republican votes for the cap-and-trade deal in its current form,\" said Mayes, R-Yucca Valley, in a statement. \"We will not support a deal that doesn’t cut taxes, roll back regulations and protect ordinary Californians.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republican Senate Leader Pat Bates also announced the opposition of her caucus in a letter to the governor, although GOP Sens. Tom Berryhill, R-Modesto, and Anthony Cannella, R-Ceres, did not sign their names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown told the two Republican senators on the Environmental Quality Committee, Ted Gaines, R-El Dorado, and Jeff Stone, R-Riverside County, that the alternative to cap and trade would be much worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, called \"command and control,\" the California Air Resources Board could mandate specific emission cuts from companies in order to meet the state's overall emissions reduction goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The ARB will regulate the food processing, the oil industry, the cement industry in a way that is not efficient, that will be three to five times more costly,\" Brown said. \"Yes, that will be noticed by your constituents.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaines said potential increases in the gasoline prices under cap and trade could amount to \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a regressive tax on the poor in California.\" \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Air Districts Voice Concerns\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Republicans on the committee criticized potential costs on consumers, expert witnesses and dozens of speakers told the committee the plan isn't tough enough on local polluters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air districts and members of the environmental justice community have focused on a provision in the plan that bars local air regulators from joining the state in limiting carbon dioxide emissions from factories and refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that as long as it’s done consistently and in support of the overall program, the air districts ought to be a part of regulating greenhouse gases from these sources,\" said Jack Broadbent, CEO of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BAAQMD has been working on its own plan to regulate CO2 emissions from local oil refineries. Business groups have said that local regulators should focus on local pollutants, not greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air quality is addressed in Assembly Bill 617, which was also approved by the Senate committee on Thursday. Many Democratic lawmakers wanted a cap-and-trade extension to come with a focus on pollutants that disproportionately impact poorer neighborhoods in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What I'm talking about is making sure that we show the world that we can take care of our global community, but that we're not going to do it at the expense of our own communities,\" said Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia. The Los Angeles Democrat is carrying AB 617.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown took notes as speakers came forward to express environmental concerns about the cap-and-trade plan. Garcia promised that the work to reduce local air pollution would continue beyond this deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“This is a down payment and not all that we need to be doing,” she said. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two bills now move the Senate Appropriations Committee, which will take them up on Monday morning, before an expected afternoon floor vote in both houses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legislation does not detail how all the money from the state's cap-and-trade auctions (where businesses purchase the credits that allow them to release emissions) would be spent. A piece of the fund would go toward backfilling the state fire prevention fee, which AB 398 eliminates. The fee is paid mostly by rural residents, and is very unpopular among Republican lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding could also be used to woo individual lawmakers or to address the state's housing affordability crisis, a top priority for many legislative Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SANTA CRUZ — A large shark attacked a kayak Tuesday near Santa Cruz, leaving large bite marks on the boat, though the kayaker escaped without injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police in Santa Cruz investigated and confirmed the attack, then shut down all water activities at beaches within a 1-mile radius — including Main Beach and Cowell Beach — until sunrise Saturday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to accounts on social media, surfers have so far been ignoring the ban:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KRON4RFladeboe/status/885581477383028736\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experienced kayaker Steve Lawson was paddling past a kelp bed at the city’s popular surf spot, Steamer Lane, when he felt a jolt to his kayak. He looked down and saw what he believes was a great white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the shark hanging on the front end of my boat,” Lawson told KSBW-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shark bit the front of the boat and sent Lawson into the water. He used a radio to call for a rescue from the Harbor Patrol, but he had to tread water in terror for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a little time in the water swimming around. I panicked, everyone panics,” Lawson said. “There’s a shark in the water, but he didn’t come back. He wasn’t interested in me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/janellewang/status/884951694089404416\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Harbor Patrol showed up within about 90 seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They got out there and pulled him to safety,” Santa Cruz Fire Chief Jim Frawley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawson’s experience helped him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was someone who knows what he’s doing,” Frawley said. “He’s very well versed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom of the kayak showed shallow cracks and damage from the shark’s bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Attacks like these are extremely rare in Santa Cruz County, and we are so thankful that the kayaker wasn’t injured,” Frawley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SantaCruzPolice/status/884894314215514113\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawson told KGO-TV that he has no plans to stop kayaking after 25 years because of the attack.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the shark hanging on the front end of my boat,” Lawson told KSBW-TV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shark bit the front of the boat and sent Lawson into the water. He used a radio to call for a rescue from the Harbor Patrol, but he had to tread water in terror for a few minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent a little time in the water swimming around. I panicked, everyone panics,” Lawson said. “There’s a shark in the water, but he didn’t come back. He wasn’t interested in me.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn't Cutting It",
"headTitle": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn’t Cutting It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Y7TXOzoCrWtiybZGX436TyHD5Ty0BWPR”]Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
"title": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FcFS5F1vkSaafc0Db7lATUHDo4DOE1UW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). Mayor Garcetti, who doesn't share that numerical goal, has renamed the initiative “City Plants.” His administration has planted just over 58,000 trees so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fink, whose organization worked with the city on the cool roofs ordinance, said the mayor’s office could set a target for tree planting and be more strategic about where trees go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tree-planting is clearly effective at reducing urban heat. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/latree/saatchi.html\">a UCLA study,\u003c/a> city blocks with more than 30 percent tree cover can be up to 5 degrees cooler than those with less tree cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By lowering summertime temperatures, trees also help reduce energy used by running air conditioners, netting a savings of up to $119 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr207/psw_gtr207.pdf\">according to the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). Mayor Garcetti, who doesn't share that numerical goal, has renamed the initiative “City Plants.” His administration has planted just over 58,000 trees so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fink, whose organization worked with the city on the cool roofs ordinance, said the mayor’s office could set a target for tree planting and be more strategic about where trees go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tree-planting is clearly effective at reducing urban heat. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/latree/saatchi.html\">a UCLA study,\u003c/a> city blocks with more than 30 percent tree cover can be up to 5 degrees cooler than those with less tree cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By lowering summertime temperatures, trees also help reduce energy used by running air conditioners, netting a savings of up to $119 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr207/psw_gtr207.pdf\">according to the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica",
"headTitle": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say the iceberg is one of the largest seen by satellites. But the full implications of its separation off remain to be seen.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West",
"headTitle": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/photos4u2c/status/883909747874963456\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A scorcher of a heat wave broke temperature records across the West and helped fuel new wildfires.",
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"description": "A scorcher of a heat wave broke temperature records across the West and helped fuel new wildfires.",
"title": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/andrea-thompson\" target=\"_blank\">Andrea Thompson\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Climate Central",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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