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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30540\" title=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021-263x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" width=\"263\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla's new Model X. Photo: Wired\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/en-us\">Fisker\u003c/a> are not exactly producing electric cars for the 99 percent. Still, these two luxury green automakers are closely watched because both companies have received hundreds of millions in federal loans to help jump start the EV market and rehabilitate major U.S. commercial car factories. Also, they produce sexy cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Model X reveal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk has pulled the curtain back on his company’s third electric car. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/09/tesla-unveils-model-x-suv-wants-to-be-your-all-electric-crossov/\">The Model X\u003c/a> is an SUV that features a pair of double-hinged “Falcon Wing” rear doors for easy loading and unloading. Musk says they will open in tighter spots than the traditional door though I don’t know why you want to park this $50,000 plus luxury car that close to anything. The Model X will do 0-60 MPH in 4.4 seconds. Tesla has begun taking reservations online for its latest high performance EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the over-hyped debut of the new crossover has come and gone maybe Tesla can get back to building it’s Model S Sedan which is to be released this summer. Both the Model X and Model S will be built at the company’s factory in Fremont, California which was purchased from a now defunct Toyota-GM factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30358\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/clean-car-diaries-tesla-unveils-and-fisker-stops-production/images/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30358\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30358\" title=\"Fisker \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/images.jpg\" alt=\"Fisker\" width=\"287\" height=\"175\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Road and Track\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fisker shuts down\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, southern California based EV manufacturer Fisker has stopped work at its Delaware auto factory after the U.S. blocked a loan. Last year the Department of Energy awarded Fisker 529 million dollars to manufacture its next plug-in at a closed GM plant. The project is on hold while officials for Fisker and the DOE try to work out concerns that the electric car manufacturer is missing some important deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Fisker execs say the company is not going to go down the same path as now bankrupt solar panel company \u003ca href=\"http://www.solyndra.com/\">Solyndra\u003c/a>, Republican Congress members are already calling for more oversight of DOE loans. Fisker sells the Karma plug-in electric sports car retailing for a whopping $102,000 in the U.S. The company’s new car is supposed to sell for about half of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30540\" title=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021-263x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" width=\"263\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla's new Model X. Photo: Wired\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/en-us\">Fisker\u003c/a> are not exactly producing electric cars for the 99 percent. Still, these two luxury green automakers are closely watched because both companies have received hundreds of millions in federal loans to help jump start the EV market and rehabilitate major U.S. commercial car factories. Also, they produce sexy cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Model X reveal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk has pulled the curtain back on his company’s third electric car. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/09/tesla-unveils-model-x-suv-wants-to-be-your-all-electric-crossov/\">The Model X\u003c/a> is an SUV that features a pair of double-hinged “Falcon Wing” rear doors for easy loading and unloading. Musk says they will open in tighter spots than the traditional door though I don’t know why you want to park this $50,000 plus luxury car that close to anything. The Model X will do 0-60 MPH in 4.4 seconds. Tesla has begun taking reservations online for its latest high performance EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the over-hyped debut of the new crossover has come and gone maybe Tesla can get back to building it’s Model S Sedan which is to be released this summer. Both the Model X and Model S will be built at the company’s factory in Fremont, California which was purchased from a now defunct Toyota-GM factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30358\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/clean-car-diaries-tesla-unveils-and-fisker-stops-production/images/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30358\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30358\" title=\"Fisker \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/images.jpg\" alt=\"Fisker\" width=\"287\" height=\"175\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Road and Track\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fisker shuts down\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Methane Moves From Landfill to Fuel Tank",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29667\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-29667\" title=\"HuntersPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/HuntersPoint-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landfills, like this one at Hunter’s Point, produce methane, which can be used for electricity and fuel. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Landfills, like this one at Hunter’s Point, produce methane, which can be used for electricity and fuel. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/535327861/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trash that ends up at a landfill is the ugly stepsister of hipper, cooler compostable kitchen scraps and recyclable bottles and cans. But landfill trash has more of a future than you might think. As garbage decomposes, it gives off \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane\">methane\u003c/a>. Methane, when floating around in the atmosphere, is a harmful greenhouse gas; it traps 20 times more heat than CO2. But methane’s other moniker is natural gas, and is an important energy source. Methane from landfills can be captured and used to generate power and fuel vehicles—often the very same garbage trucks that brought the trash to the landfill in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landfills are not just giant heaps of rotting trash. At the base and sides of a landfill, the trash is separated from the natural world by thick plastic liner, which prevents the effluvia from decomposing garbage from entering the environment and contaminating the groundwater. The trash itself is strategically stacked in layers of cells—landfills can be hundreds of feet deep. Within the landfill, different microbes break down the trash via \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion\">anaerobic digestion\u003c/a>. The microbes produce methane gas as a waste product. There are other gases produced too; this mix of gases produced by anaerobic microbes is called biogas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old landfills are punctuated by pipes that collect the biogas, which is then burned to prevent the gas from entering the atmosphere (and prevent the neighbors from smelling the stink). Open flares are just what they sound like—little burning flames of methane. Closed flares filter out the contaminants before the smoke is released. Flaring the biogas at the landfill is probably the most common way of dealing with it. But it is an unfortunate waste of a potentially valuable fuel source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newer landfills are built with methane collection in mind from the early stages of construction. Pipes can be buried in the landfill as it is filled with trash. Pipes can also be placed in wells drilled through the trash after the landfill has begun to be filled. A vacuum system collects the gas as the microbes produce it. The amount of gas a landfill produces depends on the volume of trash and the age of the landfill; eventually, the gas production will peak and then begin to taper off. Today’s big landfills, however, can produce biogas for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane collected from landfills can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html\">generate electricity\u003c/a> via a turbine or internal combustion engine. Often some of the electricity is used at the landfill to run equipment, and the rest is sold to the local utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from biogas can be converted to compressed natural gas, which can be used as fuel for vehicles. In some areas, regulations stipulate that large fleets of vehicles (with more than about 50 trucks) are required to run on clean fuel. When biogas is converted to compressed natural gas, the vehicles can refuel at the landfill. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane collected from landfills can \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html\">generate electricity\u003c/a> via a turbine or internal combustion engine. Often some of the electricity is used at the landfill to run equipment, and the rest is sold to the local utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane from biogas can be converted to compressed natural gas, which can be used as fuel for vehicles. In some areas, regulations stipulate that large fleets of vehicles (with more than about 50 trucks) are required to run on clean fuel. When biogas is converted to compressed natural gas, the vehicles can refuel at the landfill. Building a system that converts biogas into compressed natural gas is a big investment, but the fleet saves on fuel costs for decades. These kinds of biogas systems can be installed at anaerobic waste digesters at places like wastewater treatment plants, not just landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altamont Landfill has taken things a step further, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/11/02/BUM81AE52U.DTL\">converting landfill biogas into liquefied natural gas\u003c/a>. First, impurities are removed, and then the gas is cooled down to a liquid state. This liquefied natural gas is used to fuel Waste Management’s garbage trucks. Altamont Landfill’s liquid natural gas system is the largest in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously, we should buy only what we need, recycle what we can, and be careful to compost everything that’s compostable. But it’s nice to know that something useful can come from plain old trash.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>One of the first big lessons I learned as an electric car early adopter didn't happen out on the road but rather in my tax guy’s office. The lesson was this: if you are going to buy a clean car vehicle, plan ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many folks, I was counting on a number of tax credits and rebates to help me afford the Nissan Leaf. I have already received the state of \u003ca href=\"https://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/clean-vehicle-rebate-project\">California’s 2,500 dollar rebate\u003c/a> (it took a little over two months). Also, Nissan sent me a $700 rebate to pay me back for having a fast charging port installed on my Leaf. Although there are no fast chargers out there yet, I guess it’s going to come in handy one day. But what I might not get is the federal tax credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/19/life-with-the-leaf-missing-out-on-the-federal-tax-credit/finaltaxcredit/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-29560\" title=\"2011 EV tax credit\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/finaltaxcredit.jpg\" alt=\"2011 EV tax credit\" width=\"400\" height=\"220\">\u003c/a>I thought the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/taxevb.shtml\">clean car federal tax credit of $7,500 for EVs\u003c/a> was like the home buyers' credit from last year or like California’s solar panel credit -- but it is not a refund credit. You have to set it up so you owe the federal government an amount, then they will take if off. I didn’t do that so after an early December tax appointment I rushed to increase my exemptions for my last two paychecks of the year. I scrambled to see where I could get some other income. Anyway, I am probably not going to even get half the credit which makes my Leaf much more expensive than I originally planned for. I blame myself for not researching this but it’s all a bit confusing. I also had not planned ahead on a home charger. I had \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/otherrequests/newconstruction/servicerequirements/electric_vehicle_bulletin.pdf\">PG&E come out to do a required EV inspection \u003c/a>but I did not buy a charger before I bought the car. Thus my new shiny Leaf sat in my driveway, unused, for a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Monday I’ll explain how I picked my home charger and how I got it and the installation for free\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_27714\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 347px\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">The windows on the SmartHome let in heat during the winter and shade the sun’s rays in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Reduce, reuse, and recycle. We’ve heard it. Some people practice it. But as energy and other natural resources become harder to obtain and conserve, more people \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%E2%80%99s-so-%E2%80%9Csmart%E2%80%9D-about-a-smart-home/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=what%25e2%2580%2599s-so-%25e2%2580%259csmart%25e2%2580%259d-about-a-smart-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">…\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/28/what%E2%80%99s-so-%E2%80%9Csmart%E2%80%9D-about-a-smart-home/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=what%25e2%2580%2599s-so-%25e2%2580%259csmart%25e2%2580%259d-about-a-smart-home\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"What’s So “Smart” About a Smart Home?\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST – Energy\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. 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Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. 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"title": "The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also makes it one of the most controversial energy sources. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Difficult Path for Clean Coal",
"title": "A Difficult Path for Clean Coal",
"headTitle": "Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. 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And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
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"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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