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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Radio6-2-EnergyBehavior2//_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25851\" title=\"Meter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Meter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E SmartMeter on a Bay Area home. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smart meters have arrived for many Californians. More than 11 million have been installed by electric utilities in the state, with PG&E leading the way. The new meters digitally track a household's energy use. So, for the first time, we can see our daily and even hourly data online (with a one-day lag before it's posted).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use when they have access to this information. But as PG&E and other utilities have discovered, raw energy data doesn't mean much to most of us (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\">including me in this week's QUEST story\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of clean tech start-ups and major corporations are jumping into this space, trying to bridge the gap between hardware (meter) and well, \"soft\"-ware (consumers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting busy people to change their behavior is no simple task. So I spoke to two companies that have worked with PG&E and other utilities on this problem. Both \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.silverspringnet.com/\">Silver Springs Networks\u003c/a> have designed the web portals that consumers see when they log into their utility accounts. They're designed not just to make us understand, but to inspire us to use less energy in our daily lives. I asked Dan Yates of Opower and Eric Dresselhuys of Silver Spring Networks what lessons they've learned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 1: Keep Up with the Joneses \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think that saving the planet would be enough of a reason to guilt us into energy conservation. But it turns out that our competitive streak is a bigger motivator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies' websites show customers how their energy use compares to similar houses in their neighborhood. Don't worry - they're not publishing exactly how much electricity the Smiths use down the street. But the companies say knowing how you compare to others is a powerful motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame,\" says Yates of Opower. \"It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. If I have a $250 utility bill, I don't really know how much I can save. But as soon as I know that a similar home in my neighborhood is paying $150, suddenly I feel like I have an addressable gap of $100 that I want to pay attention.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's called \"normative comparison\" in the behavioral science world. And Dresselhuys agrees. \"People don't like to lose. People start to wonder why they use so much more than their neighbor does and they start to dig into it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is rolling out new social features later this year that allow customers to compare themselves to friends on Facebook. \"It puts the information in a context that's relevant to people. We've seen the power of the neighbor comparison and we're taking it to the next level with the friend comparison,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 2: Provide Concrete Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you get people's attention, they need specific recommendations to take action on – and those recommendations need to be doable, say Yates. \"People don't want data, they want insights.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive and it would be worth it to buy a new one,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opower is working with PG&E to roll out a new web portal to customers by the end of the year. Using smart meter data, they can analyze a household's energy use and break it into four categories: heating, cooling, base load (like refrigerator and DVR) and everything else (like lighting and TV watching).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heating and cooling makes up half of a home's energy use on average. Yates says reducing your heating and cooling load is one of the easiest ways to save energy and reduce your bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 3: Get Information Out There\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The average customer isn't getting up in the morning and checking their energy use data,\" says Yates. Emails, text messages and plain old snail mail are crucial for getting customers to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eric Dresselhuys says mobile devices, including iPhone apps, are making it much easier. \"You can get a text if your electricity usage is getting high. Or the utility can send a message on peak days when they need customers to conserve energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Letting customers know what their bill will be is also a good way to get their attention. \"Today, getting your utility bill is like shopping for groceries all month long and never seeing a bill until the end of the month,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 4: Set a Goal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember those gold stars in elementary school? It turns out we still like to be rewarded when we achieve something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we see is that getting people to go after a goal, even 5%, has a big impact,\" says Yates. When they track a customer's progress towards a goal, Yates says it helps them save energy, no matter the size of the goal. \"It's applicable even if you're at the very bottom of the pile and use a ton of energy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 5: Tell People When They Do Well but Don't Overdo it\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you're super energy efficient, turning off lights and power strips in your house with unrelenting dedication. If your utility tells you that you're head and shoulders above everyone else, chances are you'll stop trying so hard. \"This was a concerning outcome of earlier studies we did,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been seen in other scenarios. There was an anti-drinking campaign called ‘two beers is enough' at college campuses. There were non-drinkers who started thinking ‘if the campus is telling me two is enough, maybe I should drink more beer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've designed our reports so everyone has a goal in front of them,\" says Yates. It's always good to reward people for doing a good job, but Yates says they stay away from telling people if they're achieving way above expectations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lesson 6: The Smart Grid is Probably Smarter without Consumers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Home automation, as its known, is almost a holy grail for utilities. If technology can take care of energy conservation, then customers don't have do remember to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that on peak days, when the utility needs to conserve energy, it can send a message to a customer's smart meter. The meter is connected to the thermostat over a Home Area Network, so the thermostat adjusts itself by a few degrees to conserve electricity. Customers can opt-out anytime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both the carrot and stick in this case comes in the form of a varied pricing plan. During hot afternoons or so-called \"peak events,\" electricity would be more expensive. So the customer has the potential to save money by shifting their energy use later in the evening when power is cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dresselhuys says they saw the potential of this in a pilot with Oklahoma Gas & Electric customers. \"The more automation in the home, the higher the level of savings. Using that home automation about doubles the amount of money they can save,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-10-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25820\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25820\" title=\"Smart-home-640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Smart-home-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \"smart\" demonstration home set up by Southern California Edison. (Photo: Lauren Sommer)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California's electric utilities have installed more than 11 million smart meters in homes and businesses around the state. Which means for the first time, customers can see how much electricity they're using every hour, instead of once-a-month when the bill comes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consumers use less energy, studies have shown, when they can see that real-time data. But getting customers to pay attention in the first place may be the biggest hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital smart meters provide a stream of energy use data, which industry analysts say has the potential to remake our homes. That's evident just outside of Los Angeles, where \u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/default.htm\">Southern California Edison\u003c/a> has set up a \"smart\" demonstration home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Above us we have photovoltaic solar panels to the left used for generating electricity and a solar thermal water heating system,\" says Cynthia Miller as she leads a tour of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.sce.com/b-sb/energy-centers/ctac/tour-ctac/smart-energy-experience.htm\">Smart Energy Experience\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You might notice that we have some nice appliances,\" she says, pointing to the kitchen. The house is a green gadget-lovers dream. There's an electric car in the garage, LED lights, and a \"smart\" washing machine that communicates with the dryer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're able to talk to each other so the washer can tell the dryer what its washing and the dryer can determine the optimal heat setting for that particular load of laundry,\" Miller says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also a small screen in the kitchen that shows how much power the house is using at any given moment. Miller demonstrates what happens when you turn the toaster on. \"And we'll see a jump here... and there we go. The jump happened and it's 1.7 kilowatts at 41 cents per hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real intelligence of this house is its ability to communicate with the electric grid through its \u003ca href=\"http://www.sdge.com/smartmeter/homeAreaNetwork.shtml\">Home Area Network\u003c/a>. So on a hot summer day, when SCE is cranking out power, the utility could send a message to your house that kicks your home into conservation mode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You notice my lights have dimmed, the ceiling fan turned on, the shades are coming down,\" says Miller. The thermostat turns up to 73 degrees and the air-conditioning shuts off. SCE would offer this as a voluntary program with financial incentives to sweeten the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, what we anticipate is the awareness is really going to drive a change in behavior for our customers because this information is compelling,\" says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming in a Sea of Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, our homes today aren't quite as advanced. That's evident every time I log into my \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">PG&E SmartMeter account\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25873\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-25873\" title=\"PGE current2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/PGE-current21.jpg\" alt=\"My home energy use on PG&E's website.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My home energy use on PG&E's website.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My account shows charts of my home's daily and hourly energy use. But, for the average consumer like me, it doesn't tell me a lot. I see a few spikes in the chart where clearly my husband and I used more electricity, but what caused it? Neither of us could figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most people, including for me, that really is not very useful information,\" says Jim Sweeney, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://peec.stanford.edu/index.php\">Precourt Energy Efficiency Center\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that consumers reduce their energy use by as much as 10 percent when they have smart meter data like mine. Sweeney says they also studied that with a group of Google employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results have been very disappointing. In the first month, there was a significant reduction of energy use, but by end of three or four months, they were back to the same amount. This becomes an interesting toy or gimmick for people at first, but then they get tired of doing it and they revert right back to the old behavior patterns,\" Sweeney says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No One Said Change Was Easy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney says using electricity in our homes is a lot like going grocery shopping in a store with no price tags. \"There are flank steak and chuck steak and hamburger. But you've never seen a price tag ever in a grocery store. How good a shopper would you be with that little information?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are reasons to pay attention to energy, whether it's to reduce your carbon footprint or save money on your utility bill. But even though electricity may seem expensive, Sweeney says it's only a small part of the average household's income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use 2.3 percent of our disposable personal income for electricity, natural gas and all other energy in the house. So if you have work hard to save that, you're probably not going to do it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweeney believes the key is to attach a price tag to the decisions we make the second we make them. So, if you turn up your air conditioning, the thermostat tells you how much more you're spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology to do that isn't far away. Today's smart meters already have the capability to talk to your house through a home area network. The California Public Utilities Commission also \u003ca href=\"http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/published/News_release/140316.htm\">recently ruled\u003c/a> that utilities must make customers' energy use data available to third-party companies that sell home energy management systems, if a customer purchases one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But utilities have a long way to go to get customers to think this way. Only 20 percent of PG&E customers have set up online accounts. And according to one study, consumers interact with their utilities for only six minutes a year on average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Tech Companies Search for the Secret Recipe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to get it right when we have those six minutes,\" says Dan Yates, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://opower.com/\">Opower\u003c/a>, a smart grid technology company that's trying to find the secret sauce of behavioral change. PG&E has hired Opower to redesign the website I was looking at. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">Check out a preview here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People don't want data, they want insights. So, I always joke that my mom is my litmus test. And I know that she would never spend a minute looking at raw energy data. But what she would love to find out is that her freezer is very energy intensive,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with other utilities, Opower says their program has helped households cut their energy use by one to three percent and the change sticks. They do that by showing customers how their energy use compares to similar homes in their neighborhood. (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/07/what-makes-us-conserve-energy-6-lessons-from-the-smart-grid/\">More about what motivates us\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not shame. It is really just recognizing an addressable opportunity to reduce usage. And then when you start to have people's attention, the key comes down to have relevant, targeting insights,\" says Yates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yates says for utilities that are used to dealing with hardware, working with behavioral science is a new challenge. But it's one with the potential to remake the way we consume energy. PG&E's redesigned SmartMeter website will be available by the end of the year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green",
"title": "The View from Coal Country in the Age of Green",
"headTitle": "Coal at the Crossroads | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also makes it one of the most controversial energy sources. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-philadelphia-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal produces nearly half the electricity in the U.S., but the mercury, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide it emits also make it one of the most controversial energy sources. New EPA regulations and a national Sierra Club \u003ca href=\"http://beyondcoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">campaign\u003c/a> to try to shutter the industry have added to rising anti-coal sentiment. For many environmental activists, coal represents an old, dirty source of power, but for coal-mining communities around the country, the story is different. Carolyn Beeler of WHYY reports for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24896\" title=\"WHYY Image3 - plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image3-plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal plant\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>Coal still king in Greene County, Pa.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.co.greene.pa.us/\" target=\"_top\">Greene County\u003c/a> is in the far southwest corner of Pennsylvania. It is bordered on two sides by West Virginia, and outside of its towns, it is filled with winding country roads flanked by rolling hills. Here, coal still reigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every summer, the county hosts the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kingcoalshow.org/\" target=\"_top\">King Coal Show\u003c/a>, a week-long festival with mine rescue contests, a parade, and the Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal Queen Pageant. On a stormy Sunday evening in August, high school girls in evening gowns touted their coal-mining pedigrees along with their good grades and volunteer work. Like many in the area, most could find a great-grandfather, uncle or father who worked in the mines to claim as their connection to the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, said County Commissioner Pam Snyder, coal is not a dirty four-letter word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Coal means jobs, sustainability on our tax base, families being able to make a good living, raise their children, have decent health-care,” Snyder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the coal patch towns that used to dot the county are a thing of the past, but one in five jobs in Greene County is still in mining, and Snyder said a third of the county’s general fund comes from taxes on coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she does not see anti-coal campaigns as an attack on her community’s way of life. Rather, it is more like a misunderstanding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think if you live in a part of the country where coal has no place and never existed, you \u003cem>are\u003c/em> just used to turning on your light switch,” Snyder said, “never giving thought to where that electricity’s being powered from or how it’s getting into (your) home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snyder said she understands why people take their power for granted, but argues those who oppose coal as a power source need to realize how big a role it plays in the nation’s energy portfolio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/WHYY_coal_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘You need to be mining coal to get paid’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County is home to four major underground mines, including two of the largest in the country, Enlow Fork and Bailey Mine, which together span 22 miles north to south and spill into neighboring West Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-24897\" title=\"WHYY Marquee 1 - IMG_1305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Marquee-1-IMG_1305-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal mine\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Miners at \u003ca href=\"http://www.consolenergy.com/\" target=\"_top\">Consol Energy\u003c/a>’s Bailey mine ride an elevator down 700 feet and take a half-hour-long ride on an underground trolley just to get to the job site. There, a massive automated shearing machine lumbers along an exposed wall of coal and slices away at the coal seam. Braces hold the ceiling up until the cutting drums have cleared, then re-position farther down the wall. Chunks periodically fall from the ceiling into a sludge of water and coal dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Highly mechanized \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwall_mining\" target=\"_top\">longwall mining\u003c/a> is a far cry from the days of pick-axes and canaries, but mining is still hard, dirty work. Yet, it pays well, an average of almost $90,000, much higher than the county average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the Obama administration put in place new rules designed to cut the amount of air pollution from coal-fired power plants by more than half, a move the EPA says would reduce asthma, bronchitis and heart attacks in 31 states. The EPA is drafting global warming rules that could hit coal even harder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom Mills, who has been working in Cumberland Mine in Greene County for five years, said he sees new regulations as a threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what you always worry about your job,” Mills said. “You need to be mining coal to get paid. And if they shut these power plants down, these coal-fired power plants, what are they going to use the coal for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many in the industry, Mills said the future of energy lies in cleaner-burning coal, not in renewable sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of the Sierra Club donating money to shut these places down, maybe they should have donated those millions of dollars to technology to make them burn cleaner,” Mills said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mills is not the only one feeling threatened. Billboards touting the reliability and affordability of coal over renewables pepper the highway in Southwestern Pennsylvania, paid for by a \u003ca href=\"http://www.families4pacoal.org/\" target=\"_top\">group\u003c/a> called “Families Organized to Represent the Coal Economy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New energy sources in coal’s backyard\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps a more immediate threat than new EPA regulations, though, is the natural gas boom. The tapping of huge reserves in the Marcellus Shale formation right in Greene County and across the region has driven down the price of natural gas and made it more competitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24895\" title=\"WHYY Image2 IMG_1360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/WHYY-Image2-IMG_1360-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"coal billboard\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Jimmy Brock, chief operating officer for coal for Consol Energy, which owns Bailey mine and also has natural gas operations, said natural gas and new regulations could cut into the market for coal. But if demand drops domestically, he said he is confident the international markets will make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am not worried for the future of the coal,” Brock said. “I believe coal’s here today, I believe it’ll be here tomorrow, and I believe it’ll be here for many years to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene County Commissioner Pam Snyder put it differently. Although she said a serious blow to the coal industry would cripple her county’s economy, “nobody’s pushing panic buttons yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The share of the nation's electricity generated by coal during the first quarter of this year was at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2391\" target=\"_top\">lowest\u003c/a> in more than 30 years, due largely to low natural gas prices. But with U.S. demand for electricity expected to grow by about a third in the next quarter century, the industry says King Coal is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Difficult Path for Clean Coal",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-9-23-quest-ohio-coal.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce \"clean coal.\" Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser of QUEST Ohio reports on the difficult path for clean coal for our special radio series, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24539\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24539\" title=\"wcpn_coal_marquee640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/wcpn_coal_marquee640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"wcpn coal marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">taking measurements during carbon storage project in Canton, Ohio. Courtesy ODNR.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Coal generates half of all the electricity in the U.S. It’s also the biggest source of global-warming emissions and other air pollution. The coal industry acknowledges this but says the answer is not to phase out coal, but instead to produce “clean coal.” Among the strategies for doing this is building carbon sequestration plants, where the carbon generated from burning coal is pumped underground. But despite years of promises, no carbon sequestration plants are in operation in the U.S. Anne Glausser reports on the difficult path for clean coal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s noon on a humid Ohio summer day. About 10 miles southeast of the city of Canton, Chris Perry, a geologist with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, is standing in a patch of woods next to an oil well. Over the chatter of cicadas, Perry explains why this well is of particular interest to him: “We did what we call a ‘huff and puff,’ or a cyclic CO2 test—we injected 80 tons of CO2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24659\" title=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Chris-Perry-geologist-with-the-Ohio-Dept-of-Natural-Resources-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Perry, geologist with the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources, stands next to an oil well in Canton, Ohio where his research team injected CO2 for permanent storage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Perry’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://216.109.210.162/\">research team\u003c/a> that’s looking into how we can store carbon dioxide, in places like this oil well. The researchers “injected” carbon into this well, to test its ability to trap—or sequester—the potent greenhouse gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on this small scale project, Perry’s group was successful. “The volume of CO2 we put in the well entered into the rock matrix, entered into that porous sandstone, so the CO2 was stored,” says Perry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy has spent more than 4 billion dollars on clean coal projects like this, but despite the investment, none of them have really taken off. Early this summer one of the nation’s largest generators of electricity—Ohio-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.aep.com/newsroom/newsreleases/?id=1704\">American Electric Power\u003c/a>—decided to cancel a promising carbon storage project at its plant in West Virginia. “It was a huge blow,” says geologist Chris Perry, “because it was really perhaps the leading industrial funded Co2 sequestration study underway in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, why pull the plug? Nick Akins, president of American Electric Power, says that it just didn’t make economic sense, given the hefty price tag of carbon capture and storage, and waning political support for climate legislation. “The DOE had funded projects about 50%. And so it was left for us to look at that project and fund the other 50%. And this project was $664 million dollars. So not a small number,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AEP had already spent 140-million dollars of its own funds on a smaller-scale pilot study, and state regulators wouldn’t let the company pass along the cost of developing the technology onto rate paying customers. “And that’s why we put it on the shelf,” says Akins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-24657\" title=\"Carbon storage process\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Carbon-storage-process-305x253.png\" alt=\"Carbon storage process\" width=\"305\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon storage process. Courtesy ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The company is also in the midst of trying to comply with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airtransport/basic.html\">new federal rule\u003c/a> that requires coal plants to reduce emissions of two main components of smog. Operators will either have to spend money to upgrade plants or shut older plants down. “I think clean coal is definitely fighting a war, at this point,” says Akins, “I think there definitely is a view that coal should be shut down, that it needs to be taken offline to reduce emissions, but keep in mind, these plants produce 45-48% of the energy mix of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sandy Buchanan is Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/\">Ohio Citizen Action\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that targets polluting industries and she is a “clean coal” skeptic. “The idea of clean coal has always been a way for the coal industry to try to prop itself up,” says Buchanan, “they’ve received in Ohio literally millions of dollars of tax-payer subsidies for research projects, all of which have turned out to be unproductive, extremely expensive, and have not worked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buchanan says the money should be put instead toward renewable energy and efficiency research, and that coal needs to be phased out. “The thing to do with coal is leave it in the ground,” says Buchanan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Buchanan and American Electric Power President Nick Akins agree on: right now, “clean coal” isn’t delivering. The carbon storage process is just too expensive. But strict new regulations on burning coal could force the issue-- the Obama administration is writing \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ghgsettlement.html\">new EPA rules\u003c/a> that would place mandatory national limits on greenhouse gas emissions. While environmentalists seek the end of coal, Akins says that’s just not feasible. “In order to continue feeding the insatiable desire of the electrification of this economy,” says Akins, “we need everything. And coal has to remain a part.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal",
"headTitle": "As Renewables Boom, California Struggles to Quit Coal | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of these investments, while they create a lot of jobs, jobs that we desperately need, these are also investments that are going to modernize the utility. And I think the opportunity here in Los Angeles is to help provide that roadmap to help these other utilities around the country manage that transition,” says Gillespie.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/09/2011-09-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California is known for its “green” reputation. Just look at all the new solar and wind farms popping up around the state. So it might be a surprise that residents in Southern California still depend on coal power when they turn on the lights. The region’s utilities are struggling to wean themselves off coal energy. As Lauren Sommer reports for our series \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/coal-at-the-crossroads/\">Coal at the Crossroads\u003c/a>, utilities around the country may soon be facing the same battle.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25095\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25095\" title=\"Coal Plant\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/Coal-Plant-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coal-fired San Juan Generating Station in New Mexico. (Photo: Matt Preusch)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Massive coal-fired power plants aren’t something you’ll find within California’s borders. To find the source of the state’s coal power, you have to go to places like northern New Mexico, where the San Juan Generating Station is located.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We currently have unit four offline, but units one, two and three are operating at full load,” says Pat Themig, Vice President of Generation for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnm.com/\">PNM\u003c/a>, the New Mexico utility that runs the plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you see the line where the stack is, everything going behind that is scrubber,” he says, pointing past a towering smokestack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those scrubbers remove pollutants from the air emissions. But PNM has struggled to meet air quality standards and last month, the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnmresources.com/press/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=606130\">ordered the plant\u003c/a> to install new pollution control equipment. Those costs are generally passed on to the power plant owners, which, in this case, are utilities in Arizona, New Mexico and California. The San Juan Generating Station \u003ca href=\"http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/powerplants/coal_plants_ownership.html\">supplies power to several California cities\u003c/a> and the Southern California Public Power Authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People would be very surprised to know, particularly in Los Angeles, that historically, more of our electricity comes from coal fired power than from any other source,” says Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club’s “Beyond Coal” campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Several decades ago, Los Angeles made a number of bad bets on coal fired power plants – that that would be the way of the future. That has clearly turned out to not be the case,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie is talking about one particular utility: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/homepage.jsp\">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power\u003c/a> (DWP). It’s the largest municipal utility in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Challenges for Los Angeles Utility \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We get about 40 percent today from coal and that is all out of state coal,” says General Manager Ron Nichols. It comes from two coal-fired power plants, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.srpnet.com/about/stations/navajo.aspx\">Navajo Generating Station\u003c/a> in Arizona and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipautah.com/\">Intermountain Power Project\u003c/a> in Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, coal has been attractive to utilities for two reasons: it’s reliable and cheap. “Coal tends to come around 5 to 6 cents a kilowatt hour. Our renewable portfolio today is around about 11 cents,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing, according to Nichols and most of the energy industry. Renewable energy is getting cheaper, while coal is getting more expensive due to stricter air pollution rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa set a goal for DWP. “I’m directing the CEO of the Department of Water and Power to take every action necessary to reach these goals and eliminate the use of coal by 2020.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meeting that 2020 goal isn’t something DWP managers have committed to. That’s because DWP’s contract with the Utah coal plant isn’t up until 2027. Nichols says ending it early is difficult because they have to negotiate with the plant’s many owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps the bigger challenge is: that coal power has to be replaced with something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within a decade and a half, we’re going have replaced on the order of 70 percent of our total power supply. And for a utility that thinks in decades, that’s rocket fast,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP must generate a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, according to state law. But the problem with solar and wind power is that it fluctuates. The sun doesn’t shine all the time and the wind stops blowing. Utilities often use electricity from natural gas power plants to fill in power gaps. But DWP has a problem there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billion-Dollar Revamp for Natural Gas Plants \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWP relies on three coastal natural gas power plants, including the Haynes Generating Station in Long Beach. The 1800-megawatt power plant was built more than 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we walk out here, I’ll show you how we get the ocean water,” says DWP projects manager Nazih Batarseh. “For these old power plants, we use ocean water for cooling. And then we return it back into the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technique is known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">once-through-cooling\u003c/a>. Everyday, almost 700 million gallons of seawater is pumped through power plant. That water holds fish larvae and plankton that die in the process. So last year, the State Water Resources Control Board ruled that coastal power plants must switch to a new cooling method over the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a huge project. It is something that requires us to take plants down, plant by plant, and completely rebuild them. And those are plants that are key to our reliability,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Nichols says rebuilding three natural gas plants will cost DWP $2.2 billion dollars. The utility recently convinced the water board to \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/cwa316/\">give it an extension to 2029\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that to investing in more renewable energy and moving away from coal power and it’s a challenging time for the utility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a transition that every utility in the country will make says,” Evan Gillespie of the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gillespie says Los Angeles’s challenges are a snapshot of what utilities around the country will be facing as the country gradually puts national global warming rules in place. And he says those that embrace renewable energy first will benefit the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/supercomputer3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>John Shalf of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab stands inside the Hopper supercomputer.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether its laptops or cell phones, computers are getting smaller for most of us. But for many scientists, they’re getting larger. Supercomputers have become a critical tool for analyzing complex problems like climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as supercomputers grow, so does their energy appetite. Researchers are trying to solve that problem by using a smaller, more pervasive technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supercomputers have improved at a break-neck speed, especially if you look back to the Cray-1. In 1976, this six-foot tall tower of wires was the most powerful supercomputer the world had ever seen. It was installed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab for fusion research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you needed an icon for a supercomputer, you would use the Cray-1,” says Dag Spicer, senior curator at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a>, where the computer is spending its retirement. “It blew people’s minds. It was so powerful, so fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in today’s terms, “It’s roughly equivalent to a first generation iPhone from Apple,” says Spicer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-27-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-future-of-supercomputers\">The Future of Supercomputers \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The reason we don’t play Angry Birds on a supercomputer today is thanks to something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1965-Moore.html\">Moore’s Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moore’s law is a predication made by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistors – that is the little switches that make up a computer – the number of transistors incorporated in a chip will double approximately every 12 months,” says Spicer. Moore later amended that timeline to every 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that means is computer chips have gotten smaller and faster at an incredible rate over the last 40 years. Which leads us to a supercomputer known as Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Today's Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nersc.gov/systems/hopper-cray-xe6/\">Cray XE6 supercomputing system\u003c/a>,” says John Shalf, a computer scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. We’re standing next to row after row of tall black computer towers inside a building in downtown Oakland. The sound of the computer’s massive cooling system is deafening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to keep it cold or it’ll melt. We’ll have a puddle of chips on the bottom of the floor,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper is the eighth largest supercomputer in the world. And right now, it’s chewing on some complicated problems. “Number one here is particle accelerator design. We have fusion energy and then we also have laser plasma inertial fusion simulation,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science has just really been revolutionized by the speed of computers,” says Kathy Yelick, associate director for computing sciences at Berkeley Lab. She says scientists use Hopper to simulate everything from black holes to climate models. There’s a special term to measure this supercomputer’s power: a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS\">petaflop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So how fast is that?” says Yelick. “Most people can do probably about one arithmetic operation per second if they’re pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine asking a billion people on the planet to do one math problem per second. To get to Hopper’s speed, “we would need a million earths,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million earths, each with a billion mathematicians – that’s how fast Hopper is. But it won’t be long before a faster model comes along. “Every four years we get a system that’s about 10 times larger than one we put in three or four years earlier” says Yelick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moore’s Law, those next generation supercomputers should be faster and more compact. But John Shalf says computer chips have hit a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of Moore's Law?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is now we can’t make them go any faster. So we can cram more things on the chip, but if you make them go fast, it’s so hot they’ll melt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If chips themselves aren’t faster, supercomputers will simply have to add more and more of them to increase computing power. And that comes with a very big impact on the energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper uses around 3 megawatts of electricity – about as much as 2000 homes. But future supercomputers? “Projections say that at the end of the decade, we’d be at 100 megawatts if we continue,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for a small city, about the size of Novato. The electricity bill alone would be roughly 100 million dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that says is our current approach to doing supercomputing is dead end. And that we need to think of dramatically new ways to improve the efficiency of computing,” Shalf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be done with some very familiar technology. Cell phones have computer chips inside them, but not the same chips as desktop computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/supercomputer-graph1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003ch6>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>From Peter M. Kogge, \"ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving Exascale Systems,\" Sept. 28, 2008\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003cp>“For as long as they’ve existed, they’ve wanted a cell phone that would last longer, be less expensive,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, chips in cell phones have had to be smaller and more energy efficient. So Shalf says, why not build a supercomputer with chips that combine millions of these simple cell phone processors, specially designed for scientific jobs? In other words, use cell phone technology to make the world’s most powerful computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to demonstrate an additional 80 times more energy efficiency than business as usual, and that gets us within striking distance of where we need to be to build a practical supercomputer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a 100-megawatt supercomputer, it would be a three to ten megawatt computer. Whether or not it gets built depends on chipmakers like AMD and Intel, who would design the chips. But Shalf says a supercomputer with that power could make a big difference in climate change science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It enables policymakers to have the tools they need to make important decisions that have trillion dollar consequences. And that’s why you want to build a supercomputer that’s able to do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab hopes to use the supercomputer to better predict some of the trickier impacts of climate change – like changes in rainfall patterns, ice sheet melt and the effects of clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8077719 -122.2689661\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you needed an icon for a supercomputer, you would use the Cray-1,” says Dag Spicer, senior curator at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a>, where the computer is spending its retirement. “It blew people’s minds. It was so powerful, so fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, in today’s terms, “It’s roughly equivalent to a first generation iPhone from Apple,” says Spicer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-27-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-future-of-supercomputers\">The Future of Supercomputers \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The reason we don’t play Angry Birds on a supercomputer today is thanks to something called \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1965-Moore.html\">Moore’s Law\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Moore’s law is a predication made by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistors – that is the little switches that make up a computer – the number of transistors incorporated in a chip will double approximately every 12 months,” says Spicer. Moore later amended that timeline to every 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What that means is computer chips have gotten smaller and faster at an incredible rate over the last 40 years. Which leads us to a supercomputer known as Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Today's Supercomputers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our new \u003ca href=\"http://www.nersc.gov/systems/hopper-cray-xe6/\">Cray XE6 supercomputing system\u003c/a>,” says John Shalf, a computer scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. We’re standing next to row after row of tall black computer towers inside a building in downtown Oakland. The sound of the computer’s massive cooling system is deafening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to keep it cold or it’ll melt. We’ll have a puddle of chips on the bottom of the floor,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper is the eighth largest supercomputer in the world. And right now, it’s chewing on some complicated problems. “Number one here is particle accelerator design. We have fusion energy and then we also have laser plasma inertial fusion simulation,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Science has just really been revolutionized by the speed of computers,” says Kathy Yelick, associate director for computing sciences at Berkeley Lab. She says scientists use Hopper to simulate everything from black holes to climate models. There’s a special term to measure this supercomputer’s power: a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS\">petaflop\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So how fast is that?” says Yelick. “Most people can do probably about one arithmetic operation per second if they’re pretty good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine asking a billion people on the planet to do one math problem per second. To get to Hopper’s speed, “we would need a million earths,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A million earths, each with a billion mathematicians – that’s how fast Hopper is. But it won’t be long before a faster model comes along. “Every four years we get a system that’s about 10 times larger than one we put in three or four years earlier” says Yelick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Moore’s Law, those next generation supercomputers should be faster and more compact. But John Shalf says computer chips have hit a wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The End of Moore's Law?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is now we can’t make them go any faster. So we can cram more things on the chip, but if you make them go fast, it’s so hot they’ll melt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If chips themselves aren’t faster, supercomputers will simply have to add more and more of them to increase computing power. And that comes with a very big impact on the energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopper uses around 3 megawatts of electricity – about as much as 2000 homes. But future supercomputers? “Projections say that at the end of the decade, we’d be at 100 megawatts if we continue,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s enough power for a small city, about the size of Novato. The electricity bill alone would be roughly 100 million dollars a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that says is our current approach to doing supercomputing is dead end. And that we need to think of dramatically new ways to improve the efficiency of computing,” Shalf says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be done with some very familiar technology. Cell phones have computer chips inside them, but not the same chips as desktop computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch6>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/supercomputer-graph1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003ch6>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>From Peter M. Kogge, \"ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving Exascale Systems,\" Sept. 28, 2008\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/h6>\n\u003cp>“For as long as they’ve existed, they’ve wanted a cell phone that would last longer, be less expensive,” says Shalf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, chips in cell phones have had to be smaller and more energy efficient. So Shalf says, why not build a supercomputer with chips that combine millions of these simple cell phone processors, specially designed for scientific jobs? In other words, use cell phone technology to make the world’s most powerful computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to demonstrate an additional 80 times more energy efficiency than business as usual, and that gets us within striking distance of where we need to be to build a practical supercomputer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of a 100-megawatt supercomputer, it would be a three to ten megawatt computer. Whether or not it gets built depends on chipmakers like AMD and Intel, who would design the chips. But Shalf says a supercomputer with that power could make a big difference in climate change science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It enables policymakers to have the tools they need to make important decisions that have trillion dollar consequences. And that’s why you want to build a supercomputer that’s able to do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley Lab hopes to use the supercomputer to better predict some of the trickier impacts of climate change – like changes in rainfall patterns, ice sheet melt and the effects of clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/santasusana3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Santa Susana Field Laboratory.\u003c/em> \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Japan’s \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/bxzQPiy_U1M\">nuclear power crisis\u003c/a> has planted indelible memories worldwide and revived doubts about the health and safety of nuclear power. It may unsettle many to discover that California, too, experienced a partial nuclear meltdown. \u003ca href=\"http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment\">The accident\u003c/a>, which occurred in 1959, is claimed to have released more radiation than Three Mile Island. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rocketdynecleanupcoalition.org/resources/documents/#health\"> The severity of health impacts\u003c/a> from this incident on site workers, and to the surrounding community, is still being debated to this day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/03/2011-03-21-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/nuclears-future-in-the-us\">Nuclear's Future in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Don’t remember hearing about the accident? Not many do. Located in Ventura County, California, The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) was a testing site for rockets and nuclear work during the dawn of the Cold War. As such, there was an experimental attitude and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ssflpanel.org/files/SSFLPanelReport.pdf\">secrecy\u003c/a> associated with this site as these technologies were being developed. The events at SSFL essentially lay hidden from the public for twenty years. It wasn’t until scares from the Three Mile Island disaster in 1979 ignited UCLA and reporters to unearth the nuclear accident at SSFL that \u003ca href=\"http://www.committeetobridgethegap.org/sre/\">the public first learned\u003c/a> about the immensity of this meltdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sodium Reactor Experiment (SRE) was the first U.S. commercial nuclear power plant, and as such, was subject to untested “glitches” in operation. On July 13th, 1959, power within the SRE reactor rose uncontrollably, nearly tripling in less than eight seconds. Radiation monitors went off scale. After a difficult shutdown and inability to find the cause of the problems, workers restarted the damaged reactor and ran it for two more weeks before discovering that 13 of 43 fuel rods had partially melted. Workers determined that a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/eRdC5I0Yn2k?version=3\">blockage from a contaminating fluid in the coolant system\u003c/a> caused the melting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, this reactor was only 1/100 the size of the Three Mile Island reactor. However, it’s been reported to have released up to 240 times more radiation than the 1979 disaster. How can this be? The answer: the experimental reactor did not have a concrete containment structure. Thus, any radiation that escaped the venting system entered the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Department of Energy came out in 1989 with the statement that the SSFL site was still contaminated, community concern began to grow. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehib.org/papers/37_Reynolds_1992_Cancer.pdf\">study showing increased levels of bladder cancer\u003c/a> nearby the site showed up. Then there was the follow up \u003ca href=\"http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vHAjqH7wrIUJ:www.ssflpanel.org/files/panel_worker_chem.pdf+California+Dept+of+Health+bladder+cancer+ssfl&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj9dzq8mTO1DrvlG6iBd1E8SaQnX73QV7wxpGbHaCNgU4ZVtHIlfl7vkkYDCh0ujFv6rLcpYmLeZfJwxY4tjolcv797jXfDOykyFMNnmSBru-nbRprLS479mzATKO6kfMPjQdt_&sig=AHIEtbSIC-XpIvTaUXaZJq5EyFkCybCU0A\">report by UCLA\u003c/a> that SRE plant workers who had been exposed to the highest levels of radiation had triple the amount of cancer death rates then those not exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the nuclear plant is gone, but years of work \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/04/local/la-me-0904-cleanup-20100904\">cleaning up the site\u003c/a> remain. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/farmersmarket1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Picking up local produce at the farmers’ market—that’s my kind of New Year’s resolution. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mazarines/\">Mazarine\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I’m kind of a sucker for New Year’s resolutions. Every January, I make a list. (Sometimes, I don’t even wait for January—I just like the opportunity for improvement. And I like lists.) Here are my environmental resolutions for 2011. Some of you might think these a bit lazy, but as a person who has made a lot of unrealistic (and unrealized) resolutions over the years, I only want to share the resolutions I know I can keep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Go on an energy diet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA few years ago, I read an article in the New York Times in which the author tries to cut his annual CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions by half a ton—roughly five percent of his yearly carbon “weight.” He makes several easy changes, all of which he accomplishes in under 8 hours. For example, he turns down the thermostat, washes his clothes in cold water, asks retailers to stop sending him catalogs, and swaps out some incandescent bulbs for C.F.L.s. He overshoots his goal of half a ton of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, with minimal effort. This article has really stuck in my mind, because these changes are so easy to make. I’m going to revisit this article, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/garden/05green.html\">The Energy Diet\u003c/a>, and cut some carbon from my waistline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Track my energy usage—and respond accordingly\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPG&E just installed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/customerservice/smartmeter/howitworks/\">SmartMeter\u003c/a> at my home. Once it’s connected to the network (it will take a few months), I’ll be able to track my hourly energy usage. I want to do little experiments to figure out which of my appliances are energetically expensive. I’ll be able to see how much energy I save by turning off my computer at night, rather than putting it to sleep. I can swap out light bulbs and see if the savings are significant. I’m looking forward to doing nerdy energy experiments and seeing my energy usage drop! All PG&E customers should have a SmartMeter by mid-2012. To learn more about SmartMeters, check PG&E’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">website\u003c/a>, and watch QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/climate-watch-unlocking-the-grid\">Climate Watch: Unlocking the Grid\u003c/a>. And for some of the controversy about SmartMeters, take a look at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/06/13/dumbfounded-by-smartmeters/\">this post\u003c/a> on the Climate Watch blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Eat local\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs food is transported across the country (or across the globe), CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is emitted. These \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles\">food miles\u003c/a> can really rack up. This year, I want to buy more food from local farms at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/greengate/guides/markets.asp\">neighborhood farmers’ market\u003c/a>. I might even add a \u003ca href=\"http://www.localharvest.org/csa/\">Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)\u003c/a> box to the mix. This resolution has a few great by-products: supporting the local economy, spending fun mornings at the farmers’ market with friends, and eating many tasty meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Get more informed about the environment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI read the newspaper, and I peruse a handful of blogs; my favorites are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">Climate Watch\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Dot Earth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Green\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/\">treehugger\u003c/a>. But I can always read more! What are your favorite sources for environmental news and commentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Get outside\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis resolution has nothing to do with reducing my carbon footprint. I just want to breathe some fresh air and enjoy the outdoors. I’ll ride my bike, hike some new trails, and eat my lunch outside when it’s sunny. After all this work to preserve the environment—I might as well enjoy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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