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"content": "\u003cp>At the halfway point of the year, 2017 remains the second-hottest year to date—a surprise given the demise of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/what-el-ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93southern-oscillation-enso-nutshell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">El Niño\u003c/a> that helped boost temperatures to record levels last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The continued near-record warmth is a marker of just how much global temperatures have risen thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/greenhouse-gases-atmosphere-21618\">greenhouse gases accumulating\u003c/a> in the atmosphere from fossil fuel use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Odds are good that 2017 will end as the 2nd-hottest year on record—so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I wasn’t expecting it to be as warm as it has been,” Ahira Sanchez-Lugo, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> climate scientist, said in an email. “After the decline of the strong El Niño I was expecting the values to drop a bit and rank among the top five warmest years. This year has been extremely remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odds are good that 2017 will stay in second place through the end of the year, and it is even more likely that it will remain in at least the top three hottest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201706\">global temperature data\u003c/a> for June on Tuesday, and ranked June as the third warmest in its records. The four-warmest Junes in its records have all happened in the past four years. (NASA, which released its June numbers on Friday, ranked June as the \u003ca href=\"https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/news/20170714/\">fourth hottest\u003c/a>. The two agencies handle the data slightly differently, which can lead to small differences in their rankings, though they strongly agree on recent warming.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hotspots around the world for June included central Asia and western and central Europe. A searing heat wave in western Europe that helped fuel deadly wildfires in Portugal was made \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-tipped-june-heat-wave-21585\">up to 10 times more likely\u003c/a> because of Earth’s rising temperature, according to a recent study done in partnership with Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Southwest was another stand-out, with a heat wave that pushed temperatures so high they \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">prevented some airplanes from taking off\u003c/a> at Phoenix’s airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month of the year so far, including June, has ranked in the top three hottest for that month. Overall, the first six months of the year were 1.64°F (0.91°C) above the 20th century average of 56.3°F (13.5°C), according to NOAA. They were 0.29°F (0.16°C) behind the same period in 2016, which turned out to be hottest year on record, but ahead of 2015 by 0.09°F (0.05°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, the first six months were 1.64°F above the 1951-1980 average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris Climate agreement, which President Trump has pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/donald-trump-exit-paris-agreement-21500\">pull the U.S. out of\u003c/a>, set a goal of limiting warming to under 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century (and to aim for an even more ambitious 1.5°C (2.7°F)). To make the global temperatures more relevant to that measure, Climate Central re-analyzed the numbers by averaging together NASA and NOAA’s data and comparing them to the average for 1881-1910. June 2017 was 1.81°F (1.01°C) above that average, showing how little wiggle room is left to keep temperatures under that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were several spots that have seen record-warm years so far—including Mexico, parts of eastern Russia and China and western Europe—the heat is fairly broadly spread around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the six continents had a top 10 warmest January-June, with South America hitting the No. 2 spot for that period (tying with 2010 and behind only 2015, according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said that there was a 57 percent chance that 2017 would remain the second-hottest year on record through December, and even higher odds that it will end up in the top three. Sanchez-Lugo said that if the rest of the months of the year rank in the top two, 2017 will clinch the No. 2 spot; if they rank in the top three, it will fall to No. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever its final rank ends up, 2017 will almost certainly be hot enough to knock 1998—the only remaining 20th century year among the top 10 warmest—down another spot, to No. 9 in NOAA’s rankings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, 1998’s heat was exceptional, and was fueled in part by a major El Niño, which tends to raise global temperatures. But as Earth’s temperature has steadily risen because of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, an El Niño isn’t necessary to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-norm-within-decade-21622\">reach those heights anymore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, years with La Niñas (which tend to cool global temperatures) are today warmer than El Niño years several decades ago. 2017 actually started out with a La Niña, albeit a weak one, but it is 0.38°F (0.21°C) ahead of 1998, Sanchez-Lugo, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the streak of very warm years continues, “I wouldn’t be surprised if the next two to three years we would see ’98 drop out of the top 10 warmest years on record,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At the halfway point of the year, 2017 remains the second-hottest year to date—a surprise given the demise of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/enso/what-el-ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93southern-oscillation-enso-nutshell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">El Niño\u003c/a> that helped boost temperatures to record levels last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The continued near-record warmth is a marker of just how much global temperatures have risen thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/greenhouse-gases-atmosphere-21618\">greenhouse gases accumulating\u003c/a> in the atmosphere from fossil fuel use.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Odds are good that 2017 will end as the 2nd-hottest year on record—so far.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Personally, I wasn’t expecting it to be as warm as it has been,” Ahira Sanchez-Lugo, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> climate scientist, said in an email. “After the decline of the strong El Niño I was expecting the values to drop a bit and rank among the top five warmest years. This year has been extremely remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The odds are good that 2017 will stay in second place through the end of the year, and it is even more likely that it will remain in at least the top three hottest years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201706\">global temperature data\u003c/a> for June on Tuesday, and ranked June as the third warmest in its records. The four-warmest Junes in its records have all happened in the past four years. (NASA, which released its June numbers on Friday, ranked June as the \u003ca href=\"https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/news/20170714/\">fourth hottest\u003c/a>. The two agencies handle the data slightly differently, which can lead to small differences in their rankings, though they strongly agree on recent warming.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hotspots around the world for June included central Asia and western and central Europe. A searing heat wave in western Europe that helped fuel deadly wildfires in Portugal was made \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/warming-tipped-june-heat-wave-21585\">up to 10 times more likely\u003c/a> because of Earth’s rising temperature, according to a recent study done in partnership with Climate Central.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Southwest was another stand-out, with a heat wave that pushed temperatures so high they \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">prevented some airplanes from taking off\u003c/a> at Phoenix’s airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every month of the year so far, including June, has ranked in the top three hottest for that month. Overall, the first six months of the year were 1.64°F (0.91°C) above the 20th century average of 56.3°F (13.5°C), according to NOAA. They were 0.29°F (0.16°C) behind the same period in 2016, which turned out to be hottest year on record, but ahead of 2015 by 0.09°F (0.05°C).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to NASA, the first six months were 1.64°F above the 1951-1980 average.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Paris Climate agreement, which President Trump has pledged to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/donald-trump-exit-paris-agreement-21500\">pull the U.S. out of\u003c/a>, set a goal of limiting warming to under 2°C (3.6°F) above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century (and to aim for an even more ambitious 1.5°C (2.7°F)). To make the global temperatures more relevant to that measure, Climate Central re-analyzed the numbers by averaging together NASA and NOAA’s data and comparing them to the average for 1881-1910. June 2017 was 1.81°F (1.01°C) above that average, showing how little wiggle room is left to keep temperatures under that level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were several spots that have seen record-warm years so far—including Mexico, parts of eastern Russia and China and western Europe—the heat is fairly broadly spread around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five of the six continents had a top 10 warmest January-June, with South America hitting the No. 2 spot for that period (tying with 2010 and behind only 2015, according to NOAA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said that there was a 57 percent chance that 2017 would remain the second-hottest year on record through December, and even higher odds that it will end up in the top three. Sanchez-Lugo said that if the rest of the months of the year rank in the top two, 2017 will clinch the No. 2 spot; if they rank in the top three, it will fall to No. 3.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wherever its final rank ends up, 2017 will almost certainly be hot enough to knock 1998—the only remaining 20th century year among the top 10 warmest—down another spot, to No. 9 in NOAA’s rankings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, 1998’s heat was exceptional, and was fueled in part by a major El Niño, which tends to raise global temperatures. But as Earth’s temperature has steadily risen because of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, an El Niño isn’t necessary to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-norm-within-decade-21622\">reach those heights anymore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, years with La Niñas (which tend to cool global temperatures) are today warmer than El Niño years several decades ago. 2017 actually started out with a La Niña, albeit a weak one, but it is 0.38°F (0.21°C) ahead of 1998, Sanchez-Lugo, said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the streak of very warm years continues, “I wouldn’t be surprised if the next two to three years we would see ’98 drop out of the top 10 warmest years on record,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Climate Central",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn't Cutting It",
"headTitle": "No Offense, American Bees, But Your Sperm Isn’t Cutting It | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Y7TXOzoCrWtiybZGX436TyHD5Ty0BWPR”]Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"description": "U.S. bees are in trouble, and one of the major threats is a deadly parasite called varroa mite. So researchers are importing sperm from European bees resistant to mites to toughen up America's stock.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story is for mature bees only.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seducing a honeybee drone—one of the males in a colony whose only job is to mate with the queen—is not too difficult. They don’t have stingers, so you just pick one up. Apply a little pressure to the abdomen and the drone gets randy, blood rushing to his endophallus, bringing him to climax.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really accommodating,” says Susan Cobey, a honeybee breeder on Whidbey Island, Wash. “One ejaculate is about 1 microliter, and it takes 10 microliters to artificially inseminate a queen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Since 2008, Cobey has done her share of bee abdomen rubbing as part of a research team from Washington State University traveling through Europe and Asia. They’ve collected sperm from native honeybees in Italy, Slovenia, Germany, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Georgia – countries where honeybees have favorable genetic traits, like resistance to the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">varroa mite\u003c/a>. The deadly parasite has been cited as a major factor in bee deaths, along with genetics, poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, according to a major \u003ca href=\"https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2013/05/02/usda-and-epa-release-new-report-honey-bee-health\">report from the USDA and EPA\u003c/a> in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Varroa mites are an invasive parasite from Asia that sucks hemolymph (bee blood) from adult and larval honeybees, weakening their immune systems and transmitting \u003ca href=\"http://articles.extension.org/pages/71172/honey-bee-viruses-the-deadly-varroa-mite-associates\">deadly pathogens\u003c/a>, like bent wing virus. If left untreated, a varroa infestation can kill a colony in one year. First detected on U.S. soil in 1987, varroa has spread quickly, infesting upwards of 50 percent of American hives. Last year, 33 percent of U.S. honeybee hives died. That’s troubling for the plight of honeybees and U.S. agriculture, which relies on pollinators to produce\u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/bees.pdf\"> one-third of the food we eat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The buzz on American bees: too much inbreeding\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>According to the WSU research team, the root cause of the U.S. honeybees’ vulnerability to varroa is a dwindling gene pool that has left them short on genetic traits that help honeybees resist varroa elsewhere in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honeybees aren’t native to America,” Cobey says. “We brought them here. But the U.S. closed its borders to live honeybee imports in 1922, and our honeybee population has been interbreeding ever since.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WSU has monitored the genetic diversity of honeybee queens in Washington and California since 1994, showing a steady decline. Dr. Brandon Hopkins, the team’s expert in freezing and thawing bee sperm, likens honeybee breeding to a poker game played with an incomplete deck of cards. “There’s no way to get a four-of-a-kind if there aren’t four aces in the deck,” Hopkins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1838831\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1838831\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-800x522.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-768x501.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1020x665.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1920x1252.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-1180x769.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-960x626.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-240x156.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-375x245.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490-520x339.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/02_bees_hopkins_custom-5e2379eb06d3debd2668aabc5a5def3a1fac5490.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brandon Hopkins, a cryopreservation specialist, works in Washington State University’s fruit tree orchard in Pullman, Wash. As a doctoral student at WSU, Hopkins perfected a system of freezing and thawing bee semen for use in artificial insemination. \u003ccite>(Shelly Hanks/Courtesy of Washington State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The imported semen has restacked the deck. WSU’s crossbred honeybees already test positive at a higher level of genetic diversity than the first queens tested in 1994. “This doesn’t mean they are superior in performance to the other bees,” Hopkins says. “It means we have a better chance of finding rare and unique traits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It used to be that honeybee breeders selected for bees that produced more honey, grew more populous hives, and were gentler to handle. Now, they want honeybees that can resist varroa. Without it, beekeepers must rely on costly “miticide” treatments to control varroa\u003cstrong>. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, studies suggest the mites are developing resistance to pesticides and the chemicals may be harming honeybees, compounding the problem of widespread bee deaths known as Colony Collapse Disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I lost 40 percent of my colonies to varroa last fall,” says Matthew Shakespear, whose company, Olson’s Honeybees, raises 16,000 hives in central Washington. “I’m not taking any more chances. We’ve already done five treatments, compared with the two treatments we applied this time last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A problem that blooms in almond orchards\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Pollination services like Olson’s Honeybees are the cornerstone of a $15 billion segment of U.S. agriculture. A hefty share of that is the almond industry, whose trees are completely reliant on honeybees for pollination. It’s also the industry most susceptible to fallout from the varroa epidemic in bees: California’s almond groves serve as an incubator for the growth and spread of varroa mites across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are 800,000 acres of almonds in California,” says Patrick Heitkam, owner of Heitkam’s Honey Bees in Orland, Calif. “It takes two hives to pollinate one acre, so that’s a need for 1.6 million hives. There are only 500,000 hives in the state, so the rest are trucked in from around the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almond trees bloom in January, a time of the year when most honeybee varieties are dormant in their hives. But an Italian species of honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera linguistica\u003c/em>, which evolved in the warm Mediterranean climate, is active when the first almond blossom pops in late-January, making them the most popular variety in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is, Italian honeybees are extremely susceptible to varroa mites, because their hives grow so big, so fast and so early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italian honeybees rear their babies and varroa mites nearly one-for-one,” says Dr. Robert Danka, a research entomologist at the USDA’s Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research Unit in Baton Rouge, La.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Lessons from mighty Russian stingers\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Like the WSU team, Danka has also looked to the Old World for an answer to varroa mites. Between 1994 and 2000, he traveled to the Russian far east, where a local honeybee, \u003cem>Apis mellifera\u003c/em>, has developed resistance to varroa. They are descended from European honeybees brought by Russian settlers traveling the Trans-Siberian Railway at the turn of the 20th century. The journey inadvertently transplanted the honeybees into the native range of varroa mites in east Asia, where they evolved resistance to the pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Russian bees groom themselves, biting and crushing the mites. They also have a prevalent genetic trait called \u003ca href=\"http://www.beeculture.com/breeding-mite-biting-bees-to-control-varroa/\">varroa sensitive hygiene\u003c/a> (VSH), aborting larval honeybees infested with mites and removing them from the hive before the parasite can spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danka brought back 360 queens, the basis for what is now a robust Russian honeybee population in the United States. While their prowess as mite biters continues, Russian honeybees haven’t proven up to task as commercial pollinators. The queens are used to long Russian winters, so they are slow at building up their hives, meaning only a small number are ready to fly in the almond groves come January.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Survival of the fittest bees\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Still, Danka says the Russian honeybee offers proof that a European subspecies can develop varroa mite resistance through natural selection. That evolutionary process is interrupted in commercial beehives, because of the “prophylactic use of miticides,” Danka says. “We’re maintaining varroa-susceptible bees through chemistry. If we took away all those pesticide treatments – and to be clear, I’m not advocating for this – the results would be horrific. But in a rather short period of time, only varroa-resistant bees would be left.” And those bees could be the basis of a new population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matthew Shakespear, the commercial honeybee keeper in Yakima, Wash., would rather not spend money treating his hives for varroa mites. Starting last year, he diversified his business to include hives of Carniolan honeybees, \u003cem>Apis mellifera carnica\u003c/em>, a subspecies native to Eastern Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The queens he bought were the great-great-great granddaughters of a honeybee drone that Susan Cobey found in the mountains of Slovenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe these new genetics can deal with the varroa mites naturally, rather than having to rely on chemicals,” Shakespear says. “It’s time to start widening our gene pool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ryantbell.com\">\u003cem>Ryan Bell\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a journalist based in Washington State. Find him on Twitter \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ryanbellwriter\">\u003cem>@ryanbellwriter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This story was produced in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thefern.org/\">\u003cem>Food & Environment Reporting Network\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>, an independent, nonprofit news organization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Offense%2C+American+Bees%2C+But+Your+Sperm+Isn%27t+Cutting+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica",
"headTitle": "Massive Iceberg Breaks Free in Antarctica | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say the iceberg is one of the largest seen by satellites. But the full implications of its separation off remain to be seen.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A massive iceberg the size of Delaware has broken free from Antarctica and is floating in the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, scientists announced that the 6,000-square-kilometer (about 2,300 square miles) iceberg had come loose, after satellites detected it had calved off the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Put any adjective you like on it: a corker, a whopper—it’s a really large iceberg,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/a.hogg\">Anna Hogg\u003c/a>, a researcher with the United Kingdom’s Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling at the University of Leeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1834968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1834968\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1920x1439.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/larsenc-detail_photo_2016315_lrg-ac23cb76c1de316025f4f6490c6fa642c0281861-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off, an expert says. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There have been some this big before,” says Adrian Luckman, a glaciologist at Swansea University in the U.K. who leads \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/\">a project\u003c/a> to track changes in the ice shelf. But he adds, the roughly trillion-metric-ton iceberg is unusual. “This is certainly in the Top 10, maybe possibly in the Top 5.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/16/509565462/an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-thinkhttp://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/06/508536211/a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger\">had anticipated the breakup\u003c/a> since a massive crack first opened up in the Larsen C ice shelf back in 2014. The crack grew rapidly, and by the end of last week, a roughly 3-mile sliver of ice was all that connected the iceberg to the shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hogg says that the breakup, while astounding in size, will not have an effect on global sea levels. That is because this chunk of ice was already floating on water when it broke off. “This is the same as if you’ve got an ice cube in your gin and tonic,” she says. “When the ice cube melts, it doesn’t raise the volume of water in that glass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the consequences could be significant. The larger Larsen C ice shelf is itself holding back a large volume of “grounded ice.” If the entire ice shelf breaks apart, that grounded ice could flow into the ocean, changing sea levels, Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckman, however, says there is no need for panic: The breakup of the ice shelf, if it happens at all, will take years or even decades. Even then it’s unclear how much ice would flow into the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor is it clear whether climate change is behind this breakup. Although climate change has been responsible for melting in other parts of Antarctica, such as the Pine Island Glacier, researchers believe the story on the Antarctic Peninsula is more complicated. “Icebergs are calving all the time in Antarctica, and really that forms part of the natural life cycle of any ice shelf,” Hogg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will have to continue their studies to find out whether Larsen C is being affected by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Massive+Iceberg+Breaks+Free+In+Antarctica&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West",
"headTitle": "Wildfires Blaze During Record High Temps in the West | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/photos4u2c/status/883909747874963456\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A scorcher of a heat wave broke temperature records across the West and helped fuel new wildfires.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From Phoenix to Boise, high temperature records fell like dominoes over the weekend as an impressive heat wave engulfed the western U.S., helping to fuel several wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While heat waves are a regular part of summer weather, the steady warming of the planet means those heat waves are getting ever hotter, making record heat more and more likely.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The heat came courtesy of a ridge of high pressure that moved in over the West, with the peak temperatures, including several records, occurring on Friday and Saturday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSVegas/status/883494539377471488\">Las Vegas hit 116°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the record set in 1989 of 114°F. The city had a record-long streak of 23 days with highs above 105°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>On Saturday, Reno, Nev., \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSReno/status/883866632686358533\">bested its old record\u003c/a> of 99°F with a temperature of 104°F.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSLosAngeles/status/883853371408625665\">Los Angeles broke a record\u003c/a> that had stood for 131 years, with the temperature downtown hitting 98°F (the old record was 95°F).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Temperatures in \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883548052371496961\">Phoenix soared to 118°F\u003c/a> on Friday, besting the old record of 115°F set in 1905, and marking the third day of 2017 where temperatures were at or above that level, the second most on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSSaltLakeCity/status/883801710854115328\">Salt Lake City\u003c/a>, the temperature reached a record 104°F on Saturday. The city had three record highs in just four days last week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSBoise/status/883839437297332224\">Boise airport\u003c/a> also saw 104°F on Saturday, besting the record of 103°F set in 1968.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Daytime highs weren’t the only concern, as overnight lows stayed downright hot in some places, particularly in the Phoenix area. The temperature from Friday night to Saturday morning only reached as low as \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NWSPhoenix/status/883773931618021376\">95°F in Scottsdale\u003c/a>, a record. (It was still 106°F at 1 a.m. that night.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1831037\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1831037 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-240x173.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-375x271.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Observed_overnightlows-520x376.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overnight lows on Saturday morning in the Phoenix area stayed in the 90s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The heat and accompanying dry conditions can also set the stage for wildfires, as was the case during this heat wave, which saw several wildfires ignited and grow across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/\">Whittier fire\u003c/a>, which started on Saturday in the Santa Ynez Mountains in Southern California, has burned more than 10,000 acres, while the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1628\">Alamo fire\u003c/a> has burned nearly 29,000 acres and forced several thousand people to evacuate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ridge of high pressure is moving eastward this week, bringing sweltering temperatures—and the threat of wildfires—to the northern and central Plains before shifting back to bake the West again at the end of the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point it could strengthen, meteorologist Guy Walton \u003ca href=\"http://www.guyonclimate.com/2017/07/09/summer-heat-diary-june-9-10-2017/\">wrote on his blog\u003c/a>, keeping the West good and toasty for the next week or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/small-change-in-average-big-change-in-extremes\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is one of the hallmarks of global warming; as the average temperature of the planet rises, record heat becomes much more likely than record cold. And cities in the Southwest — where most of the region’s population lives — are some of the fastest-warming in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While no formal attribution study has been conducted to see how much more likely a heat wave like this has become with warming, a recent study found that heat records were made both \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/how-global-warming-affects-extreme-weather-21382\">more likely and more severe\u003c/a> for about 80 percent of the area of the globe that had good enough observational data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With temperatures continuing to rise—and no substantial effort yet to curtail the greenhouse gas emissions driving that rise—the world at large stands to see more such extreme heat in the future. Another recent study found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/half-world-deadly-heat-waves-2100-21554\">half of the world’s population\u003c/a> could be exposed to heat that reaches deadly levels by the end of the century even with the most stringent reductions in greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>These kind of heat waves pose threats to public health, local economies and infrastructure. The increased use of air conditioning can tax the electric grid, while the heat can damage crops and curtail outdoor activities, such as construction. During a June heat wave, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/phoenix-heat-wave-planes-takeoff-21558\">planes in Phoenix couldn’t take off\u003c/a> because higher temperatures lead to thinner air, making it more difficult for planes to get off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And searing heat can be deadly to already vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, small children and those suffering from illnesses. High overnight temperatures are a particular concern when it comes to the health effects of heat waves, because they prevent the body from cooling down and recovering from the heat of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/news/summer-nights-heating-up\">Nighttime lows have risen\u003c/a> across the Southwest since 1970, ranging from an increase of 1.7°F on average in California to 3°F in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "EPA Can't Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court",
"headTitle": "EPA Can’t Keep Delaying Obama-Era Methane Rules, Says Appeals Court | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”dIiNBwfnjN5A4JLfH72IoQl1bIGVRBjZ”]Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An appeals court in Washington, D.C., has blocked an attempt by the Environmental Protection Agency to delay Obama-era methane regulations, rejecting claims by the EPA that the oil and gas industry wasn’t allowed to comment on the rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency could choose to rewrite the rules, but it overstepped in trying to delay them for years, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations in question are designed to prevent leaks at oil and gas facilities. Methane, which is released in natural gas leaks, is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a>, contributing to global warming; other leaked substances are \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/basic-information-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">harmful for human health\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Obama administration, the EPA crafted new rules, and the first deadlines for reporting and compliance were set for this summer. But then the Trump administration announced a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/controlling-air-pollution-oil-and-natural-gas-industry/actions-and-notices-about-oil-and-natural-gas\">temporary stay\u003c/a> on the rules — first for 90 days, then for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Scott Pruitt, the administrator of the EPA, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/09/519425866/epa-chief-scott-pruitt-questions-basic-facts-about-climate-change\">expressed doubt\u003c/a> over fundamental facts about climate change, like the central role that greenhouse gas emissions play in global warming. Before being confirmed, he promised to aggressively roll back regulations at the agency, and observers say he’s been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/us/politics/trump-epa-chief-pruitt-regulations-climate-change.html\">effective in fulfilling that promise\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judges in the D.C. Court of Appeals ruled 2-1 that this time, Pruitt’s rollback was erroneous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA claimed that the stay was necessary because the oil and gas industry hadn’t been given the opportunity to have input on some elements of the rules changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several environmental nonprofits disagreed, and sued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/A86B20D79BEB893E85258152005CA1B2/%24file/17-1145-1682465.pdf\">The judges ruled\u003c/a> that oil and gas companies could have commented on the provisions in question — in fact, that they \u003cem>had \u003c/em>commented about them, in writing, at the Obama-era EPA’s request.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one case, the Trump administration pointed to an option for exempting pumps from regulation. Like the other provisions the EPA challenged, it hadn’t appeared in the proposed rule but did appear in the final rule, which meant the oil and gas industry didn’t get the chance to have any input on it, Pruitt’s agency argued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeals court pointed out that the provision was actually suggested by the American Petroleum Institute, during the Obama administration’s comment process … which is why it didn’t show up in the first proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even a brief scan of the record demonstrates the inaccuracy of EPA’s statements,” the judges wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said that because it wasn’t a final decision on the rule — just a two-year stay while the EPA “reconsidered” the regulation — there was nothing a court could do about it. The judges weren’t persuaded, saying that such a lengthy delay is “tantamount to amending or revoking a rule.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another set of federal methane regulations — covering emissions on federal or tribal lands — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/05/10/527786637/senators-reject-effort-to-roll-back-greenhouse-gas-emissions-rule\">narrowly survived a challenge in the Senate\u003c/a> in May. An effort to roll back the regulations failed 49-51, with Republican Sens. John McCain, Lindsey Graham and Susan Collins joining Democrats to keep the methane measure in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR’s Christopher Joyce \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/02/507100296/methanes-on-the-rise-but-regulations-to-stop-gas-leaks-still-debated\">reported earlier this year\u003c/a>, the concentration of methane gas in the atmosphere was relatively constant for years but has been increasing noticeably within the last decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are multiple sources: sewers, manure pits, livestock, rice fields, natural wetlands. The oil and gas industry emphasizes that the biggest sources are agricultural and natural — while environmental scientist Rob Jackson told NPR that the contributions from fossil fuel industry appear to be rising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry representatives note that there are voluntary efforts to reduce leaks as well. After all, it’s not just greenhouses gas emissions or air quality that’s at stake. “Methane is a commodity,” Christopher notes, “and leaked methane is money lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Appeals+Court+Says+EPA+Can%27t+Keep+Delaying+Obama-Era+Methane+Rules&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s best-known living physicist, Stephen Hawking, says that President Trump’s decision to pull out of the Paris climate change accord could lead humanity to a tipping point, “turning the Earth into Venus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cambridge professor and renowned cosmologist made the remarks in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40461726\">an interview with the BBC\u003c/a> that aired Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are close to the tipping point where global warming becomes irreversible,” Hawking told the BBC. “Trump’s action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of 250 degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawking, who is best known for his discoveries about black holes, called climate change “one of the great dangers we face, and it’s one we can prevent if we act now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By denying the evidence for climate change, and pulling out of the Paris Climate Agreement, Donald Trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to our beautiful planet, endangering the natural world, for us and our children,” Hawking told the BBC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate scientists agree that this century is getting much warmer and that such warming will likely bring economic pain to the U.S., but economists aren’t sure how much. Now, a team of scientists and economists, writing in the upcoming issue of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, says it can at least tell which parts of the country are likely to suffer the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started with history: How have heat waves and drought affected the economy in the past? Then they applied that metric to a range of future warming scenarios — from minor to extreme — and mapped the effects, county by county across the U.S. They found that if warming continues at recent rates, it could shave 3 to 6 percentage points off of the country’s gross domestic product by century’s end — the warmer it gets, the bigger the hit to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead researcher Solomon Hsiang acknowledges that the numbers are uncertain by scientific standards but that they aren’t really the bottom line. “I think the takeaway message that is most striking is that the effects of climate change on the U.S. are not the same everywhere,” says Hsiang, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. “Where you are in the country really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colder places like New England might see an economic upturn — for example, from lower heating bills. But places that are already hot, like the South and Midwest, could see huge damage to their local economies, due to enormous electric bills, dying crops or mass migration away from the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that is not so surprising, but Hsiang takes it a step further: Climate change will redistribute wealth by driving workers, businesses and agriculture away from those hard-hit regions and move them mostly toward the north and west of the country. Again, Hsiang says exactly how much is hard to predict. But he says that is actually part of the new study’s findings: “When you start changing the climate,” he says, “it starts affecting all these aspects of the economy, and it makes the future world harder to predict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things that are somewhat easier to predict include how many more people die as heat waves get hotter, which has an economic cost associated with it. But it’s much harder to envision what new technologies might emerge to help people adapt to climate change, generate cleaner electricity or remove carbon from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many uncertainties, why do this kind of exercise? Even if it’s accurate, a climate change cost of 6 percentage points or even more in the national GDP will be dwarfed by an economy that will grow many times over by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a century, that could make up for all the losses from anthropogenic global warming and then some,” says Ted Nordhaus, an analyst with the energy and environment group The Breakthrough Institute. “For citizens of wealthy societies, there is too much infrastructure and technical capacity to see a dramatic decline in living standards.” He says the downside of predictions so far into the future is that they scare people unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economist Billy Pizer at Duke University says research like this at least brings a distant threat into focus. “It’s important to figure out: Are we talking about something the size of a bread box or the size of an elephant or the size of a mouse?” he says. “And I think getting those sorts of magnitudes right, I think is really important, and I think that’s what this paper does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it continues a long-standing effort to determine something called “the social cost of carbon” (carbon dioxide being the major greenhouse gas). What’s a ton of carbon pollution going to do to the economy, and should polluters pay that cost now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama endeavored to figure out the social cost of carbon, with an eye toward charging polluters for every ton of carbon they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the administration of Donald Trump says it’s not interested in the social cost of carbon or moving away from carbon-based fuels, arguing that doing so would hurt the economy. Climate economist Chris Field at Stanford University says yes, decarbonizing the economy would be expensive, but he compares it to the space program in the 1960s. “It cost a lot,” he says, “but it also unleashed a huge amount of creativity and innovation and really launched the United States on a trajectory to being ready for the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mapping+The+Potential+Economic+Effects+Of+Climate+Change+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate scientists agree that this century is getting much warmer and that such warming will likely bring economic pain to the U.S., but economists aren’t sure how much. Now, a team of scientists and economists, writing in the upcoming issue of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, says it can at least tell which parts of the country are likely to suffer the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started with history: How have heat waves and drought affected the economy in the past? Then they applied that metric to a range of future warming scenarios — from minor to extreme — and mapped the effects, county by county across the U.S. They found that if warming continues at recent rates, it could shave 3 to 6 percentage points off of the country’s gross domestic product by century’s end — the warmer it gets, the bigger the hit to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead researcher Solomon Hsiang acknowledges that the numbers are uncertain by scientific standards but that they aren’t really the bottom line. “I think the takeaway message that is most striking is that the effects of climate change on the U.S. are not the same everywhere,” says Hsiang, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. “Where you are in the country really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colder places like New England might see an economic upturn — for example, from lower heating bills. But places that are already hot, like the South and Midwest, could see huge damage to their local economies, due to enormous electric bills, dying crops or mass migration away from the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that is not so surprising, but Hsiang takes it a step further: Climate change will redistribute wealth by driving workers, businesses and agriculture away from those hard-hit regions and move them mostly toward the north and west of the country. Again, Hsiang says exactly how much is hard to predict. But he says that is actually part of the new study’s findings: “When you start changing the climate,” he says, “it starts affecting all these aspects of the economy, and it makes the future world harder to predict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things that are somewhat easier to predict include how many more people die as heat waves get hotter, which has an economic cost associated with it. But it’s much harder to envision what new technologies might emerge to help people adapt to climate change, generate cleaner electricity or remove carbon from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many uncertainties, why do this kind of exercise? Even if it’s accurate, a climate change cost of 6 percentage points or even more in the national GDP will be dwarfed by an economy that will grow many times over by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a century, that could make up for all the losses from anthropogenic global warming and then some,” says Ted Nordhaus, an analyst with the energy and environment group The Breakthrough Institute. “For citizens of wealthy societies, there is too much infrastructure and technical capacity to see a dramatic decline in living standards.” He says the downside of predictions so far into the future is that they scare people unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economist Billy Pizer at Duke University says research like this at least brings a distant threat into focus. “It’s important to figure out: Are we talking about something the size of a bread box or the size of an elephant or the size of a mouse?” he says. “And I think getting those sorts of magnitudes right, I think is really important, and I think that’s what this paper does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it continues a long-standing effort to determine something called “the social cost of carbon” (carbon dioxide being the major greenhouse gas). What’s a ton of carbon pollution going to do to the economy, and should polluters pay that cost now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama endeavored to figure out the social cost of carbon, with an eye toward charging polluters for every ton of carbon they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the administration of Donald Trump says it’s not interested in the social cost of carbon or moving away from carbon-based fuels, arguing that doing so would hurt the economy. Climate economist Chris Field at Stanford University says yes, decarbonizing the economy would be expensive, but he compares it to the space program in the 1960s. “It cost a lot,” he says, “but it also unleashed a huge amount of creativity and innovation and really launched the United States on a trajectory to being ready for the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mapping+The+Potential+Economic+Effects+Of+Climate+Change+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>You can celebrate America’s birthday in the surf or the snow this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two California ski resorts are still open. It is the fourth time \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows\u003c/a> has had enough snow for Fourth of July turns since the resort opened in 1949. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mammothmountain.com/winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mammoth Mountain\u003c/a> predicts there may be enough snow to stay open through August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a little like water skiing. But it’s great coverage so you can’t complain.’\u003ccite>Michael Visconti\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On a recent 80-degree Sunday, a stream of skiers and snowboarders in board shorts and tank tops tumbled out of the gondola at Squaw Valley. Nearby, a waterfall poured through a gap in the cliffs as the hot skies penetrated the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the bluebird skies are the highlight rather than the conditions. Skiers say the wet snow feels like gooey oatmeal, mashed potatoes or ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As San Francisco resident Michael Visconti carved turns in the slush, a fan of water sprayed out from underneath his skis. “It’s a little like water skiing. But it’s great coverage so you can’t complain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bikinis and Costumes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peopled posed for photos on the slopes with Lake Tahoe’s turquoise waters glimmering in the distance. Women were dressed in slinky bikinis, black lingerie and red booty shorts, yet it was Visconti’s outfit that stole the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1754418\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1754418 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-800x635.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-800x635.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-520x413.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974.jpg 842w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael (L) and Katherine Visconti are skiing as many days as possible this summer. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got my signature zebra pants,” said Visconti. “I’ve got this monster hat with light up eyes and pink fur. It seems to be incredibly popular with the five-year-old crowd who want to know what kind of monster I am.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dangerous Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the liquid running off the mountain has lifted water levels in Lake Tahoe to capacity. Water managers are releasing as much runoff as possible through the Lake Tahoe Dam at the mouth of the Truckee River. Usually the upper river is knee-deep flat water that families raft in inner tubes, but it’s currently a frothy beast closed for swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too high to be rafting right now,” said local raft guide Richard Saffo. “The bridges, you can’t go under them. So it’s very dangerous. Whether it’s decapitation or a gnarly concussion — either will definitely ruin your vacation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/06/McClurgFourthSkiing2.mp3\" title=\"Californians Will Ski on the Fourth of July\" program=\"KQED Science\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/SciencePlayer_BG.jpeg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tributary Waters, the company Saffo works for, offers trips down a safer section of the Truckee River closer to Reno. This year Saffo warns his clients to hold on tight because if they fall in they could spend a long time in the icy waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those rapids come alive,” said Saffo. “The water is so high and swift you might swim for two miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact it could be lethal. The Associated Press is \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_RAGING_RIVERS_WEST_CAOL-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-06-12-16-17-36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporting\u003c/a> that western rivers have claimed at least 14 lives so far this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From the Mountain to the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresh water from the Sierra is rushing all the way across the Central Valley and pouring into the San Francisco Bay. The runoff is so powerful, it’s pushing back the salty ocean water all the way to the Golden Gate Bridge, which is much different than what happened during California’s recent drought when runoff barely trickled into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the snowpack on April first was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">164 percent of normal\u003c/a> and the winter was one of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/13/northern-sierra-8-station-index-sets-new-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wettest on record\u003c/a>, it wasn’t as cold as previous generations. Jeffrey Mount, a water expert for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, says that’s a sign of climate change. [contextly_sidebar id=”vpkwyaXJlYR183eqwbwy3AvUlU0Ufxp5″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we forget is this year is still part of our long term trend that started back in the early 1980’s — warmer than average winters,” said Mount. “So as we continue to warm, there’s a lot of consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer temperatures mean melting snow evaporates quicker, trees bloom earlier and soils dry up faster. Though Mount says that doesn’t add up to another drought — at least not in the near term. He cautiously predicts California is likely to have another snowy winter because wet years tend to cluster together. Though he says he wouldn’t put money on it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You can celebrate America’s birthday in the surf or the snow this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two California ski resorts are still open. It is the fourth time \u003ca href=\"http://squawalpine.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows\u003c/a> has had enough snow for Fourth of July turns since the resort opened in 1949. \u003ca href=\"https://www.mammothmountain.com/winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mammoth Mountain\u003c/a> predicts there may be enough snow to stay open through August.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a little like water skiing. But it’s great coverage so you can’t complain.’\u003ccite>Michael Visconti\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On a recent 80-degree Sunday, a stream of skiers and snowboarders in board shorts and tank tops tumbled out of the gondola at Squaw Valley. Nearby, a waterfall poured through a gap in the cliffs as the hot skies penetrated the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the bluebird skies are the highlight rather than the conditions. Skiers say the wet snow feels like gooey oatmeal, mashed potatoes or ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As San Francisco resident Michael Visconti carved turns in the slush, a fan of water sprayed out from underneath his skis. “It’s a little like water skiing. But it’s great coverage so you can’t complain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bikinis and Costumes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peopled posed for photos on the slopes with Lake Tahoe’s turquoise waters glimmering in the distance. Women were dressed in slinky bikinis, black lingerie and red booty shorts, yet it was Visconti’s outfit that stole the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1754418\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1754418 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-800x635.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"635\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-800x635.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-160x127.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-768x609.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-240x190.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-375x298.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974-520x413.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Visconti-e1498174012974.jpg 842w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael (L) and Katherine Visconti are skiing as many days as possible this summer. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’ve got my signature zebra pants,” said Visconti. “I’ve got this monster hat with light up eyes and pink fur. It seems to be incredibly popular with the five-year-old crowd who want to know what kind of monster I am.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dangerous Waters\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the liquid running off the mountain has lifted water levels in Lake Tahoe to capacity. Water managers are releasing as much runoff as possible through the Lake Tahoe Dam at the mouth of the Truckee River. Usually the upper river is knee-deep flat water that families raft in inner tubes, but it’s currently a frothy beast closed for swimming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s too high to be rafting right now,” said local raft guide Richard Saffo. “The bridges, you can’t go under them. So it’s very dangerous. Whether it’s decapitation or a gnarly concussion — either will definitely ruin your vacation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tributary Waters, the company Saffo works for, offers trips down a safer section of the Truckee River closer to Reno. This year Saffo warns his clients to hold on tight because if they fall in they could spend a long time in the icy waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those rapids come alive,” said Saffo. “The water is so high and swift you might swim for two miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact it could be lethal. The Associated Press is \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_RAGING_RIVERS_WEST_CAOL-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2017-06-12-16-17-36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">reporting\u003c/a> that western rivers have claimed at least 14 lives so far this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From the Mountain to the Sea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresh water from the Sierra is rushing all the way across the Central Valley and pouring into the San Francisco Bay. The runoff is so powerful, it’s pushing back the salty ocean water all the way to the Golden Gate Bridge, which is much different than what happened during California’s recent drought when runoff barely trickled into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the snowpack on April first was \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/03/30/see-how-one-years-snowpack-buried-the-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">164 percent of normal\u003c/a> and the winter was one of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/04/13/northern-sierra-8-station-index-sets-new-record/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">wettest on record\u003c/a>, it wasn’t as cold as previous generations. Jeffrey Mount, a water expert for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, says that’s a sign of climate change. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we forget is this year is still part of our long term trend that started back in the early 1980’s — warmer than average winters,” said Mount. “So as we continue to warm, there’s a lot of consequences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer temperatures mean melting snow evaporates quicker, trees bloom earlier and soils dry up faster. Though Mount says that doesn’t add up to another drought — at least not in the near term. He cautiously predicts California is likely to have another snowy winter because wet years tend to cluster together. Though he says he wouldn’t put money on it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. It’s Probably Not the One You’re Thinking Of\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, not Shasta Lake. That’s California’s largest \u003cem>surface\u003c/em> reservoir, which is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">currently bulging\u003c/a> with more than 4 million acre-feet of water (Californians use about 40 million acre-feet in a year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not likely to find the biggest “reservoir” on a map—but you might be standing on it. It’s underground, in the vast aquifers that lie beneath sections of the state, the Central Valley in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody’s tried to calculate the complete volume,” says Claudia Faunt, a hydrologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a> in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we know it’s big.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s huge. But that doesn’t mean that we can extract everything that’s down there.’\u003ccite>Thomas Harter, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>People sometimes refer to the Sierra snowpack as the state’s largest reservoir. Even though it supplies about a third of the water that Californians use annually, it’s a “drop in the bucket” compared to the state’s mother lode of groundwater. If you imagine a single bucket of water representing all the water contained in Sierra snowpack in a typical year (granted, this year is hardly typical), you would need 60-to-70 buckets to visualize all the water beneath our feet, contained in various groundwater basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1715565 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1260\" height=\"1260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg 1260w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1715564\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. It’s Big, But There’s a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge,” says Thomas Harter, a hydrologist and groundwater specialist at UC Davis. “But that doesn’t mean that we can extract everything that’s down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor would that be an especially fruitful exercise, since much of the water that’s down there is not fit for drinking or even irrigation of crops in some cases. And the deeper the aquifer, the more expensive it is to pump it—hundreds or even thousands of feet—to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of it is so deep that it just gets more and more expensive to extract the water,” says Faunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Stressed Aquifers \u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nZoom in and click on individual wells to see how far the water table has receded in that area between Fall 2011 to Fall 2016.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/0f18beb9-c1c3-4008-9af2-f00101f0a047/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>SOURCE: CA Dept. of Water Resources\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s in Trouble\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers at UCLA \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/groundwater-loss-in-central-valley\">recently estimated \u003c/a>that during the recent five-year drought, groundwater was pumped out of the Central Valley at twice the rate of the previous drought (2007-09), eventually taking out enough to fill Lake Mead, the nation’s largest man-made reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”lOkDoHOujmmm1YDvj3RAh3PRMADuecpc”]But even in “normal” years, scientists say many farmers and water agencies around the state have been pumping groundwater at an unsustainable rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically we’re taxing the system beyond what it can take,” warns Faunt. “We’ve been using water at a rate much higher than water’s being recharged to these areas, so you’ve got a loss of storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the drought, at least 3,500 wells went dry and Harter reckons that most of those remain dry, despite the record-setting precipitation over the winter. According to state regulators, there are still communities receiving emergency supplies of bottled water after local wells dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. It’s Not a Lost Cause\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and water planners think the state’s aquifers can be made sustainable, but it will take time and commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">N\u003c/span>ew strategies are taking hold\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to recharge groundwater basins. Since we reported on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/29/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">one of the earliest pilot projects\u003c/a> in 2013, farm recharge programs have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/01/13/as-rains-soak-california-farmers-test-how-to-store-water-underground/\">gained substantial momentum\u003c/a>, flooding fields with some of the high river flows in years like this, and using those fields as recharge basins, allowing the water to sink in and replenish aquifers below. In Orange County, water managers recycle urban water to recharge local aquifers.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, state legislators passed the landmark \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, which will, for the first time, require users of groundwater to track and report how much they’re using, and devise plans to do so in a way that doesn’t further deplete supplies. Prior to SGMA, it was essentially open season on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NASA scientist Jay Famiglietti\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>has put it, “It’s not unlike your having several straws in a glass and everyone drinking at the same time and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first management plans are due in 2020, and full implementation of the law — which could ultimately place some restrictions on pumping — won’t happen for another decade at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the law’s sponsor, Sen. Lois Wolk (D-Davis) \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/tough-going-for-new-groundwater-regulations/\">told Water Deeply\u003c/a>, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When you’re digging yourself into a hole, the first solution is to stop digging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. It’s Probably Not the One You’re Thinking Of\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nope, not Shasta Lake. That’s California’s largest \u003cem>surface\u003c/em> reservoir, which is \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/resapp/getResGraphsMain.action\">currently bulging\u003c/a> with more than 4 million acre-feet of water (Californians use about 40 million acre-feet in a year).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’re not likely to find the biggest “reservoir” on a map—but you might be standing on it. It’s underground, in the vast aquifers that lie beneath sections of the state, the Central Valley in particular.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think anybody’s tried to calculate the complete volume,” says Claudia Faunt, a hydrologist with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a> in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we know it’s big.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s huge. But that doesn’t mean that we can extract everything that’s down there.’\u003ccite>Thomas Harter, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>People sometimes refer to the Sierra snowpack as the state’s largest reservoir. Even though it supplies about a third of the water that Californians use annually, it’s a “drop in the bucket” compared to the state’s mother lode of groundwater. If you imagine a single bucket of water representing all the water contained in Sierra snowpack in a typical year (granted, this year is hardly typical), you would need 60-to-70 buckets to visualize all the water beneath our feet, contained in various groundwater basins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"sharedaddy show-for-medium-up\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1715565 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1260\" height=\"1260\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB.jpg 1260w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_DesktopB-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1260px) 100vw, 1260px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"show-for-small-only\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1715564\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"1335\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB.jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-160x285.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-240x427.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-375x668.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/GW_MobileB-520x926.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. It’s Big, But There’s a Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s huge,” says Thomas Harter, a hydrologist and groundwater specialist at UC Davis. “But that doesn’t mean that we can extract everything that’s down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor would that be an especially fruitful exercise, since much of the water that’s down there is not fit for drinking or even irrigation of crops in some cases. And the deeper the aquifer, the more expensive it is to pump it—hundreds or even thousands of feet—to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of it is so deep that it just gets more and more expensive to extract the water,” says Faunt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s Stressed Aquifers \u003c/strong>\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nZoom in and click on individual wells to see how far the water table has receded in that area between Fall 2011 to Fall 2016.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"520\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"https://kqednews.carto.com/builder/0f18beb9-c1c3-4008-9af2-f00101f0a047/embed\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>SOURCE: CA Dept. of Water Resources\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. It’s in Trouble\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers at UCLA \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/groundwater-loss-in-central-valley\">recently estimated \u003c/a>that during the recent five-year drought, groundwater was pumped out of the Central Valley at twice the rate of the previous drought (2007-09), eventually taking out enough to fill Lake Mead, the nation’s largest man-made reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But even in “normal” years, scientists say many farmers and water agencies around the state have been pumping groundwater at an unsustainable rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically we’re taxing the system beyond what it can take,” warns Faunt. “We’ve been using water at a rate much higher than water’s being recharged to these areas, so you’ve got a loss of storage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of the drought, at least 3,500 wells went dry and Harter reckons that most of those remain dry, despite the record-setting precipitation over the winter. According to state regulators, there are still communities receiving emergency supplies of bottled water after local wells dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. It’s Not a Lost Cause\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and water planners think the state’s aquifers can be made sustainable, but it will take time and commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">N\u003c/span>ew strategies are taking hold\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>to recharge groundwater basins. Since we reported on \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/29/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/\">one of the earliest pilot projects\u003c/a> in 2013, farm recharge programs have \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/2017/01/13/as-rains-soak-california-farmers-test-how-to-store-water-underground/\">gained substantial momentum\u003c/a>, flooding fields with some of the high river flows in years like this, and using those fields as recharge basins, allowing the water to sink in and replenish aquifers below. In Orange County, water managers recycle urban water to recharge local aquifers.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, state legislators passed the landmark \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">Sustainable Groundwater Management Act\u003c/a>, which will, for the first time, require users of groundwater to track and report how much they’re using, and devise plans to do so in a way that doesn’t further deplete supplies. Prior to SGMA, it was essentially open season on groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NASA scientist Jay Famiglietti\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>has put it, “It’s not unlike your having several straws in a glass and everyone drinking at the same time and no one really watching the level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first management plans are due in 2020, and full implementation of the law — which could ultimately place some restrictions on pumping — won’t happen for another decade at least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the law’s sponsor, Sen. Lois Wolk (D-Davis) \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/06/tough-going-for-new-groundwater-regulations/\">told Water Deeply\u003c/a>, \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“When you’re digging yourself into a hole, the first solution is to stop digging.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Thursday\u003c/a> that the U.S. will leave the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A Washington Post poll in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here are five things that could be affected by the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. The coal industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coal-idUSKBN1762YY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even coal companies had lobbied\u003c/a> the Trump administration to stay in the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said they needed a seat at the table during international climate discussions to advocate for coal’s place in the global energy mix. The industry also wants financial support for technology to capture and store carbon emissions, something that could keep coal plants operating longer even as cities, states and other countries work to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nate Rott, Chris Joyce, Michele Kelemen, Scott Horsley and Jennifer Ludden contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Changes+That+Could+Come+From+Leaving+The+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"title": "5 Changes That Could Come From Leaving The Paris Climate Deal | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Thursday\u003c/a> that the U.S. will leave the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A Washington Post poll in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here are five things that could be affected by the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. The coal industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coal-idUSKBN1762YY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even coal companies had lobbied\u003c/a> the Trump administration to stay in the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said they needed a seat at the table during international climate discussions to advocate for coal’s place in the global energy mix. The industry also wants financial support for technology to capture and store carbon emissions, something that could keep coal plants operating longer even as cities, states and other countries work to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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