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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency Wednesday over a massive natural gas leak that has been \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/23/porter-ranch-residents-at-wits-end-over-months-old-gas-leak\">spewing fumes into the Los Angeles neighborhood of Porter Ranch\u003c/a> for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Brown said he acted based on the requests of Porter Ranch residents and the \"prolonged and continuing\" nature of the gas blowout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The well, at SoCalGas' nearby Aliso Canyon underground storage facility, has been spewing up to 1,200 tons of methane daily, along with other gases. The leak was first reported in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas is paying to relocate thousands of households after residents complained that the gases were making them sick. They say they have suffered nosebleeds, nausea, headaches and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles County and the Los Angeles school board already have declared the crisis a state of emergency, moving students out of two schools in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles City Attorney Mike Feuer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/08/l-a-sues-socal-gas-over-month-long-porter-ranch-leak\">filed a lawsuit against SoCalGas\u003c/a> in December, claiming the ongoing leak is worsening climate change by emitting the same amount of greenhouse gas in one hour as 200,000 cars running for one year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10823875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-10823875\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-1440x964.jpg\" alt=\"Madison Zimmitti (R) a third-grader at Castlebay Charter Elementary School, stopped attending classes after intense fumes from the gas leak made her sick, Madison’s mother says.\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-768x514.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/01/PRanchProtest-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madison Zimmitti (R) a third-grader at Castlebay Charter Elementary School, stopped attending classes after intense fumes from the gas leak made her sick, Madison’s mother says. \u003ccite>(Chris Richard/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Resident Matt Pakucko, the head of a community group that has been pushing for the state declaration, said he cried when he heard about the governor's order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pakucko, speaking from a hotel where the gas company had moved him and his girlfriend, said he faced some doubts from his community about pressing the governor to declare an emergency. He said he had his own concerns that Brown might not take strong enough action, but was pleased in the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not worried about being validated or vindicated, but that people get what they need,\" he said. \"And that's what we've been pushing for.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor's move, among other measures, directs efforts by California agencies in stopping the leak, and it orders emergency regulations for other gas storage facilities throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Aliso Canyon site is one of the country's largest underground natural gas storage facilities and can hold enough natural gas to fuel Southern California for a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown toured the site of the leak for the first time earlier this week. The governor previously has resisted local calls for a state declaration, saying he wanted to make sure the utility, rather than the state, bore the financial cost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>The first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star. The ship entered the Antarctic Circle on January 3, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aboard the Disoriented Express\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s New Year’s Eve, I’m pretty sure. Since I left the United States, I’ve leapt forward a day, landed in Hobart, Tasmania, ate wallaby tacos at a food festival beside the harbor, and set sail on a ship called Polar Star, heading south to Antarctica, but because the world is round, we’re also heading east, toward South America. See for yourself. Don’t look on a map, maps lie. Look on a globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, soon after departure came an announcement that we were leaping another two hours forward, time zones be damned, to catch up to where we’re heading. It’s the law of the sea, I suppose. Somewhere out there is ice, which will look, I imagine, like nothing so much as nothing at all — like the ocean doesn’t end so much as is erased past a certain point. Which is what the ship is here to correct, to restore ocean to the nothingness. It’s an icebreaker. On the other side of all that ice is Antarctica, where the clocks are set two hours ahead to McMurdo Standard Time, as, now, are ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it’s New Year’s Eve. Scheduled for later, I hear is a party out on the helipad, or the fantail, whatever the back end of the ship is. Fake champagne will be served and everyone will be caught wearing the exact same thing and no one will be scandalized by this. We’re 21 hours ahead of the West Coast, so we’re practically the first people in the world who will celebrate the new year, and so this, the uniforms and the pretending-at-booze, this is the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_452752\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-452752 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"The 40-year-old USCGC Polar Star is the nation's only remaining operational heavy icebreaker. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1440x960.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1920x1281.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 40-year-old USCGC Polar Star is the nation’s only remaining operational heavy icebreaker. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the Deep Freeze\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trip is called Operation Deep Freeze, this ship is called Polar Star. It belongs to the Coast Guard which means, essentially, it belongs to you, if you’re American. (This will be important to keep in mind as we consider the looming costs associated with the mission.) \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">Polar Star is a heavy icebreaker\u003c/a>, as opposed to a light or medium icebreaker, which means it can go pretty much anywhere there’s ice. Its mission is to cut a channel in the ice off the Ross Ice Shelf, where is located \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, a launching point for research on the continent. Polar Star opens the channel and then “grooms” it for supply ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star is going to be 40 next year. That’s old for a ship doing this kind of work. It was supposed to have been retired at 30, but the billion dollars to build a new one has not been forthcoming from Congress. Nor the hundred-plus million required to get Polar Sea, the Star’s sister ship, back up and running. Right now she’s in semi-permanent hibernation in a dry-dock somewhere in Portland. Polar Star cannibalizes Polar Sea for parts, like a twin devouring its mate in utero, which gosh is a lurid image, and I’m sorry. It’s the vulgarity of the sea, I suppose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-800x1035.jpeg\" alt=\"About a week after sailing from Tasmania, the Polar Star entered the ice fields and began breaking a channel into McMurdo Sound.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-800x1035.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-400x518.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-768x994.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1440x1864.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1920x2485.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1180x1527.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-960x1242.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About a week after sailing from Tasmania, the Polar Star entered the ice fields and began breaking a channel into McMurdo Sound. \u003ccite>(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right, so: what am I doing here. I’ll be sailing with Polar Star and its 160 souls for the next two months, from Hobart to McMurdo, from McMurdo to Valparaiso, Chile. Here come stories about small-town kids embroiled in adventure, about the various species of seasickness (everyone suffers differently, together), about how the ship is slowly but surely, a circuit board here, a screw there, becoming a different ship, and about a small community as far away as you can possibly be and still be on Earth. They’re going to a place whose importance in the future of the planet is a thing of some debate, climate-wise, and so the ship’s importance is also a thing worth considering. There will be stories about Antarctica, too, we all hope, which is its own strange world of strong personalities, scientific endeavor, and (I have to assume) beards, all built upon the immortal ruins of older attempts at discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What else. Getting these dispatches out is its own saga, involving orbital satellites and obscure communications companies and the preciousness of bandwidth. But hopefully there will be some delightful melange of word/photo/audio/video, in descending order of probability. We are very far away, I must stress that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Confession\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I fell asleep an hour before midnight because my head’s still ascramble and every day further south, night grows shorter until it’ll cease to be. I awoke to a shadowy sailor at the threshold, saying something about something I needed to see right away. What time is it, I asked, like that made any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Mystery from the Sky!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>The first \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/breaking-the-ice/\">in a series of dispatches\u003c/a> from freelance writer Brandon Reynolds aboard the USCG icebreaker Polar Star. The ship entered the Antarctic Circle on January 3, on its annual resupply mission to the research base, McMurdo Station. It’s a critical task imperiled by the nation’s aging, shrinking fleet of ice-breaking ships. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aboard the Disoriented Express\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s New Year’s Eve, I’m pretty sure. Since I left the United States, I’ve leapt forward a day, landed in Hobart, Tasmania, ate wallaby tacos at a food festival beside the harbor, and set sail on a ship called Polar Star, heading south to Antarctica, but because the world is round, we’re also heading east, toward South America. See for yourself. Don’t look on a map, maps lie. Look on a globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, soon after departure came an announcement that we were leaping another two hours forward, time zones be damned, to catch up to where we’re heading. It’s the law of the sea, I suppose. Somewhere out there is ice, which will look, I imagine, like nothing so much as nothing at all — like the ocean doesn’t end so much as is erased past a certain point. Which is what the ship is here to correct, to restore ocean to the nothingness. It’s an icebreaker. On the other side of all that ice is Antarctica, where the clocks are set two hours ahead to McMurdo Standard Time, as, now, are ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I think it’s New Year’s Eve. Scheduled for later, I hear is a party out on the helipad, or the fantail, whatever the back end of the ship is. Fake champagne will be served and everyone will be caught wearing the exact same thing and no one will be scandalized by this. We’re 21 hours ahead of the West Coast, so we’re practically the first people in the world who will celebrate the new year, and so this, the uniforms and the pretending-at-booze, this is the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_452752\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-452752 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-800x534.jpeg\" alt=\"The 40-year-old USCGC Polar Star is the nation's only remaining operational heavy icebreaker. \" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-800x534.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-400x267.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1440x960.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1920x1281.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-1180x787.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039-960x640.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/DSC00039.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 40-year-old USCGC Polar Star is the nation’s only remaining operational heavy icebreaker. \u003ccite>(Brandon R. Reynolds)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Into the Deep Freeze\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trip is called Operation Deep Freeze, this ship is called Polar Star. It belongs to the Coast Guard which means, essentially, it belongs to you, if you’re American. (This will be important to keep in mind as we consider the looming costs associated with the mission.) \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/11/03/aging-u-s-icebreaker-fleet-may-imperil-polar-science/\">Polar Star is a heavy icebreaker\u003c/a>, as opposed to a light or medium icebreaker, which means it can go pretty much anywhere there’s ice. Its mission is to cut a channel in the ice off the Ross Ice Shelf, where is located \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/geo/plr/support/mcmurdo.jsp\">McMurdo Station\u003c/a>, a launching point for research on the continent. Polar Star opens the channel and then “grooms” it for supply ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polar Star is going to be 40 next year. That’s old for a ship doing this kind of work. It was supposed to have been retired at 30, but the billion dollars to build a new one has not been forthcoming from Congress. Nor the hundred-plus million required to get Polar Sea, the Star’s sister ship, back up and running. Right now she’s in semi-permanent hibernation in a dry-dock somewhere in Portland. Polar Star cannibalizes Polar Sea for parts, like a twin devouring its mate in utero, which gosh is a lurid image, and I’m sorry. It’s the vulgarity of the sea, I suppose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_460496\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-460496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-800x1035.jpeg\" alt=\"About a week after sailing from Tasmania, the Polar Star entered the ice fields and began breaking a channel into McMurdo Sound.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-800x1035.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-400x518.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-768x994.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1440x1864.jpeg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1920x2485.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-1180x1527.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/PolarStarRt_1-2dates-960x1242.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">About a week after sailing from Tasmania, the Polar Star entered the ice fields and began breaking a channel into McMurdo Sound. \u003ccite>(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right, so: what am I doing here. I’ll be sailing with Polar Star and its 160 souls for the next two months, from Hobart to McMurdo, from McMurdo to Valparaiso, Chile. Here come stories about small-town kids embroiled in adventure, about the various species of seasickness (everyone suffers differently, together), about how the ship is slowly but surely, a circuit board here, a screw there, becoming a different ship, and about a small community as far away as you can possibly be and still be on Earth. They’re going to a place whose importance in the future of the planet is a thing of some debate, climate-wise, and so the ship’s importance is also a thing worth considering. There will be stories about Antarctica, too, we all hope, which is its own strange world of strong personalities, scientific endeavor, and (I have to assume) beards, all built upon the immortal ruins of older attempts at discovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What else. Getting these dispatches out is its own saga, involving orbital satellites and obscure communications companies and the preciousness of bandwidth. But hopefully there will be some delightful melange of word/photo/audio/video, in descending order of probability. We are very far away, I must stress that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Confession\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I fell asleep an hour before midnight because my head’s still ascramble and every day further south, night grows shorter until it’ll cease to be. I awoke to a shadowy sailor at the threshold, saying something about something I needed to see right away. What time is it, I asked, like that made any difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next: Mystery from the Sky!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Brandon R. Reynolds lives in Los Angeles but currently summers in the Antarctic Circle. He has written for San Francisco Magazine, SF Weekly, The Atlantic, and Oxford American (not the dictionary). On Twitter @sonnyborderland.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>It didn’t take an official measurement for Californians to start celebrating the presence of snow in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, still, drought watchers have anxiously awaited California’s version of Groundhog Day, the Sierra snow survey. Starting in December, the California Department of Water Resources sends a crew each month to a \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Read More …\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca title=\"There’s Snow in the Sierras, But Not Enough Yet\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It didn’t take an official measurement for Californians to start celebrating the presence of snow in the Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, still, drought watchers have anxiously awaited California’s version of Groundhog Day, the Sierra snow survey. Starting in December, the California Department of Water Resources sends a crew each month to a \u003ca id=\"rssmi_more\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Read More …\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Source:: \u003ca title=\"There’s Snow in the Sierras, But Not Enough Yet\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/12/30/sierra-snowpack-survey-drought\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Newsfix – Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz?",
"headTitle": "Earth in the Year 2015: Can You Ace the KQED Science Quiz? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From planetology to paleontology, 2015 was full of news in the Earth sciences. Ace this 20-question quiz and you’ll have plenty of planetary tidbits from KQED Science to quick-turn an awkward conversation at your holiday table. Who doesn’t need that?\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>It’s the ultimate selfie: NASA launched this satellite that hovers between Earth and the Sun, taking snapshots of the whole planet about 15 times a day. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scientists reported that the ash from some volcanoes contains abundant spherules — glassy droplets as fine as powder — that don’t arise from the splashing and explosions of lava. What makes them instead?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sediments in the bottom of a rare sinkhole show that a very large tsunami, triggered by a magnitude-9 quake in Alaska, struck this state about 500 years ago. What state is that?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A study showed that the coral-sand islands of the Maldives are maintained by the activity of parrotfish. What do the fish do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers found that parts of Mars contain hydrated minerals, as well as dark streaks in the ground that appear during the Martian summer. What did they conclude?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Last month, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rose above a round number and will not go back below it in the foreseeable future. What is that number?\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29853\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/04/Daisy-parrotfish-wikimedia.jpg\" alt=\"Daisy Parrotfish in the Maldives\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Species like the daisy parrotfish \u003ci>Chlorurus sordidus\u003c/i>, are a crucial link in the natural chain that builds dry land in the Maldives archipelago. \u003ccite>(Julien Bidet/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Two groups of scientists called for research programs to study the invisible ecosystems of microscopic organisms found everywhere we look. What’s the name for those ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Early this year a spacecraft named MESSENGER ended several years of planetary observations by crashing into its target. What is that planet?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sent back images of high mountain ranges, plus what look like volcanoes and glaciers, on a place it took more than 9 years to reach. What is that distant world?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A fossil study proposed that the ancient soft-bodied creatures called Ediacarans went extinct when newly evolved animals ruined their habitat. What scientist first proposed this kind of extinction?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>In December, NOAA reported that the previous month was the warmest November ever recorded. How many record-breaking months in a row did that make?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A new National Monument was established in northern California that displays signs of dramatic geologic activity including the clash of tectonic plates, volcanic eruptions and the wrenching of modern earthquake faults. Do you know its name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>True or false? A strong El Niño has been active since early summer.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104383\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-104383\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg\" alt=\"Head of Wendiceratops\" width=\"800\" height=\"656\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-800x656.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-400x328.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live-960x787.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/Wendiceratops_live.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, as reconstructed by scientific illustrator \u003ca href=\"http://www.ddufault.com/paleo.html\">Danielle Dufault\u003c/a> for the Royal Ontario Museum \u003ccite>(Danielle Dufault/PLOS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>Fossils of a three-horned dinosaur with a flamboyant bony frill behind its head were found in a Canadian park and assigned the name \u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>. Why that name?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After an earthquake rips the ground, you can walk around the fresh geological evidence taking snapshots, and scientists can turn those images into an accurate 3D model. What’s the name of that technique?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>A widely used record of the Sun’s historical activity was revised, erasing an apparent increase in solar energy that some researchers used to argue against greenhouse warming. What is that record?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Researchers showed that the Hayward fault is closely connected to a neighboring fault, making it more likely than previously thought that both can rupture together in an earthquake the size of 1906’s Big One. What’s the second fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Clever observations by a spacecraft peeking through dense clouds yielded conclusive evidence of volcanoes caught in the act of erupting. What planet was this?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After 100 years of guessing, a fossil study of stegosaurs — those big dinosaurs with the rows of bony plates down their backs — found a way to tell the males and females apart. What is it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The U.S. Geological Survey updated its long-term earthquake forecast this year. Which Bay Area earthquake fault is considered most likely to cause a major quake over the next few decades?\u003c/li>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the answers, each linked to its KQED Science story.\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/20/nasas-new-snapshots-of-earth-from-a-satellite-far-far-away\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The “selfie satellite” is DSCOVR\u003c/a>, or Deep Space Climate Observatory.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/05/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new variety of spherule is made\u003c/a> when lightning lashes the ash-filled clouds above erupting volcanoes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/ancient-sinkhole-could-presage-mega-tsunami-for-hawaii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii is the state\u003c/a>, and the Makauwahi sinkhole in Kauai has the evidence.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/01/fish-help-build-coral-reef-islands/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The parrotfish manufacture sand for the Maldives islands\u003c/a> by crunching on large corals and pooping out the grit.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/28/reports-nasa-to-announce-water-flows-on-mars-watch-live/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA scientists announced\u003c/a> they had “the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/19/co2-earth-passes-into-uncharted-territory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In mid-November the CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> level\u003c/a> at the standard observatory in Hawaii exceeded 400 parts per million, for good.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/05/whats-left-to-discover-about-microbes-pretty-much-everything/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These worlds of microbes\u003c/a>, found in soils, our skins and our digestive tracts, are called microbiomes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/03/nasas-messenger-spacecraft-preparing-its-farewell-message-from-mercury/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The planet was Mercury\u003c/a>, the one nearest to the Sun.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New Horizons found volcanoes of ice water\u003c/a> and glaciers of solid nitrogen on the dwarf planet Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_281380\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-281380\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"New Horizons' high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release-75x75.jpg 75w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/P_COLOR2_enhanced_release.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Horizons’ high-resolution color-enhanced portrait of Pluto, exaggerated colors showing variations in surface composition and terrain. \u003ccite>(NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/09/11/mass-extinctions-the-case-of-the-vanishing-ediacarans/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unlike other mass extinctions\u003c/a>, which had catastrophic causes, the Ediacaran mass extinction is the first example ever found of “biotic replacement,” the mechanism proposed in 1859 by Charles Darwin.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/17/november-was-record-warm-month-for-globe-extending-streak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In 2015, November was the seventh month in a row\u003c/a> that was the warmest on record.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/16/geologic-highlights-of-californias-new-national-monument/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The new park, in the heart of the Coast Range\u003c/a>, is Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument, although lots of California parklands feature this kind of geology.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/11/burn-after-reading-big-el-nino-building-could-be-major-rainmaker-this-fall/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">It’s true; El Niño is a tropical weather pattern\u003c/a> that was strong back in June, in the tropics, but it’s barely starting to affect California now in late December.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/09/wendys-ceratops-a-new-face-in-the-dinosaur-line/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>Wendiceratops pinhornensis\u003c/i>, an early relative of \u003ci>Triceratops\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, was named in honor of amateur fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda and the Pinhorn Provincial Grazing Reserve, where its bones were dug up.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/19/after-an-earthquake-use-your-phone-camera-for-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The surprisingly effective image-stitching technique\u003c/a>, stereoscopic viewing on steroids, is called “Structure from Motion,” or SfM.\u003c/li>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28390\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28390\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/vofstereo.jpg\" alt=\"Stereo image from Valley of Fire, Nevada\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stereo image of a scene from Nevada’s Valley of Fire State Park. To view it, carefully cross your eyes until the two images fuse in a 3D picture. \u003ccite>(Andrew Alden/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/14/its-official-dont-blame-the-sun-for-climate-change/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The historical record of solar activity\u003c/a> is based on a quantity called the sunspot number.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault could form a megafault with its southern neighbor\u003c/a> that runs from San Jose past Gilroy — the Calaveras fault.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/06/25/active-volcanoes-spotted-on-venus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The evidence of fresh pools of red-hot lava\u003c/a> was seen through the thick atmosphere of Venus.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/04/23/stegosaurus-male-or-female-the-answer-is-in-the-plates/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stegosaurs appear to have had differently shaped spinal plates\u003c/a> in males and females.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/03/10/new-earthquake-forecast-less-frequent-moderate-quakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Hayward fault is given one-in-seven odds\u003c/a> of a massive rupture between now and 2045.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/ol>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins",
"headTitle": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra’s Origins | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The low water in Millerton Lake, northeast of Fresno, reveals ancient geology that may help scientists solve mysteries of the Sierra.",
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"headline": "Drought Could Help Reveal Secrets of Sierra's Origins",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few miles northeast of Fresno, Chris Pluhar walks through a field pockmarked with little holes. It’s dry, scrubby and surrounded by rolling brown hills. You’d never know that in a normal year, where he’s standing would be under 20 feet of water. It’s usually a part of Millerton Lake, a major but rapidly shrinking reservoir in the Sierra foothills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than being in a lake, which is how it’s shown on the map, we’re standing in the middle of a grassland,” says Pluhar, who teaches geology at Fresno State University. “We were here about three weeks ago and since then, a few new islands have popped up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range, and yet us scientists can’t agree on some of the most basic things—like did it uplift recently or not?’\u003ccite>Chris Pluhar, Fresno State University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Right now, Millerton’s filled to about a third of its total capacity. The high water line scars the hillside far above Pluhar’s head, and some boat ramps lead to nowhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most people overlooking Millerton would see only a shriveled reservoir, Pluhar saw an opportunity: he could study rocks revealed for the first time in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is kind of virgin territory for mapping,” he says. “If you look at the U.S., it’s mapped all across the country except for places like this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pluhar studies tectonics—the process by which geologic plates pull apart and jam together to form ridges and mountains—and he’s interested in what these rocks can tell him about the Sierra Nevada. So he brought along a student to help figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wynter Erickson is mapping this area for her senior thesis—a process that involves tracking the boundaries between rock layers and measuring how much they’ve tilted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You kind of just get in your own little world while everyone’s on their speedboats,” she says. “It’s awesome.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These geologists are piecing together pre-history. Some of the rocks here formed more than 100 million years ago, long before the Sierra began to rise. Pluhar hopes Erickson’s measurements will help answer an important question: when did the mountains grow to their current size? And how quickly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419846\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-419846 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Fresno State student Wynter Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4785-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erickson uses a compass to measure how much ancient volcanic rocks underneath Millerton Lake have tilted. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Nevada is a highly studied mountain range,” says Pluhar, “and yet us scientists \u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/mountain-mystery-the-stop-and-go-growth-of-the-sierra-nevada/3/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can’t agree on some of the most basic things\u003c/a>—like did it uplift recently or not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sierra is a jumble of sediments transported from the deep ocean and piled up on top of the continent, with scars of granite and lava from defunct volcanoes. Its history is complex, and it’s not easy to figure out what happened when.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no telling if this one little part of the foothills will resolve a big, longstanding scientific debate. But one thing is certain: now is the time to investigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re probably, overall statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/05/14/california-drought-pictures-reservoirs-rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">about half of what we would normally see in reservoir storage\u003c/a>” for this time of year, says Jay Lund, director of the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis. “Some of the reservoirs are the lowest that they’ve ever been.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As worrisome as that is, Lund says it does present some rare opportunities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You get to see what used to be in the reservoir before they filled it,” he says, like relics and building foundations from towns submerged long ago. “And there are sometimes\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/21/lake-county-cracks-down-on-looting-of-native-american-artifacts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> old Indian artifacts around the state.\u003c/a>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lund also says drought years are the best time to perform maintenance and repairs on dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_419847\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 408px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-419847\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-419847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg\" alt=\"Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers.\" width=\"408\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-800x653.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-400x326.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-768x626.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1440x1175.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1920x1566.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-1180x962.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/IMG_4761-e1450478782261-960x783.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 408px) 100vw, 408px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluhar consults a mapping app to find the contact between two rock layers. \u003ccite>(Kerry Klein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He’s hopeful that an El Niño winter will top up the state’s thirsty reservoirs. But he’s quick to point out that high water levels wouldn’t mean all of the state’s water worries are over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For long droughts, it’s groundwater which is really by far the largest reservoir for California,” he says—like the over-pumped aquifer underlying the Central Valley. “It’ll take a very very long time, if ever, for those groundwater levels to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find an upside when farms are going fallow and thousands of people are out of drinking water. But back in the parched basin of Millerton Lake, Wynter Erickson is excited that she’s in the right place at the right time to make something good of the drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s so cool because if we do get our El Niño year, it’s not going to be available to map anymore,” she says. “So I think it’s pretty incredible that we get to do this research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the time she and Pluhar finish their maps, their field site will once again be at the bottom of a lake—at least, one can hope.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last month was the globe’s warmest November on record, the seventh consecutive month to reach a new high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A climate update Thursday from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also noted a record-warm average temperature for January through November as a whole. NOAA scientist Jake Crouch said it’s “virtually certain” that 2015 will be the warmest year globally since record-keeping began in 1880.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said it’s been the warmest autumn on record for the continental U.S., with an average temperature of 56.8 F (13.8 C) for September through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-419265 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/NOAA-climate-anomolies.gif\" alt=\"NOAA climate anomolies\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCrouch said the warmth has come from climate change, a strong El Nino and some other short-term influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-419271\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png\" alt=\"Greenhouse_gases\" width=\"1198\" height=\"868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png 1198w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-400x290.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-800x580.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-768x556.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-1180x855.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-960x696.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1198px) 100vw, 1198px\">\u003cbr>\nThese activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the forecast calls for an easing of drought in California and Nevada through March.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last month was the globe’s warmest November on record, the seventh consecutive month to reach a new high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A climate update Thursday from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also noted a record-warm average temperature for January through November as a whole. NOAA scientist Jake Crouch said it’s “virtually certain” that 2015 will be the warmest year globally since record-keeping began in 1880.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also said it’s been the warmest autumn on record for the continental U.S., with an average temperature of 56.8 F (13.8 C) for September through November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201511\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-419265 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/NOAA-climate-anomolies.gif\" alt=\"NOAA climate anomolies\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1302\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nCrouch said the warmth has come from climate change, a strong El Nino and some other short-term influences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, or heat-trapping gases, in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are certain molecules in the air that have the ability to trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), occur naturally and play an important role in Earth’s climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some human activities, such as mining and burning fossil fuels (like coal, oil and natural gas) for energy and transportation, emit molecules of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-419271\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png\" alt=\"Greenhouse_gases\" width=\"1198\" height=\"868\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases.png 1198w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-400x290.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-800x580.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-768x556.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-1180x855.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Greenhouse_gases-960x696.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1198px) 100vw, 1198px\">\u003cbr>\nThese activities cause greenhouse gases to accumulate in the air, and as these molecules build up in the atmosphere they cause an overall warming of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the forecast calls for an easing of drought in California and Nevada through March.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Water Czar' Disputes Poor Grades for California's Drought Response",
"headTitle": "‘Water Czar’ Disputes Poor Grades for California’s Drought Response | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A “report card” for California’s response to the four-year drought is being greeted with some consternation by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One always prefers ‘atta-boys’ to kicks in the pants,” responds Felicia Marcus, one of the state’s top water regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Natural Resources Defense Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-drought-response.asp\">issued a report\u003c/a> grading efforts to cope with the current dry times and gird the state against future droughts. It was a report card that, if handed down by your fifth-grade teacher, you probably wouldn’t be eager to show your parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report issued D grades for conservation in the farm belt and for capturing and recycling stormwater runoff, and an F for its efforts thus far to restore and protect the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, widely considered the keystone in California’s water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it comes down to setting clear goals and putting regulations in place to ensure those goals are met,” says Kate Poole, a senior attorney for NRDC, “and then providing the funding and assistance to meet those goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report assigned higher grades to some of the state’s efforts: a B for its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/01/warm-temperatures-boost-california-water-use-in-october/\">urban water conservation\u003c/a> program, and B- for use of recycled and reused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the state is making significant progress in a couple of those areas,” says Poole, “it’s really fallen down on the job in a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-414229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg\" alt='The NRDC \"report card\" grades California in five broad areas of water management.' width=\"800\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-400x612.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-768x1175.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-960x1469.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NRDC “report card” grades California in five broad areas of water management. \u003ccite>(NRDC/Thirsting for Progress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, says she would like to have seen the NRDC give more credit for last year’s landmark \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">groundwater legislation\u003c/a>, which will pave the way for the first regulation of groundwater pumping in California’s history. She sees this drought as a pivot point in attitudes toward water — but also a starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried to lay a foundation for the future,” says Marcus, whose board was not the sole target of the critique. “I think we’ve actually been able to advance the cause of sustainable water considerably, even while in the midst of of the drought. But the work is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus cites “hundreds of millions of dollars” in low-cost loans and streamlining of rules to make water recycling easier for local water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna end up with a lot more recycled water in just a few years,” she predicts. “But that’s not ‘snap your fingers, make it happen.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how would Marcus grade the state?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we get an A for effort,” she says, “and probably a B in execution, because you can’t get it all right.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A “report card” for California’s response to the four-year drought is being greeted with some consternation by state water officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One always prefers ‘atta-boys’ to kicks in the pants,” responds Felicia Marcus, one of the state’s top water regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the Natural Resources Defense Council \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-drought-response.asp\">issued a report\u003c/a> grading efforts to cope with the current dry times and gird the state against future droughts. It was a report card that, if handed down by your fifth-grade teacher, you probably wouldn’t be eager to show your parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report issued D grades for conservation in the farm belt and for capturing and recycling stormwater runoff, and an F for its efforts thus far to restore and protect the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, widely considered the keystone in California’s water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it comes down to setting clear goals and putting regulations in place to ensure those goals are met,” says Kate Poole, a senior attorney for NRDC, “and then providing the funding and assistance to meet those goals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report assigned higher grades to some of the state’s efforts: a B for its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/01/warm-temperatures-boost-california-water-use-in-october/\">urban water conservation\u003c/a> program, and B- for use of recycled and reused water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the state is making significant progress in a couple of those areas,” says Poole, “it’s really fallen down on the job in a few of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_414229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-414229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg\" alt='The NRDC \"report card\" grades California in five broad areas of water management.' width=\"800\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-800x1224.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-400x612.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-768x1175.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L-960x1469.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/ca-drought-reponse-report-card-L.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NRDC “report card” grades California in five broad areas of water management. \u003ccite>(NRDC/Thirsting for Progress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marcus, who chairs the State Water Resources Control Board, says she would like to have seen the NRDC give more credit for last year’s landmark \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2014/09/17/what-to-know-about-californias-new-groundwater-law/\">groundwater legislation\u003c/a>, which will pave the way for the first regulation of groundwater pumping in California’s history. She sees this drought as a pivot point in attitudes toward water — but also a starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve tried to lay a foundation for the future,” says Marcus, whose board was not the sole target of the critique. “I think we’ve actually been able to advance the cause of sustainable water considerably, even while in the midst of of the drought. But the work is far from over.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marcus cites “hundreds of millions of dollars” in low-cost loans and streamlining of rules to make water recycling easier for local water agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re gonna end up with a lot more recycled water in just a few years,” she predicts. “But that’s not ‘snap your fingers, make it happen.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how would Marcus grade the state?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we get an A for effort,” she says, “and probably a B in execution, because you can’t get it all right.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Methane Leaks: A Visible 'Environmental Disaster' and Hidden Threat",
"headTitle": "Methane Leaks: A Visible ‘Environmental Disaster’ and Hidden Threat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO8HraNes9w\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”j8ZKAhTyX6vUmZUPJsNS6vYz2BUiiQ2Q”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/12/WEBLeakyPipelinesBowe151214.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scientific evidence is really quite clear,” O’Connor said. “Methane, actual methane into the air, is responsible for 20 to 30 percent of the temperature increases we’re feeling today.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 7 January 2016, 12:20 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, UC Davis released the first estimates of methane emissions from an underground gas storage field north of Los Angeles. Owned by Southern California Gas Company, the gas has been leaking since October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Davis pilot and scientist Stephen Conley measured the plume and estimates nearly 80,000 tons of methane have been released, or about 1,000 tons per day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To put this into perspective, the leak effectively doubles the emission rate for the entire Los Angeles Basin,” says Conley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The methane has traveled and affected nearby Los Angeles suburb Porter Ranch, displacing thousands of residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency over the leak and its impact on the Porter Ranch community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update: 31 December 2015, 1:45 p.m.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utility officials in Southern California say they have determined the underground location of a pipe leak that has spewed natural gas into the air since late October, but it could be months before they’re able to fix the rupture that has driven up the state’s methane emissions and chased thousands of families from their homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti has called the leak an “environmental disaster,” and the Los Angeles Unified School District shuttered two area schools for the rest of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the leak at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage facility is pouring methane into the air at a rate equal to putting an additional 7 million cars on the road daily. The Environmental Defense Fund created this real-time counter showing how many metric tons of methane are estimated to have escaped from the Aliso Canyon facility since Oct. 23:\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.edf.org/embed/methane-counters\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" style=\"width: 100%; border: none; height: 515px;\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Original Story:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World leaders left Paris over the weekend with an aggressive agreement to cut methane emissions and other so-called short-lived climate pollutants. Methane doesn’t last as long in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, but it’s much more potent. That’s one reason the city of Los Angeles is suing over the methane leak from a natural gas well north of L.A., and it’s why state leaders are concerned about a long-hidden source of methane emissions: leaking natural gas pipelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, utilities in California have logged, but not repaired, thousands of pinprick leaks in pipelines criss-crossing the state. These leaks are considered non-hazardous because they don’t pose a health or safety risk. But they do pose an environmental risk. Tim O’Connor, an attorney with the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), says not many people, from utilities to state leaders, have been thinking about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is this hidden environmental issue which is quite significant,” O’Connor says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Certain situations—not all, I want to be very clear on this—you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years.’\u003ccite>Eric Hofmann,\u003cbr>\nUtility Workers Union of America\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If you add up the greenhouse gas emissions coming from all pipeline leaks statewide, he says, it’s as if we’re putting 700,000 more cars on the roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane is a Potent Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Californians who care about climate change understand that carbon dioxide emissions are a key part of the problem, but methane – which can seep from landfills, oil and gas infrastructure, wastewater ponds or agricultural facilities – is an important piece of the puzzle when it comes to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has a stronger global warming potential,” explains Riley Duren, a climate scientist who has been tracking atmospheric methane with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “On a 20-year timeline, methane is about 80 times more efficient at trapping heat than an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the biggest single source of methane emissions in the state is in a hilly territory north of Los Angeles, where a massive natural gas leak from Southern California Gas Company’s underground Aliso Canyon storage field has permeated the nearby community of Porter Ranch with a foul smell, sickening some residents and prompting hundreds to relocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I moved here, I didn’t know about the gas facility,” said Matt Pakucko, who lives near the leaking gas well and started a grassroots organization called Save Porter Ranch. Even before the leak started, he said, he’d notice the smell of gas sometimes. “Late night or early morning, it smells like natural gas, like my stove is on,” he explained. “I’d call the gas company, they would come out, and nothing in my house was leaking.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/aO8HraNes9w'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But when the leak started Oct. 23, he said the fumes grew to an extreme level – and started to affect residents’ health. “It was hard to breathe,” he said. “It’s the kind of thing where you call the emergency number. It’s that strong all over the neighborhood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three weeks after the rupture began, the Los Angeles Department of Public Health issued \u003ca href=\"http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/docs/AlisoCanyonFactSheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a fact sheet\u003c/a> noting that exposure to the methane gas wasn’t expected to cause long-term health impacts, but an additive called mercaptans is known to cause dizziness, respiratory issues, headaches and other short-term health issues. SoCalGas made several unsuccessful attempts to plug the leak, and it’s now \u003ca href=\"https://www.alisoupdates.com/main\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drilling a relief well\u003c/a> to contain it—a process that could take up to four months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SoCalGas now faces a class-action lawsuit from residents of Porter Ranch, charging the company showed a “willful disregard for public health,” and a lawsuit from the city of Los Angeles charging that the utility failed to notify residents of the health hazard in a timely manner and didn’t have a sufficient plan in place to repair the breach. The company has also drawn heat from environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At a calculated rate per hour of about 50,000 kilograms of methane emissions, this single leak is likely responsible for over 25 percent of the state’s daily total methane emissions from all sources, including landfills and agriculture,” O’Connor wrote in a recent blog post. “Depending on when it is fixed, this one leak is also likely to single-handedly double the methane emissions associated with natural gas use in California this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Aliso Canyon leak has released a staggering amount of heat-trapping gases, leaking natural gas pipelines are a more insidious problem that has persisted for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hidden Source of Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Non-hazardous pipeline leaks are graded differently from ruptures that cause gas explosions – under state law, utilities must respond immediately if a detected leak is deemed hazardous. But leaks that vent outdoors, or emit only a small amount of gas, are classified as Grade 3 and have historically ranked as utilities’ lowest priority for repair. Usually the amount of gas they leak is so minuscule you can’t smell it, and if they’re venting outdoors, there’s no danger of a gas build-up that could lead to explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“If there are really high levels that could be dangerous, flammable, [utilities] come out immediately,” explains Francesca Hopkins, who works with Duren on the NASA carbon monitoring team. “What we’re talking about is worrying about methane leaks because of their impact on climate, not finding leaks because they’re a public safety hazard. We care because it’s those smaller, long-term leaks that affect global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Air Resources Board estimates gas pipeline leaks will account for 12 percent of the state’s methane emissions by 2030—a problem that will translate to higher utility bills in the long run, since customers pay for that wasted fuel. Policymakers have only recently started taking action to require utilities to fix them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring utilities to seal non-hazardous pipeline leaks that don’t pose a threat to public safety. Before this policy, it was common practice to simply allow them to vent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_408396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 497px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-408396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/armato-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak.\" width=\"497\" height=\"373\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A PG&E crew member uses soap to identify the exact location of a gas pipeline leak. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Bowe/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Certain situations — not all, I want to be very clear on this — you’d find some leaks that would go unrepaired for literally years,” said Eric Hofmann, business agent with the SoCalGas utility workers’ union. He said leaks from plastic pipes were more likely to be repaired, but leaks from steel pipes could persist for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Partly because the deadly 2010 explosion in San Bruno drew attention to leaky pipelines, and partly because of the new state law, utilities are paying more attention to these small, non-hazardous leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the industry, Hofmann said, “there’s definitely been a sense of a more aggressive approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Utilities are currently working with state regulators to formulate long-term plans for complying with the new legislation. In the meantime, Hofmann and others say the gas companies have started adopting new practices, with the recognition that addressing environmentally hazardous leaks is now mandated under state law.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAround the time of this paradigm shift, PG&E adopted new air-monitoring technology that’s 1,000 times more sensitive than the devices it used to rely on. Now they’re finding leaks they couldn’t detect before. In 2014, PG&E reported to regulators that crews found more than 18,800 new, non-hazardous pipeline leaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane has drawn a lot of attention from policymakers lately. Speaking at a press conference in Paris, Democratic Senator Ricardo Lara of Los Angeles County issued a proposal to slash methane emissions in California to 40 percent below current rates by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>All of next week, San Francisco’s Moscone Center will host a gigantic meeting for more than 20,000 scientists who study geophysics. It’s the annual conference of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), a gathering of substantial brain power and insight into our home planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Media people from all over the world, including KQED Science, will be on hand to pick out the nuggets. And science lovers can participate in a range of public events encompassing art, hacking and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two free public events are up this Sunday, with a lecture on energy and environment that won’t get you down, and a family event for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First is a free lecture from noon to 1 p.m. by Richard Alley, the bearded, gung-ho host of the PBS Series “Earth: The Operator’s Manual.” His talk is titled “\u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/public-events/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ice Cores to Smart Phones: The Good News on Energy, the Environment, and Our Future\u003c/a>,” and he will affirm that “the science, engineering, and design that gave us smart phones can also give us an economical, sustainable energy system that can power everyone almost forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-403811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg\" alt=\"Bella Gaia\" width=\"600\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman-400x347.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Hoffmann performs in front of a geophysical display as part of “Beautiful Earth” by the Bella Gaia Ensemble. \u003ccite>(Bella Gaia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then from 1 to 5 p.m. is the \u003ca href=\"http://education.agu.org/education-activities-at-agu-meetings/exploration-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Station\u003c/a>, a free, four-hour program to welcome young thinkers into the world of science. Working scientists will be on hand to explain the science of the atmosphere, the Earth, the electromagnetic spectrum, the poles and space. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts can work on merit badges, and younger kids have their own special activities, like pop rockets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday the 15th, there’s the Thriving Earth Exchange, a loosely organized effort to bring scientists and community leaders together in hacker-type projects aimed at “challenges related to natural resources, climate change, or natural hazards.” A \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/event/thriving-earth-exchange-partnerships-for-solutions-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free networking event\u003c/a> from 5 to 7 p.m. will feature 5-minute “lightning talks” about partnerships that are succeeding right now. You can join ongoing projects, find collaborators and get inspiration from community science leaders. Maybe your city can take part in the next wave of projects, starting here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, on Thursday night, December 17, it’s a performance at Herbst Theater of “Beautiful Earth” by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bellagaia.com/events.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bella Gaia Ensemble\u003c/a>, fresh from the climate talks in Paris. This performance combines NASA imagery, dance and world music to induce the “overview effect” experienced by astronauts as they gaze upon Earth from above. A panel discussion including AGU scientists will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Geophysics All About?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the precision and insight of laboratory physics meets the real-world complexity of the Earth, sea and air, that’s geophysics. It’s exploring things that are invisible — the interior of planets (including our own), the activity of the ocean, the behavior of winds and weather, the energetic phenomena of outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403810\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-403810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg\" alt=\"Earth, 8 Dec 2015\" width=\"718\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg 718w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DSCOVR image of Earth from December 8. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The AGU is the world’s largest scientific body devoted to this field. The annual AGU Fall Meeting has been held in San Francisco since 1968, a year before Woodstock, when hippies still ruled the Haight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then the big excitement was about the new theory of plate tectonics. In the mid-1980s, when I first attended the AGU meeting at the Bill Graham Auditorium (where the Grateful Dead used to play), the big excitement was about modeling the Earth’s interior with supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the most important science being presented at AGU is about the world’s climate — past, present and future. And this year’s gathering, coming as it does on the heels of the Paris climate meetings, will get special attention from the media and public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Press conferences next week\u003c/a> will feature new developments in many fields, including these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The first scientific results from NASA’s new \u003ca href=\"http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DSCOVR satellite\u003c/a>, which images the whole Earth every day\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The newest XPRIZE contest, targeting ocean technology\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The state of Arctic and Antarctic ice\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earthquake hazards in the Himalaya after the April 24 Nepal quake\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forecasts of heat stress in large cities with the coming warmer climate\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The currently unfolding El Niño event\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The future of San Francisco’s famous fog\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Now is the time for all of us to learn more about climate science. And scientists themselves are doing more outreach to the public, whether it’s by posting on Twitter, putting up videos on YouTube, maintaining Facebook pages or writing any number of climate-related blogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is a prime place for scientists to interact in person. Morning coffee breaks and afternoon beer breaks allow people to loosen up and mix more freely, surrounded by thousands of poster presentations with their authors standing by. An early-morning 5K run always draws a crowd. Student mixers and honors ceremonies punctuate the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the fun, the point of the AGU meeting is to awaken, exercise and sharpen scientific minds in ways that the lab, the library and the Internet cannot provide.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All of next week, San Francisco’s Moscone Center will host a gigantic meeting for more than 20,000 scientists who study geophysics. It’s the annual conference of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), a gathering of substantial brain power and insight into our home planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Media people from all over the world, including KQED Science, will be on hand to pick out the nuggets. And science lovers can participate in a range of public events encompassing art, hacking and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two free public events are up this Sunday, with a lecture on energy and environment that won’t get you down, and a family event for all ages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First is a free lecture from noon to 1 p.m. by Richard Alley, the bearded, gung-ho host of the PBS Series “Earth: The Operator’s Manual.” His talk is titled “\u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/public-events/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ice Cores to Smart Phones: The Good News on Energy, the Environment, and Our Future\u003c/a>,” and he will affirm that “the science, engineering, and design that gave us smart phones can also give us an economical, sustainable energy system that can power everyone almost forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403811\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-403811\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg\" alt=\"Bella Gaia\" width=\"600\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/bellagaia-kristin-hoffman-400x347.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Hoffmann performs in front of a geophysical display as part of “Beautiful Earth” by the Bella Gaia Ensemble. \u003ccite>(Bella Gaia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then from 1 to 5 p.m. is the \u003ca href=\"http://education.agu.org/education-activities-at-agu-meetings/exploration-station/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Station\u003c/a>, a free, four-hour program to welcome young thinkers into the world of science. Working scientists will be on hand to explain the science of the atmosphere, the Earth, the electromagnetic spectrum, the poles and space. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts can work on merit badges, and younger kids have their own special activities, like pop rockets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday the 15th, there’s the Thriving Earth Exchange, a loosely organized effort to bring scientists and community leaders together in hacker-type projects aimed at “challenges related to natural resources, climate change, or natural hazards.” A \u003ca href=\"http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/event/thriving-earth-exchange-partnerships-for-solutions-science/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free networking event\u003c/a> from 5 to 7 p.m. will feature 5-minute “lightning talks” about partnerships that are succeeding right now. You can join ongoing projects, find collaborators and get inspiration from community science leaders. Maybe your city can take part in the next wave of projects, starting here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, on Thursday night, December 17, it’s a performance at Herbst Theater of “Beautiful Earth” by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bellagaia.com/events.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bella Gaia Ensemble\u003c/a>, fresh from the climate talks in Paris. This performance combines NASA imagery, dance and world music to induce the “overview effect” experienced by astronauts as they gaze upon Earth from above. A panel discussion including AGU scientists will follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Is Geophysics All About?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the precision and insight of laboratory physics meets the real-world complexity of the Earth, sea and air, that’s geophysics. It’s exploring things that are invisible — the interior of planets (including our own), the activity of the ocean, the behavior of winds and weather, the energetic phenomena of outer space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403810\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-403810\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg\" alt=\"Earth, 8 Dec 2015\" width=\"718\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015.jpg 718w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/EPIC-earth-18-dec-2015-400x333.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DSCOVR image of Earth from December 8. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The AGU is the world’s largest scientific body devoted to this field. The annual AGU Fall Meeting has been held in San Francisco since 1968, a year before Woodstock, when hippies still ruled the Haight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then the big excitement was about the new theory of plate tectonics. In the mid-1980s, when I first attended the AGU meeting at the Bill Graham Auditorium (where the Grateful Dead used to play), the big excitement was about modeling the Earth’s interior with supercomputers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the most important science being presented at AGU is about the world’s climate — past, present and future. And this year’s gathering, coming as it does on the heels of the Paris climate meetings, will get special attention from the media and public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2015/media-center/press-conferences/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Press conferences next week\u003c/a> will feature new developments in many fields, including these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The first scientific results from NASA’s new \u003ca href=\"http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DSCOVR satellite\u003c/a>, which images the whole Earth every day\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The newest XPRIZE contest, targeting ocean technology\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The state of Arctic and Antarctic ice\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Earthquake hazards in the Himalaya after the April 24 Nepal quake\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Forecasts of heat stress in large cities with the coming warmer climate\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The currently unfolding El Niño event\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The future of San Francisco’s famous fog\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Now is the time for all of us to learn more about climate science. And scientists themselves are doing more outreach to the public, whether it’s by posting on Twitter, putting up videos on YouTube, maintaining Facebook pages or writing any number of climate-related blogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is a prime place for scientists to interact in person. Morning coffee breaks and afternoon beer breaks allow people to loosen up and mix more freely, surrounded by thousands of poster presentations with their authors standing by. An early-morning 5K run always draws a crowd. Student mixers and honors ceremonies punctuate the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the fun, the point of the AGU meeting is to awaken, exercise and sharpen scientific minds in ways that the lab, the library and the Internet cannot provide.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "FEMA Unveils El Niño Disaster Response Plan",
"headTitle": "FEMA Unveils El Niño Disaster Response Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Federal and state officials unveiled a disaster plan today for dealing with flooding, landslides and power outages this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño-related storms are expected to hit California, Nevada and Arizona this month and continue through early spring. California, especially southern California, is expected to receive above-average rainfall from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.’\u003ccite> Mark Ghilarducci, California Office of Emergency Services \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Emergency planners say Californians will likely be battling a range of disasters, including mudslides, floods, rising tides and downed trees that cause power outages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the drought has packed the soil, which could make conditions even more more difficult, says Mark Ghilarducci, director of the state Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The land is very, very hard,” Ghilarducci says, “and so we’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Areas like Lake County, where wildfires decimated trees that normally hold soil in place, are susceptible to mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the burn scar areas — we had some catastrophic fires this summer — we’re very concerned what this heavy water will do to those areas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, above average sea surface temperatures related to El Niño mean higher sea levels. And the El Niño conditions, coupled with King Tides, create even higher tides dubbed Tall Kings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2015/12/RecordBreakingSeaLevelsMemo.pdf\">according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tidal highs are already breaking records. During Thanksgiving week, tide stations at San Diego, La Jolla and Santa Barbara recorded the highest tide levels ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-403989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Nino disaster response planning session.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Niño disaster response planning session. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because Arizona and Nevada are deserts they are less vulnerable than California. Arizona is susceptible to flash flooding, however, which it often experiences during its summer monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact on Nevada will depend on how much water flows down Eastern Sierra rivers and drainages from melting snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is a series of ocean conditions defined by above-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. NOAA forecasters say this year’s El Niño is stronger than usual, and has a 95 percent chance of continuing through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time San Francisco experienced an El Niño of this magnitude, in the winter of ’97-98, the city received double the normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During The Federal Emergency Management Agency and California’s Office of Emergency Management drill in Sacramento today, the agencies offered tips to the public, and urged people to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño Disaster Planning Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/\">floodsmart.gov\u003c/a> to see if you live in a flood zone (one in five Californians live in a flood prone area).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure you have a plan in place before, during and after heavy rains. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ready.gov/\">ready.gov \u003c/a>for tips.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider buying \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program\">flood insurance\u003c/a>. It’s not included in most insurance plans.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Help out. FEMA is \u003ca href=\"https://careers.fema.gov/temporary-local-hires\">looking to hire\u003c/a> 500 people in California, Nevada and Arizona to help with response efforts. The agency is especially interested in engineers, construction or social workers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you live in a low-lying area, ask your \u003ca href=\"http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/california\">local fire department\u003c/a> where you can buy sandbags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Wednesday, federal and state officials released an emergency plan for heavy winter storms, severe flooding, power outages and mudslides this winter.",
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"description": "On Wednesday, federal and state officials released an emergency plan for heavy winter storms, severe flooding, power outages and mudslides this winter.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal and state officials unveiled a disaster plan today for dealing with flooding, landslides and power outages this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño-related storms are expected to hit California, Nevada and Arizona this month and continue through early spring. California, especially southern California, is expected to receive above-average rainfall from December through March.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.’\u003ccite> Mark Ghilarducci, California Office of Emergency Services \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Emergency planners say Californians will likely be battling a range of disasters, including mudslides, floods, rising tides and downed trees that cause power outages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the drought has packed the soil, which could make conditions even more more difficult, says Mark Ghilarducci, director of the state Office of Emergency Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The land is very, very hard,” Ghilarducci says, “and so we’re very, very concerned about flash flooding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Areas like Lake County, where wildfires decimated trees that normally hold soil in place, are susceptible to mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the burn scar areas — we had some catastrophic fires this summer — we’re very concerned what this heavy water will do to those areas,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the coast, above average sea surface temperatures related to El Niño mean higher sea levels. And the El Niño conditions, coupled with King Tides, create even higher tides dubbed Tall Kings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/_media_library/2015/12/RecordBreakingSeaLevelsMemo.pdf\">according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tidal highs are already breaking records. During Thanksgiving week, tide stations at San Diego, La Jolla and Santa Barbara recorded the highest tide levels ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_403989\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-403989\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Nino disaster response planning session.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/El-Nino_response.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Government officials gather at the California Office of Emergency Response during an El Niño disaster response planning session. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Because Arizona and Nevada are deserts they are less vulnerable than California. Arizona is susceptible to flash flooding, however, which it often experiences during its summer monsoon season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The impact on Nevada will depend on how much water flows down Eastern Sierra rivers and drainages from melting snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is a series of ocean conditions defined by above-average sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. NOAA forecasters say this year’s El Niño is stronger than usual, and has a 95 percent chance of continuing through the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last time San Francisco experienced an El Niño of this magnitude, in the winter of ’97-98, the city received double the normal amount of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During The Federal Emergency Management Agency and California’s Office of Emergency Management drill in Sacramento today, the agencies offered tips to the public, and urged people to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>El Niño Disaster Planning Tips\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.floodsmart.gov/floodsmart/\">floodsmart.gov\u003c/a> to see if you live in a flood zone (one in five Californians live in a flood prone area).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make sure you have a plan in place before, during and after heavy rains. Visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ready.gov/\">ready.gov \u003c/a>for tips.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Consider buying \u003ca href=\"https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program\">flood insurance\u003c/a>. It’s not included in most insurance plans.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Help out. FEMA is \u003ca href=\"https://careers.fema.gov/temporary-local-hires\">looking to hire\u003c/a> 500 people in California, Nevada and Arizona to help with response efforts. The agency is especially interested in engineers, construction or social workers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If you live in a low-lying area, ask your \u003ca href=\"http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/california\">local fire department\u003c/a> where you can buy sandbags.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Local Warming:' Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change",
"headTitle": "‘Local Warming:’ Radio Documentary Captures California Attitudes Toward Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "And some of them might surprise you. KQED's Sasha Khokha teams up with the BBC for a three-part documentary series.",
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"description": "And some of them might surprise you. KQED's Sasha Khokha teams up with the BBC for a three-part documentary series.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought. Wildfire. Mudslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do Californians who’ve lived through these natural disasters think about climate change? Governor Jerry Brown is determined to\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/12/04/brown-on-climate-the-california-governors-big-footprint-in-paris/\"> leave a big footprint\u003c/a> at the Paris climate talks, but how do the attitudes of average Californians shape the state’s role on the world climate stage?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldserviceradio\">BBC World Service\u003c/a> set out to explore when it chose to feature California as one of three locations around the world for its new series\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p037t3tg\"> ‘Local Warming,\u003c/a>’ airing as the Paris talks progress. KQED partnered with the BBC for the California segment. Radio reporters in the Philippines and Nigeria anchored the other two segments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/236712945&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I teamed up with BBC producer Ben Carter to bring the voices of regular Californians to World Service listeners from Nairobi to New Delhi. Our goal: to hear the voices behind the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1172\">polling data \u003c/a> that an overwhelming majority of Californians see climate change as a serious threat to the state’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/pressrelease.asp?i=1824\">Polls\u003c/a> also show that most Californians think the state’s drought has been intensified by climate change. We traveled the state talking to farmers who’ve lost their crops, and rural residents who have no drinking water because their wells went dry. Guillermo Lopez, a Fresno County resident, showed us how he brushes his teeth using two tiny paper cups of water he pours from a jug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400051\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-400051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Guillermo-brushing-teeth-3-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Guillermo Lopez brushes his teeth using a portable water jug. He and his mother lived without running water for nine months after their well went dry in rural Fresno County. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you think of California, people all over the world think we live by a beach, or there’s water and palm trees everywhere,” Lopez told me. “But the reality is there is no water here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BBC listeners may be shocked to hear from people living without running water in the wealthiest state of one of the richest countries in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most memorable interviews for me, though, had to do with the other climate extreme: sudden, intense rain after months of drought. Trucker Shannon Doyle showed us chilling video he shot on his iPhone when his 18-wheeler was stuck in the October mudslides in the Tehachapis. The river of mud was 12 feet deep in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400053\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400053\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Shannon-Doyle-trucker-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trucker Shannon Doyle with his big rig. Every day, he drives 500 miles from Fresno to Los Angeles, hauling auto parts. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doyle makes his living as a diesel trucker, and he resents California’s strict regulations on air pollution (including \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/newsrel/newsrelease.php?id=444\">carbon pollution\u003c/a>) that require drivers to spend money upgrading their trucks and make them more \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm\">aerodynamic and fuel efficient\u003c/a>. But at the same time, he thinks climate change is already reshaping California in very real ways, and he’s worried.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to think of future generations to come, and if it does help them, I’m willing to sacrifice,” he told me. “I have a grandson, and I want him to have a place to live as he grows up. We can’t just keep going like we are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s car culture fascinated BBC producer Ben Carter. He doesn’t drive in the UK, but takes the train to most of his radio interviews. He was fascinated by our Amtrak ride from Fresno to the Bay Area, when he realized that the five-hour journey could be made in just three by car. Californians are still heavily car-dependent, even if they’re environmentally conscious and willing to alter their lives in other ways to reduce their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Luke Iseman and the others we met at “Containertopia,” a Bay Area village of shipping containers occupied by a group of young artists and entrepreneurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that for sustainability to be scalable, we have to do a ‘less-but-better’ version of modernity, where we have modern conveniences but we create a different model, a new desirability, instead of everyone wanting giant houses in the suburbs,” Iseman told me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The documentary also tries to capture the devastation and intensity of California wildfires during this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400048\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Prathers-more-family-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Prather family includes a number of retired firefighters. They rigged up a homemade fire engine to battle the Valley Fire. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Lake County, we were invited to a family barbecue with the Prather brothers, who battled this fall’s Valley Fire using jerry-built fire engines around their mountain property. Many of them consider themselves politically conservative, especially when it comes to gun laws. But when I asked them about climate change, they could rattle off the statistics in flash:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parts per million of C02 in the atmosphere is 400,” piped up one of the seven brothers. “It’s here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Prathers say they’d like to find an electric vehicle that could scale their steep, muddy mountain roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also toured the charred remains of Jessica Pyska’s home, where she pointed out her son’s melted toy trucks in the rubble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_400049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-400049\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Jessica Pyska's two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Jessicas-kids-watching-the-fire-start-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessica Pyska’s two children watched the valley fire start, minutes before their parents realized they had to evacuate. \u003ccite>(Jessica Pyska)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One silver lining for Pyska: she and her neighbors are planning to rebuild their houses to be more energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can all be fully solar now,” she laughs. “Because we don’t have trees.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Brown's Climate Quest: The California Governor's Big Footprint in Paris",
"headTitle": "Brown’s Climate Quest: The California Governor’s Big Footprint in Paris | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Carbon accounting aside, Governor Jerry Brown is leaving an outsize personal footprint in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite cutting a day off the front of his trip, in order to travel to the site of this week’s San Bernardino shootings, the California governor is devoting nearly a week to the U.N. \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2015/11/25/paris-climate-conference-cop21/#dJnJw3xGskqp\">climate talks, known as COP21.\u003c/a> Brown plans to participate in an array of events through Wednesday, ranging from keynote remarks to a signing ceremony for his pet project, the subnational climate agreement known as the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>. While California is not a nation-state and hence not an official party to the negotiations, it’s widely accepted that the Golden State maintains a high profile on the transnational climate scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are filling quite a void because the Republican Congress and all of the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial.’\u003ccite>Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Brown expanded a prior commitment to hasten \u003ca href=\"http://zevalliance.org\">conversion of cars to “zero-emission vehicles,”\u003c/a> or ZEVs. A dozen North American and European governments now join California in pledging that they will “strive to make all passenger vehicle sales in our jurisdictions ZEVs as fast as possible and no later than 2050.” California currently has 24 million registered autos — about two for every household in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to his departure for Paris, the governor talked with KQED’s Lauren Sommer about his hopes for the conference and what California can bring to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sommer: What do you hope to accomplish in Paris?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brown:\u003c/strong> My intention is to join with other states and provinces and even countries that are pushing for a real solid response to the threat of climate change. I’ve worked with others to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/16/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage/\">develop our Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>. And that says, for all the signatories [now nearly 60 different states and provinces and a few countries] that the signatory will do whatever it takes to keep temperature within the two-degree centigrade target of the U.N. Panel on Climate Change. And in the alternative, the goal will be by 2050 to emit no more than two tons [of CO2-equivalent greenhouse gases] per person, which requires radical change and heroic effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Why not just leave this work to the United Nations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well, the national governments have been a bit timid to say the least. Whereas the states and provinces like Quebec and Ontario or British Columbia, Washington, Oregon — a lot of places are ready to commit themselves to keeping the temperature below two degrees centigrade, and take whatever steps are necessary to achieve that goal. That’s more than the nation-states. They’re far more modest in their commitments, so we have to light the fire, if I could use that metaphor for climate change. We are filling quite a void because the Republican congress and all of the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial, despite the vast, overwhelming scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_394516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-394516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-800x1200.jpg\" alt='In the run-up to the Paris climate talks, the Alternatiba association organized a \"Village of Alternatives\" for the environment and the climate, over the weekend of Sept. 26-27. This t-shirt advocates legal rights for Earth.' width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-400x600.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the run-up to the Paris climate talks, the Alternatiba association organized a “Village of Alternatives” for the environment and the climate, over the weekend of Sept. 26-27. This t-shirt advocates legal rights for Earth. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/philippeleroyer/21562946249/in/album-72157659162608545/\" target=\"_blank\">philippe leroyer/flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: What cues can other places take from California? Why should they listen to us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> We have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/28/california-leads-on-climate-policy-but-also-greenhouse-gases/\">an aggressive, integrated program\u003c/a> to curb greenhouse gases and our economy is growing faster than the national average, so we’re demonstrating both that innovation comes from these environmental efforts: the achievement of reducing greenhouse gases and the generation of new industries, new jobs and aggregate growth in our gross domestic product exceeding that of the nation as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: So, do you see yourself and this state as a force pushing the nation toward climate action?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> It doesn’t quite work that way. But as we know, in Silicon Valley or even in Hollywood, California does set trends. And we are deeply and measurably \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/?page_id=146\">committed to a sequence of actions\u003c/a>, which we’re taking. And as we prove that those are not only consistent with economic prosperity but foster it, I believe we’ll get takers, we’ll get people who say, ‘Well yeah, maybe that makes sense.’ And we can give the lie to the [climate science] denialists — which by the way are not only absolutely dominant in the Republican party but are evident in the Wall Street Journal and and other publications that spew the same kind of … false scientific statements that we saw in the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Your critics say that Californians are bearing the brunt of our climate policies when the state clearly can’t solve climate change alone.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well you say ‘bearing the brunt.’ If the world and therefore United States goes beyond the 2-degree centigrade, sea level rise, extreme weather events, drought, extreme heat — there is real catastrophe on the way. There’s a big risk here. And people say, ‘go it alone’ — somebody has to wake up the country and those parts of the world that are blind to the real danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Eighty percent of Californians consider the changing climate to be a ‘very serious problem,’ though fully a third of Republican respondents said it’s not a problem at all.\u003ccite>Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The migration that is undermining Europe and is destabilizing governments from Germany to Spain is, in part — well, it’s certainly due to all the turmoil. But some of the turmoil is due to famine and drought along with the military threat. So we’re getting an early preview of a warmed planet. And we know that people in Africa and the Middle East — it will get so hot that won’t even be livable. And we’re talking well within the lifetime of most people listening to this show. So this is an imperative. And the fact that the oil companies and the coal companies can silence and censor the entire Republican Party and a number of other sources of power, that doesn’t make it that they are right. They are wrong and we know that. This is real stuff. Now, it may be 30 or 40 years away, but we know there is a threat. We know we can do something about it. And for the most part, we have not yet risen to the occasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Speaking of rising to occasion, where does China fit into this picture? It’s the world’s largest CO2 producer by far. It seems that no progress is possible without major changes there, no matter what we do in California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well, in many ways China is showing more concerted effort than many other countries. China has a commitment; they’re building huge amounts of renewable energy. They’ve worked with the state of California to develop their cap-and-trade system, their monitoring of pollution. Now they’ve got to go faster, they’ve got to keep their resolve. But it isn’t clear that the leadership in China isn’t more unified and and more determined in their commitment than our leadership. Just looking at the two countries, China’s got a long way to go but they are putting us to shame in some respects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Authors:\u003c/strong> Recent polling would appear to support Brown’s climate quest. A new survey from the nonpartisan Public Policy Institute of California found that 80 percent of Californians consider the changing climate to be a “very serious problem” (though fully a third of Republican respondents said it’s not a problem at all). And nearly half of respondents (45 percent) said the state’s climate actions would encourage job growth, whereas 19 percent said they would cost jobs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "\"Somebody has to wake up the country,\" says California's governor, bound for climate talks in Paris, \"and those parts of the world that are blind to the real danger.\"",
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"headline": "Brown's Climate Quest: The California Governor's Big Footprint in Paris",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Carbon accounting aside, Governor Jerry Brown is leaving an outsize personal footprint in Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite cutting a day off the front of his trip, in order to travel to the site of this week’s San Bernardino shootings, the California governor is devoting nearly a week to the U.N. \u003ca href=\"http://mashable.com/2015/11/25/paris-climate-conference-cop21/#dJnJw3xGskqp\">climate talks, known as COP21.\u003c/a> Brown plans to participate in an array of events through Wednesday, ranging from keynote remarks to a signing ceremony for his pet project, the subnational climate agreement known as the \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\">Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>. While California is not a nation-state and hence not an official party to the negotiations, it’s widely accepted that the Golden State maintains a high profile on the transnational climate scene.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We are filling quite a void because the Republican Congress and all of the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial.’\u003ccite>Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, Brown expanded a prior commitment to hasten \u003ca href=\"http://zevalliance.org\">conversion of cars to “zero-emission vehicles,”\u003c/a> or ZEVs. A dozen North American and European governments now join California in pledging that they will “strive to make all passenger vehicle sales in our jurisdictions ZEVs as fast as possible and no later than 2050.” California currently has 24 million registered autos — about two for every household in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior to his departure for Paris, the governor talked with KQED’s Lauren Sommer about his hopes for the conference and what California can bring to the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sommer: What do you hope to accomplish in Paris?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brown:\u003c/strong> My intention is to join with other states and provinces and even countries that are pushing for a real solid response to the threat of climate change. I’ve worked with others to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/16/governor-brown-takes-climate-message-to-world-stage/\">develop our Under 2 MOU\u003c/a>. And that says, for all the signatories [now nearly 60 different states and provinces and a few countries] that the signatory will do whatever it takes to keep temperature within the two-degree centigrade target of the U.N. Panel on Climate Change. And in the alternative, the goal will be by 2050 to emit no more than two tons [of CO2-equivalent greenhouse gases] per person, which requires radical change and heroic effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Why not just leave this work to the United Nations?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well, the national governments have been a bit timid to say the least. Whereas the states and provinces like Quebec and Ontario or British Columbia, Washington, Oregon — a lot of places are ready to commit themselves to keeping the temperature below two degrees centigrade, and take whatever steps are necessary to achieve that goal. That’s more than the nation-states. They’re far more modest in their commitments, so we have to light the fire, if I could use that metaphor for climate change. We are filling quite a void because the Republican congress and all of the Republican candidates are in a very deep state of denial, despite the vast, overwhelming scientific consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_394516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-394516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-800x1200.jpg\" alt='In the run-up to the Paris climate talks, the Alternatiba association organized a \"Village of Alternatives\" for the environment and the climate, over the weekend of Sept. 26-27. This t-shirt advocates legal rights for Earth.' width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-400x600.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/21562946249_82085d2126_k.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the run-up to the Paris climate talks, the Alternatiba association organized a “Village of Alternatives” for the environment and the climate, over the weekend of Sept. 26-27. This t-shirt advocates legal rights for Earth. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/philippeleroyer/21562946249/in/album-72157659162608545/\" target=\"_blank\">philippe leroyer/flickr Creative Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: What cues can other places take from California? Why should they listen to us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> We have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/28/california-leads-on-climate-policy-but-also-greenhouse-gases/\">an aggressive, integrated program\u003c/a> to curb greenhouse gases and our economy is growing faster than the national average, so we’re demonstrating both that innovation comes from these environmental efforts: the achievement of reducing greenhouse gases and the generation of new industries, new jobs and aggregate growth in our gross domestic product exceeding that of the nation as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: So, do you see yourself and this state as a force pushing the nation toward climate action?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> It doesn’t quite work that way. But as we know, in Silicon Valley or even in Hollywood, California does set trends. And we are deeply and measurably \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/?page_id=146\">committed to a sequence of actions\u003c/a>, which we’re taking. And as we prove that those are not only consistent with economic prosperity but foster it, I believe we’ll get takers, we’ll get people who say, ‘Well yeah, maybe that makes sense.’ And we can give the lie to the [climate science] denialists — which by the way are not only absolutely dominant in the Republican party but are evident in the Wall Street Journal and and other publications that spew the same kind of … false scientific statements that we saw in the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Your critics say that Californians are bearing the brunt of our climate policies when the state clearly can’t solve climate change alone.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well you say ‘bearing the brunt.’ If the world and therefore United States goes beyond the 2-degree centigrade, sea level rise, extreme weather events, drought, extreme heat — there is real catastrophe on the way. There’s a big risk here. And people say, ‘go it alone’ — somebody has to wake up the country and those parts of the world that are blind to the real danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Eighty percent of Californians consider the changing climate to be a ‘very serious problem,’ though fully a third of Republican respondents said it’s not a problem at all.\u003ccite>Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The migration that is undermining Europe and is destabilizing governments from Germany to Spain is, in part — well, it’s certainly due to all the turmoil. But some of the turmoil is due to famine and drought along with the military threat. So we’re getting an early preview of a warmed planet. And we know that people in Africa and the Middle East — it will get so hot that won’t even be livable. And we’re talking well within the lifetime of most people listening to this show. So this is an imperative. And the fact that the oil companies and the coal companies can silence and censor the entire Republican Party and a number of other sources of power, that doesn’t make it that they are right. They are wrong and we know that. This is real stuff. Now, it may be 30 or 40 years away, but we know there is a threat. We know we can do something about it. And for the most part, we have not yet risen to the occasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LS: Speaking of rising to occasion, where does China fit into this picture? It’s the world’s largest CO2 producer by far. It seems that no progress is possible without major changes there, no matter what we do in California.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>JB:\u003c/strong> Well, in many ways China is showing more concerted effort than many other countries. China has a commitment; they’re building huge amounts of renewable energy. They’ve worked with the state of California to develop their cap-and-trade system, their monitoring of pollution. Now they’ve got to go faster, they’ve got to keep their resolve. But it isn’t clear that the leadership in China isn’t more unified and and more determined in their commitment than our leadership. Just looking at the two countries, China’s got a long way to go but they are putting us to shame in some respects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Authors:\u003c/strong> Recent polling would appear to support Brown’s climate quest. A new survey from the nonpartisan Public Policy Institute of California found that 80 percent of Californians consider the changing climate to be a “very serious problem” (though fully a third of Republican respondents said it’s not a problem at all). And nearly half of respondents (45 percent) said the state’s climate actions would encourage job growth, whereas 19 percent said they would cost jobs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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