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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country",
"title": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After federal wildlife officials removed endangered species protections on wolves in the Rocky Mountains, hunters quickly killed them by the hundreds. If California's lone wolf leaves the state, he could meet a similar fate.",
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"title": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Warblers' Secrets for Successful Survival Strategies",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/450px-yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48727\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48727\" title=\"Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/450px-Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-20121.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flashing its yellow tail patch, a yellow-rumped warbler is easy to spot. {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Chuck Homler.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some bright spots on these cold, wet winter days and they’re flitting about in my camellia trees: \u003ca title=\"Cornell Bird ID; yellow-rumped warblers\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">yellow-rumped warblers\u003c/a>. These little flying gems bring their acrobatic flashes of color to the otherwise drab and muted landscape in its winter garb. To top it off, their feeding strategies are a case study that flexibility leads to success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These birds have the endearing name of “butter butts” for a yellow patch at the base of their tail. You can find them throughout the Bay Area in winter. Drawn by the waxy berries of the \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora website, California Myrtle\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5733\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Myricaceae\u003c/em> (myrtle and bayberry) family\u003c/a> and winter flowers such as \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia, camellia information\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia\" target=\"_blank\">camellia\u003c/a>, they spend winters near us in neighborhood parks and yards. Most of the time, you don’t even need binoculars to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48728\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/semi-double_camelia_cultivar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48728\" title=\"Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lush blooms of camellias in winter attract 'butter butts' and other wildlife.\" {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Kowloonese.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yellow-rumped warblers are designated a \"Species of Least Concern\" with a stable population in no danger of disappearing. Why are they so successful? Their first secret to success is their rare ability to digest the wax of berries in the myrtle family. These waxy berries, once used by Colonial Americans to make candles, store fat that’s usually inaccessible for energy. These warblers can digest it and put that wax-fat to good use; they can winter further north than other warblers. On both coasts of North America their wintering territory mirrors the presence of myrtles, sometimes in otherwise inhospitable areas covered in snow and ice. Some of the species, perhaps those that have discovered the wonders of an endless summer, migrate further south as far as Central America. The second secret to the warblers success is a flexible feeding strategy. They can glean insects from leaves and bark, flycatch in mid-air, forage along shorelines for aquatic insects, drink nectar and eat pollen from flowers. They may do all of these things, appropriate to the abundance of the season, over the course of a year. Too bad there aren’t training courses led by these little “butter butts” for some of our endangered bird species that are trapped in their niche feeding strategies. Imagine: clapper rails birds “job shadowing” a group of yellow-rumped warblers to expand their feeding options!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we’ve passed the shortest day of the year, enjoy the lengthening daylight. The warblers and camellias remind us that spring is just a few months away. To learn more about our local birds and their habitats come along on an East Bay Regional Park \u003ca title=\"ebparks.org, activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">naturalist program\u003c/a> or visit your local \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society, field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Society website\u003c/a> to see what they have to offer near you. Don’t forget about the many ways you can help track bird and plant activities around you; check out \u003ca title=\"Cornell Birds, Citizen Science projects\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science programs\u003c/a> and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/450px-yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48727\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48727\" title=\"Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/450px-Yellow-rump-capisic-spring-20121.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flashing its yellow tail patch, a yellow-rumped warbler is easy to spot. {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Chuck Homler.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are some bright spots on these cold, wet winter days and they’re flitting about in my camellia trees: \u003ca title=\"Cornell Bird ID; yellow-rumped warblers\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Yellow-rumped_Warbler/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\">yellow-rumped warblers\u003c/a>. These little flying gems bring their acrobatic flashes of color to the otherwise drab and muted landscape in its winter garb. To top it off, their feeding strategies are a case study that flexibility leads to success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These birds have the endearing name of “butter butts” for a yellow patch at the base of their tail. You can find them throughout the Bay Area in winter. Drawn by the waxy berries of the \u003ca title=\"Cal Flora website, California Myrtle\" href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5733\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Myricaceae\u003c/em> (myrtle and bayberry) family\u003c/a> and winter flowers such as \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia, camellia information\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia\" target=\"_blank\">camellia\u003c/a>, they spend winters near us in neighborhood parks and yards. Most of the time, you don’t even need binoculars to see them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48728\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/warblers-secrets-for-successful-survival-strategies/semi-double_camelia_cultivar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48728\" title=\"Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lush blooms of camellias in winter attract 'butter butts' and other wildlife.\" {link url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-double_Camelia_cultivar.jpg\"}Photo by Kowloonese.{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yellow-rumped warblers are designated a \"Species of Least Concern\" with a stable population in no danger of disappearing. Why are they so successful? Their first secret to success is their rare ability to digest the wax of berries in the myrtle family. These waxy berries, once used by Colonial Americans to make candles, store fat that’s usually inaccessible for energy. These warblers can digest it and put that wax-fat to good use; they can winter further north than other warblers. On both coasts of North America their wintering territory mirrors the presence of myrtles, sometimes in otherwise inhospitable areas covered in snow and ice. Some of the species, perhaps those that have discovered the wonders of an endless summer, migrate further south as far as Central America. The second secret to the warblers success is a flexible feeding strategy. They can glean insects from leaves and bark, flycatch in mid-air, forage along shorelines for aquatic insects, drink nectar and eat pollen from flowers. They may do all of these things, appropriate to the abundance of the season, over the course of a year. Too bad there aren’t training courses led by these little “butter butts” for some of our endangered bird species that are trapped in their niche feeding strategies. Imagine: clapper rails birds “job shadowing” a group of yellow-rumped warblers to expand their feeding options!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we’ve passed the shortest day of the year, enjoy the lengthening daylight. The warblers and camellias remind us that spring is just a few months away. To learn more about our local birds and their habitats come along on an East Bay Regional Park \u003ca title=\"ebparks.org, activities\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">naturalist program\u003c/a> or visit your local \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon Society, field trips\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/field-trips/upcoming-field-trips-2012/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Society website\u003c/a> to see what they have to offer near you. Don’t forget about the many ways you can help track bird and plant activities around you; check out \u003ca title=\"Cornell Birds, Citizen Science projects\" href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/citsci/projects\" target=\"_blank\">Citizen Science programs\u003c/a> and get involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/14/pregnancy-and-paternity-new-fetal-dna-testing/pregnantwomangraffiti/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PregnantWomanGraffiti\" width=\"635\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prenatal paternity tests will actually decrease the number of abortions. Image courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are a woman in a committed relationship. The worst happens and you are raped and become pregnant. What are your options?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, there was no reliable and safe way to determine paternity in the first trimester. This meant that many women chose to terminate their pregnancy without knowing who the child’s father was. Obviously this is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the woman could determine paternity, she could use that information to help in her decision on whether to terminate the pregnancy. Undoubtedly this would lead to fewer abortions as more women choose to carry their partner’s child to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part of a prenatal paternity test is obviously getting a hold of fetal DNA. One method is amniocentesis. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid is withdrawn. This fluid contains a lot of fetal DNA but getting it is not only invasive, it is also normally done somewhere between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy. This is too late for many women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other methods take advantage of the fact that there is a bit of fetal DNA floating around in the plasma of mom’s blood. These tests have the advantage that they are noninvasive and can be done much earlier in pregnancy…sometimes as early as 8 weeks. The disadvantage of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827893.200-the-danger-of-unreliable-paternity-tests.html\">early versions of the test\u003c/a> was that they weren’t always as accurate as we’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are anecdotal cases out there of women losing their partner’s child because they thought the child was the result of the rapist and keeping the rapist’s child because they thought the child was their partner’s. This is obviously unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently a couple of new tests have come on line that appear to be much more accurate. Both use the fetal DNA found in mom’s blood but use novel strategies to improve accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at one \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravgen.com/index.php?page=prenatal-dna-paternity-test-2\">testing company\u003c/a> present results in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1113044\">article \u003c/a>in the New England Journal of Medicine to back up their claims of accuracy. They set up an experiment where they had the mother’s, father’s, and an unrelated man’s DNA along with DNA from the mother’s blood plasma. This was a blind experiment in that the scientists did not know which of the two tubes containing the men’s DNA was from the father. They were able to correctly pick the father in 30 out of 30 cases. They claim the odds of this happening by chance are less than one out of a billion. (For those interested, the test is available \u003ca href=\"http://prenatal.ptclabs.com/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was their secret? Well, as I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/prenatal-paternity-tests\">here\u003c/a>, the key difference is that they focus on small bits of DNA that could have only have come from the dad. Any DNA they find in mom’s blood that doesn’t match hers had to come from the fetus. This eliminates any issues of contaminating DNA from mom. If all of this DNA matches a prospective father’s, then he is most likely the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This company has competition from another \u003ca href=\"http://natera.com/non-invasive-prenatal-paternity-test.html\">testing company\u003c/a> that is offering another high-powered test using fetal DNA found in mom’s blood. I’ve talked about the science behind this sort of test recently right \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/23/pregnant-women-face-big-questions-with-cheaper-dna-sequencing/\">here \u003c/a>at QUEST. There isn’t a New England Journal article that focuses on their prenatal test per se, but they did manage to sequence the entire genome of a fetus so they are probably up to the task!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it might seem counterintuitive, these tests will almost certainly decrease the number of abortions. And not only in cases of rape. These tests will also lead to more women keeping their children in cases of incest and even in some cases where a child might be conceived because of an extramarital affair.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 635px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/14/pregnancy-and-paternity-new-fetal-dna-testing/pregnantwomangraffiti/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48666\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"PregnantWomanGraffiti\" width=\"635\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48666\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti.jpg 635w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/PregnantWomanGraffiti-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 635px) 100vw, 635px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prenatal paternity tests will actually decrease the number of abortions. Image courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Petteri Sulonen from Helsinki, Finland via Wikimedia Commons.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine you are a woman in a committed relationship. The worst happens and you are raped and become pregnant. What are your options?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, there was no reliable and safe way to determine paternity in the first trimester. This meant that many women chose to terminate their pregnancy without knowing who the child’s father was. Obviously this is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the woman could determine paternity, she could use that information to help in her decision on whether to terminate the pregnancy. Undoubtedly this would lead to fewer abortions as more women choose to carry their partner’s child to term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tricky part of a prenatal paternity test is obviously getting a hold of fetal DNA. One method is amniocentesis. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid is withdrawn. This fluid contains a lot of fetal DNA but getting it is not only invasive, it is also normally done somewhere between the 15th and 18th week of pregnancy. This is too late for many women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other methods take advantage of the fact that there is a bit of fetal DNA floating around in the plasma of mom’s blood. These tests have the advantage that they are noninvasive and can be done much earlier in pregnancy…sometimes as early as 8 weeks. The disadvantage of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827893.200-the-danger-of-unreliable-paternity-tests.html\">early versions of the test\u003c/a> was that they weren’t always as accurate as we’d like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are anecdotal cases out there of women losing their partner’s child because they thought the child was the result of the rapist and keeping the rapist’s child because they thought the child was their partner’s. This is obviously unacceptable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently a couple of new tests have come on line that appear to be much more accurate. Both use the fetal DNA found in mom’s blood but use novel strategies to improve accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at one \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravgen.com/index.php?page=prenatal-dna-paternity-test-2\">testing company\u003c/a> present results in a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1113044\">article \u003c/a>in the New England Journal of Medicine to back up their claims of accuracy. They set up an experiment where they had the mother’s, father’s, and an unrelated man’s DNA along with DNA from the mother’s blood plasma. This was a blind experiment in that the scientists did not know which of the two tubes containing the men’s DNA was from the father. They were able to correctly pick the father in 30 out of 30 cases. They claim the odds of this happening by chance are less than one out of a billion. (For those interested, the test is available \u003ca href=\"http://prenatal.ptclabs.com/\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was their secret? Well, as I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/prenatal-paternity-tests\">here\u003c/a>, the key difference is that they focus on small bits of DNA that could have only have come from the dad. Any DNA they find in mom’s blood that doesn’t match hers had to come from the fetus. This eliminates any issues of contaminating DNA from mom. If all of this DNA matches a prospective father’s, then he is most likely the dad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This company has competition from another \u003ca href=\"http://natera.com/non-invasive-prenatal-paternity-test.html\">testing company\u003c/a> that is offering another high-powered test using fetal DNA found in mom’s blood. I’ve talked about the science behind this sort of test recently right \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/07/23/pregnant-women-face-big-questions-with-cheaper-dna-sequencing/\">here \u003c/a>at QUEST. There isn’t a New England Journal article that focuses on their prenatal test per se, but they did manage to sequence the entire genome of a fetus so they are probably up to the task!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it might seem counterintuitive, these tests will almost certainly decrease the number of abortions. And not only in cases of rape. These tests will also lead to more women keeping their children in cases of incest and even in some cases where a child might be conceived because of an extramarital affair.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48404\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo6-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48404\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48404\" title=\"New Year's Day 2013\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo61-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Celebrating New Year's Day with family and friends at Sibley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the best ways to greet the New Year is getting out with friends and family for an invigorating hike. It’s an opportunity to exercise and notice what’s going on in the winter landscape. It might even be the first step in keeping a New Year's resolution to do more walking. \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website, Sibley Volcanic Preserve\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sibley.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Sibley Volcanic Preserve\u003c/a>, one of the East Bay Regional Parks, is one of my favorite places to explore on the first day of the year. The trails are wide, though sometimes muddy, and it’s not too shady so we can soak up some sunlight. We’ll hike rain or shine, though my favorite years are when it’s sunny and the air is crisp, like this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the deciduous plants are dormant this time of year, but sleeping buds hold tender leaves and flowers until the longer days of spring arrive. On our hike, I was surprised to find some non-native blackberries with red fruit, though the ground was cold enough to harbor icy patches in the shade. The unexpected berries reminded me of \u003ca title=\"Project BudBurst website\" href=\"http://neoninc.org/budburst/aboutus.php\" target=\"_blank\">Project BudBurst\u003c/a> which enlists anyone and everyone to report on what’s happening in the plant world. Volunteers help scientists to track the \u003ca title=\"National Phenology Network website\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/about/phenology\" target=\"_blank\">phenology\u003c/a> of plants -- posting what’s blooming, fruiting, dropping leaves and when and where on their website. This will be important data to track as climate change progresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48401\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/04/hiking-in-the-new-year-at-sibley-volcanic-preserve/photo7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48401\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48401\" title=\"Blackberries in Winter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/photo7-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackberries were still on the vine this late into winter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the bottom of the old rock quarry in Sibley lays a labyrinth and pond. In drier times of year, the labyrinth offers opportunities for a meditative walk. The pond, after all the rain we’ve had, has engulfed part of the labyrinth. This is good news for the newts and garter snakes that will come to the water to participate in mating rituals (the newts) and food chain (the snakes). I’ll be back in the spring -- or sooner -- to see what developments and changes have happened with the seasons. Here’s wishing you a happy and healthy New Year! Share in the comments your favorite outdoor places to watch the seasonal changes around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED QUEST exploration for Sibley\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Should I or Shouldn't I? Wrestling with Giving Genetic Tests as Gifts",
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"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48105\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/gift/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Gift\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48105\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Gift-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giving the gift of a genetic test can be a tricky business.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe\u003c/a> offered their DNA test for just $99, I started to think about giving it for Christmas presents. It was an easy decision to send one to my dad (although I’ll be curious to see if he’ll do it). What was much trickier was deciding whether to give one to my 15 year old son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a number of reasons I wanted to give away this test to my relatives. The first is that I want to see how the DNA got passed down from my dad to me. And how it got passed from me to my son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might recall that we all have 23 pairs of chromosomes. We get one of each pair from our moms and one from our dads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we pass this DNA down to our kids, the DNA in each pair goes through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask435\">recombination\u003c/a>. This is where DNA is swapped between the two chromosomes in a pair. The end result is that the chromosome 1 that I got from my dad is a mix of his two chromosome 1’s. The same is true for the chromosome 2 that I got all the way through chromosome 22. (The Y I got \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask450\">passed pretty much unchanged\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be so cool to see this in action with my own DNA. Seeing a concrete example of something that has largely been theoretical up to this point somehow makes it more real. Especially with my own DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/africandna2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AfricanDNA2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AfricanDNA2\" width=\"250\" height=\"313\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Look ma, I'm a little bit African! The pink at the end of one of my chromosome 11's indicates an African ancestry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At least this was the case when I got the whole family tested for the gene responsible for most cases of red hair, MC1R. It was so satisfying to see that my wife and I were \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask44\">carriers for red hair\u003c/a>, that we each passed a red version of MC1R to our red haired son, that our older son got one copy and so was a carrier like us and that our daughter didn’t get a red MC1R gene. Even though I knew my wife and I were carriers and out red haired son had two red copies, it seemed more real once I saw the genetic results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test can also tell us something about our ancestry. For example, it was cool to see that the tip of one of my chromosome 11’s actually comes from an African ancestor. I am 0.1% African. How cool is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting my dad tested would tell me if I got that from him. Undoubtedly I did as his family is from Arkansas and my mother’s is from Berlin, Germany but still it would be nice to confirm. My dad’s DNA could also tell us whether an old family legend about us being related to the outlaw Sam Starr is true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See Sam Starr was half Native American which would mean we would have some Native American DNA too. As I talked about in a couple of previous blogs \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/14/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-1/\">here \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/09/28/genetic-tests-when-no-means-maybe-part-2/\">here\u003c/a>, I couldn’t see Native American in my own DNA. One reason for this might be that I am one generation too far for the test to be able to see that DNA in mine. Maybe since my dad is one generation closer, we could see the Native American DNA in his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OK, that was the fun stuff. Now on to why I might be hesitant to get my son tested. It has to do with what our DNA can and can’t tell us about our future health risks. And how these findings are packaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the things you can quickly learn is whether you are a carrier for some deadly genetic disease like cystic fibrosis. They don’t test for every possible variant so a negative result may give a false sense of security. Still, it would be good to know about the common ones, right? I guess maybe…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of knowledge is important for my son to know once he’s married but does he need to know about his genetic burden now? Is he ready for it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/alzrisk/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48121\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/AlzRisk.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"AlzRisk\" width=\"182\" height=\"312\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48121\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Good news for me and my kids. I am at a lower risk for Alzheimer's and I will for sure pass at least some of that lowered risk to my kids. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what about straight up genetic diseases? I found out I am a carrier for something called hemochromatosis. If my wife is one too then my son has a chance of getting the disease although even if he got the \"bad\" versions from my wife and me he still only has a chance at the disease. (Hemochromatosis is incompletely penetrant.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least with this one there is an easy remedy if you end up with it. You just have to give blood often and you are OK. But what about diseases you can’t do anything about?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine he finds he has two copies of the APOE4 version of the APOE gene. These people are much more likely to end up with Alzheimer’s later in life. Should a 15 year old be subjected to that worry for the rest of his life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that one is only theoretical. Because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/25/better-left-unknown/\">I have two copies of the “good” version\u003c/a> of APOE, APOE2, I know at worst he’d have a good and a bad version (APOE3 is the neutral version). Of course then my wife would know she probably carries at least one APOE4 and now she can start to worry. And maybe feel bad that she passed it on to her son…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list of issues like this goes on and on. I haven’t even dealt with things like DNA differences that led to a 1.5 fold increase in prostate cancer or macular degeneration or who knows what else. Is he ready to get that kind of information and, more importantly, to understand the limitations of the information? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, just because he has a marker that more people who ended up with prostate cancer had, that doesn’t mean that the marker means the same thing in him. His genetics are his own and everyone will have a different risk for these sorts of multi-gene traits. And even if he is twice as likely to get brain cancer, does he know what those numbers mean? Or will his lack of understanding make him depressed because he thinks he will most likely end up with brain cancer? Yikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test out how ready he was, I decided to share some of my results with him while my eleven year old daughter listened in. First I showed them the ancestry and traits like lactose intolerance. They thought these were very cool (and they were right). I also showed them how my DNA showed that my blood type probably was A+ and that I was a carrier for O and Rh negative blood type. We got into a nice discussion about what that means for them. Neat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then I moved onto the disease section. This is where things started to get ugly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48126\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/31/should-i-or-shouldnt-i-wrestling-with-giving-genetic-tests-as-gifts/decriskconf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48126\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/DecRiskConf.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DecRiskConf\" width=\"200\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48126\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What does it all mean?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I learned pretty quickly that my daughter did not have the right personality for these sorts of tests (at least not yet). She focused in on the various diseases, learning all the ways I could one day die and started to get very worried. I tried to use my understanding of genetics to tell her that these are just risks, they aren’t a for sure thing but I was getting nowhere. She tends to worry a lot and this simply gave her more to worry about. Hopefully she will forget about this and move on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My son was a different matter. He was very interested in things without worrying too much but he was taking some of the health things too literally. For example, my results showed a significantly increased risk for late age macular degeneration (a nasty eye problem). Scary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except that again, this is the average risk of lots of people with varying genes who share this marker. My own risk is my own and is dependent on lots of other genes (and the environment!) besides this one. So basically I take these results with a grain of salt, waiting for more data to see if it is meaningful or not. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he homed in on these results and decided they were set in stone. He saw a bunch of yellow stars that indicated that 23andMe was very confident in this result and so assumed that that meant they were very confident that I had the chance for this disease they quoted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I explained that this is not the case. 23andMe has a great deal of confidence in the study itself but not necessarily in its predictions as they related specifically to me. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end I didn’t get my son the 23andMe test. I wish they offered some way to just look at some of the data and not all of it at once. Then I might have given this as a gift to my son and maybe even my daughter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Conquering Fungophobia",
"title": "Conquering Fungophobia",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48231\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/russula/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/russula-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"Russula sanguinea \" title=\"Russula sanguinea\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russula sanguinea, found in Tilden Park, late November. Edibility, not recommended.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, after the first major storm of the season, I decided to risk the mud and go for a run on one of my favorite trails in Tilden Park. The trails, soft and spongy a week before, had turned into a gloppy, goopy mess, more suited to glissades than sprints. As I struggled to maintain momentum without falling, I couldn’t help but notice that the rains had brought more than mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the trail, mushrooms peeked out through the carpet of pine needles and sodden leaves. Before I knew it, Eric Burdon was singing in my head, “There was long ones, tall ones, short ones, brown ones, black ones, round ones, big ones….” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stood alone, as big as portabellas, others barely the size of a dime, huddled together in little bunches, still more clung to tree trunks and rotting logs. Mushroom season had sprung. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I was singing along with Eric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares my fascination with mushrooms, as famed fungi fanatic David Arora makes clear in his classic field guide, \u003cem>Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/em>. Arora does his best to dispel what he sees as widespread “fungophobia” among Americans, a fear he calls irrational, given that only five or six of several thousand different wild North American mushroom species are deadly. Of course, the trick is knowing which ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/destroying-angel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/destroying-angel-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita ocreata \" title=\"destroying angel\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I found this specimen on a trail in Tilden Park and identified it, with the help of David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified, as Amanita ocreata, also known as destroying angel. If I'm right, I found one of the most poisonous mushrooms known.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of people get seriously ill from eating foraged wild mushrooms, prompting state Public Health Director Ron Chapman to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR12-063.aspx\">issue an annual warning \u003c/a>after winter’s first heavy rains to resist the urge to do so. Just last month, four people died at a home for the elderly in Placer County after their caregiver inadvertently served them what authorities believe were death caps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. That would be like thinking the New York City subway system begins and ends with the above-ground stations scattered around the city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to advances in microscopy and biochemical analysis techniques, scientists discovered that these “macrofungi” account for just a fraction of the diversity of species found in the fungal kingdom, which includes molds, yeast, lichens (a composite of fungi and algae) and parasitic rusts and smuts. (Corn smut, despite its unappetizing name, is in fact a tasty delicacy, better known by its Mexican name, huitlacoche.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the reproductive structures we call mushrooms represent just the tip of the fungal iceberg, which consists of an intricate network of filaments (called mycelium) and lives as part of a thriving community of microbial and fungal species at different depths in the soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 479px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/fly-agaric/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48253\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fly-agaric-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita muscaria\" title=\"fly agaric\" width=\"479\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric. I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. I’ve used it time and again to identify specimens throughout California, including a beautiful fly agaric in my own front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my run, I found what I thought was a \u003cem>Russula sanguinea\u003c/em>, easy to recognize for its bright red cap and stem separated by white gills. I also saw what looked like a destroying angel, \u003cem>Amanita ocreata,\u003c/em> on the trail. I brought them home, pulled out Arora’s guide and confirmed the Russula without a doubt. And I’m pretty sure I was right about the destroying angel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love exploring the woods to test my mushroom knowledge and look for new species I’ve yet to identify. But I’m still a dilettante. For now, I’m content to celebrate the ecological wonders and diversity of fungi with a long-haired leaping gnome in my head. And buy my wild mushrooms at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.\r\n",
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"description": "Late fall rains signal the start of mushroom season, which can last until spring in the Bay Area. Though only experts should forage and eat wild mushrooms (following park rules about harvesting), anyone can appreciate the rich diversity of these ephemeral fruits of the forest.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48231\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/russula/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/russula-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"Russula sanguinea \" title=\"Russula sanguinea\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48231\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Russula sanguinea, found in Tilden Park, late November. Edibility, not recommended.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, after the first major storm of the season, I decided to risk the mud and go for a run on one of my favorite trails in Tilden Park. The trails, soft and spongy a week before, had turned into a gloppy, goopy mess, more suited to glissades than sprints. As I struggled to maintain momentum without falling, I couldn’t help but notice that the rains had brought more than mud. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All along the trail, mushrooms peeked out through the carpet of pine needles and sodden leaves. Before I knew it, Eric Burdon was singing in my head, “There was long ones, tall ones, short ones, brown ones, black ones, round ones, big ones….” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stood alone, as big as portabellas, others barely the size of a dime, huddled together in little bunches, still more clung to tree trunks and rotting logs. Mushroom season had sprung. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And I was singing along with Eric.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone shares my fascination with mushrooms, as famed fungi fanatic David Arora makes clear in his classic field guide, \u003cem>Mushrooms Demystified\u003c/em>. Arora does his best to dispel what he sees as widespread “fungophobia” among Americans, a fear he calls irrational, given that only five or six of several thousand different wild North American mushroom species are deadly. Of course, the trick is knowing which ones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48236\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/destroying-angel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/destroying-angel-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita ocreata \" title=\"destroying angel\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48236\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I found this specimen on a trail in Tilden Park and identified it, with the help of David Arora's Mushrooms Demystified, as Amanita ocreata, also known as destroying angel. If I'm right, I found one of the most poisonous mushrooms known.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, hundreds of people get seriously ill from eating foraged wild mushrooms, prompting state Public Health Director Ron Chapman to \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR12-063.aspx\">issue an annual warning \u003c/a>after winter’s first heavy rains to resist the urge to do so. Just last month, four people died at a home for the elderly in Placer County after their caregiver inadvertently served them what authorities believe were death caps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps not surprisingly, most reports to the California Poison Control System involve children who sampled mushrooms that popped up in their lawn or neighborhood park. Since last January, 903 kids under six have required treatment for ingesting mushrooms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even experienced mushroom hunters can mistake poisonous and edible varieties, especially if they learned to forage in another country. Kent Olson, medical director of the CPCS, warns on the agency’s web site that many poisonous mushrooms in Northern California bear a striking similarity to edibles that grow in Europe and Asia, confusing even the most experienced mushroom foragers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get the urge to test your mushroom hunting skills, do yourself a favor. Get a field guide like Arora’s and study it carefully to learn distinguishing characteristics of some of our resident species, both deadly and safe. And then sign up for a day hike or camping foray with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\">Mycological Society of San Francisco\u003c/a> so you can forage with the experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s far more to appreciate about mushrooms than their culinary appeal. Scientists are just beginning to get a handle on just how diverse the fungal kingdom really is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For most of modern scientific history, fungi were misclassified as plants, based on their soil-bound, stationary existence. Had we just the naked eye to rely on, we might still restrict the world of fungi to the transient spore-filled fruiting bodies that burst through the soil long enough to reproduce. That would be like thinking the New York City subway system begins and ends with the above-ground stations scattered around the city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But thanks to advances in microscopy and biochemical analysis techniques, scientists discovered that these “macrofungi” account for just a fraction of the diversity of species found in the fungal kingdom, which includes molds, yeast, lichens (a composite of fungi and algae) and parasitic rusts and smuts. (Corn smut, despite its unappetizing name, is in fact a tasty delicacy, better known by its Mexican name, huitlacoche.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the reproductive structures we call mushrooms represent just the tip of the fungal iceberg, which consists of an intricate network of filaments (called mycelium) and lives as part of a thriving community of microbial and fungal species at different depths in the soil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48253\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 479px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/26/conquering-fungophobia/fly-agaric/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48253\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/fly-agaric-479x360.jpg\" alt=\"Amanita muscaria\" title=\"fly agaric\" width=\"479\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amanita muscaria, commonly known as fly agaric. I found this specimen under a fir in my front yard two years ago. Fly agaric has psychoactive properties and is considered poisonous. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Fungi play critical ecological roles as the primary decomposers in woodland and forest ecosystems and degrade everything from leaf litter to the notoriously indestructible lignin, which gives woody plants and trees strength and durability. Earlier this year, \u003ca href=\"http://phys.org/news/2012-02-amazon-fungi-polyurethane-oxygen.html\">researchers discovered fungal species\u003c/a> that can even break down polyurethane plastic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another type of fungus lives among the roots of plants and trees in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. California’s iconic oaks depend on these mycorrhizal fungi to extend the reach of their roots to scavenge water and nutrients and to recycle nutrients from their own shed leaves. In exchange, fungi get carbohydrates from the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a 2001 paper describing the diverse functions of these symbiotic “ectomycorrhizal” partnerships, mycologist \u003ca href=\"http://data.iucn.org/Themes/ssc/sgs/chairprofiles/fungi.htm\">Anders Dalhberg\u003c/a> ventured that perhaps 6,000 fungal species form these alliances with plants, allowing that the estimate must be conservative since some known species don’t produce fruiting bodies and it’s not clear how many remain unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there is no such thing as a definitive field guide to mushrooms—there are simply too many mushroom species and too few mycologists to classify and identify them—Arora’s Mushrooms Demystified comes darn close. I’ve used it time and again to identify specimens throughout California, including a beautiful fly agaric in my own front yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On my run, I found what I thought was a \u003cem>Russula sanguinea\u003c/em>, easy to recognize for its bright red cap and stem separated by white gills. I also saw what looked like a destroying angel, \u003cem>Amanita ocreata,\u003c/em> on the trail. I brought them home, pulled out Arora’s guide and confirmed the Russula without a doubt. And I’m pretty sure I was right about the destroying angel. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love exploring the woods to test my mushroom knowledge and look for new species I’ve yet to identify. But I’m still a dilettante. For now, I’m content to celebrate the ecological wonders and diversity of fungi with a long-haired leaping gnome in my head. And buy my wild mushrooms at the store. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Birdwatching for Science (and Fun!)",
"title": "Birdwatching for Science (and Fun!)",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/photo5-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48080\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48080 \" title=\"Christmas Bird Count volunteer bird watchers, Alameda\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo51-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer bird watchers on alert to identify and count all bird species in our area. Photo by Robert Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. When the alarm went off at “O’dark thirty” last Sunday, I had to dig deep to find the enthusiasm to get out of bed. It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. The annual \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon website\" href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/great-backyard-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\">“Great Backyard Bird Count”\u003c/a> project is February 15-18, 2013 and you don’t even have to leave home to participate! You’re welcome to join the East Bay Regional Parks naturalists to learn more about our local birds on one of their \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">free bird watching\u003c/a> programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. Get a first-hand account of one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world, Audubon's Christmas Bird Count.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/photo5-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48080\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48080 \" title=\"Christmas Bird Count volunteer bird watchers, Alameda\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo51-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer bird watchers on alert to identify and count all bird species in our area. Photo by Robert Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. When the alarm went off at “O’dark thirty” last Sunday, I had to dig deep to find the enthusiasm to get out of bed. It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. The annual \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon website\" href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/great-backyard-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\">“Great Backyard Bird Count”\u003c/a> project is February 15-18, 2013 and you don’t even have to leave home to participate! You’re welcome to join the East Bay Regional Parks naturalists to learn more about our local birds on one of their \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">free bird watching\u003c/a> programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Knowing Neanderthals",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our \"wicked problems.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ladybugs, Ladybugs, Flying Away Home",
"title": "Ladybugs, Ladybugs, Flying Away Home",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/ladybugs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47666\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47666\" title=\"ladybugs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/ladybugs1-e1354765956495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs gather in the Oakland Hills to spend the winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time for the annual convergence of ladybugs in our East Bay redwoods. Every winter the jewel-like insects gather by the hundreds and even thousands. The Convergent Lady Beetle, one of our natives, is found here and throughout North America. On warm days, they crawl and fly around sunny clearings in the forest. Cold and rainy days cause them to hunker down in red drifts on fence posts, tree trunks and under leaves. Here’s a short documentary about our \u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST video, Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">local ladybugs in Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47665\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/photo4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47665\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47665\" title=\"Ladybug Convergence\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo4-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs get active on warm days in winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One surprising fact about ladybugs is that they can’t fly when the temperature drops below 55 degrees F. So when they migrate, when the temperature drops -- so do they. (This would make an excellent cartoon.) Unlike migratory birds, the beetles don’t gather to migrate in large masses. Yet somehow, large groups end up in the same places year after year. If you’ve ever been curious to how their wings work, check out this \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Takes Flight, YouTube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XXwrEjvHBi0\" target=\"_blank\">super slow motion film\u003c/a> of a ladybug taking flight. Some groups head for the Sierra to spend the winter in rocky crevices, then migrate to the farm fields of the Central Valley for mating and feeding. For being so small, they cover a lot of territory. One of their sterling qualities is that both the adult beetles and larva eat large quantities of aphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get involved with the \u003ca title=\"Lost Ladybug Project, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.lostladybug.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Ladybug project from Cornell University\u003c/a> and help document ladybug species. Non-native ladybugs were introduced from Asia and Europe in the late 1950's and ‘60s. That’s about the time one of the native species, the nine-spot ladybug, began to decline. That was also a time of heavy pesticide use, including DDT. Hmmm, are there some possible correlations here? Participate in the Lost Ladybug project by taking photos of ladybugs around your yard or neighborhood and submit them to the study. There’s a handy field guide to help you identify them and instructions for how to photograph and submit your findings. You can also help beneficial insects like our ladybugs and our planet by avoiding pesticides in your yard and garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, get outdoors! Even in winter, there’s plenty to enjoy in our local outdoor spaces and \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> is wonderful, rain or shine. Let me know in the comments about other places you find groups of ladybugs or any other ladybug species you find!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Ladybugs have returned to the Oakland Hills and Redwood Regional Park. Find out why they're here and how you can help track ladybugs in your own yard or neighborhood.",
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"disqusTitle": "A Thanksgiving Ode to Dungeness Crab and the Bay",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"crab boat, HMB\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying Dungeness Crabs at Pillar Point Pier. Photo by John Matejczyk.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay plays an important role in the lifecycle of the delicious \u003ca title=\"Dungeness Crab ID, Dept. of Fish and Game\" href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/dungeness_crab.asp\">Dungeness crabs\u003c/a> that abound this time of year! Found from Baja north to Alaska, they’ve been commercially harvested since the mid-1800s around the bay. When we buy crabs from the boats at Pillar Point near Half Moon Bay, I think about the journey these crabs have made up to this point. Many have likely spent the early portion of their lives in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, offshore in the Pacific Ocean, females shed their old shells with a new, soft shell already formed under the old one. This is the only time crabs can grow. The males can only mate with females who are in the “soft shell” state. After mating, the female carries her egg mass of around 1.5 million eggs pressed against her abdomen under her tail flap until the young hatch in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once hatched, the microscopic larvae are on their own, taken where the currents carry them. The young go through a series of seven changes that includes molting and growing. Many are eaten in these early stages, siphoned in by any plankton-eating animals in the ocean. Crab larvae can reportedly travel, unharmed, in the bells and tentacles of jellyfish –- something Pixar could use in their next animated ocean movie. Young crabs that survive settle to the bottom of the ocean. Some then migrate through the Golden Gate to spend the next year in the protected habitats of the bay. Studies have shown that crabs that grow in the bay are larger than same-aged crabs in the Pacific due to the bay's warmer water and abundance of food. They're found mostly in the Central Bay and San Pablo Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47361\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/23/a-thanksgiving-ode-to-dungeness-crab-and-the-bay/crab-atlantic-green/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47361\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47361\" title=\"Crab, Atlantic Green\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Crab-Atlantic-Green-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive Atlantic Green Shorecrabs eat Dungeness of same size or smaller. Photo by Victoria Baird.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After about a year, spent scurrying around oyster beds, eel grass, mud flats and the rare sandy beach, the young crabs are ready to migrate back out to the cold, deep waters outside the Golden Gate. The importance of their time in the bay influences the success of their local population. They’ve had years when the population dropped too low to allow many to be caught. In the 1970s, studies by the Department of Fish and Game were done to determine what caused their extreme low numbers, which began in the ‘60s. Pollution was thought to be a problem. Today non-native predators like the invasive \u003ca title=\"Atlantic Green Shore Crab, ID\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/greencrab.shtml#.UKxsTIXyvPE\">Atlantic Green Shore Crab\u003c/a>, unintentionally introduced to the bay in 1989, may be contributing to lower numbers of the native crustaceans. Atlantic Greens can predate on Dungeness that are the same size as themselves or smaller. Keeping the bay clean and controlling unintended introductions of species are both important steps to ensuring we have a healthy crab fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stop by the \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a> to see local intertidal and bay life on display. You can watch our aquarium feeding program every weekend from 3-3:30pm and enjoy the great diversity of life found in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
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"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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