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"title": "Deep-Sea Garbage Caught on Video",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOZngsJU2k0\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4005\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4005\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coke-bottle_scale.jpg\" alt=\"A Coke bottle with Asian lettering was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Korean Coke bottle was observed at Davidson Seamount, 60 miles offshore and 5,666 feet below the ocean surface. (MBARI/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We’ve all heard about the problem of trash in the oceans and seen photos of the Pacific Garbage patch and other plastic “gyres,” which coat hundreds of thousands of square ocean miles with plastic flotsam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens to the heavy stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute shows that trash is also accumulating in the deep sea, as much as two and a half miles beneath the ocean surface. And there’s video to prove it. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mOZngsJU2k0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>MBARI researchers reviewed 18,000 hours of video footage collected by the Institute’s remote operated submarines, or ROVs, over the past 22 years. They found 1,500 observations of garbage, spotted between between Vancouver Island and the Gulf of California, and as far west as Hawaii. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of the garbage was made of plastic, and half of that consisted of plastic bags. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4014\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/bag-coral_scale.jpg\" alt=\"Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4014\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deep-sea currents wrapped this plastic bag around a deep-sea gorgonian coral almost 7,000 feet below the ocean surface in Astoria Canyon, off the Coast of Oregon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other frequent finds: rope, glass bottles and cloth. Several times, researchers found marine animals trapped in old fishing equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4041\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4041\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/coors-can-seamount.jpg\" alt=\"This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4041\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This beer can found its final resting place 8,445 feet underwater, off the coast of Central California. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In one case, an \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2011/containers/containers-release.html\">entire shipping container\u003c/a> came to rest on the sea floor about 12 miles outside Monterey Bay. MBARI estimates about 10,000 containers topple off ships a year and become part of the permanent deep sea-scape. (MBARI researchers are now finishing up a study of how these containers affect the ocean environment.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4040\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4040\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/cardboard.jpg\" alt=\"Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pieces of cardboard on the seafloor, almost two and a half miles deep. (MBARI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers say that while it’s theoretically possible to do some clean-up, it’d be much better to keep the stuff from getting there in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4007\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1638px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4007\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/tire-ledge.jpg\" alt=\"A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1638\" height=\"960\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A discarded tire sits on a ledge 2,850 feet below the ocean surface in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most frustrating thing for me is that most of the material we saw — glass, metal, paper, plastic — could be recycled,” notes MBARI’s Kyra Schlining, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2013/deep-debris/deep-debris-release.html\">study\u003c/a>’s lead author. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4009\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1571px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4009\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/barrel.jpg\" alt=\"This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\" width=\"1571\" height=\"1002\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4009\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This 55-gallon drum was observed on seafloor 9,488 feet deep in Monterey Canyon. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4006\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1620px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4006\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/crab-pot.jpg\" alt=\"This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI) \" width=\"1620\" height=\"971\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4006\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This crab trap was found in Astoria Canyon, off the coast of Oregon, at a depth of 3,580 feet. (MBARI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?",
"headTitle": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Note: Scientists think woolly mammoths were \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly the same size as Asian elephants\u003c/a>, though the Columbian mammoth (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-zed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which once lived in California\u003c/a>) was bigger.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.",
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"description": "As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.",
"title": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED",
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"headline": "De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Note: Scientists think woolly mammoths were \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly the same size as Asian elephants\u003c/a>, though the Columbian mammoth (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-zed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which once lived in California\u003c/a>) was bigger.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Shipping Lanes Narrowed to Protect Whales",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Shipping Lanes Narrowed to Protect Whales | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3904\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" alt=\"The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show areas where blue whales are found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU data from ACCESS a partnership between NOAA & PRBO)\" width=\"640\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show where humpback whales are commonly found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU with data from ACCESS – NOAA & PRBO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cargo ships coming into San Francisco Bay must now follow new, narrower shipping lanes as they approach the Golden Gate. The change is designed to protect whales off the coast, as increasing numbers have been struck and killed by large ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is getting worse and that’s to be expected,” said John Calambokidis, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> who has tracked whale strikes. “The ships are getting larger, more numerous and faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal scientists, at least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since 1988. But many believe most whale strikes go undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1944\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Most ships that come in with a whale wrapped around their bow are often unaware of it,” said Calambokidis. “We suspect many of these strikes are unknown to these larger ships, with most of the whales not being discovered or sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold waters outside of San Francisco Bay provide a rich feeding ground for humpback and blue whales. Gray whales are often seen close to shore as they migrate through in the winter and spring. “We’re particularly concerned about blue whales not only because of the number of ship strikes, but also because blue whales have not been showing recovery off the West Coast,” Calambokidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. The data will feed into \u003ca href=\"http://whaleaware.org/\">WhaleAware.org\u003c/a>, managed by PRBO Conservation Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re testing this first year to see if we get enough data,” says Michael Carver of Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA scientists are also training cargo ship crews to use the app. “It’s really in their best interest,” Carver says. “It’s a temporary speed limit, but not a permanent reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cargo ships must use smaller shipping lanes when approaching San Francisco Bay to keep from hitting whales. At least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since the late-80s.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3904\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3904\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/BLUE_NewLanes_600dpi.jpg\" alt=\"The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show areas where blue whales are found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU data from ACCESS a partnership between NOAA & PRBO)\" width=\"640\" height=\"332\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The existing shipping lanes (shown in grey on the left) are now narrowed (as seen on the right). The blue areas show where humpback whales are commonly found. (Image: Andrea Dransfield SFSU with data from ACCESS – NOAA & PRBO)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cargo ships coming into San Francisco Bay must now follow new, narrower shipping lanes as they approach the Golden Gate. The change is designed to protect whales off the coast, as increasing numbers have been struck and killed by large ships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem is getting worse and that’s to be expected,” said John Calambokidis, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cascadiaresearch.org/\">Cascadia Research Collective\u003c/a> who has tracked whale strikes. “The ships are getting larger, more numerous and faster.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to federal scientists, at least 20 whales have been killed and 10 whales have been injured or possibly killed off the California coast since 1988. But many believe most whale strikes go undetected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1944\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1944\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/04/1942-thumb-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales are commonly seen feeding offshore in the summer. (Image: Jason Isley/Scubazoo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Most ships that come in with a whale wrapped around their bow are often unaware of it,” said Calambokidis. “We suspect many of these strikes are unknown to these larger ships, with most of the whales not being discovered or sinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold waters outside of San Francisco Bay provide a rich feeding ground for humpback and blue whales. Gray whales are often seen close to shore as they migrate through in the winter and spring. “We’re particularly concerned about blue whales not only because of the number of ship strikes, but also because blue whales have not been showing recovery off the West Coast,” Calambokidis said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/protect/shipstrike/policy.html\">new rules\u003c/a> extend the three main shipping lanes to San Francisco Bay, so ships are funneled into smaller zones as they approach shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It might add a slight amount of time and cost to the ship transit but we still think they’re good choices to make,” says John Berge with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmsaship.com/\">Pacific Merchant Shipping Association\u003c/a>. “Nobody on a ship wants to hit anything, least of all a whale, just as nobody driving down a highway wants to hit anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would really call them modest,” said Calambokidis. “While I think they represent progress, we also have to recognize that they were the easiest first steps. This might reduce the incidence of ships strikes in the tens of percent, but they won’t eliminate it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dynamically Changing Shipping Lanes with Help From Citizen Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the new changes are year-round, federal official with NOAA and the Coast Guard are also hoping to create dynamically changing shipping lanes, based on real-time whale tracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3909\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3909\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/NOAAShippingLanes-178x162.jpg\" alt=\"Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\" width=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cargo ships use three primary lanes approaching San Francisco Bay. (Image: Michael Thompson/NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These “dynamic management areas” would go into effect when whales are spotted in a shipping lane. A temporary speed limit would go into effect, slowing ships down and encouraging them to use the other approaches to the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To gather whale-tracking data, the federal marine sanctuaries off the coast are teaming up with non-profits to create a citizen science app called “Spotter,” available soon online. They’re asking whale watching boats, recreational boats, commercial fishermen and members of the public to report when they spot whales offshore. The data will feed into \u003ca href=\"http://whaleaware.org/\">WhaleAware.org\u003c/a>, managed by PRBO Conservation Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re testing this first year to see if we get enough data,” says Michael Carver of Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary. NOAA scientists are also training cargo ship crews to use the app. “It’s really in their best interest,” Carver says. “It’s a temporary speed limit, but not a permanent reduction.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Virus Shield That Protects Us From Our Own Bacteria",
"headTitle": "A Virus Shield That Protects Us From Our Own Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Phage.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3746\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Phage.jpg\" alt=\"Bacterial viruses (phages) like these may form a shield that protects us from the bacteria living in our gut. Image on left is a scanning electron micrograph of one of these phages and the image on the left is a diagram of a similar phage.\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3746\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacterial viruses (phages) like these may form a shield that protects us from the bacteria living in our gut. \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phage_S-PM2.png\">Image \u003c/a>on left is a scanning electron micrograph of one of these phages and the \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head-tail_phage.svg\">image \u003c/a>on the right is a diagram of a similar phage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of news lately about the bacteria living in our gut—the human gut \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">microbiome\u003c/a>. Researchers are learning which bacteria live there, who is naughty and who is nice and even a somewhat distasteful way to replace naughty with nice (a fecal transplant). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What gets lost in all of this is the fact that these bacteria are wild creatures whose only purpose is to divide and spread. If given half a chance, even those helpful bacteria would break free of the gut and spread through the body, eventually killing its host. To properly harness their power for good, we need to have ways to control them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690590\">study \u003c/a>presents an unexpected way that we work with viruses to keep bacteria confined to the gut. The idea is based on the fact that the mucous which lines the inside of our gut is riddled with viruses that infect and destroy bacteria (these viruses are called phages). If a bacterium gets too far into this mucous layer, it meets with a phage that destroys it. It is like a minefield of viruses set to explode whenever they encounter a bacterium. Except that it is even better than that…it is a self-renewing minefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3757\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MicrobiomeColorSm.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3757\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MicrobiomeColorSm.jpg\" alt=\"We need to keep bacteria like these under control.\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3757\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We need to keep bacteria like these under control.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a phage infects a bacterium, it first hijacks the bacterium’s cellular machinery and forces it to crank out lots of new virus particles. Once the bacterium has made as many virus particles as it can, the bacterium then explodes releasing lots more phage into its surroundings. Now there are more phage that can infect any bacteria bold enough to venture where they shouldn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a win-win for both the phages and us. We get to keep helpful bacteria confined to where they can do some good and the phage get a plentiful supply of bacteria. In fact, it is such a good deal for the viruses that they have evolved tails that can hook onto the ends of the mucin molecules in our mucous layer. This allows the viruses to linger for a longer time, increasing their chances of latching onto a bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mucous layer is like a huge three-dimensional forest of hooks with phages hanging off of them, waiting for passing bacteria. Well, this is almost the right analogy. The phage don’t stay on the hook for long but instead pause for a bit at each hook. The researchers hypothesize that these pauses are a big enough boost for finding bacteria that there has been a positive selection working on the phages for interacting with the mucins. Or in other words, those phage that could stick to the mucins did better than those that could not so that now the vast majority of phage have these sticky tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/VirusShield.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3760\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/VirusShield.jpg\" alt=\"Viral shields like this may be common in nature.\" width=\"250\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3760\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viral shields like this may be common in nature.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now of course, nothing in biology is as simple as this. There are lots of different kinds of phage, each specific for a certain bacterial species. And the mucous layer isn’t as static as I have painted it here either. The cells lining the gut, the epithelium cells, are constantly making new mucins and the old ones are being sloughed off with phage being sloughed off along with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even with all of this added complexity, what we have is a situation where viruses are potentially being helpful instead of harmful. And this probably isn’t true just in people either. Mucous layers in a wide variety of organisms from corals to mammals all seem to be enriched for phage as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that this sort of primitive immune system is common in nature. In this system, creatures harness phages to destroy invaders instead of using their own genes to generate cells akin to our killer T cells. They use phages to create a non-host immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll need to do a lot more research to see whether the phage in our gut really are a line of defense and how common this system really is in nature. But whatever the final answer, it has got us to thinking about immunity in a whole new way. This might \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/\">open up avenues of research\u003c/a> we hadn’t even thought about before.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3746\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Phage.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3746\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Phage.jpg\" alt=\"Bacterial viruses (phages) like these may form a shield that protects us from the bacteria living in our gut. Image on left is a scanning electron micrograph of one of these phages and the image on the left is a diagram of a similar phage.\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3746\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bacterial viruses (phages) like these may form a shield that protects us from the bacteria living in our gut. \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phage_S-PM2.png\">Image \u003c/a>on left is a scanning electron micrograph of one of these phages and the \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Head-tail_phage.svg\">image \u003c/a>on the right is a diagram of a similar phage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There has been a lot of news lately about the bacteria living in our gut—the human gut \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">microbiome\u003c/a>. Researchers are learning which bacteria live there, who is naughty and who is nice and even a somewhat distasteful way to replace naughty with nice (a fecal transplant). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What gets lost in all of this is the fact that these bacteria are wild creatures whose only purpose is to divide and spread. If given half a chance, even those helpful bacteria would break free of the gut and spread through the body, eventually killing its host. To properly harness their power for good, we need to have ways to control them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23690590\">study \u003c/a>presents an unexpected way that we work with viruses to keep bacteria confined to the gut. The idea is based on the fact that the mucous which lines the inside of our gut is riddled with viruses that infect and destroy bacteria (these viruses are called phages). If a bacterium gets too far into this mucous layer, it meets with a phage that destroys it. It is like a minefield of viruses set to explode whenever they encounter a bacterium. Except that it is even better than that…it is a self-renewing minefield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3757\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MicrobiomeColorSm.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3757\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/MicrobiomeColorSm.jpg\" alt=\"We need to keep bacteria like these under control.\" width=\"250\" height=\"141\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3757\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We need to keep bacteria like these under control.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a phage infects a bacterium, it first hijacks the bacterium’s cellular machinery and forces it to crank out lots of new virus particles. Once the bacterium has made as many virus particles as it can, the bacterium then explodes releasing lots more phage into its surroundings. Now there are more phage that can infect any bacteria bold enough to venture where they shouldn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a win-win for both the phages and us. We get to keep helpful bacteria confined to where they can do some good and the phage get a plentiful supply of bacteria. In fact, it is such a good deal for the viruses that they have evolved tails that can hook onto the ends of the mucin molecules in our mucous layer. This allows the viruses to linger for a longer time, increasing their chances of latching onto a bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the mucous layer is like a huge three-dimensional forest of hooks with phages hanging off of them, waiting for passing bacteria. Well, this is almost the right analogy. The phage don’t stay on the hook for long but instead pause for a bit at each hook. The researchers hypothesize that these pauses are a big enough boost for finding bacteria that there has been a positive selection working on the phages for interacting with the mucins. Or in other words, those phage that could stick to the mucins did better than those that could not so that now the vast majority of phage have these sticky tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/VirusShield.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3760\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/VirusShield.jpg\" alt=\"Viral shields like this may be common in nature.\" width=\"250\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3760\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Viral shields like this may be common in nature.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now of course, nothing in biology is as simple as this. There are lots of different kinds of phage, each specific for a certain bacterial species. And the mucous layer isn’t as static as I have painted it here either. The cells lining the gut, the epithelium cells, are constantly making new mucins and the old ones are being sloughed off with phage being sloughed off along with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even with all of this added complexity, what we have is a situation where viruses are potentially being helpful instead of harmful. And this probably isn’t true just in people either. Mucous layers in a wide variety of organisms from corals to mammals all seem to be enriched for phage as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be that this sort of primitive immune system is common in nature. In this system, creatures harness phages to destroy invaders instead of using their own genes to generate cells akin to our killer T cells. They use phages to create a non-host immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ll need to do a lot more research to see whether the phage in our gut really are a line of defense and how common this system really is in nature. But whatever the final answer, it has got us to thinking about immunity in a whole new way. This might \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/22/fund-basic-research-its-for-your-own-good/\">open up avenues of research\u003c/a> we hadn’t even thought about before.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When Will Mental Illness Be Diagnosed With a Lab Test?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-03-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" alt=\"MRIs of two brains show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two MRI scans show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say you’re a doctor and a patient comes in complaining of chest pains. You’d want to know what was causing them. So you’d run lab tests, looking for signs of a heart attack or some other problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s standard procedure across medicine, except in the case of mental illness. It’s the last area of medicine where there are virtually no lab tests to indicate what’s wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has become a major challenge across the field of psychiatry: to give those who suffer from mental illnesses like schizophrenia and depression the same sort of scientific certainty doctors have recently begun to provide to people with Alzheimer’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Robin Jones.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n“Something is different.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Jones found himself in a parking lot. He had no idea where his car was. This was unlike him. Jones is a scientist who used to work on nuclear power plants. He’s always been good with details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the one who parked it there!” Jones recalls thinking. “Why can’t I remember?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At work, he had a hard time finding the right words and making persuasive arguments to his colleagues. He’d come home and tell his wife, Anne, “Something’s different.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He would say his brain didn’t feel like it was working the same way it used to,” she recalls. “We said, ‘Well, why not talk to your primary care physician about it?’ And that started a cascade of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the Joneses made it to the \u003ca href=\"http://neurology.stanford.edu/memory/\">Stanford Center for Memory Disorders\u003c/a>, where Robin went through the standard run-up for Alzheimer’s disease, memorizing lists of words, and so on. But he did pretty well on them, says Mike Greicius, the center’s medical director, better than you’d expect from someone in the early stages of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t fit neatly into this classic presentation of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Greicius. “That’s one of the reasons that, fairly early on, we started talking about biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These biomarkers refer to lab tests, and they’re a very recent development in Alzheimer’s disease care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test uses a PET scan that can detect amyloid, a protein that takes on an abnormal shape in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The second test requires a lumbar puncture to look for traces of amyloid and tau, another protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease, in the patient’s spinal fluid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin chose the spinal fluid test. “It seemed to me it would sharpen up my understanding of what was happening,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTests for Alzheimer’s disease signal changes across mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Alzheimer’s was diagnosed more or less the same way other mental illnesses, such as autism or schizophrenia, are diagnosed: by asking patients how they feel and observing how they behave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed when scientists discovered biomarkers for Alzheimer’s: the tau and amyloid proteins that are signatures of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was a matter of finding tests that could pick up those biomarkers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Weiner, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/cind\">Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s VA Medical Center, says the same thing happened with heart disease a generation ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a medical student 40 years ago, patients would come in with chest pains and we’d spend a lot of time talking to them,” Weiner says. “‘Where is the pain in the chest? What’s going on? How does it radiate in your arm?’” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That whole process changed when scientists discovered biomarkers of heart disease, for example, certain enzymes that leak into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowadays,” says Weiner, “you draw blood enzymes. And if a person has a rise in certain enzymes, we say they had a heart attack. And if they didn’t, we say you didn’t have a heart attack.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the name of the game in psychiatry today: to understand the underlying brain diseases behind mental illness and find ways to test for them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBetter tools for diagnosing PTSD\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest efforts is directed out of NYU’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/\">Langone Medical Center\u003c/a>, where Charles Marmar chairs the psychiatry department and leads a $28 million dollar effort to look for biomarkers of post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain damage, diseases that are often under-reported and under-treated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marmar believes that one day — maybe within a decade or two — simple tests, much like home pregnancy tests, will indicate whether people are suffering from PTSD or possibly even autism or schizophrenia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blood, urine and cerebral spinal fluid will, over time, have something very important to say about risks for psychiatric illness, the presence or absence of illness and the prognosis of a given depressive illness,” says Marmar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, importantly, he says, whether a treatment – be it talk therapy or drugs – is working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of PTSD, he says, the first step is to look for biomarkers, what he calls the “biological footprint of learned fear,” that could be detectable in a lab test. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice as a diagnostic tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these diseases may announce themselves in other ways, too, for example, in the way people talk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.sri.com/\">SRI International\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group in Menlo Park, scientists are developing computer algorithms to look for voice signatures of people with PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SRI’s Dimitra Vergyri plays a recording of three voices saying the word “no.” The first sounds disappointed, the second impatient, the third – with a happy laugh – sounds “entertained,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F94724399\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to show that there are features that we can extract automatically, measure them, and they can be an indicator of a very specific emotional state,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here is that you could take voice recordings of, say, returning soldiers, and use the algorithm to flag which of them might be more at risk for psychological problems. Then, make sure they don’t slip through the cracks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Marmar, head of the NYU effort, believes tests like these will change the field of psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we advance biomarkers, we will demystify and de-stigmatize psychiatric illness,” says Marmar. “We will make [mental health] part of normal care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The results come back \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly, that is what’s happening in Alzheimer’s disease, and in the case of Robin Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin’s wife, Anne, was the first to learn the results of his Alzheimer’s test, which came back positive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first reaction, she says, was simply sadness. But after that came “a certain amount of relief.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relief knowing why your arm hurts, or why you have a bad cough. Knowing how to chart out the rest of our time together.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Anne took a trip alone to Florence to see the great works of art she studied as an art history major in college. She left a note for Robin, reminding him where she had gone and thanking him for the opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a concrete diagnosis, she says, helped her recognize a window for such adventures, before her care-taking responsibilities begin to keep her closer to home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, she says, gave them both certainty and the ability to focus on what lies ahead. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://kqed02.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/radio/science/2013/06/2013-06-03-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3769\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3769\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/KQED_CN-PTSD-AD_dts_Scaled.jpg\" alt=\"MRIs of two brains show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3769\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two MRI scans show a slightly smaller amygdala in the brain of a man with PTSD. (Photo courtesy Michael Weiner)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Say you’re a doctor and a patient comes in complaining of chest pains. You’d want to know what was causing them. So you’d run lab tests, looking for signs of a heart attack or some other problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s standard procedure across medicine, except in the case of mental illness. It’s the last area of medicine where there are virtually no lab tests to indicate what’s wrong. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has become a major challenge across the field of psychiatry: to give those who suffer from mental illnesses like schizophrenia and depression the same sort of scientific certainty doctors have recently begun to provide to people with Alzheimer’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People like Robin Jones.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n“Something is different.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, Jones found himself in a parking lot. He had no idea where his car was. This was unlike him. Jones is a scientist who used to work on nuclear power plants. He’s always been good with details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m the one who parked it there!” Jones recalls thinking. “Why can’t I remember?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At work, he had a hard time finding the right words and making persuasive arguments to his colleagues. He’d come home and tell his wife, Anne, “Something’s different.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He would say his brain didn’t feel like it was working the same way it used to,” she recalls. “We said, ‘Well, why not talk to your primary care physician about it?’ And that started a cascade of events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the Joneses made it to the \u003ca href=\"http://neurology.stanford.edu/memory/\">Stanford Center for Memory Disorders\u003c/a>, where Robin went through the standard run-up for Alzheimer’s disease, memorizing lists of words, and so on. But he did pretty well on them, says Mike Greicius, the center’s medical director, better than you’d expect from someone in the early stages of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He didn’t fit neatly into this classic presentation of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Greicius. “That’s one of the reasons that, fairly early on, we started talking about biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These biomarkers refer to lab tests, and they’re a very recent development in Alzheimer’s disease care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test uses a PET scan that can detect amyloid, a protein that takes on an abnormal shape in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients. The second test requires a lumbar puncture to look for traces of amyloid and tau, another protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease, in the patient’s spinal fluid. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin chose the spinal fluid test. “It seemed to me it would sharpen up my understanding of what was happening,” he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTests for Alzheimer’s disease signal changes across mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until very recently, Alzheimer’s was diagnosed more or less the same way other mental illnesses, such as autism or schizophrenia, are diagnosed: by asking patients how they feel and observing how they behave. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed when scientists discovered biomarkers for Alzheimer’s: the tau and amyloid proteins that are signatures of the disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was a matter of finding tests that could pick up those biomarkers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Weiner, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.radiology.ucsf.edu/cind\">Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases\u003c/a> at San Francisco’s VA Medical Center, says the same thing happened with heart disease a generation ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was a medical student 40 years ago, patients would come in with chest pains and we’d spend a lot of time talking to them,” Weiner says. “‘Where is the pain in the chest? What’s going on? How does it radiate in your arm?’” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That whole process changed when scientists discovered biomarkers of heart disease, for example, certain enzymes that leak into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nowadays,” says Weiner, “you draw blood enzymes. And if a person has a rise in certain enzymes, we say they had a heart attack. And if they didn’t, we say you didn’t have a heart attack.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the name of the game in psychiatry today: to understand the underlying brain diseases behind mental illness and find ways to test for them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBetter tools for diagnosing PTSD\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest efforts is directed out of NYU’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.med.nyu.edu/\">Langone Medical Center\u003c/a>, where Charles Marmar chairs the psychiatry department and leads a $28 million dollar effort to look for biomarkers of post traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain damage, diseases that are often under-reported and under-treated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marmar believes that one day — maybe within a decade or two — simple tests, much like home pregnancy tests, will indicate whether people are suffering from PTSD or possibly even autism or schizophrenia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Blood, urine and cerebral spinal fluid will, over time, have something very important to say about risks for psychiatric illness, the presence or absence of illness and the prognosis of a given depressive illness,” says Marmar. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, importantly, he says, whether a treatment – be it talk therapy or drugs – is working. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of PTSD, he says, the first step is to look for biomarkers, what he calls the “biological footprint of learned fear,” that could be detectable in a lab test. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice as a diagnostic tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these diseases may announce themselves in other ways, too, for example, in the way people talk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.sri.com/\">SRI International\u003c/a>, a non-profit research group in Menlo Park, scientists are developing computer algorithms to look for voice signatures of people with PTSD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SRI’s Dimitra Vergyri plays a recording of three voices saying the word “no.” The first sounds disappointed, the second impatient, the third – with a happy laugh – sounds “entertained,” she explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fapi.soundcloud.com%2Ftracks%2F94724399\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to show that there are features that we can extract automatically, measure them, and they can be an indicator of a very specific emotional state,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea here is that you could take voice recordings of, say, returning soldiers, and use the algorithm to flag which of them might be more at risk for psychological problems. Then, make sure they don’t slip through the cracks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Marmar, head of the NYU effort, believes tests like these will change the field of psychiatry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we advance biomarkers, we will demystify and de-stigmatize psychiatric illness,” says Marmar. “We will make [mental health] part of normal care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The results come back \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly, that is what’s happening in Alzheimer’s disease, and in the case of Robin Jones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin’s wife, Anne, was the first to learn the results of his Alzheimer’s test, which came back positive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her first reaction, she says, was simply sadness. But after that came “a certain amount of relief.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s relief knowing why your arm hurts, or why you have a bad cough. Knowing how to chart out the rest of our time together.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Anne took a trip alone to Florence to see the great works of art she studied as an art history major in college. She left a note for Robin, reminding him where she had gone and thanking him for the opportunity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a concrete diagnosis, she says, helped her recognize a window for such adventures, before her care-taking responsibilities begin to keep her closer to home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Career Spotlight: Bioengineer",
"headTitle": "Career Spotlight: Bioengineer | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Tejal Desai is a bioengineering professor at UC San Francisco who is investigating new treatments for diabetes. Using nanotechnology, she is developing a tiny capsule that contains pancreatic cells that produce insulin. This capsule would be implanted in a patient’s body and act as an artificial pancreas. In high school, Desai wasn’t sure what career path to pursue. As a freshman, she participated in a National Science Foundation program focused on engaging girls in science where she met a lot of inspirational women, including a biotech engineer. She says the topic appealed to her because “engineering could have direct health applications and help people.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is one of three in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/series/biotech-careers/\">Career Spotlight: Biotechnology\u003c/a> series. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Whooping Cough Remains a Formidable Opponent Against Vaccination",
"headTitle": "Whooping Cough Remains a Formidable Opponent Against Vaccination | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/pertussis.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/pertussis.jpg\" alt=\"Electron microscope image of the bacterium (Bordetella pertussis) responsible for pertussis (whooping cough).\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3471\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron microscope image of the bacterium (Bordetella pertussis) responsible for pertussis (whooping cough).\u003cbr>Image: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sanofi-pasteur/5280262078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanofi Pasteur via Flickr\u003c/a>, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1976, public health officials celebrated when whooping cough cases dropped to 1,010—the fewest ever reported. Before widespread vaccination against whooping cough, the disease infected up to 270,000 people a year, killing as many as 10,000, mostly infants. Just five years earlier, widespread vaccination against smallpox had worked so well that health officials retired the vaccine, raising hopes that whooping cough might follow a similar path. But whooping cough, or pertussis—named after the pathogenic bacterium \u003cem>Bordetella pertussis\u003c/em>—has proven a far more formidable opponent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, despite relatively high vaccination rates, the pathogen has come roaring back to infect people in numbers not seen since the pre-vaccine days. Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html\">suffered outbreaks\u003c/a> last year, with more than 41,000 cases reported across the country. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/PertussisReport2011-11-10.pdf\">California’s epidemic hit in 2010\u003c/a>, when more than 9,000 people fell ill—the highest number in more than 60 years—and 10 infants died. Pertussis has also rebounded in Europe. England and Wales saw a \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2013PressReleases/130201Casesofwhoopingcoughdeclineafterrecordnumbers/\">record number of cases in 2012\u003c/a>, with more than 9,700 cases and 14 infant deaths. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis attacks the respiratory track to cause spasmodic coughing, vomiting and severe breathing problems as thick mucus clogs the lungs. Most deaths occur in babies because the buildup of mucus quickly overwhelms their still-developing blood vessels, depriving their lungs of oxygen. “It’s like they’re being strangled to death by this particular bacteria,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkE7w_DiWUY\">pediatrician Paul Offit says\u003c/a> of watching a stricken child. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although vaccination protects infants, babies younger than two months old—too young to receive the first of five recommended vaccinations—face the greatest risk of death. Nine of the 10 children who died during the California epidemic were less than two months old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several factors may account for recent pertussis outbreaks, including waning effectiveness of the vaccine, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293463\">evolution of more aggressive pathogens\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905967?dopt=Abstract\">mismatch between the vaccine\u003c/a> and the bacterium and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051\">increased awareness \u003c/a>among health professionals. Following the California epidemic, researchers at Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/05/15/peds.2012-3836.abstract\">tested the waning immunity hypothesis\u003c/a>: the possibility that protection from the vaccine fades with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/incidence-graph.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3483\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/incidence-graph.jpg\" alt=\"Cases of whooping cough dropped precipitously after introduction of the vaccine in the 1940s. The disease has been on the rise since health officials replaced the old vaccine with a newer version with fewer side effects. (Source: CDC)\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outbreaks of whooping cough became less and less common after introduction of the vaccine in the 1940s. The disease has been on the rise since health officials replaced the old vaccine with a newer version with fewer side effects. (Source: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before vaccines targeting \u003cem>B. pertussis\u003c/em> were introduced in the 1940s, pertussis was a major cause of infant death worldwide, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/immunize/download/What_the_US_Needs_Now_Pertussis_Boosters.pdf\">killing more children\u003c/a> than polio, measles and tuberculosis combined. The original pertussis vaccine was made from killing the bacteria with chemicals, and combining the whole bacterium with weakened diphtheria and tetanus toxins in a vaccine called DTwP— “w” for “whole cell.” After concerns about the vaccine’s adverse effects—both real (episodes of high fever, fever with seizure, irritability, and a scary though short-lived condition called \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/4/e52.long\">hypotonic hyporesponsive syndrome\u003c/a>, in which children appear limp, unresponsive and pale) and unsupported by science (\u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/Supplement_3/S259.long\">long term brain damage\u003c/a>)—led to rising rates of vaccine refusal in the 1980s, vaccine developers formulated an acellular vaccine, DTaP, using isolated components of the pathogen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the late 1990s, the acellular version was used for all five recommended childhood doses. Although both vaccines offer protection against pertussis for a number of years, several studies suggest that immunity fades faster following DTaP vaccination. That’s why in 2005 the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices started recommending booster shots for children 11 years and older and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\">California now requires a pertussis booster\u003c/a> for students entering seventh grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine the relative effectiveness of the two vaccines, the Kaiser researchers studied the health records of teenagers born between 1994 and 1999 to see if the vaccines they received as babies and toddlers affected their risk of getting pertussis during the 2010 epidemic. Because the new whole cell vaccine was phased in gradually, some children received just the old vaccine, some received both, and some got just the new vaccine. During the epidemic, 138 of the children in the study contracted pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that children vaccinated with the acellular vaccine were nearly six times more likely to get the disease than children vaccinated with the discontinued whole cell vaccine. Protection appeared to be dose-related, the team noted, as children who received mixed vaccines faced an intermediate level of risk.The “Tdap” booster shot failed to bridge the gap in protection between those who received only whole cell vaccines and those who got just the acellular version. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime a new vaccine is developed, scientists work to balance the vaccine’s effectiveness with the risk of side effects. “This is a very complex issue,” says pediatrician Nicola Klein, who led the Kaiser study. Health officials may need to add additional boosters of the acellular vaccine to compensate for waning immunity, for example. “But I don’t think there’s a willingness to go back to the whole cell vaccines, so the long-term strategy would be to develop new vaccines with reliable and lasting immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that task will not be easy. It’s not exactly clear what components from the bacteria need to be included in the vaccine to produce a long-term effect on immunity, Klein says. “We thought the acellular vaccine would provide that. Clearly it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think pertussis strains are adapting to vaccination, either by producing more aggressive toxins or acquiring mutations that create a mismatch between the vaccine and the pathogen. Frits Mooi, a pertussis expert with the Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control who was not involved in the Kaiser study, says that several studies now show that whole cell vaccines afford much longer protection than acelluar vaccines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406868\">But strain adaptation\u003c/a> also increases the speed at which immunity wanes, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think waning immunity is the compound effect of intrinsic qualities of the vaccine and pathogen adaptation,” Mooi says. What’s needed, he argues, is an integrated approach that accounts for interactions beween the vaccines and evolving pathogens. As \u003ca href=\"http://iai.asm.org/content/66/2/670.full\">far back as 1998\u003c/a>, Mooi suggested that incorporating pertussis variants identified in circulating bacterial populations into a new acellular vaccine could make it more effective. Using genetic rather than chemical methods to detoxify pertussis toxins in vaccines could also prove more effective because genetically neutralized toxins can trigger a stronger immune response in our bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a new vaccine is developed, Klein urges parents to vaccinate their children. Pertussis outbreaks cycle in three to five years and it’s been three years since California’s historic epidemic. “The take-home message for parents is that they really need to continue to get their kids vaccinated and to get them vaccinated on the recommended schedules,” she says. That includes ensuring that adolescents get their Tdap booster shot. “We know the acellular vaccine works. It just doesn’t last as long as we’d hoped.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The past few years have seen the worst outbreaks of whooping cough since the pre-vaccine days. A recent study adds to other research suggesting that though the newer aceullar vaccines have fewer side effects than the old whole cell versions, they don't last as long.",
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"description": "The past few years have seen the worst outbreaks of whooping cough since the pre-vaccine days. A recent study adds to other research suggesting that though the newer aceullar vaccines have fewer side effects than the old whole cell versions, they don't last as long.",
"title": "Whooping Cough Remains a Formidable Opponent Against Vaccination | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/pertussis.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3471\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/pertussis.jpg\" alt=\"Electron microscope image of the bacterium (Bordetella pertussis) responsible for pertussis (whooping cough).\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3471\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron microscope image of the bacterium (Bordetella pertussis) responsible for pertussis (whooping cough).\u003cbr>Image: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sanofi-pasteur/5280262078/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sanofi Pasteur via Flickr\u003c/a>, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1976, public health officials celebrated when whooping cough cases dropped to 1,010—the fewest ever reported. Before widespread vaccination against whooping cough, the disease infected up to 270,000 people a year, killing as many as 10,000, mostly infants. Just five years earlier, widespread vaccination against smallpox had worked so well that health officials retired the vaccine, raising hopes that whooping cough might follow a similar path. But whooping cough, or pertussis—named after the pathogenic bacterium \u003cem>Bordetella pertussis\u003c/em>—has proven a far more formidable opponent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, despite relatively high vaccination rates, the pathogen has come roaring back to infect people in numbers not seen since the pre-vaccine days. Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html\">suffered outbreaks\u003c/a> last year, with more than 41,000 cases reported across the country. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/immunize/Documents/PertussisReport2011-11-10.pdf\">California’s epidemic hit in 2010\u003c/a>, when more than 9,000 people fell ill—the highest number in more than 60 years—and 10 infants died. Pertussis has also rebounded in Europe. England and Wales saw a \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpa.org.uk/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2013PressReleases/130201Casesofwhoopingcoughdeclineafterrecordnumbers/\">record number of cases in 2012\u003c/a>, with more than 9,700 cases and 14 infant deaths. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pertussis attacks the respiratory track to cause spasmodic coughing, vomiting and severe breathing problems as thick mucus clogs the lungs. Most deaths occur in babies because the buildup of mucus quickly overwhelms their still-developing blood vessels, depriving their lungs of oxygen. “It’s like they’re being strangled to death by this particular bacteria,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkE7w_DiWUY\">pediatrician Paul Offit says\u003c/a> of watching a stricken child. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although vaccination protects infants, babies younger than two months old—too young to receive the first of five recommended vaccinations—face the greatest risk of death. Nine of the 10 children who died during the California epidemic were less than two months old. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several factors may account for recent pertussis outbreaks, including waning effectiveness of the vaccine, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293463\">evolution of more aggressive pathogens\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10905967?dopt=Abstract\">mismatch between the vaccine\u003c/a> and the bacterium and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1209051\">increased awareness \u003c/a>among health professionals. Following the California epidemic, researchers at Kaiser Permanente’s Vaccine Study Center \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/05/15/peds.2012-3836.abstract\">tested the waning immunity hypothesis\u003c/a>: the possibility that protection from the vaccine fades with time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3483\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/incidence-graph.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3483\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/incidence-graph.jpg\" alt=\"Cases of whooping cough dropped precipitously after introduction of the vaccine in the 1940s. The disease has been on the rise since health officials replaced the old vaccine with a newer version with fewer side effects. (Source: CDC)\" width=\"960\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3483\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Outbreaks of whooping cough became less and less common after introduction of the vaccine in the 1940s. The disease has been on the rise since health officials replaced the old vaccine with a newer version with fewer side effects. (Source: CDC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before vaccines targeting \u003cem>B. pertussis\u003c/em> were introduced in the 1940s, pertussis was a major cause of infant death worldwide, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kdheks.gov/immunize/download/What_the_US_Needs_Now_Pertussis_Boosters.pdf\">killing more children\u003c/a> than polio, measles and tuberculosis combined. The original pertussis vaccine was made from killing the bacteria with chemicals, and combining the whole bacterium with weakened diphtheria and tetanus toxins in a vaccine called DTwP— “w” for “whole cell.” After concerns about the vaccine’s adverse effects—both real (episodes of high fever, fever with seizure, irritability, and a scary though short-lived condition called \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/4/e52.long\">hypotonic hyporesponsive syndrome\u003c/a>, in which children appear limp, unresponsive and pale) and unsupported by science (\u003ca href=\"http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/174/Supplement_3/S259.long\">long term brain damage\u003c/a>)—led to rising rates of vaccine refusal in the 1980s, vaccine developers formulated an acellular vaccine, DTaP, using isolated components of the pathogen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the late 1990s, the acellular version was used for all five recommended childhood doses. Although both vaccines offer protection against pertussis for a number of years, several studies suggest that immunity fades faster following DTaP vaccination. That’s why in 2005 the U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices started recommending booster shots for children 11 years and older and \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/healthinfo/discond/pages/pertussis.aspx\">California now requires a pertussis booster\u003c/a> for students entering seventh grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine the relative effectiveness of the two vaccines, the Kaiser researchers studied the health records of teenagers born between 1994 and 1999 to see if the vaccines they received as babies and toddlers affected their risk of getting pertussis during the 2010 epidemic. Because the new whole cell vaccine was phased in gradually, some children received just the old vaccine, some received both, and some got just the new vaccine. During the epidemic, 138 of the children in the study contracted pertussis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found that children vaccinated with the acellular vaccine were nearly six times more likely to get the disease than children vaccinated with the discontinued whole cell vaccine. Protection appeared to be dose-related, the team noted, as children who received mixed vaccines faced an intermediate level of risk.The “Tdap” booster shot failed to bridge the gap in protection between those who received only whole cell vaccines and those who got just the acellular version. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anytime a new vaccine is developed, scientists work to balance the vaccine’s effectiveness with the risk of side effects. “This is a very complex issue,” says pediatrician Nicola Klein, who led the Kaiser study. Health officials may need to add additional boosters of the acellular vaccine to compensate for waning immunity, for example. “But I don’t think there’s a willingness to go back to the whole cell vaccines, so the long-term strategy would be to develop new vaccines with reliable and lasting immunity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that task will not be easy. It’s not exactly clear what components from the bacteria need to be included in the vaccine to produce a long-term effect on immunity, Klein says. “We thought the acellular vaccine would provide that. Clearly it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some researchers think pertussis strains are adapting to vaccination, either by producing more aggressive toxins or acquiring mutations that create a mismatch between the vaccine and the pathogen. Frits Mooi, a pertussis expert with the Netherlands Centre for Infectious Disease Control who was not involved in the Kaiser study, says that several studies now show that whole cell vaccines afford much longer protection than acelluar vaccines. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406868\">But strain adaptation\u003c/a> also increases the speed at which immunity wanes, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think waning immunity is the compound effect of intrinsic qualities of the vaccine and pathogen adaptation,” Mooi says. What’s needed, he argues, is an integrated approach that accounts for interactions beween the vaccines and evolving pathogens. As \u003ca href=\"http://iai.asm.org/content/66/2/670.full\">far back as 1998\u003c/a>, Mooi suggested that incorporating pertussis variants identified in circulating bacterial populations into a new acellular vaccine could make it more effective. Using genetic rather than chemical methods to detoxify pertussis toxins in vaccines could also prove more effective because genetically neutralized toxins can trigger a stronger immune response in our bodies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until a new vaccine is developed, Klein urges parents to vaccinate their children. Pertussis outbreaks cycle in three to five years and it’s been three years since California’s historic epidemic. “The take-home message for parents is that they really need to continue to get their kids vaccinated and to get them vaccinated on the recommended schedules,” she says. That includes ensuring that adolescents get their Tdap booster shot. “We know the acellular vaccine works. It just doesn’t last as long as we’d hoped.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "UC Berkeley Enlists Citizen Scientists in a Buggy Data Problem",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the public comes in. Through a new online citizen science project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">Calbug\u003c/a>, the public can pitch in by reviewing photos of the specimens and transcribing the field notes online. UC Berkeley has uploaded almost 100,000 specimens, with several other institutions soon to join in, like the California Academy of Sciences, UC Davis, San Diego Natural History Museum and the Los Angeles County Museum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this project works well for our museum, then it can be adapted for all the other collections across the country and even across the world, because there are millions of specimens out there waiting to be transcribed,” says Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With each insect a unique data point, the collection provides a detailed look at California’s habitat. “They are a record of the past of California,” Oboyski says. “They give us a glimpse into the past of what the habitat might have looked, what the climate might have looked like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Collections like this will become particularly valuable as scientists track how wildlife and plants shift with a changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have used our collection in the past to look at individual species and how they’ve changed in distribution over time,” he says. “Now we have the capacity to look at entire communities and how they move and change over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects are a crucial part of preserving biodiversity, Oboyski says. “There are more species of ants in the world than there are of birds, and that’s just one family of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.notesfromnature.org/#/archives/calbug\">How to pitch in\u003c/a> on the Calbug project\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How insects help track climate change in KQED QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a> documentary\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3405\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3405\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3405\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-moth-288x162.jpg\" alt=\" A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Brazilian skipper, one of the specimens in the Calbug project. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley are asking the public to help with a problem that’s been bugging them – their century-old insect collection needs to be digitized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley’s \u003ca href=\"http://essig.berkeley.edu/\">Essig Museum of Entomology\u003c/a> has been gathering insect specimens since the 1880s. With 10,000 drawers filled with bugs, no one’s exactly sure how many there are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody’s really counted them,” says collections manager Peter Oboyski, “but we estimate that we have over five million specimens in our collection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those insects are preserved on pinheads, attached to small labels that say where and when they were collected. Those field notes hold a valuable record of California’s natural history, but the information has never been transcribed into a database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3407\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 198px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3407\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3407\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/Calbug-beetle-198x162.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the public help transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\" width=\"198\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the public transcribe the labels on each insect. (Image: Essig Museum of Entomology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We estimate it would take decades, if not a hundred years, for us to go one-by-one and enter the data from every specimen,” Oboyski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Egrets Are in Town and They're Pretty Handy With Tools",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3254\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 672px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DSCN5146-Snowy-Pair-Handover-of-Stick-Gift-higher-res.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3254\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3254 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DSCN5146-Snowy-Pair-Handover-of-Stick-Gift-higher-res.jpg\" alt=\"Snowy Egret pair building a nest and showing their nuptial plumes. Photo by Cindy Margulis.\" width=\"672\" height=\"538\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snowy Egret pair building a nest and showing their nuptial plumes. Photo by Cindy Margulis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rounding the bend of the lagoon trail, the first things you hear are the guttural calls. For such spectacular, graceful birds, \u003ca title=\"Cornell website: Great Egrets ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/great_egret/lifehistory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great egrets\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Cornell website: Snowy Egret ID\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Snowy_Egret/id\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">snowy egrets\u003c/a> calls are closer to what I imagine a pterodactyl might have uttered. For the last six years, both these species have nested in a small colony on Alameda’s Bay Farm Island, on a prime lagoon location in a pine tree. Cindy Margulis, a local resident and volunteer Citizen Scientist, began watching the colony five years ago. She volunteers with the \u003ca title=\"SFBBO website\" href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory (SFBBO)\u003c/a>, providing them with data on the colony for their \u003ca title=\"SFBBO Colonial Waterbird Monitoring website\" href=\"http://www.sfbbo.org/science/water_projects.php?proj=monitoring\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colonial Waterbird Monitoring\u003c/a> Program. This year, there are 12 great egret nests and 10 snowy egret nests all in the same pine tree. Though it might seem like a small number compared to other colonies with hundreds of nests, it’s very important for its location and the number of nests from the two species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DSCN5111-Greats-Together-on-Nest-low-res-202x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3173\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-3173 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/05/DSCN5111-Greats-Together-on-Nest-low-res-202x162.jpg\" alt=\"Great Egrets build their nest in the same tree. Photo by Cindy Margulis.\" width=\"202\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Great Egrets build their nest in the same tree. Photo by Cindy Margulis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cindy’s time with the colony, year after year, has rewarded her with some keen observations and a chance to protect the colony. She has even observed the apparent \u003ca title=\"Use of Tools by Birds; Tufts University\" href=\"http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/psych26/birds.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">use of tools\u003c/a> in this colony of egrets. Herons have been \u003ca title=\"Black Crowned Night Heron with Bread Bait\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqlv-ZVIhu8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">filmed using bread\u003c/a> as lures for fish. As egrets are in the same family, it seems they’re capable of the same brainpower. Cindy observed one snowy egret that was chased backward by a great egret on a branch of the pine tree and fell partially through the canopy with its legs stuck below and wings spread above the branches. It was stranded for several hours until another snowy egret fetched a 4′ long stick, almost too large for it to carry. It wedged the stick under the trapped egret, which enabled it to climb out and free itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same pair of egrets later proceeded to build a “small cappuccino cup” of a nest, as Cindy says, and fledged two young that year. Several years ago, the property management company began cutting down some of the trees along the lagoon. Concerned citizens took quick action to contact authorities and save the trees, unfortunately not before one outlying colony’s tree was abandoned due to the disturbance. Hopefully, the local residents around the lagoon and the property management company will come to understand how special and important the annual return of the egrets to their nesting colony is and work to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
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