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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MagArray-Cartridge-System-1024x768.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MagArray-Cartridge-System-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists are developing a portable device that can measure a person's radiation exposure in minutes using radiation-induced changes in the concentrations of certain blood proteins. This image shows a magneto-nanosensor chip reader station, chip cartridge, and chip. (Credit: S. Wang)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-7675\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are developing a portable device that can measure a person’s radiation exposure in minutes using radiation-induced changes in the concentrations of certain blood proteins. This image shows a magneto-nanosensor chip reader station, chip cartridge, and chip. (Credit: S. Wang)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Picture the scene of the \u003ca href=\"http://world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident-2011/#.UhzbF-DR38s\" title=\"Fukushima Nuclear Accident\">Fukushima nuclear accident\u003c/a>. The Daiichi nuclear reactors were hit by an earthquake of magnitude 9.0, then flooded by the resulting 15-meter deep tsunami which caused a nuclear meltdown and release of radioactive materials. Over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes due to the threat of radiation contamination. 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This technology was developed by scientists from Berkeley Lab, Stanford University and several other institutions, as reported in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130719/srep02234/full/srep02234.html\" title=\"Scientific Reports journal article\">journal article\u003c/a> recently published in \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>. The lead researchers were Dr. Shan Wang from Stanford University and Dr. Andrew Wyrobek from Berkeley Lab. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This new dosimetry device is a novel type of immunoassay. Immunoassays are chemical tests used to detect or measure the quantity of a specific substance in a body fluid sample using a reaction of the immune system. For example, a common immunoassay test for pregnancy measures the concentration of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone in a woman’s blood or urine sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to measure a person’s radiation dose, the new device measures blood samples for the concentration of particular proteins that change after radiation exposure. Scientists, including those in Wyrobek’s group, have previously identified these target proteins as excellent biological markers for radiation dosimetry; blood exposed to radiation has a special biochemical signature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists needed more than just target proteins. They also needed an accurate, sensitive way to quickly measure the proteins’ concentrations in a few drops of blood. So at the heart of the new device is a biochip developed by Wang’s group. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763391\" title=\"Biomed Microdevices journal article\">biochip\u003c/a> uses magnetic nanoparticles and giant magnetoresistive nanosensors, so it is more sensitive and faster than conventional immunoassay techniques. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biochip system relies on a sandwich structure where a target protein is trapped between a capture antibody and a detection antibody. The capture antibodies are immobilized on the surface of the biochip sensor. When a drop of blood is placed on the biochip, those antibodies capture the target proteins and the other proteins are washed away. Detection antibodies labeled with magnetic nanoparticles are then added, forming a sandwich structure that traps the target proteins. When an external oscillating magnetic field is then applied, the magnetic nanoparticles generate an electrical signal that is read out. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists needed more than just target proteins. They also needed an accurate, sensitive way to quickly measure the proteins’ concentrations in a few drops of blood. So at the heart of the new device is a biochip developed by Wang’s group. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22763391\" title=\"Biomed Microdevices journal article\">biochip\u003c/a> uses magnetic nanoparticles and giant magnetoresistive nanosensors, so it is more sensitive and faster than conventional immunoassay techniques. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biochip system relies on a sandwich structure where a target protein is trapped between a capture antibody and a detection antibody. The capture antibodies are immobilized on the surface of the biochip sensor. When a drop of blood is placed on the biochip, those antibodies capture the target proteins and the other proteins are washed away. Detection antibodies labeled with magnetic nanoparticles are then added, forming a sandwich structure that traps the target proteins. When an external oscillating magnetic field is then applied, the magnetic nanoparticles generate an electrical signal that is read out. This signal measures the number of magnetic nanoparticles bound to the surface, and this indicates the number of target proteins that have been trapped. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They tested the biochip system using blood from mice that had been exposed to varying levels of radiation. These novel immunoassay results were validated by comparing them with conventional ELISA immunoassay measurements. Overall, the scientists demonstrated that the new biochip dosimetry system is fast, accurate, sensitive and robust. In addition, the whole system is the size of a shoebox so it is very portable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You add a drop of blood, wait a few minutes, and get results,” explained Wyrobek in a \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/feature-stories/2013/08/14/biochip-radiation-exposure/\" title=\"Berkeley Lab press release\">press release\u003c/a>. “The chip could lead to a much-needed way to quickly triage people after possible radiation exposure.” Although the technology is still underdevelopment, hopefully it will be available before the next radiological accident or terrorist attack occurs. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In California, polling shows that most people think climate change is already having an effect. But scientists are concerned that politicians are not acting fast enough. Now a UC Berkeley professor is urging other scientists to speak out. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-26-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>As wildland fires continue to rage around Northern California, they’re charring the landscape, forcing evacuations and straining firefighting budgets, but extreme events like this may also be driving public opinion toward more action on climate change. And Anthony Barnosky hopes to catch that wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He heads the \u003ca title=\"UCB - Barnosky Lab\" href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/a-d-barnosky-publications.html\">Barnosky Lab\u003c/a> at the University of California Berkeley, which studies “global change.” He’s the author of \u003cem>Heatstroke\u003c/em> and two other books about the climate challenge (one forthcoming in the spring).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7523\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7523 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/IMG_5570-170x162.jpeg\" alt=\"IMG_5570\" width=\"170\" height=\"162\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Barnosky studies the effects climate change will have on the environment at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Q-Sci - post\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/07/31/poll-strongest-support-yet-for-climate-action-in-california/\">Recent polling\u003c/a> shows that Californians are not just taking climate change seriously, but two-out-of-three believe that they’re already seeing the impacts. Barnosky agrees — and he senses (if you’ll forgive the pun) a sea change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the general public has finally tipped over the hump,” Barnosky told me in a recent interview at KQED. “Over the past few years, we’ve been seeing and living climate change,” he said, referring to extreme weather events and encroaching seas. “We’ve seen water pouring into the New York subway system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky also cited the 24,000 wildfires so far this year in the western U.S., along with heat waves and drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everybody’s experienced some climate change in the past few years,” he said. “What hasn’t happened yet is for that majority feeling, if you will, to percolate up to our political leaders. So I think we’re on the cusp of that being able to happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s been happening in California. In May, Barnosky and more than 500 scientists joined Governor Brown in signing a “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">consensus statement\u003c/a>” affirming the climate crisis and calling for more action. And Brown continues to fret publicly about the lack of urgency in many quarters of government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a complete disproportion between the knowledge about and the magnitude of climate change and what it’s gonna do to our way of life, and our response,” Brown told an audience at the July Intersolar conference in San Francisco. “The response is feeble compared to the challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “\u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus PDF\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Consensus-Statement-For-Web-6-02-13.pdf\">Scientific Consensus on Maintaining Humanity’s Life Support Systems in the 21st Century\u003c/a>” (temporarily hosted by a related website at Stanford), written by Barnosky and 15 other scientists, is the centerpiece of a new push by scientists to advance the climate policy agenda and other sustainability issues. Since its May unveiling with the governor, the number of scientists endorsing it worldwide has about doubled, and it’s now \u003ca title=\"MAHB - Climate Consensus\" href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/endorse-the-message-to-world-leaders/\">open for anyone to sign\u003c/a> on.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re tired of talking just to other scientists.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s scientists trying to bridge that gap,” Barnosky explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"AGU - climate position\" href=\"http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/pdf/position_statements/AGU_Climate_Statement_new.pdf\">recent statement\u003c/a> from the 61,000-member American Geophysical Union amped up its position on climate change, saying flatly that, “humanity” is the major cause, and that ”rapid societal responses can significantly lessen negative outcomes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Barnosky laments,”We’re tired of talking just to other scientists. Somehow the message has not made it out in a way that has resulted in meaningful action.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crossing the great divide from science to “activism” is a leap that many scientists just aren’t comfortable making and I was wondering how Barnosky reconciles that with projects like his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is say, ‘Here is the sound science. Do with it what you will but know that this [increasingly severe climate impacts] is going to happen if you don’t act on it.’ So it’s all about making the conscious choice and knowing what the risks are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some surveys suggest that Barnosky has his work cut out for him. A \u003ca title=\"Gallup - poll\" href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/161645/americans-concerns-global-warming-rise.aspx\">national Gallup poll\u003c/a> in March showed almost the mirror image of California, with nearly two-out-of-three respondents saying they didn’t see climate change as a threat in their lifetimes — about the same number as ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about a generation to change these things,” said Barnosky. “I would hope that we are on the cusp of that change, if we keep the pressure on, so to speak.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barnosky says that “pressure” will include a major web presence and outreach through social media, starting this fall, and adds that while there is still time to act, “decision time is now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/162562526/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&show_recommendations=true\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Habitats for Bats: Kids Build Homes for East Bay's Thriving Bat Population",
"headTitle": "Habitats for Bats: Kids Build Homes for East Bay’s Thriving Bat Population | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Antrozous_pallidus_Pallid_Bat_3406423862.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Antrozous_pallidus_Pallid_Bat_3406423862.jpg\" alt=\"A pallid bat colony like this lives in the Green Barn at Sunol Regional Park. Pallid bats feed on the ground and commonly eat insects like crickets. Photo by\" width=\"800\" height=\"514\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7132\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pallid bat colony like this lives in the Green Barn at Sunol Regional Park. Pallid bats feed on the ground and commonly eat insects like crickets. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antrozous_pallidus_%28Pallid_Bat%29_%283406423862%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marshal Hedin\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you head the whisper of wings taking flight at night, it could be the sound of our local bats beginning their night shift in search of insects. Bats have made the news recently with the report of a teenage Oakland Zoo volunteer who was bitten by a wild, rabid bat, which was the third incident this year in the Bay Area. While \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Public Health Department, rabies information\" href=\"http://www.acphd.org/rabies.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rabies\u003c/a> is no small matter, bats remain a vital part of our local and worldwide ecosystems. We have a \u003ca title=\"Bat identification, Bat Conservation International website\" href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/all-about-bats/species-profiles.html?country=43&state=9&family=all&sort=species_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozen species of bats\u003c/a> that make their home in the Bay Area. Some roost in colonies, while other species prefer to roost alone. Some live in man-made structures built just for them (such as \u003ca href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/get-involved/install-a-bat-house.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bat houses\u003c/a>), our own houses and buildings, or just live amongst the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jessica Sheppard, the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a> (EBRPD) bat specialist. She’s a Resource Analyst in the Stewardship Department and has done important work helping to document and track bats in the parks with support from staff and citizen science volunteers. Jessica trains park employees who act as bat liaisons that notify her about the different species’ arrivals and departures in their \u003ca title=\"Seasonal Migration of Bats, Bat Conservation International website\" href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seasonal migration\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7134\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/bat-box-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/bat-box-2-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"These bat boxes at Del Valle Regional Park house two different colonies of bats. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7134\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These bat boxes at Del Valle Regional Park house two different colonies of bats. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several weeks ago, the EBPRD’s \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Workforce Investment Board website\" href=\"http://www.acwib.org/youth_programs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Employment Program\u003c/a> participants had a special treat at one of Jessica’s bat surveys at Del Valle Regional Park. The eleven teens and young adults were trained and stationed near two bat boxes. Over the course of an evening, nearly 1,000 bats were counted as they exited the boxes. For these urban kids, this close encounter of the flying-mammal kind won’t soon be forgotten! Bat boxes are a very successful strategy for moving colonies residing inside district buildings. Bats are relocated from the buildings during the winter when they migrate away. When they return in spring, their new digs are available which is better for park facilities, visitors and the bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/021-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/021-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"The bat watch begins by taking position under the two bat boxes and near the restrooms at Del Valle Regional Park. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7133\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat watch begins by taking position under the two bat boxes and near the restrooms at Del Valle Regional Park. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked Jessica about rabies trends in wild bats, and less than .5% of the overall bat population contracts rabies. Rabies incidents, reported by the \u003ca title=\"2010 rabid bat surveillance, CDC website\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/publications/2010-surveillance/rabid-bats.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Disease Control\u003c/a>, lists bats in third place (23.2% for all reported animals in 2010) compared to raccoons (36.5%), skunks (23.5%) and other mammals. Perhaps the incidence of rabies in bats is relatively high due to two factors: only sick bats are encountered on the ground (as they’re evicted from their colonies), so proportionally larger numbers of bats are reported with the disease; bat populations are increasing, which leads to more sick bats being encountered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For your own safety, if you see a bat on the ground in the East Bay, don’t handle it and keep pets away from it. Contact a \u003ca title=\"Bat Rescue.org\" href=\"http://www.batrescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescue organization\u003c/a> or \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Vector Control website, rabies information\" href=\"http://www.acvcsd.org/services/rabies.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda County Vector Control Vector Control\u003c/a>. They also have a \u003ca title=\"Urban Wildlife booklet, Alameda County Vector Control website\" href=\"http://www.acvcsd.org/documents/wildlife_booklet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brochure\u003c/a> you can read for more information about bats and other urban wildlife. And keep your outdoor pets’ rabies vaccination current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to try and see bats in the wild, go someplace with a large body of fresh water at dusk, such as Lake Anza, Shadow Cliffs or Lake Chabot from now through fall. The bats will leave their roost area and you might be fortunate to see them on their way out for their nightly insect feast. And enjoy this \u003ca title=\"Bats Beneath Us, KQED QUEST video\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from KQED QUEST\u003c/a> about a spectacular bat colony north of us on the Yolo Overpass near Davis, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cembed src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS214_bats.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F08%2Fbats640_2.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bats help humans by eating insects that annoy us, carry disease and impact our agricultural operations. But they're often misunderstood and feared by the general public. Learn how the East Bay Regional Park District and kids are helping bats by providing shelter to local bat populations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7132\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Antrozous_pallidus_Pallid_Bat_3406423862.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Antrozous_pallidus_Pallid_Bat_3406423862.jpg\" alt=\"A pallid bat colony like this lives in the Green Barn at Sunol Regional Park. Pallid bats feed on the ground and commonly eat insects like crickets. Photo by\" width=\"800\" height=\"514\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7132\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pallid bat colony like this lives in the Green Barn at Sunol Regional Park. Pallid bats feed on the ground and commonly eat insects like crickets. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antrozous_pallidus_%28Pallid_Bat%29_%283406423862%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marshal Hedin\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When you head the whisper of wings taking flight at night, it could be the sound of our local bats beginning their night shift in search of insects. Bats have made the news recently with the report of a teenage Oakland Zoo volunteer who was bitten by a wild, rabid bat, which was the third incident this year in the Bay Area. While \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Public Health Department, rabies information\" href=\"http://www.acphd.org/rabies.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rabies\u003c/a> is no small matter, bats remain a vital part of our local and worldwide ecosystems. We have a \u003ca title=\"Bat identification, Bat Conservation International website\" href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/all-about-bats/species-profiles.html?country=43&state=9&family=all&sort=species_asc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dozen species of bats\u003c/a> that make their home in the Bay Area. Some roost in colonies, while other species prefer to roost alone. Some live in man-made structures built just for them (such as \u003ca href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/get-involved/install-a-bat-house.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bat houses\u003c/a>), our own houses and buildings, or just live amongst the trees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Jessica Sheppard, the \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Park District website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">East Bay Regional Parks\u003c/a> (EBRPD) bat specialist. She’s a Resource Analyst in the Stewardship Department and has done important work helping to document and track bats in the parks with support from staff and citizen science volunteers. Jessica trains park employees who act as bat liaisons that notify her about the different species’ arrivals and departures in their \u003ca title=\"Seasonal Migration of Bats, Bat Conservation International website\" href=\"http://batcon.org/index.php/media-and-info/bats-archives.html?task=viewArticle&magArticleID=503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">seasonal migration\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7134\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 216px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/bat-box-2-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/bat-box-2-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"These bat boxes at Del Valle Regional Park house two different colonies of bats. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"216\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7134\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These bat boxes at Del Valle Regional Park house two different colonies of bats. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Several weeks ago, the EBPRD’s \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Workforce Investment Board website\" href=\"http://www.acwib.org/youth_programs.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Youth Employment Program\u003c/a> participants had a special treat at one of Jessica’s bat surveys at Del Valle Regional Park. The eleven teens and young adults were trained and stationed near two bat boxes. Over the course of an evening, nearly 1,000 bats were counted as they exited the boxes. For these urban kids, this close encounter of the flying-mammal kind won’t soon be forgotten! Bat boxes are a very successful strategy for moving colonies residing inside district buildings. Bats are relocated from the buildings during the winter when they migrate away. When they return in spring, their new digs are available which is better for park facilities, visitors and the bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7133\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 121px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/021-121x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/021-121x162.jpg\" alt=\"The bat watch begins by taking position under the two bat boxes and near the restrooms at Del Valle Regional Park. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\" width=\"121\" height=\"162\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7133\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bat watch begins by taking position under the two bat boxes and near the restrooms at Del Valle Regional Park. Photo courtesy of EBRPD.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I asked Jessica about rabies trends in wild bats, and less than .5% of the overall bat population contracts rabies. Rabies incidents, reported by the \u003ca title=\"2010 rabid bat surveillance, CDC website\" href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/publications/2010-surveillance/rabid-bats.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Disease Control\u003c/a>, lists bats in third place (23.2% for all reported animals in 2010) compared to raccoons (36.5%), skunks (23.5%) and other mammals. Perhaps the incidence of rabies in bats is relatively high due to two factors: only sick bats are encountered on the ground (as they’re evicted from their colonies), so proportionally larger numbers of bats are reported with the disease; bat populations are increasing, which leads to more sick bats being encountered. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For your own safety, if you see a bat on the ground in the East Bay, don’t handle it and keep pets away from it. Contact a \u003ca title=\"Bat Rescue.org\" href=\"http://www.batrescue.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rescue organization\u003c/a> or \u003ca title=\"Alameda County Vector Control website, rabies information\" href=\"http://www.acvcsd.org/services/rabies.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alameda County Vector Control Vector Control\u003c/a>. They also have a \u003ca title=\"Urban Wildlife booklet, Alameda County Vector Control website\" href=\"http://www.acvcsd.org/documents/wildlife_booklet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brochure\u003c/a> you can read for more information about bats and other urban wildlife. And keep your outdoor pets’ rabies vaccination current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to try and see bats in the wild, go someplace with a large body of fresh water at dusk, such as Lake Anza, Shadow Cliffs or Lake Chabot from now through fall. The bats will leave their roost area and you might be fortunate to see them on their way out for their nightly insect feast. And enjoy this \u003ca title=\"Bats Beneath Us, KQED QUEST video\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-bats-beneath-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from KQED QUEST\u003c/a> about a spectacular bat colony north of us on the Yolo Overpass near Davis, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cembed src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS214_bats.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F08%2Fbats640_2.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rising Rates of Military Suicides Reveal Complex Effects of Service on Soldiers' Health",
"headTitle": "Rising Rates of Military Suicides Reveal Complex Effects of Service on Soldiers’ Health | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7023\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 145px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7023 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\" alt=\"This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\" width=\"145\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty years ago last month, congressional authority to mandate military service expired. We’ve had an all-volunteer military ever since. With just a fraction of able-bodied Americans on active duty—1.4 million today, compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.veteranshour.com/vietnam_war_statistics.htm\">9 million during the Vietnam era\u003c/a>—this generation of soldiers has \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR145/RAND_RR145.pdf\">endured more and longer deployments\u003c/a> than any other generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Repeated deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq, studies suggest, have taken a toll on American service men and women. Several studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/news/releases/20080306mhatv.cfm\">increased rates of post-traumatic stress\u003c/a>, depression and other mental health problems among troops who served multiple tours of duty. And suicide rates among those on active duty in the Army and Marines nearly doubled between 2005 and 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the wars, suicide rates among service members were 25 percent lower than rates among civilians, \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">attributable in part to universal access to health care\u003c/a>. But last year, the Defense Department recorded a record 349 suicides, an average of one a day. Because rates among those serving in the Air Force and Navy remained stable, some reasoned that repeated ground combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan could be to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">military psychiatrist Charles Hoge\u003c/a> pointed out in a commentary last year, no study had definitively linked factors related to deployment with suicide risk. Although suicide rates rose dramatically since 2001, suicide remains exceedingly rare compared to associated risk factors, making it difficult to assign causes. Hoge, a senior scientist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, said the best way to study the question was to follow individuals over time, beyond their time of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracking Risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s just what Hoge and his colleagues did in the largest study to investigate this disturbing trend. Their report, financed by the Defense Department and published last week in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1724276#joi130038r2\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>, is the first prospective study to look at suicides in the military. By following individuals over time, prospective studies can better determine how potential risk factors interact to affect a given outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed survey data on more than 150,000 active duty and retired service members from all branches as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.millenniumcohort.org/index.php\">Millennium Cohort Study\u003c/a>, designed to assess the long-term effects of military duty on health. Surprisingly, they found no evidence supporting the assumption that deployment factors—including length of deployment, number of deployments and combat duty—independently increases suicide risk. “Instead,” the authors wrote, “the risk factors associated with suicide in this military population are consistent with civilian populations, including male sex and mental disorders.” (Male civilians are four times more likely than females to take their own life, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#KochanekNVSR\">National Institute of Mental Health\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7030 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\" alt=\"Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\" width=\"500\" height=\"446\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steep increase in diagnosed mental disorders among active duty service members since 2005 parallels the rising rates of suicide, the authors note. “This suggests that the increased rate of suicide in the military may largely be a product of an increased prevalence of mental disorders in this population, possibly resulting from indirect cumulative occupational stresses across both deployed and home-station environments over years of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased prevalence of mental disorders could reflect pre-existing conditions or problems that resulted from the stress of military service, Hoge said in an interview. “Suicide rates have risen disproportionately in Army and Marine Corps personnel who have borne the brunt of ground combat operations. But the strain is felt even by those who haven’t deployed who may be coming into units for the first time and experiencing very rigorous training schedules preparing for deployment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Single Factor\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nData collection for the study ended in 2008, and so it’s possible, the authors acknowledge, that the cumulative strain of multiple, lengthy deployments wouldn’t have shown up until the later years. Even so, the study included the period that saw the steepest rise in suicides, between 2005 and 2008, and still failed to find specific deployment effects. And because the study links data between military service and post-military life, Hoge told me, it sheds light on the relative importance of risk factors during both phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings align with several other studies that show similarly small or absent effects of deployment on suicide risk, says Craig J. Bryan, associate director of the National Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah. Bryan, who was not involved in the study, calls it “probably the most reliable study to date on this matter,” citing its “very large sample” and use of death by suicide as the primary outcome (rather than suicidal thoughts or attempts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says the study does not suggest that deployments never contribute to suicides in the military. “Without a doubt, deployments are an important risk factor in some cases. But if we focus exclusively on deployments, we will miss the bigger picture of suicide risk in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for years that mental health problems are better predictors of suicide, Bryan adds. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml\">More than 90 percent of people\u003c/a> who take their own life suffer from a mental or substance-abuse disorder, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But being in the military is more stressful now than it was 15 years ago, even if you haven’t deployed,” says Bryan. “Many service members now live in a state of chronic stress, which increases their risk for mental health problems and suicide. Assuming that deployment is the only source of stress for military personnel, however, is a gross oversimplification that overlooks the realities of everyday life in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan hopes this study helps people understand that general assumptions about suicide can be wrong. He and his colleagues just finished a study, not yet published, that flags suicide attempts before military service as the strongest predictor of risk after enlisting. The findings could reflect the fact that some people have difficult, chaotic, troubled childhoods that increase risk for suicide attempts at a young age, he says. Vulnerable individuals might join the military as an escape from difficult lives, as an attempt to “make something of myself” or because they feel they have no other choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed to prevent these tragic outcomes, Bryan says, is a timeline that maps all the possible trajectories between mental health, deployments and suicide. “We need to make sure we’re aiming at the right target,” he says. “Otherwise, we’ll continue to miss the mark.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Since 2005, the incidence of suicide deaths in the U.S. military began to sharply increase. A new study shows that the same factors that influence suicide risk in civilian populations--including mental health problems and substance abuse--appear to play more of a role in military suicides than combat duty. But experts say the issue is far more complex than any single factor.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7023\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 145px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7023 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-mask-145x162.jpg\" alt=\"This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\" width=\"145\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This mask was painted by a Marine during art therapy to cope with post-traumatic stress symptoms. (Official U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Andrew Johnston)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forty years ago last month, congressional authority to mandate military service expired. We’ve had an all-volunteer military ever since. With just a fraction of able-bodied Americans on active duty—1.4 million today, compared to \u003ca href=\"http://www.veteranshour.com/vietnam_war_statistics.htm\">9 million during the Vietnam era\u003c/a>—this generation of soldiers has \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR145/RAND_RR145.pdf\">endured more and longer deployments\u003c/a> than any other generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Repeated deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq, studies suggest, have taken a toll on American service men and women. Several studies have found \u003ca href=\"http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/news/releases/20080306mhatv.cfm\">increased rates of post-traumatic stress\u003c/a>, depression and other mental health problems among troops who served multiple tours of duty. And suicide rates among those on active duty in the Army and Marines nearly doubled between 2005 and 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the wars, suicide rates among service members were 25 percent lower than rates among civilians, \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">attributable in part to universal access to health care\u003c/a>. But last year, the Defense Department recorded a record 349 suicides, an average of one a day. Because rates among those serving in the Air Force and Navy remained stable, some reasoned that repeated ground combat tours in Iraq and Afghanistan could be to blame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as \u003ca href=\"http://onceawarrior.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Preventing-Suicides-in-US-Service-Members-and-Veterans.pdf\">military psychiatrist Charles Hoge\u003c/a> pointed out in a commentary last year, no study had definitively linked factors related to deployment with suicide risk. Although suicide rates rose dramatically since 2001, suicide remains exceedingly rare compared to associated risk factors, making it difficult to assign causes. Hoge, a senior scientist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, said the best way to study the question was to follow individuals over time, beyond their time of service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracking Risk\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThat’s just what Hoge and his colleagues did in the largest study to investigate this disturbing trend. Their report, financed by the Defense Department and published last week in \u003ca href=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1724276#joi130038r2\">The Journal of the American Medical Association\u003c/a>, is the first prospective study to look at suicides in the military. By following individuals over time, prospective studies can better determine how potential risk factors interact to affect a given outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers analyzed survey data on more than 150,000 active duty and retired service members from all branches as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.millenniumcohort.org/index.php\">Millennium Cohort Study\u003c/a>, designed to assess the long-term effects of military duty on health. Surprisingly, they found no evidence supporting the assumption that deployment factors—including length of deployment, number of deployments and combat duty—independently increases suicide risk. “Instead,” the authors wrote, “the risk factors associated with suicide in this military population are consistent with civilian populations, including male sex and mental disorders.” (Male civilians are four times more likely than females to take their own life, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/the-numbers-count-mental-disorders-in-america/index.shtml#KochanekNVSR\">National Institute of Mental Health\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7030\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7030 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/PTSD-full-size.jpg\" alt=\"Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\" width=\"500\" height=\"446\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Several studies have found increased rates of post-traumatic stress, depression, and other mental health problems among troops who served repeated deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. (Image: Lance Page, truthout.org via Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The steep increase in diagnosed mental disorders among active duty service members since 2005 parallels the rising rates of suicide, the authors note. “This suggests that the increased rate of suicide in the military may largely be a product of an increased prevalence of mental disorders in this population, possibly resulting from indirect cumulative occupational stresses across both deployed and home-station environments over years of war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increased prevalence of mental disorders could reflect pre-existing conditions or problems that resulted from the stress of military service, Hoge said in an interview. “Suicide rates have risen disproportionately in Army and Marine Corps personnel who have borne the brunt of ground combat operations. But the strain is felt even by those who haven’t deployed who may be coming into units for the first time and experiencing very rigorous training schedules preparing for deployment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Single Factor\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nData collection for the study ended in 2008, and so it’s possible, the authors acknowledge, that the cumulative strain of multiple, lengthy deployments wouldn’t have shown up until the later years. Even so, the study included the period that saw the steepest rise in suicides, between 2005 and 2008, and still failed to find specific deployment effects. And because the study links data between military service and post-military life, Hoge told me, it sheds light on the relative importance of risk factors during both phases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These findings align with several other studies that show similarly small or absent effects of deployment on suicide risk, says Craig J. Bryan, associate director of the National Center for Veterans Studies at the University of Utah. Bryan, who was not involved in the study, calls it “probably the most reliable study to date on this matter,” citing its “very large sample” and use of death by suicide as the primary outcome (rather than suicidal thoughts or attempts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan says the study does not suggest that deployments never contribute to suicides in the military. “Without a doubt, deployments are an important risk factor in some cases. But if we focus exclusively on deployments, we will miss the bigger picture of suicide risk in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for years that mental health problems are better predictors of suicide, Bryan adds. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/suicide-in-the-us-statistics-and-prevention/index.shtml\">More than 90 percent of people\u003c/a> who take their own life suffer from a mental or substance-abuse disorder, according to the National Institute of Mental Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But being in the military is more stressful now than it was 15 years ago, even if you haven’t deployed,” says Bryan. “Many service members now live in a state of chronic stress, which increases their risk for mental health problems and suicide. Assuming that deployment is the only source of stress for military personnel, however, is a gross oversimplification that overlooks the realities of everyday life in the military.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan hopes this study helps people understand that general assumptions about suicide can be wrong. He and his colleagues just finished a study, not yet published, that flags suicide attempts before military service as the strongest predictor of risk after enlisting. The findings could reflect the fact that some people have difficult, chaotic, troubled childhoods that increase risk for suicide attempts at a young age, he says. Vulnerable individuals might join the military as an escape from difficult lives, as an attempt to “make something of myself” or because they feel they have no other choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s needed to prevent these tragic outcomes, Bryan says, is a timeline that maps all the possible trajectories between mental health, deployments and suicide. “We need to make sure we’re aiming at the right target,” he says. “Otherwise, we’ll continue to miss the mark.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Redwoods May be Benefiting From Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The world’s biggest trees are experiencing a growth spurt. Coast redwoods and giant sequoias have grown faster in the past few decades than they have in a millennium. Scientists think climate change is at play, causing longer growing seasons in the Sierra Nevada, which benefit the sequoias, and less fog on the coast, which means more sun for the redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7022\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7022\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwood.jpg\" alt=\"Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins giant sequoias are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth; their cousins, the giant sequoias, are the most massive. Both are native to California. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The fastest-growing tree the researchers found is putting on 1.6 cubic meters of wood a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the equivalent of this tree making 3.2 million pencils every year for the last decade. Which, over a decade, is enough to give everyone in California a pencil. And that’s one tree,” explained Emily Burns, the director of science at Save the Redwoods League, which leads the \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/index.shtml\">Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative\u003c/a> (RCCI), a research project that also includes scientists from University of California, Berkeley and Humboldt State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s iconic coast redwoods and giant sequoias live only along the Northern California coast and in the Sierra, respectively. With such a limited range, scientists wondered, how would old-growth forests handle change? Four years into the research, the answer seems to be, they’re loving it, which is hardly what the scientists expected to find. For years, scientists have been warning of the toll that climate change was likely to take on coast redwoods, partly because of reduced fog, which provides them with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think when we hear about climate change, and especially warming, I equate warming with dry. We know that is hard on the trees and other plants,” said Burns. “What we are realizing is that when the redwoods have enough access to water, even if it does warm up, under the current amount of warming, it’s a great condition for redwoods. That’s a wonderful happy surprise for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes research so wonderful to do is surprises,” added William Libby, a professor of forestry and genetics at Berkeley and an adviser to the project. “If we just found what we thought we were going to find, that would be pretty dull work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though one might add, climbing to the tops of some of the tallest trees on Earth for work (see video) could hardly be construed as dull, no matter the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"639\" height=\"359\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"flashvars\" value=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003cembed width=\"639\" height=\"359\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=WS203_measuring_redwood_giants.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2FWS203_measuring_giant_redwoods640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Redwoods and Climate Change Initiative is looking at trees in 16 plots of old-growth forest in California, and has created a coast redwood tree ring record dating back to the year 328 (no, that’s not missing a 1 in front). What can you learn from such an old record? Well, the year 1580 was a rough one for redwoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t grow very much,” said Burns. “And that was a year that Sir Francis Drake reported having ice on his sails as he sailed along the coast of California. So we’re beginning to tease apart what conditions lead to tremendous growing conditions for redwoods and which ones are more detrimental.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7057\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 309px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7057 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/redwoodmap.png\" alt=\"Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Courtesy Save the Redwoods League)\" width=\"309\" height=\"352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">RCCI’s research plots. Click to go to a larger, interactive version of the map. (Map: Save the Redwoods League)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition to figuring out just how big these trees are and how fast they’re growing, other members of the team are studying how seedlings respond to drought, how the climate where the trees live will continue to change and how redwoods have weathered previous climate changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re really wondering is, how long can (the growth surge) be sustained?” said \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley\u003c/a>, another member of the RCCI team. He studies how the climate has changed in the past and how the trees responded then. That could help forecast what the future holds for the big trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climates get warmer and potentially as snowpack declines and precipitation changes, are we going to hit some sort of a tipping point where all of a sudden new growth begins to decline and trees begin to decline?” he wonders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are other questions still out there. The trees that are growing like gangbusters are the big ones, but the scientists hope to look at younger forests, too, and at the edges of forests, where these trees come into competition with other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burns said, the team will continue to monitor the trees for the next ten years to establish a baseline and look for change over time. Though with such long-lived species, Libby said, they should think in longer increments. “One hundred years, minimum,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, what’s a decade to something that hits a growth spurt during its second millennium of life?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Virus-Induced Type 2 Diabetes",
"headTitle": "Virus-Induced Type 2 Diabetes | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6845\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" alt=\"For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_syncytial_virus_01.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something really interesting came out of just such a project from the lab of Dr. Mike Snyder at Stanford University. He set out to study himself in every way possible over a period of a few years. His lab looked at his DNA, how his DNA was being used, what sorts of things were in his blood, what his immune system was doing and lots more. His lab also then determined how these things changed over the course of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fascinating things to come out of this study so far was actually a bit of a lucky break (for science, not for Mike). Over the course of the experiment, Mike developed type 2 diabetes. And not only did we get to pretty much watch this happen in real time, but we also got to see that it might have been caused in a totally unexpected way—a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To my knowledge, this is the first time the progression to type 2 diabetes has been seen to be caused by a virus and also seen in such detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/12/virus-induced-type-2-diabetes/msglucose2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6826\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MSglucose2.jpg\" alt=\"MSglucose2\" width=\"479\" height=\"265\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a lot going on here so let’s break it down. We are graphing Mike’s glucose levels over time and indicating when he developed viral infections and when he changed what he ate and how much he exercised (“lifestyle changes”). In addition, his HbA1c numbers are indicated at various times. This is a measure that gets at what his glucose levels were like over the previous three months (above 6 is trouble).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when his or her fasting glucose levels get above 125 mg/dL (and a person is deemed prediabetic if his or her levels are between 100 and 125). As you can see, Mike’s glucose levels are a little high but he is not even prediabetic. He might be flirting with it around day 250 but then his glucose levels come back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, around day 325, his glucose levels suddenly shoot up. He is now officially diabetic. His glucose levels continue to be high for a long period thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sudden spike is not how most cases of type 2 diabetes are thought to happen. The usual line is that a person’s cells slowly become more resistant to insulin which makes that person’s pancreas slowly increase its insulin production. The patient’s cells need more and more insulin to get the job done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a while, the pancreas tires out and can’t keep up with the ever increasing amounts of insulin the cells demand. The result is that the patient’s glucose levels are less and less under control until type 2 diabetes develops. This is thought to be a slow, steady process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6850\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6850\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" alt=\"All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Device_to_check_for_diabetes_3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike’s diabetes did not follow this path. Instead of slow and steady it appeared pretty suddenly, right after a severe cold caused by an RSV infection. It certainly looks as if the viral infection did something to his body that caused his pancreas to no longer be able to make enough insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab was also able to see some major changes in how his genes were being used and what was in his blood right after this infection, as his type 2 diabetes was developing. The major changes were in pathways responsible for regulating his insulin levels. Something happened that caused his insulin regulation to go completely out of whack which is probably behind his rising glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At around day 380, Mike radically changed his diet and exercise to try to bring his glucose levels back under control. He cut out all sugars and began to bike regularly. As you can see, his glucose levels started dropping by day 430 or so and continued to drop until they returned to normal. His diabetes is now under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know why this worked so well in Mike’s case. It may have been so effective because he was able to catch his diabetes so early or maybe because of how his diabetes developed or for some other reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know how common it is for a virus to cause Type 2 diabetes. Most people have doctor’s appointments every few years (and some of us even less often!) and so they might miss a sudden spike like this in their glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also be that some people have a set of genes that makes them more likely to end up with type 2 diabetes from a viral infection. Or that some people have a set of genes that make them more likely to respond to lifestyle changes if their diabetes is caught early. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Snyder lab is trying to get at these and many other questions by expanding the study from one to fifty participants. The study will focus on diabetes and there are still some openings available to participate in the program. If you are interested, contact Wenyu Zhou at wenyuz@stanford.edu\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study will not be an easy one to join. To even be considered, participants need to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Have family members that developed diabetes or have impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) Have a body mass index of 25 to 40 kg/m2, and be from age 35-65\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) NOT have major organ disease, active eating or psychiatric disorder, be pregnant or lactating, have heavy alcohol use, or use medications known to alter blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) Be highly motivated, given the fact that the study is for at least a two-year period and asks for a strong commitment to give blood samples every three months plus more often when they are sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 97px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6855\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" alt=\"His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of Department of Genetics, Stanford University\" width=\"97\" height=\"144\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>, Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you meet these criteria, then you will undergo a set of additional medical tests (like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm\">glucose tolerance\u003c/a> for instance). If you make it through these, then you can officially join the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, you can be involved in helping to better understand diabetes. Not only that but you will get your DNA sequenced and if you choose, you can learn what your DNA can tell you about your future health risks. (At this time you can’t get your DNA sequence but hopefully, at some point, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board\">IRB \u003c/a>will lighten up on this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucky (?) for me, I meet all the criteria and so I joined the study last week. Let me tell you, they are not lying about the motivation! Not only do they take what seemed an awful lot of blood, but they are also looking at the microbiomes (the bacterial populations) of various parts of my body. That means stool and urine samples and swabs from behind my ear, up my nose and from the top of my tongue. Yes, it is invasive but worth it (at least to me).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love getting this constant stream of data and learning more about what my DNA says about me. I can also see what changes in my diet or exercise do to my glucose levels or if cinnamon actually helps control blood sugar and whatever else I can think of. Plus I get my DNA sequenced and get to help in gaining a better understanding of diabetes. Definitely a win-win for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this won’t be the last of these studies. Mike will continue to plumb the depths of what it is to be Mike Snyder and so will keep getting poked and prodded for years to come. Undoubtedly lots more interesting findings are in his and our futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really the start of the future of medicine. Through these studies we’ll learn what we need to test and how often based on a patient’s genetics and whatever else they find is important. This is just a baby step on the road to personalized medicine but at least we are on our way.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.",
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"description": "Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6845\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/RSV.jpg\" alt=\"For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For at least one man, it looks like this virus, RSV, might have set off his type 2 diabetes. Electron micrograph image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiratory_syncytial_virus_01.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some of the most interesting findings in science happen on fishing exhibitions. No, I don’t mean going out on a boat (although lots of cool things have been found that way); I mean just gathering lots of data and seeing what you can find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something really interesting came out of just such a project from the lab of Dr. Mike Snyder at Stanford University. He set out to study himself in every way possible over a period of a few years. His lab looked at his DNA, how his DNA was being used, what sorts of things were in his blood, what his immune system was doing and lots more. His lab also then determined how these things changed over the course of the experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most fascinating things to come out of this study so far was actually a bit of a lucky break (for science, not for Mike). Over the course of the experiment, Mike developed type 2 diabetes. And not only did we get to pretty much watch this happen in real time, but we also got to see that it might have been caused in a totally unexpected way—a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To my knowledge, this is the first time the progression to type 2 diabetes has been seen to be caused by a virus and also seen in such detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is the data:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/08/12/virus-induced-type-2-diabetes/msglucose2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6826\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MSglucose2.jpg\" alt=\"MSglucose2\" width=\"479\" height=\"265\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a lot going on here so let’s break it down. We are graphing Mike’s glucose levels over time and indicating when he developed viral infections and when he changed what he ate and how much he exercised (“lifestyle changes”). In addition, his HbA1c numbers are indicated at various times. This is a measure that gets at what his glucose levels were like over the previous three months (above 6 is trouble).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when his or her fasting glucose levels get above 125 mg/dL (and a person is deemed prediabetic if his or her levels are between 100 and 125). As you can see, Mike’s glucose levels are a little high but he is not even prediabetic. He might be flirting with it around day 250 but then his glucose levels come back down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, around day 325, his glucose levels suddenly shoot up. He is now officially diabetic. His glucose levels continue to be high for a long period thereafter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sudden spike is not how most cases of type 2 diabetes are thought to happen. The usual line is that a person’s cells slowly become more resistant to insulin which makes that person’s pancreas slowly increase its insulin production. The patient’s cells need more and more insulin to get the job done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a while, the pancreas tires out and can’t keep up with the ever increasing amounts of insulin the cells demand. The result is that the patient’s glucose levels are less and less under control until type 2 diabetes develops. This is thought to be a slow, steady process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6850\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6850\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6850\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/Glucometer.jpg\" alt=\"All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"200\" height=\"353\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All cases of type 2 diabetes might not happen in the same way. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Device_to_check_for_diabetes_3.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike’s diabetes did not follow this path. Instead of slow and steady it appeared pretty suddenly, right after a severe cold caused by an RSV infection. It certainly looks as if the viral infection did something to his body that caused his pancreas to no longer be able to make enough insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His lab was also able to see some major changes in how his genes were being used and what was in his blood right after this infection, as his type 2 diabetes was developing. The major changes were in pathways responsible for regulating his insulin levels. Something happened that caused his insulin regulation to go completely out of whack which is probably behind his rising glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At around day 380, Mike radically changed his diet and exercise to try to bring his glucose levels back under control. He cut out all sugars and began to bike regularly. As you can see, his glucose levels started dropping by day 430 or so and continued to drop until they returned to normal. His diabetes is now under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t know why this worked so well in Mike’s case. It may have been so effective because he was able to catch his diabetes so early or maybe because of how his diabetes developed or for some other reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also don’t know how common it is for a virus to cause Type 2 diabetes. Most people have doctor’s appointments every few years (and some of us even less often!) and so they might miss a sudden spike like this in their glucose levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may also be that some people have a set of genes that makes them more likely to end up with type 2 diabetes from a viral infection. Or that some people have a set of genes that make them more likely to respond to lifestyle changes if their diabetes is caught early. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Snyder lab is trying to get at these and many other questions by expanding the study from one to fifty participants. The study will focus on diabetes and there are still some openings available to participate in the program. If you are interested, contact Wenyu Zhou at wenyuz@stanford.edu\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study will not be an easy one to join. To even be considered, participants need to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Have family members that developed diabetes or have impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dL)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) Have a body mass index of 25 to 40 kg/m2, and be from age 35-65\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) NOT have major organ disease, active eating or psychiatric disorder, be pregnant or lactating, have heavy alcohol use, or use medications known to alter blood glucose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4) Be highly motivated, given the fact that the study is for at least a two-year period and asks for a strong commitment to give blood samples every three months plus more often when they are sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 97px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6855\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6855\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/MikeSnyder.jpg\" alt=\"His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of Department of Genetics, Stanford University\" width=\"97\" height=\"144\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">His type 2 diabetes is our gain. Image of Dr. Mike Snyder courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Department of Genetics\u003c/a>, Stanford University\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you meet these criteria, then you will undergo a set of additional medical tests (like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htm\">glucose tolerance\u003c/a> for instance). If you make it through these, then you can officially join the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the study, you can be involved in helping to better understand diabetes. Not only that but you will get your DNA sequenced and if you choose, you can learn what your DNA can tell you about your future health risks. (At this time you can’t get your DNA sequence but hopefully, at some point, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board\">IRB \u003c/a>will lighten up on this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lucky (?) for me, I meet all the criteria and so I joined the study last week. Let me tell you, they are not lying about the motivation! Not only do they take what seemed an awful lot of blood, but they are also looking at the microbiomes (the bacterial populations) of various parts of my body. That means stool and urine samples and swabs from behind my ear, up my nose and from the top of my tongue. Yes, it is invasive but worth it (at least to me).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I love getting this constant stream of data and learning more about what my DNA says about me. I can also see what changes in my diet or exercise do to my glucose levels or if cinnamon actually helps control blood sugar and whatever else I can think of. Plus I get my DNA sequenced and get to help in gaining a better understanding of diabetes. Definitely a win-win for me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this won’t be the last of these studies. Mike will continue to plumb the depths of what it is to be Mike Snyder and so will keep getting poked and prodded for years to come. Undoubtedly lots more interesting findings are in his and our futures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is really the start of the future of medicine. Through these studies we’ll learn what we need to test and how often based on a patient’s genetics and whatever else they find is important. This is just a baby step on the road to personalized medicine but at least we are on our way.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism",
"headTitle": "In the Experience of Doubt, a Possible Cure for Alcoholism | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In some alcoholics, the act of overriding one's better judgment to have another drink can be traced to a specific network in the brain. The question is, can you make it do something else?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2013/08/2013-08-05-science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-6616\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/08/92373620-e1375477877298-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"92373620\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many alcoholics, drinking is a compulsion. They know it’s ruining their lives, and yet they continue to drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study out this month in the print version of \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">suggests\u003c/a> that this phenomenon — the internal struggle against one’s better angels — may contain the seeds of a new treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper reminded me of a man I met a few years ago, when I was working on \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug/\">another story\u003c/a> about scientific research into alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met Joe at an alcohol treatment center at the San Francisco VA Medical Center where he had come to dry out. Joe was 71 when we spoke, but he remembered his first drink — a ginger and seven, he told me — and the “warm feeling” it gave him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe’s drinking became chronic. It got so bad that it scared his wife, he said. Especially when he started having blackouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t remember,” he said, “and then you get told what you did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like what?” I asked him. The question seemed to bother him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t really even want to mention,” he answered. “Ok?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was obvious there were huge consequences to Joe’s drinking. And yet he kept doing it. For scientists who study alcoholism and other addictions, this is really interesting behavior. It’s the ability to recognize something is a bad idea, but to do it anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Something switches where our immensely capable brain is still immensely capable, but we’re just not in the driver’s seat anymore,” says Woody Hopf, a co-author on the paper and a scientist at the Gallo Center, a research institution affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says that – in addicts, and perhaps other people, though it’s too soon to say — the act of overriding our better judgment can be traced to a specific set of places in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are certain areas that mostly are there to tell you, ok there’s something bad, get away. But they have been co-opted to do exactly the opposite. Normally they’d help you avoid what’s bad; here they’re helping you rush right into what’s bad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These areas seem to be most active in a certain type of addict: one who feels conflicted about his or her drug use, but feels a compulsion to keep using. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not all drug seeking is the same,” says Nasir Naqvi, a researcher at Columbia University Medical Center who is unaffiliated with the study, but whose \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/315/5811/531.abstract\">earlier work\u003c/a> on the the neural pathways at work in addicts who feel conflicted about their drug use inspired the Gallo team. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drug seeking under risk is different from drug seeking without risk in terms of the specific brain systems involved,” says Naqvi. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question facing Hopf and others was this: Now that they knew where these parts of the brain are, how could they stop them from being co-opted? In other words, could you take someone who is making bad decisions about drinking alcohol and essentially get them to make good decisions instead?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they started with rats. And in this month’s \u003cem>Nature Neuroscience\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n8/full/nn.3445.html\">paper\u003c/a>, they say they’ve been able to do this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to lead author and Gallo scientist Taban Seif, “the experiments in this study may provide the first direct evidence of a novel direct pathway that mediates compulsive alcohol intake.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Hopf to start from the beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you make an alcoholic rat? I asked him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rats actually do it themselves,” Hopf says. “We give them [something like] a vodka on the rocks. Rats like to drink. Monkeys like intoxication, elephants, horses. Part of our brain is in search of the perpetual buzz. Hedonism is cross species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liking alcohol isn’t enough. To create a rat that will drink compulsively, you have to do something else: You have to give them alcohol, and then take it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every other day,” Hopf explains, “they get access to drinking for an overnight session.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopf says this kind of binge drinking is particularly insidious, both in rats and in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You learn ‘I’d better drink now because now I have the opportunity,’” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After about a month of this, the researchers take another step: They add quinine to the alcohol to give it a bitter taste. Later, they deliver a small electric shock to the rats whenever the animals take a sip of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, says Hopf, is to make it so that drinking comes with a conflict, to associate bad consequences with alcohol in a way that’s analogous to a person who continues to drink, even though it’s causing problems in his or her life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a month of the binge drinking, the rats continue to drink, despite the costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, says Hopf, “they have biochemical, molecular changes in their brain. A whole different brain circuit is involved.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step was changing that brain circuit. And this is where a recent technology called \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/illuminating-depression/\">optogenetics\u003c/a>, developed nearby at Stanford University, comes in. It lets researches turn brain cells off and on remotely, using a beam of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can shine light into these connections and specifically turn off just a few of the many thousands of wires of the brain,” says Hopf. “That’s sufficient to dramatically reduce their compulsive drinking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suddenly, the rats drink alcohol when it tastes good, and stop drinking when it tastes and feels bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is new, and very exciting, about this finding,” says Columbia’s Nasir Naqvi, “is that it uses very elegant, state of the art techniques to prove this hypothesis to a pretty good level certainty, which you can only do in animal models.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s no conflict with the alcohol,” says Hopf, the rats are “still happy to drink it. It’s just that period where if you add a conflict to it — when you’re modeling that compulsive aspect which is so potent in driving relapse in humans — now we can sever that connection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can’t do this in humans, at least not yet. Optogenetics is still a research tool, used in rats and other animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what excites Seif, Hopf, and others is that there are existing drugs, currently used in other mental disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease, that – again, in rats – seem to affect the same part of the brain in similar ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s great for us is that we have FDA-approved drugs that will block the action of those excitatory molecules,” says Hopf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in order for them to work the key will be doubt — what Seif describes as the act of “facing a negative outcome to your drinking,” or, simply “caring enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be in conflict about your addiction,” says Hopf. “Because if you’re not in conflict you don’t recruit these cortical areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the drug would be targeting a part of the brain that isn’t really active.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials on humans can take about five years. The team hopes to get started soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fascinating Facts About Sevengill Sharks",
"headTitle": "Fascinating Facts About Sevengill Sharks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/800px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6442\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6442\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/800px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_2.jpg\" alt=\"Sevengill Sharks are the top predators in San Francisco Bay. Photo by\" width=\"800\" height=\"548\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sevengill Sharks are the top predators in San Francisco Bay. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/61815799@N00\">José María Pérez Nuñez\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our fascination with sharks inspires both awe and dread, and we can’t seem to get enough of them. With the annual “Shark Week” nearly upon us, courtesy of the Discovery Channel, it’s time to take the hype and turn it to a better understanding of our own local ecosystem — which will hopefully help to keep this fragile web of life intact. Scientists warn that worldwide, sharks are being over-harvested with estimates of more than \u003ca title=\"Phsy.org article - shark population declines\" href=\"http://phys.org/news/2013-03-fishing-significant-shark-population-declines.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 million sharks taken annually\u003c/a> for their skins, liver and fins. We don’t have the data about some shark species populations to begin to understand how much “take” can be supported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6444\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Leopard_Shark_Triakis_semifasciata_3148921423-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6444\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6444\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Leopard_Shark_Triakis_semifasciata_3148921423-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Leopard sharks are one of the most common sharks in the Bay. Photo by Magnus Manske\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leopard sharks are one of the most common sharks in the Bay. Photo by \u003ca title=\"User:Magnus Manske\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Magnus_Manske\">Magnus Manske\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the most well-known predator just offshore and common around the Farallon Islands, Great White sharks overshadow more common sharks in our area. Our bay supports \u003ca title=\"Shark species in San Francisco Bay, sfbaywildlife.info\" href=\"http://sfbaywildlife.info/species/sharks.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eleven shark species\u003c/a> including \u003ca title=\"Sevengills species information, Florida Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sevengill/Sevengill.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Broadnose Sevengill sharks\u003c/a>, the apex predator in the bay. I had the opportunity to chat with Keith Herbert, Assistant Curator of Animal Care at the Aquarium of the Bay, about a joint study they did with UC Davis on the Bay’s Sevengill Sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith Herbert: The goal of the study was to more effectively describe the behavior and ecology of Sevengill sharks in the San Francisco Bay. Twenty-one sharks were tagged in 2008 with coded beacons; six were tagged with continuous transmitters and tracked in the bay. Approximately 100 monitors were placed throughout San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. Some initial findings of the study were:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sevengill sharks resident to San Francisco Bay: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong> The study indicates that Sevengill sharks demonstrate a high degree of residency in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Daily and seasonal movement patterns in the bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Detections at the Golden Gate occurred day and night (indicating site fidelity), with more than 50% of tagged sharks detected in the bay throughout most of the year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sevengill “hotspots” within the bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz areas are significantly preferred areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What did the study reveal that most surprised you about Sevengill sharks?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: While not surprising, it was good to have solid confirmation that the bay is an important habitat for this species. It was remarkable to see the visible patterns charted out of how frequently the same individual animals visited the same areas in a specific range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What questions remain unanswered that future studies will focus on?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: There is still plenty to study to be done on environmental preferences (temperature, salinity, tides, etc), behavioral patterns and reproductive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What do you find most interesting about bay sharks?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: While Sevengills are a common species in the bay, there is much to learn about their ecology; we’re very fortunate to be able to study the wild populations of the Bay while simultaneously researching the sharks here at the Aquarium more closely. Being an apex predator, these animals are a good indicator of the overall health of the estuary and they serve as ambassadors to the guests who can learn more about them here in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco and Humboldt Bays are the two primary nursery grounds along the California coast where Sevengills are known to pup, so conservation of these habitats is vital. Climate change may also pose a threat to their need for their pups’ sheltered marshland habitat. You can get more information about Sevengill sharks by viewing the Aquarium of the Bay’s exhibit or watching this \u003ca title=\"Aquarium of the Bay/UC Davis Sevengill Shark Study 2008\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWdUXiNDB0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> posted on their \u003ca href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/pages/detail/44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"KQED Science\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Great White Shark: Meet the Man in the Gray Suit \u003c/a>video\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST 2011\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/02/shark-week-and-the-state-of-sharks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shark Week and the State of Sharks \u003c/a>article\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"San Francisco Seafood Alliance, Aquarium of the Bay website\" href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/conservation/san-francisco-seafood-watch-alliance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Seafood choices\u003c/a> with Bay Area restaurants listings.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/800px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6442\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6442\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/800px-Notorynchus_cepedianus_2.jpg\" alt=\"Sevengill Sharks are the top predators in San Francisco Bay. Photo by\" width=\"800\" height=\"548\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sevengill Sharks are the top predators in San Francisco Bay. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/61815799@N00\">José María Pérez Nuñez\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our fascination with sharks inspires both awe and dread, and we can’t seem to get enough of them. With the annual “Shark Week” nearly upon us, courtesy of the Discovery Channel, it’s time to take the hype and turn it to a better understanding of our own local ecosystem — which will hopefully help to keep this fragile web of life intact. Scientists warn that worldwide, sharks are being over-harvested with estimates of more than \u003ca title=\"Phsy.org article - shark population declines\" href=\"http://phys.org/news/2013-03-fishing-significant-shark-population-declines.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 million sharks taken annually\u003c/a> for their skins, liver and fins. We don’t have the data about some shark species populations to begin to understand how much “take” can be supported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6444\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 243px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Leopard_Shark_Triakis_semifasciata_3148921423-243x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6444\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-6444\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/Leopard_Shark_Triakis_semifasciata_3148921423-243x162.jpg\" alt=\"Leopard sharks are one of the most common sharks in the Bay. Photo by Magnus Manske\" width=\"243\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leopard sharks are one of the most common sharks in the Bay. Photo by \u003ca title=\"User:Magnus Manske\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Magnus_Manske\">Magnus Manske\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the most well-known predator just offshore and common around the Farallon Islands, Great White sharks overshadow more common sharks in our area. Our bay supports \u003ca title=\"Shark species in San Francisco Bay, sfbaywildlife.info\" href=\"http://sfbaywildlife.info/species/sharks.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eleven shark species\u003c/a> including \u003ca title=\"Sevengills species information, Florida Museum of Natural History\" href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Sevengill/Sevengill.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Broadnose Sevengill sharks\u003c/a>, the apex predator in the bay. I had the opportunity to chat with Keith Herbert, Assistant Curator of Animal Care at the Aquarium of the Bay, about a joint study they did with UC Davis on the Bay’s Sevengill Sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keith Herbert: The goal of the study was to more effectively describe the behavior and ecology of Sevengill sharks in the San Francisco Bay. Twenty-one sharks were tagged in 2008 with coded beacons; six were tagged with continuous transmitters and tracked in the bay. Approximately 100 monitors were placed throughout San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. Some initial findings of the study were:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sevengill sharks resident to San Francisco Bay: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong> The study indicates that Sevengill sharks demonstrate a high degree of residency in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Daily and seasonal movement patterns in the bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Detections at the Golden Gate occurred day and night (indicating site fidelity), with more than 50% of tagged sharks detected in the bay throughout most of the year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Sevengill “hotspots” within the bay:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz areas are significantly preferred areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What did the study reveal that most surprised you about Sevengill sharks?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: While not surprising, it was good to have solid confirmation that the bay is an important habitat for this species. It was remarkable to see the visible patterns charted out of how frequently the same individual animals visited the same areas in a specific range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What questions remain unanswered that future studies will focus on?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: There is still plenty to study to be done on environmental preferences (temperature, salinity, tides, etc), behavioral patterns and reproductive research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>SNE: What do you find most interesting about bay sharks?\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KH: While Sevengills are a common species in the bay, there is much to learn about their ecology; we’re very fortunate to be able to study the wild populations of the Bay while simultaneously researching the sharks here at the Aquarium more closely. Being an apex predator, these animals are a good indicator of the overall health of the estuary and they serve as ambassadors to the guests who can learn more about them here in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco and Humboldt Bays are the two primary nursery grounds along the California coast where Sevengills are known to pup, so conservation of these habitats is vital. Climate change may also pose a threat to their need for their pups’ sheltered marshland habitat. You can get more information about Sevengill sharks by viewing the Aquarium of the Bay’s exhibit or watching this \u003ca title=\"Aquarium of the Bay/UC Davis Sevengill Shark Study 2008\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zWdUXiNDB0E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video\u003c/a> posted on their \u003ca href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/pages/detail/44\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional links:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"KQED Science\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Great White Shark: Meet the Man in the Gray Suit \u003c/a>video\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST 2011\" href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/02/shark-week-and-the-state-of-sharks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shark Week and the State of Sharks \u003c/a>article\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"San Francisco Seafood Alliance, Aquarium of the Bay website\" href=\"http://aquariumofthebay.org/conservation/san-francisco-seafood-watch-alliance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Seafood choices\u003c/a> with Bay Area restaurants listings.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides",
"headTitle": "Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6364\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a meadow located in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extinction is part of life. Nearly all species that ever lived are extinct, with new species arising as old ones disappear. But we’ve been losing species so fast over the past several decades that a field once dominated by paleontologists pouring over evidence spanning millions of years, now commands the attention of ecologists grappling with the global hemorrhaging of species in real time — right before our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No class of animals dramatizes the magnitude of the biodiversity crisis better than amphibians. Ecologists first reported their disappearance from protected areas in the 1980s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.full\">a third of Earth’s 6,000 frog\u003c/a>, toad, salamander, newt and \u003ca href=\"http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/caecilian\">caecilian\u003c/a> species face extinction. With as many as 122 species presumed lost forever and 43 percent in decline, amphibians are \u003ca href=\"http://irceb.asu.edu/amphibians/pdf/ACAP%20Summit%20Declaration.pdf\">vanishing faster\u003c/a> any other animal class in human history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists with the U.S. Geological Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/24/186451082/amphibians-population-decline-marked-in-new-u-s-study\">delivered more bad news in May\u003c/a>, reporting that American amphibian populations are vanishing at an average rate of 3.7 percent a year. Echoing the first reports of serious trouble more than three decades ago, the researchers found losses even in protected parks and wildlife refuges managed to conserve biodiversity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amphibians continue their downward spiral, ecologists struggle to understand the animals’ responses to the likely agents of their destruction, including habitat loss or disturbance, disease, climate change and contaminants. It’s extremely difficult to tease apart which of these factors, acting alone or in combination, are driving declines in any one region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/eva.12083/asset/eva12083.pdf?v=1&t=hjs0kssd&s=09f9fc3a16e444457fdaa0b8deee50181b4a808f\">recent study\u003c/a> from the lab of aquatic ecologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/rick-relyea\">Rick Relyea\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolution at the University of Pittsburgh, shines a small ray of light on a very dark picture. In an earlier study, Relyea found that glyphosate (otherwise known as Roundup), an herbicide widely used to control weeds in agriculture, killed 98% of tadpoles in his study within three weeks and 79% of juveniles in just one day. But pesticides can also cause defects without killing. Maybe stresses that don’t kill offer enough of a cushion for individuals to cope with the stress until more enduring adaptations can emerge in a population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6367\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more than 500 pest species now resistant to the insecticides used against them, Relyea reasoned, maybe frogs, and other unintentionally exposed species, could adapt to these chemicals over time too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.12069/pdf\">Earlier this year\u003c/a>, Relyea found that frogs living close to farms were less sensitive to the insecticide chlorpyrifos (but not Roundup), suggesting an ability to evolve resistance to at least one pesticide. In the recent study, Relyea and his team probed the roots of resistance by seeing how individual frogs living farther afield from farms would respond to different concentrations of insecticides early in development. They reasoned that exposing frogs to low levels of pesticides as embryos and tadpoles could induce tolerance to a subsequent higher dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this possibility, they collected wood frog eggs from four different ponds around agricultural fields, two populations close to farms and two about half a mile away. They exposed embryos and hatchlings first to low levels of the insecticide carbaryl and then to (typically) lethal doses to assess tolerance, indicated by how many survived the follow-up lethal dose. As expected, frogs taken from ponds farther away from fields responded with increased tolerance to the insecticide—not as many died—after an initial exposure, while early exposures had little effect on frogs born near farms. These frogs were likely selected for greater tolerance or resistance to the pesticide after generations of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Boone, an associate professor of zoology at Miami University of Ohio who studies pesticide effects on amphibians, finds reason for cautious optimism in the results, which suggest that individual tadpoles may respond to a given stress in a way that helps them later in life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know amphibians have amazing abilities to respond to their natural environmental conditions—they can alter their rate of development, their coloration and even their body shape,” Boone says. “So it’s very cool to see that they may be able to respond to some of the stressors we inadvertently throw at them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen whether this induced tolerance is widespread in tadpoles or helps amphibians deal with pesticides in ecological communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of an individual organism to adapt to pesticides and other environmental stresses—a phenomenon called “phenotypic plasticity”—could play a critical role in helping species tolerate and then adapt to rapid changes. But species will benefit only if the traits that help the individual cope with stress are passed on to the next generation. And evolving resistance to pesticides could come at the cost of other traits, such as increased susceptibility to pathogens or predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these results can help current conservation efforts isn’t clear, says Gary Fellers, a USGS research biologist who contributed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064347#authcontrib\">May report\u003c/a> showing amphibian declines across the country and to a recent study that measured two common agricultural fungicides in Pacific chorus frogs collected from parks across the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a really good first step toward understanding frogs’ capacity to tolerate pesticides, Fellers says, though he would have liked to see how populations much farther from farms respond. Pesticides can travel on winds and rains and likely reached the Sierra Nevada chorus frogs from Central Valley farms. And though amphibians encounter a slew of pesticides (and other contaminants) on a daily basis, Fellers thinks the crisis calls for triage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to figure out if we can find one or two pesticides that are driving amphibian declines, he says. “Then we can work with agriculture folks to try to find out if there are alternative pesticides that might work just as well for them but don’t have such a significant impact on nontarget wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1670/0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2\">some estimates \u003c/a>placing contemporary amphibian extinction rates at more than 200 times the historic rate seen in the fossil record, reversing the decline of Earth’s amphibians will require herculean efforts, and all hands on deck.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Amphibians are going extinct faster than any other class of organisms in human history. Experiments suggest that some species might be able to tolerate certain pesticides in the short run. Whether that could give them enough of a cushion to adapt over the long run remains to be seen.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6364\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a meadow located in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extinction is part of life. Nearly all species that ever lived are extinct, with new species arising as old ones disappear. But we’ve been losing species so fast over the past several decades that a field once dominated by paleontologists pouring over evidence spanning millions of years, now commands the attention of ecologists grappling with the global hemorrhaging of species in real time — right before our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No class of animals dramatizes the magnitude of the biodiversity crisis better than amphibians. Ecologists first reported their disappearance from protected areas in the 1980s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.full\">a third of Earth’s 6,000 frog\u003c/a>, toad, salamander, newt and \u003ca href=\"http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/caecilian\">caecilian\u003c/a> species face extinction. With as many as 122 species presumed lost forever and 43 percent in decline, amphibians are \u003ca href=\"http://irceb.asu.edu/amphibians/pdf/ACAP%20Summit%20Declaration.pdf\">vanishing faster\u003c/a> any other animal class in human history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists with the U.S. Geological Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/24/186451082/amphibians-population-decline-marked-in-new-u-s-study\">delivered more bad news in May\u003c/a>, reporting that American amphibian populations are vanishing at an average rate of 3.7 percent a year. Echoing the first reports of serious trouble more than three decades ago, the researchers found losses even in protected parks and wildlife refuges managed to conserve biodiversity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amphibians continue their downward spiral, ecologists struggle to understand the animals’ responses to the likely agents of their destruction, including habitat loss or disturbance, disease, climate change and contaminants. It’s extremely difficult to tease apart which of these factors, acting alone or in combination, are driving declines in any one region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/eva.12083/asset/eva12083.pdf?v=1&t=hjs0kssd&s=09f9fc3a16e444457fdaa0b8deee50181b4a808f\">recent study\u003c/a> from the lab of aquatic ecologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/rick-relyea\">Rick Relyea\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolution at the University of Pittsburgh, shines a small ray of light on a very dark picture. In an earlier study, Relyea found that glyphosate (otherwise known as Roundup), an herbicide widely used to control weeds in agriculture, killed 98% of tadpoles in his study within three weeks and 79% of juveniles in just one day. But pesticides can also cause defects without killing. Maybe stresses that don’t kill offer enough of a cushion for individuals to cope with the stress until more enduring adaptations can emerge in a population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6367\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more than 500 pest species now resistant to the insecticides used against them, Relyea reasoned, maybe frogs, and other unintentionally exposed species, could adapt to these chemicals over time too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.12069/pdf\">Earlier this year\u003c/a>, Relyea found that frogs living close to farms were less sensitive to the insecticide chlorpyrifos (but not Roundup), suggesting an ability to evolve resistance to at least one pesticide. In the recent study, Relyea and his team probed the roots of resistance by seeing how individual frogs living farther afield from farms would respond to different concentrations of insecticides early in development. They reasoned that exposing frogs to low levels of pesticides as embryos and tadpoles could induce tolerance to a subsequent higher dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this possibility, they collected wood frog eggs from four different ponds around agricultural fields, two populations close to farms and two about half a mile away. They exposed embryos and hatchlings first to low levels of the insecticide carbaryl and then to (typically) lethal doses to assess tolerance, indicated by how many survived the follow-up lethal dose. As expected, frogs taken from ponds farther away from fields responded with increased tolerance to the insecticide—not as many died—after an initial exposure, while early exposures had little effect on frogs born near farms. These frogs were likely selected for greater tolerance or resistance to the pesticide after generations of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Boone, an associate professor of zoology at Miami University of Ohio who studies pesticide effects on amphibians, finds reason for cautious optimism in the results, which suggest that individual tadpoles may respond to a given stress in a way that helps them later in life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know amphibians have amazing abilities to respond to their natural environmental conditions—they can alter their rate of development, their coloration and even their body shape,” Boone says. “So it’s very cool to see that they may be able to respond to some of the stressors we inadvertently throw at them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen whether this induced tolerance is widespread in tadpoles or helps amphibians deal with pesticides in ecological communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of an individual organism to adapt to pesticides and other environmental stresses—a phenomenon called “phenotypic plasticity”—could play a critical role in helping species tolerate and then adapt to rapid changes. But species will benefit only if the traits that help the individual cope with stress are passed on to the next generation. And evolving resistance to pesticides could come at the cost of other traits, such as increased susceptibility to pathogens or predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these results can help current conservation efforts isn’t clear, says Gary Fellers, a USGS research biologist who contributed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064347#authcontrib\">May report\u003c/a> showing amphibian declines across the country and to a recent study that measured two common agricultural fungicides in Pacific chorus frogs collected from parks across the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a really good first step toward understanding frogs’ capacity to tolerate pesticides, Fellers says, though he would have liked to see how populations much farther from farms respond. Pesticides can travel on winds and rains and likely reached the Sierra Nevada chorus frogs from Central Valley farms. And though amphibians encounter a slew of pesticides (and other contaminants) on a daily basis, Fellers thinks the crisis calls for triage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to figure out if we can find one or two pesticides that are driving amphibian declines, he says. “Then we can work with agriculture folks to try to find out if there are alternative pesticides that might work just as well for them but don’t have such a significant impact on nontarget wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1670/0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2\">some estimates \u003c/a>placing contemporary amphibian extinction rates at more than 200 times the historic rate seen in the fossil record, reversing the decline of Earth’s amphibians will require herculean efforts, and all hands on deck.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Cancer-Free, Embryo-Like Stem Cells Without The Moral Baggage",
"headTitle": "Cancer-Free, Embryo-Like Stem Cells Without The Moral Baggage | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/MouseES-cells.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5903\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/MouseES-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists can now easily make mouse cells that act just like these mouse embryonic stem cells (in green). This opens the field wide open. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists can now easily make mouse cells that act just like these mouse embryonic stem cells (in green). This opens the field wide open. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mouse_embryonic_stem_cells.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group of Chinese scientists has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868920\">come up with a chemical way\u003c/a> to turn regular old mouse cells into cells that act just like embryonic stem (ES) cells. This finding has the potential to unleash the awesome potential of ES cells without any of the moral baggage and/or health risks usually associated with them. Since it is easy to standardize a procedure based on chemistry, this finding may take ES cells from the boutique to the factory floor. And any ES cell therapies that eventually come to fruition could become more widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been touted as a potential treatment/cure for health issues as diverse as spinal cord injuries, diabetes and lots of things in between. ES cells are the ones found in an embryo that can go on to become every other kind of cell in an adult body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind the utility of ES cells is that once we learn the tricks of transforming them into what we want, we can coax them into becoming cells that can replace diseased or damaged tissue. So we might turn ES cells into new \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Islets of Langerhan\u003c/a> in the pancreases of people with Type 1 diabetes, or into new nerve tissue to repair a spine, or new heart tissue to heal a heart after a heart attack or…the sky is the limit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, these finicky cells have failed to live up to the hype so far. Now this isn’t because they aren’t going to be useful one day. They will. It’s just really hard to figure out how to get ES cells to do what scientists want them to do. And this is made even more difficult by the limited funding ES cell research gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason funding is so scarce is that up until a few years ago, scientists needed to destroy an embryo to get ES cells for their research. Anyone who thinks that life begins at conception is obviously going to be opposed to this sort of research. Ending a life to save others is not a deal many people are willing to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem with ES cells is that that they come from someone else. This means that anyone getting treated with ES cells would have all the problems that anyone with an organ transplant has. For example, they’d need to take drugs for the rest of their lives that weakened their immune system. Obviously better than being sick or dead but hardly ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5909\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/iPScellTherapy.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5909\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/iPScellTherapy.jpg\" alt=\"Here's how to make ES-like cells without destroying an embryo. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Here’s how to make ES-like cells without destroying an embryo. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_steps_of_regenerative_medicine..jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way around this last problem is to simply clone the patient. You would grow the clone up to a few cells, harvest the ES cells and destroy the clone. You’d still have the problem of destroying an embryo (and somehow destroying a clone seems even worse), but you’d have personalized cells. Not surprisingly, this approach has yet to catch on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/sf-scientist-wins-nobel-for-stem-cell-breakthrough/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka received a Nobel Prize\u003c/a> for showing us how to create personalized ES-like cells that did not involve destroying an embryo. His approach was to reprogram the DNA of an adult cell so that it reverted back to being an ES cell. To distinguish these cells from true ES ones, they were christened with the name induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and members of his lab accomplished this by adding four genes to a mouse cell. Other scientists were able to show that the same thing worked in people. This is obviously groundbreaking stuff. Except for one little problem—these cells tend to turn cancerous when put into animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this side effect isn’t surprising. The scientists added genes that were all incredibly powerful and known to be involved in cancer. But you need something that powerful to have such a profound effect on a cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have managed to tweak things a bit to make the process easier and a bit less dangerous. They found ways to add fewer genes and even managed to get it done with just the products of the four genes. But none of these were great options, which is why the latest study by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868920\">Hou and coworkers\u003c/a> is such a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four genes that scientists add to turn a cell into an iPS cell are already there. What Hou and coworkers did was to identify small chemical compounds that could turn these genes on for a short time. The idea is that you’d get a burst of activity from these genes which would reprogram the cells, but then the gene would shut off once the cells developed into the tissue you want. This mimics what happens in real ES cells and would hypothetically pose a much smaller risk for cancer. And this turned out to be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After screening over 10,000 compounds, the authors settled on a cocktail that was as good as any other established methods in turning adult cells into iPS cells. And when they were placed in a mouse embryo, they went on to become part of the mouse, developing into lots of different tissues. None of the cells derived from these iPS cells turned cancerous. We may finally have a safe way to make personalized ES cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a chemical method, it should be pretty easy to standardize and do on a larger scale. That means that if this pans out in humans (and everything with iPS cells pretty much has so far), then personalized iPS cells may become something most everyone can get. Talk about a medical revolution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5903\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/MouseES-cells.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5903\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5903\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/MouseES-cells.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists can now easily make mouse cells that act just like these mouse embryonic stem cells (in green). This opens the field wide open. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists can now easily make mouse cells that act just like these mouse embryonic stem cells (in green). This opens the field wide open. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mouse_embryonic_stem_cells.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group of Chinese scientists has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868920\">come up with a chemical way\u003c/a> to turn regular old mouse cells into cells that act just like embryonic stem (ES) cells. This finding has the potential to unleash the awesome potential of ES cells without any of the moral baggage and/or health risks usually associated with them. Since it is easy to standardize a procedure based on chemistry, this finding may take ES cells from the boutique to the factory floor. And any ES cell therapies that eventually come to fruition could become more widely available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been touted as a potential treatment/cure for health issues as diverse as spinal cord injuries, diabetes and lots of things in between. ES cells are the ones found in an embryo that can go on to become every other kind of cell in an adult body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind the utility of ES cells is that once we learn the tricks of transforming them into what we want, we can coax them into becoming cells that can replace diseased or damaged tissue. So we might turn ES cells into new \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islets_of_Langerhans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Islets of Langerhan\u003c/a> in the pancreases of people with Type 1 diabetes, or into new nerve tissue to repair a spine, or new heart tissue to heal a heart after a heart attack or…the sky is the limit!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, these finicky cells have failed to live up to the hype so far. Now this isn’t because they aren’t going to be useful one day. They will. It’s just really hard to figure out how to get ES cells to do what scientists want them to do. And this is made even more difficult by the limited funding ES cell research gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason funding is so scarce is that up until a few years ago, scientists needed to destroy an embryo to get ES cells for their research. Anyone who thinks that life begins at conception is obviously going to be opposed to this sort of research. Ending a life to save others is not a deal many people are willing to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem with ES cells is that that they come from someone else. This means that anyone getting treated with ES cells would have all the problems that anyone with an organ transplant has. For example, they’d need to take drugs for the rest of their lives that weakened their immune system. Obviously better than being sick or dead but hardly ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5909\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/iPScellTherapy.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5909\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5909\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/iPScellTherapy.jpg\" alt=\"Here's how to make ES-like cells without destroying an embryo. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"250\" height=\"249\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Here’s how to make ES-like cells without destroying an embryo. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_steps_of_regenerative_medicine..jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One way around this last problem is to simply clone the patient. You would grow the clone up to a few cells, harvest the ES cells and destroy the clone. You’d still have the problem of destroying an embryo (and somehow destroying a clone seems even worse), but you’d have personalized cells. Not surprisingly, this approach has yet to catch on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/08/sf-scientist-wins-nobel-for-stem-cell-breakthrough/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Shinya Yamanaka received a Nobel Prize\u003c/a> for showing us how to create personalized ES-like cells that did not involve destroying an embryo. His approach was to reprogram the DNA of an adult cell so that it reverted back to being an ES cell. To distinguish these cells from true ES ones, they were christened with the name induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and members of his lab accomplished this by adding four genes to a mouse cell. Other scientists were able to show that the same thing worked in people. This is obviously groundbreaking stuff. Except for one little problem—these cells tend to turn cancerous when put into animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, this side effect isn’t surprising. The scientists added genes that were all incredibly powerful and known to be involved in cancer. But you need something that powerful to have such a profound effect on a cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have managed to tweak things a bit to make the process easier and a bit less dangerous. They found ways to add fewer genes and even managed to get it done with just the products of the four genes. But none of these were great options, which is why the latest study by \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23868920\">Hou and coworkers\u003c/a> is such a big deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four genes that scientists add to turn a cell into an iPS cell are already there. What Hou and coworkers did was to identify small chemical compounds that could turn these genes on for a short time. The idea is that you’d get a burst of activity from these genes which would reprogram the cells, but then the gene would shut off once the cells developed into the tissue you want. This mimics what happens in real ES cells and would hypothetically pose a much smaller risk for cancer. And this turned out to be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After screening over 10,000 compounds, the authors settled on a cocktail that was as good as any other established methods in turning adult cells into iPS cells. And when they were placed in a mouse embryo, they went on to become part of the mouse, developing into lots of different tissues. None of the cells derived from these iPS cells turned cancerous. We may finally have a safe way to make personalized ES cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since this is a chemical method, it should be pretty easy to standardize and do on a larger scale. That means that if this pans out in humans (and everything with iPS cells pretty much has so far), then personalized iPS cells may become something most everyone can get. Talk about a medical revolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Wildlife Officials Consider Killing Barred Owls to Save Spotted Owls",
"headTitle": "Wildlife Officials Consider Killing Barred Owls to Save Spotted Owls | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials are exploring a plan to shoot thousands of barred owls in Northern California, Washington and Oregon in an effort to protect another species of owl: the threatened northern spotted owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/spottedowl-e1374694242481.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsendsp/5038896657\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5965\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northern spotted owls are native to the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. (Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spotted owls have been in decline for decades, mainly due to the logging of their old growth habitat. But even now with protections and programs to help restore them, they’re not bouncing back. Scientists say part of the problem is the barred owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/29/spotted-owls-face-new-threat/\">explained the conflict\u003c/a> in a previous story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Barred owls are an invasive species, originally from the Eastern US. They first arrived in spotted owl territory in Washington and have been moving south down the coast – which makes this owl the frontline of the invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owl is a little larger. It’s a little more aggressive. And so in other areas where you have barred owls set up, the spotted owls aren’t there anymore,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls take over spotted owl territory and in some cases, even attack them. In places like western Washington, the spotted owl population has been cut in half since the barred owl showed up.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biologists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service say they explored several plans to help the spotted owl population, but they decided the best plan was to try killing about 3,600 barred owls in four study areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/barredowl-e1374694429550.jpg\" alt=\"Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/52133016@N08/6780655554/in/photolist-bkbCEo-bkbCBo-bkbCKb-dqX7U4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5968\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barred owls are originally from the East Coast, but have moved out West. (Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every year we wait is another year the spotted owls are declining,” said U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist Robin Bown. While the federal agency is understandably reluctant to pursue a strategy of hunting the barred owls, Bown says their proposal is the most effective plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will make a final decision on the plan in a month, and owls hunts could begin this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal wildlife officials are exploring a plan to shoot thousands of barred owls in Northern California, Washington and Oregon in an effort to protect another species of owl: the threatened northern spotted owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5965\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/spottedowl-e1374694242481.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsendsp/5038896657\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5965\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Northern spotted owls are native to the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. (Shane Jeffries/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spotted owls have been in decline for decades, mainly due to the logging of their old growth habitat. But even now with protections and programs to help restore them, they’re not bouncing back. Scientists say part of the problem is the barred owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED’s Lauren Sommer \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/29/spotted-owls-face-new-threat/\">explained the conflict\u003c/a> in a previous story:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Barred owls are an invasive species, originally from the Eastern US. They first arrived in spotted owl territory in Washington and have been moving south down the coast – which makes this owl the frontline of the invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owl is a little larger. It’s a little more aggressive. And so in other areas where you have barred owls set up, the spotted owls aren’t there anymore,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls take over spotted owl territory and in some cases, even attack them. In places like western Washington, the spotted owl population has been cut in half since the barred owl showed up.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Biologists at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service say they explored several plans to help the spotted owl population, but they decided the best plan was to try killing about 3,600 barred owls in four study areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/barredowl-e1374694429550.jpg\" alt=\"Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/52133016@N08/6780655554/in/photolist-bkbCEo-bkbCBo-bkbCKb-dqX7U4\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5968\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barred owls are originally from the East Coast, but have moved out West. (Ray Bosch/USFWS/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every year we wait is another year the spotted owls are declining,” said U.S. Fish and Wildlife biologist Robin Bown. While the federal agency is understandably reluctant to pursue a strategy of hunting the barred owls, Bown says their proposal is the most effective plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency will make a final decision on the plan in a month, and owls hunts could begin this fall.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Gut Bacteria May Cause Cancer in Obese Individuals",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/FatMouse.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5512\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/FatMouse.jpg\" alt=\"The guy on the left is at higher risk for certain cancers. The bacteria in his gut may be to blame.\" width=\"639\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guy on the left is at higher risk for certain cancers. The bacteria in his gut may be to blame.Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fatmouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For reasons that have remained unclear, obese people are at a much higher risk for developing cancer compared to their thinner friends. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that around \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity\">85,000 new cancer cases\u003c/a> each year are a direct result of obesity. While not yet up to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/highlights/cancer/index.htm\">171,000 or so new cases of lung cancer\u003c/a> caused by smoking, obesity-related cancers are catching up. And as the number of smokers go down and the number of obese people go up, there may come a time in the future when obesity-related cancers are the most preventable ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, we would want to prevent these cancers by having obese people lose weight (but we’ve seen how successful this has been so far.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to reduce these numbers might be to figure out how obesity causes cancer. If we can do that, then maybe we can block the process and keep these cancers from forming in the first place. People can have their cake and eat it too!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803760\">new study\u003c/a> out in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> is a first step on this path (at least in mice). In this study, Yoshimoto and coworkers show that obesity by itself does not cause cancer in mice. Instead, bacteria specific to the gut of obese mice make certain cells more susceptible to getting cancer when exposed to carcinogens. Obesity makes the mice less able to deal with environmental insults. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers first showed that in a protected environment, mice fed a high-fat diet were not at a higher risk for cancer compared to mice fed a low-fat diet. Both had about the same rates of cancer. So obesity itself does not directly cause cancer in these mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5520\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/DCA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5520\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/DCA.jpg\" alt=\"This chemical, DCA, makes liver tumors more likely in mice. It is produced by the bacteria in the gut of obese mice.\" width=\"150\" height=\"317\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5520\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chemical, DCA, makes liver tumors more likely in mice. It is produced by the bacteria in the gut of obese mice. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deoxycholic_acid_3D_skeletal.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The situation is very different if these two groups of mice are exposed to a carcinogen (DMBA) while still in the womb. In that case, only around 5% of the mice fed the low-fat diet ended up with cancer while 100% of the mice fed the high-fat diet did. And the two groups ended up with different cancers—the thinner mice got lung cancer while the obese ones got liver cancer. Clearly something about obesity was making the livers of obese mice much more susceptible to the effects of the carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That something turned out to be bacteria specific to the guts of the obese mice. When the mice that were fed the high-fat diet were also given a cocktail of antibiotics, their number of liver tumors was reduced around fourfold. These mice were less likely to get cancer because the bacteria in their gut were changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more investigative work pointed to a chemical that a subset of these bacteria made called DCA. This chemical caused parts of the liver to look and behave older than they were—the cells had become senescent. When the researchers gave DCA to mice fed a low-fat diet, these mice developed liver cancer. And when the researchers decreased the number of older cells in the livers of obese mice, they developed less cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together, these data strongly suggest that one way that obesity causes cancer in mice is through some obese-specific gut bacteria. And if we get a similar result in people, then there may be some relatively simple ways to reduce cancers in obese people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe obese people could be given a set of antibiotics that prunes away harmful gut bacteria. Or what might be even better is if obese people underwent a fecal transplant from thinner people. This might swap out the bacteria of the thin with the bacteria of the obese and so decrease obese people’s cancer risk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gross, this last idea has the advantage of not increasing antibiotic use (which is already a big problem.) It also wouldn’t make it so we had to fine tune the cocktail of antibiotics. We wouldn’t need to know all the beneficial or harmful bacteria–we’d simply swap thin for obese. This last idea also has the advantage that it is just creepy enough that it might spur people to lose weight. Better a bit of exercise and the occasional salad as opposed to a fecal transplant!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists have been puzzled for years about why obese people are at a higher risk for certain cancers. A new study in mice suggests that gut bacteria specific to the obese may be to blame.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5512\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/FatMouse.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5512\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/FatMouse.jpg\" alt=\"The guy on the left is at higher risk for certain cancers. The bacteria in his gut may be to blame.\" width=\"639\" height=\"361\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5512\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The guy on the left is at higher risk for certain cancers. The bacteria in his gut may be to blame.Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fatmouse.jpg\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For reasons that have remained unclear, obese people are at a much higher risk for developing cancer compared to their thinner friends. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates that around \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity\">85,000 new cancer cases\u003c/a> each year are a direct result of obesity. While not yet up to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2004/highlights/cancer/index.htm\">171,000 or so new cases of lung cancer\u003c/a> caused by smoking, obesity-related cancers are catching up. And as the number of smokers go down and the number of obese people go up, there may come a time in the future when obesity-related cancers are the most preventable ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, we would want to prevent these cancers by having obese people lose weight (but we’ve seen how successful this has been so far.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to reduce these numbers might be to figure out how obesity causes cancer. If we can do that, then maybe we can block the process and keep these cancers from forming in the first place. People can have their cake and eat it too!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23803760\">new study\u003c/a> out in \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> is a first step on this path (at least in mice). In this study, Yoshimoto and coworkers show that obesity by itself does not cause cancer in mice. Instead, bacteria specific to the gut of obese mice make certain cells more susceptible to getting cancer when exposed to carcinogens. Obesity makes the mice less able to deal with environmental insults. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers first showed that in a protected environment, mice fed a high-fat diet were not at a higher risk for cancer compared to mice fed a low-fat diet. Both had about the same rates of cancer. So obesity itself does not directly cause cancer in these mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5520\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/DCA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-5520\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/DCA.jpg\" alt=\"This chemical, DCA, makes liver tumors more likely in mice. It is produced by the bacteria in the gut of obese mice.\" width=\"150\" height=\"317\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5520\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This chemical, DCA, makes liver tumors more likely in mice. It is produced by the bacteria in the gut of obese mice. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Deoxycholic_acid_3D_skeletal.png\">Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The situation is very different if these two groups of mice are exposed to a carcinogen (DMBA) while still in the womb. In that case, only around 5% of the mice fed the low-fat diet ended up with cancer while 100% of the mice fed the high-fat diet did. And the two groups ended up with different cancers—the thinner mice got lung cancer while the obese ones got liver cancer. Clearly something about obesity was making the livers of obese mice much more susceptible to the effects of the carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 10
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"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"order": 14
},
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