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"content": "\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bees may soon get an ally in their fight against bacterial disease — one of the most serious threats the pollinators face — in the form of an edible vaccine. That’s the promise held out by researchers in Finland, who say they’ve made the first-ever vaccine for insects, aimed at helping struggling honeybee populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are targeting one of bees’ most deadly enemies: American foulbrood, or AFB, an infectious disease that devastates hives and can spread at a calamitous rate. Often introduced by nurse bees, the disease works by bacteria feeding on larvae — and then generating more spores, to spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a potential new weapon to fight AFB has generated excitement in the beekeeping community, along with some skepticism about the claim of a vaccine — which remains in the testing phase. The news comes three years after the same researchers were hailed in \u003ca href=\"https://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/03/researchers-discover-key-to-bee-vaccination/\">Entomology Today\u003c/a> as discovering the “key to bee vaccination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists Dalial Freitak and Heli Salmela of the University of Helsinki \u003ca href=\"https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/sustainability-news/the-first-ever-insect-vaccine-primebee-helps-bees-stay-healthy\">say their new vaccine\u003c/a> solves a vexing problem researchers have faced as they try to save bees from disease. Because insects’ immune systems don’t have antibodies, they essentially lack a “memory” for fighting diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a death sentence’ for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Freitak says she and her colleagues were able to get around that limitation, after she realized Salmela’s study of a protein called vitellogenin seemed to complement her own work, in which she found insects that were exposed to bacteria were able to impart an elevated immune response to their offspring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the university’s news release:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the queen bee eats something with pathogens in it, the pathogen signature molecules are bound by vitellogenin. Vitellogenin then carries these signature molecules into the queen’s eggs, where they work as inducers for future immune responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we’ve discovered the mechanism to show that you can actually vaccinate them,” Freitak said in a news release. “You can transfer a signal from one generation to another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935740\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935740\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1020x677.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1200x797.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1920x1275.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-1180x784.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-960x638.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-240x159.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-375x249.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-104936111-520x345.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. Here, bees on a honeycomb in 2010. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researcher Dr. Michael Goblirsch, of the esteemed \u003ca href=\"https://www.beelab.umn.edu/\">Bee Lab\u003c/a> at the University of Minnesota, has proposed ways to test the vaccine on large bee colonies in field conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Although our immune system and that of insects/invertebrates are different, they both store information about past experience with pathogens and use this information to potentially establish resistance upon subsequent exposure,” Goblirsch said. “With optimization dosage and the timing of delivery under field conditions, it is hoped that a vaccine for bees will increase a colony’s ability to fight infectious disease, making them more productive and healthy. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Finnish team calls their vaccine PrimeBEE, and they say it can be delivered to the queen via a sugar patty. Another plan would call for beekeepers to simply order a queen that’s already been vaccinated. While \u003ca href=\"https://primebee.org/\">a website has been created\u003c/a> for that product, it does not list a price — or say when the vaccine might be available commercially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new vaccine is still undergoing safety tests, but it could represent a breakthrough in the protection of bees, a crucial link in the food chain. In the U.S., their pollination is vital for many foods we eat, from apples and almonds to watermelons and zucchini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When an American foulbrood infection sets in, each brood cell can host millions upon millions of spores. And because of bees’ tidy housekeeping practices, those spores are then spread even further when the bees clean the cell out. The disease can be treated with antibiotics, but no cure is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a death sentence” for a hive or colony to be diagnosed with the disease, says Toni Burnham, president of the D.C. Beekeepers Alliance in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In D.C. and Maryland, Burnham says, “if a colony is diagnosed with AFB — regardless of the level of the infestation — it burns. Every bit of it burns; the bees are killed and the woodenware burns, and it’s gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concerns about American foulbrood are so serious, Burnham says, that it’s the main reason why her group recommends never buying used bee hives and other equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have pulled 100-year-old samples out of storage and have been able to reinoculate honeybee hives with American foulbrood spores,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to AFB, honeybees and other pollinators face a number of existential threats, from diseases and parasites to insecticides. The researchers in Finland say they plan to use the same approach to combat other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hope that we can also develop a vaccination against other infections, such as European foulbrood and fungal diseases,” Freitak said in a statement. “We have already started initial tests. The plan is to be able to vaccinate against any microbe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the vaccine works as the Finnish team expects, it would be a welcome bit of good news for beekeepers, farmers and advocates for pollinators, who have watched one of the world’s most important insects struggle in recent decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to help honeybees, absolutely,” Freitak said. “Even improving their life a little would have a big effect on the global scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While acknowledging the other problems bees face, she added, “If we can help honeybees to be healthier and if we can save even a small part of the bee population with this invention, I think we have done our good deed and saved the world a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"4\" ids=\"1935632,1935601,1935634,1935599,1935597,1935603,1935602\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5j4nAVZAJw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"711\" height=\"400\" src=\"//content.jwplatform.com/players/irWLl4hm-jEuQjxp9.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Emirates Flight EK203 landed at New York’s John F. Kennedy Airport last September, it did not proceed to its scheduled gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arriving with a number of sick passengers, the plane was instead quarantined in a designated area on the airfield. All on board were screened, with those who were sick transported to nearby hospitals. The whole operation was overseen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which for years had been preparing a “safety net” for just such a situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935450\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-1180x788.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/12/iStock-887322914-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has developed protocols to contain the spread of infectious disease onboard an aircraft. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And for good reason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial air travel poses challenges when it comes to containing the spread of infectious disease. In order to get from one place to another by plane, travelers must expose themselves to many germ-covered surfaces and put themselves in close proximity to many people — some of whom could be sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video above, STAT looks at where air travelers are particularly susceptible to picking up a bug and what protocols the CDC has in place to control the situation in the event an illness does start to spread on an aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/29/germs-on-a-journey-how-infectious-diseases-become-unwelcome-companions-during-air-travel/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video above, STAT looks at where air travelers are particularly susceptible to picking up a bug and what protocols the CDC has in place to control the situation in the event an illness does start to spread on an aircraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/11/29/germs-on-a-journey-how-infectious-diseases-become-unwelcome-companions-during-air-travel/\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "One Twin's Difficult Birth Puts Project Designed to Reduce C-Sections to the Test",
"headTitle": "One Twin’s Difficult Birth Puts Project Designed to Reduce C-Sections to the Test | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The tiny hand and forearm slipped out too early. Babies are not delivered shoulder first. \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/teresa-marino\">Dr. Terri Marino\u003c/a>, an obstetrician in the Boston area who specializes in high-risk deliveries, tucked it back inside the boy’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was trying to shake my hand and I was like, ‘I’m not having this — put your hand back in there,'” Marino would say later, after all 5 pounds, 1 ounce of the baby lay wailing under a heating lamp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of how that baby, Bryce McDougall, tested the best efforts of more than a dozen medical staffers at South Shore Hospital in Weymouth, Mass., one day last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce’s birth also put to the test a new method of reducing cesarean sections that has been developed at Dr. Atul Gawande’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/\">Ariadne Labs\u003c/a>, a “joint center for health systems innovation” at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts before Bryce’s birth, on the last day of August at about 9:30 in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa McDougall has just checked into South Shore, after a routine ultrasound. She’s in her 36th week, pregnant with twin boys. The doctors have warned Melisa that her placenta won’t hold out much longer. She’s propped up in bed, blond hair pulled into a neat bun, makeup still fresh, ordering a sandwich, when her regular obstetrician arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are you?” asks Dr. Ruth Levesque, sweeping into the room and clapping her hands. “You’re going to have some babies today! Are you excited?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the twins — Brady — is head-down, ready for a normal vaginal delivery. But his brother, Bryce, is horizontal at the top of Melisa’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Melisa is a candidate for a C-section. Babies do not come out sideways. And there’s another reason most doctors would never consider a vaginal delivery in Melisa’s case, Levesque says. Four years ago, she delivered the twins’ sister by cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Melisa] has a scar on her uterus,” Levesque explains, “so there’s a risk of uterine rupture — very rare, but there’s always a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that possibility may be greater for Melisa because she’s 37 years old and having twins. But the McDougalls hope to have vaginal deliveries for both boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just feel like it’s better for the kids — better for the babies,” Melisa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Team Birth Project came to be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding C-sections is also better for many moms. With cesareans, there’s a longer recovery period, a greater risk of infection and an association with injury and death. And most are not medically necessary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/people/leadership/neel-shah/\">Dr. Neel Shah\u003c/a>, who directs the Delivery Decisions Initiative at Ariadne Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low-tech, but highly communicative, a whiteboard in the delivery room made sure all members of the birth team were clued in to procedures and preferences throughout labor. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re fairly confident that, when you look nationally, the plurality — if not the majority — of C-sections are probably avoidable,” says Shah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those avoidable C-sections are the focus of the Team Birth Project, designed by Shah with input from roughly 50 doctors, nurses, midwives, doulas, public health specialists and consumer advocates who focus on childbirth. South Shore Hospital is one of the pilot sites for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the collaboration, Shah begins with an acknowledgement: Childbirth is complicated. You’ve got two patients — the mother and the baby — and an ad hoc, often shifting team that at a minimum includes the mom, a nurse and a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you’ve got three people who have to come together and become a very high-performing team in a really short period of time, for one of the most important moments in a person’s life,” Shah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this team has to perform at its best during an unpredictable event: labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says doctors and nurses generally agree about three things: when a mom is in active labor; when a mom can definitely try for a vaginal delivery; and when she must have a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then there’s this huge gray zone,” Shah says. “And actually, everything about the Team Birth Project is about solving for the gray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid unnecessary C-sections when what to do isn’t clear, this hospital, in conjunction with the Ariadne project, has changed the way labor and delivery is handled from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, women aren’t admitted until they are in active labor. Secondly, the mom’s preferences — such as whether she would like an epidural or not and whether she wants to have “skin-to-skin contact” with the baby immediately after birth — help guide the members of the labor team. The team members map the delivery plan — including Mom’s preferences and the medical team’s guidance — on a whiteboard, like the one in Melisa’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the births of Bryce and Brady McDougall, the white erasable planning board gets a lot of use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under “team,” Dr. Levesque and registered nurse Patty Newbitt write their names. Melisa and Shaun McDougall are also listed as equal partners. The names of other family members or nurses may be added and erased as labor progresses. Shah’s idea is that this team will “huddle” regularly throughout the labor to discuss the evolving birth plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birth plan itself is divided into three separate elements on the board: maternal (the mom), fetal (the baby) and progress (in terms of how the labor is progressing). A mom with high blood pressure may need special attention — and that would be noted on the board — but she could still have a normal labor and vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good communication is key\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/kimberly-o-dever\">Dr. Kim Dever\u003c/a>, who chairs the OB-GYN department at South Shore, highlights a section of the whiteboard called “Next Assessment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That category is included on the board, Dever says, “because one of the things I often heard from patients is that they didn’t know what was going to happen next. Now they know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It took a large team — including parents — at South Shore Hospital to deliver this baby, Bryce McDougall. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking the mom — and the couple — about their preferences for the delivery is crucial, too, Levesque says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It forces us to stop and to think about everything with the patient,” she explains.”It makes us verbalize our thought process, which I think is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall walks across the room to get a closer look at the whiteboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honestly, it seems like common sense,” he says. “I would always think the nurses would have something like this, but to have it out where mom and dad can see it — I think it’s pretty cool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Melisa McDougall’s plan in place, everyone settles in, to wait. About four hours later, Melisa isn’t yet feeling contractions. Levesque breaks the water sac around Brady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looks nice and clear,” Levesque reports. “Hey bud, come on and hang out with us,” she says to the baby, tickling his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you’re going to keep leaking fluid until you leak babies,” the doctor explains to Melisa. “Whenever you start getting uncomfortable, we’ll get you an epidural at that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque moves to the board and adds updates: Melisa is 4 centimeters dilated; her waters broke at 13:26; the next assessment will be after she gets an epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical team insisted ahead of time that Melisa agree to be numbed from the waist down if she wants to deliver Bryce — the second twin — vaginally. Melissa agreed. The obstetricians may need to rotate the baby in her uterus, find a foot and pull Bryce out, causing pain most women would not tolerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those doctors — Marino — peeks into the room and waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just came to say hi,” says Marino, who has more experience than most obstetricians in delivering babies positioned like Bryce. Along with Levesque, Marino has been seeing Melisa regularly in office visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall asks the physicians if they’ll pose for a picture with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we make funny faces?” asks Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to,” says Shaun. “You guys are like her favorite people on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the hours tick by, there’s a shift change, and registered nurse Barbara Fatemi joins the McDougall team. She checks Melisa’s pain level regularly to determine when she’s ready for the epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she isn’t feeling much but adds that she has a high tolerance for pain. Shaun tells Fatemi he sees the strain on his wife’s face. Fatemi acts on Shaun’s assessment and calls an anesthesiologist to prepare the epidural, something Shaun later says reinforces his feeling that they’re a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque soon arrives for the promised “next assessment.” Melisa is now 10 centimeters dilated and ready to deliver — but she must hold on until nurses can get her into an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque will still attempt to deliver both babies vaginally, she explains, but in the operating room, Melisa will be in the right place if Bryce doesn’t shift his position inside the uterus, and the doctor needs to do a last-minute cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll see you in a few minutes. No pushing without me, OK?” Levesque says over her shoulder as she heads to the operating room to prep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll try,” Melisa says, weakly. In a minute, nurses are rolling her down the hall, following Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost five years ago, two women who were wheeled into this hospital’s operating rooms during childbirth died after undergoing C-sections. Though state investigators \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzMosQYOsmaTR3RXTDBHT0NJMFE/edit\">found no evidence\u003c/a> of substandard care, Dever says the hospital scrutinized everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have something like that happen, that expedites your efforts,” she says. “Exponentially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Dever says, she sees an opportunity, through the Team Birth Project, to model changes that could help women far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love women everywhere to be able to come in and have a safe birth and healthy baby,” she says. “That’s why I’m doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They did not flinch”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dever is about to see her pilot study of the Team Birth Project pushed to new limits by little Bryce McDougall. First, though, Melisa must deliver Bryce’s brother, Brady. Even his birth, the one that was expected to be easier, is more difficult than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bent nearly in half, her face beet red, Melisa strains for five pushes. She throws up, then gets back to laboring. And suddenly, there he is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse checks the breastfeeding progress with Melisa and Brady. Melisa says she’s grateful she was able to delivery both babies vaginally. “I did not want to have a natural birth and a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.” \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh my goodness, Brady, oh Brady,” wails Shaun. He follows a nurse holding his son over to a warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino takes Shaun’s place next to Levesque, who has reached inside Melisa to get the next twin. Levesque’s mission is to grab Bryce’s feet and guide him out. But everything feels like fingers, not toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>That’s a hand,” she murmurs. “That’s a hand, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino rolls an ultrasound across Melisa’s belly, hoping the scan will show a foot. But Bryce’s feet are out of sight and out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino has had more experience than most obstetricians with transverse babies, and this procedure, known as a breech extraction; she asks to try. She reaches into Melisa’s uterus while Levesque moves to Melisa’s right side and uses her forearm to shift Bryce and push him down. Dever, the head of obstetrics, has come into the room and takes over the ultrasound. At least six doctors and nurses encircle Melisa, whose face is taut. Shaun frowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Babe, you OK?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa nods. Bryce’s heart rate is steady. But there’s still no sign of a foot. One little hand slips out and Marino nudges it back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Open the table,” says Marino, her voice strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s open and ready, her colleagues say, referring to the array of sterile surgical instruments that Marino may soon need, to begin a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 36 seconds, this room with more than a dozen adults grows oddly quiet. Everyone is watching Marino twist her arm this way and that, determined to find Bryce’s feet. Levesque leans hard into Melisa’s belly. Shaun bites his lip. Then Marino yanks at something — and her gloved, bloodied hand emerges, clenching baby Bryce by his two teeny legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh babe, here he comes, here he comes — Woo!” squeals Shaun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is overcome with emotion again. Melisa manages an exhausted giggle. Baby Bryce keeps everyone waiting a few more seconds and then howls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque starts to stitch up a small tear for Melisa, and Marino comes around to congratulate the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was fighting you, huh?” Melisa says, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the operating room, Levesque and Marino look relieved and elated. Both agree that most doctors would have delivered Bryce by C-section. But at South Shore, the McDougalls found a hospital that has challenged itself to perform fewer C-sections and a doctor with experience in these unusual deliveries — one who knew and respected the parents’ preference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically wanted to have a vaginal delivery of both babies,” Marino says — and that was on her mind during the difficult moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce was fine, says Marino, so the deciding factor for her was that Shaun and Melisa did not panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They did not flinch — they were like, ‘Keep going,’ ” Marino recalls. “Sometimes the patient will say ‘stop,’ and then you have to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The babies’ father says he came close to requesting that, in the very last minute before Bryce was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That part with the arm — it was pretty aggressive,” Shaun says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that moment, he adds, the feeling that he and Melisa were part of the team made a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made us more comfortable,” Shaun says, and that comfort translated to trust. “We trusted the decisions they were making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she’s grateful for the vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did not want to have a natural birth \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, 30 minutes after Marino pulled Bryce out of her, Melisa is nursing Brady and talking with family members via FaceTime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next assessment for The Team Birth Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Shore began using the Team Birth approach in April. Three other hospitals are also pilot sites: Saint Francis in Tulsa, Okla.; EvergreenHealth in Kirkland, Wash.; and Overlake in Redmond, Wash. The test period runs for two years. In the first four months at South Shore, the hospital’s primary, low-risk C-section rate dropped from 31 percent to 27 percent — about four fewer C-sections each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who contributed to the development of the Team Birth Project are anxious to see whether other hospitals can lower their rates of C-section and keep them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get past the early adopters, how do you demonstrate the benefits for others that aren’t willing to change?” asks \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/eugene-declercq/\">Gene Declercq\u003c/a>, a professor of community health sciences at Boston University School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq notes that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/23/611975420/californias-message-to-hospitals-shape-up-or-lose-in-network-status\">few insurers\u003c/a> are beginning to force that question, refusing to include in their networks hospitals that have high C-section rates, or high rates of other unnecessary, if not harmful, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq says the project’s focus on communication in the labor and delivery room makes sense because many physicians decide when to perform a cesarean based on clinical habit or the culture of their hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can impact that decision-making process, you can perhaps change the culture that might lead to unnecessary cesareans,” says Declercq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has set a target rate for hospitals: No more than 23.9 percent of first-time, low-risk mothers should be delivering by C-section. The U.S. average \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf\">in 2016\u003c/a> was 25.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The target was put in place because \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2013/07000/Primary_Cesarean_Delivery_in_the_United_States.6.aspx\">research\u003c/a> has shown that if a woman’s first delivery is a C-section, her subsequent deliveries are highly likely to be C-sections, too — \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553167\">raising \u003c/a>her (and her baby’s) risk for complications and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/24/662451106/twins-difficult-birth-put-a-project-designed-to-reduce-c-sections-to-the-test\">NPR\u003c/a>‘s reporting partnership with WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The tiny hand and forearm slipped out too early. Babies are not delivered shoulder first. \u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/teresa-marino\">Dr. Terri Marino\u003c/a>, an obstetrician in the Boston area who specializes in high-risk deliveries, tucked it back inside the boy’s mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was trying to shake my hand and I was like, ‘I’m not having this — put your hand back in there,'” Marino would say later, after all 5 pounds, 1 ounce of the baby lay wailing under a heating lamp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the story of how that baby, Bryce McDougall, tested the best efforts of more than a dozen medical staffers at South Shore Hospital in Weymouth, Mass., one day last summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce’s birth also put to the test a new method of reducing cesarean sections that has been developed at Dr. Atul Gawande’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/\">Ariadne Labs\u003c/a>, a “joint center for health systems innovation” at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story starts before Bryce’s birth, on the last day of August at about 9:30 in the morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa McDougall has just checked into South Shore, after a routine ultrasound. She’s in her 36th week, pregnant with twin boys. The doctors have warned Melisa that her placenta won’t hold out much longer. She’s propped up in bed, blond hair pulled into a neat bun, makeup still fresh, ordering a sandwich, when her regular obstetrician arrives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How are you?” asks Dr. Ruth Levesque, sweeping into the room and clapping her hands. “You’re going to have some babies today! Are you excited?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of the twins — Brady — is head-down, ready for a normal vaginal delivery. But his brother, Bryce, is horizontal at the top of Melisa’s uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one reason Melisa is a candidate for a C-section. Babies do not come out sideways. And there’s another reason most doctors would never consider a vaginal delivery in Melisa’s case, Levesque says. Four years ago, she delivered the twins’ sister by cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Melisa] has a scar on her uterus,” Levesque explains, “so there’s a risk of uterine rupture — very rare, but there’s always a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that possibility may be greater for Melisa because she’s 37 years old and having twins. But the McDougalls hope to have vaginal deliveries for both boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just feel like it’s better for the kids — better for the babies,” Melisa says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Team Birth Project came to be\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoiding C-sections is also better for many moms. With cesareans, there’s a longer recovery period, a greater risk of infection and an association with injury and death. And most are not medically necessary, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ariadnelabs.org/about-us/people/leadership/neel-shah/\">Dr. Neel Shah\u003c/a>, who directs the Delivery Decisions Initiative at Ariadne Labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935047\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul03_enl-cb2e661918fa14621b925fc84cb4eea4bae5e108.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Low-tech, but highly communicative, a whiteboard in the delivery room made sure all members of the birth team were clued in to procedures and preferences throughout labor. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re fairly confident that, when you look nationally, the plurality — if not the majority — of C-sections are probably avoidable,” says Shah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those avoidable C-sections are the focus of the Team Birth Project, designed by Shah with input from roughly 50 doctors, nurses, midwives, doulas, public health specialists and consumer advocates who focus on childbirth. South Shore Hospital is one of the pilot sites for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In describing the collaboration, Shah begins with an acknowledgement: Childbirth is complicated. You’ve got two patients — the mother and the baby — and an ad hoc, often shifting team that at a minimum includes the mom, a nurse and a doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you’ve got three people who have to come together and become a very high-performing team in a really short period of time, for one of the most important moments in a person’s life,” Shah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this team has to perform at its best during an unpredictable event: labor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shah says doctors and nurses generally agree about three things: when a mom is in active labor; when a mom can definitely try for a vaginal delivery; and when she must have a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then there’s this huge gray zone,” Shah says. “And actually, everything about the Team Birth Project is about solving for the gray.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid unnecessary C-sections when what to do isn’t clear, this hospital, in conjunction with the Ariadne project, has changed the way labor and delivery is handled from start to finish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, women aren’t admitted until they are in active labor. Secondly, the mom’s preferences — such as whether she would like an epidural or not and whether she wants to have “skin-to-skin contact” with the baby immediately after birth — help guide the members of the labor team. The team members map the delivery plan — including Mom’s preferences and the medical team’s guidance — on a whiteboard, like the one in Melisa’s room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the births of Bryce and Brady McDougall, the white erasable planning board gets a lot of use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under “team,” Dr. Levesque and registered nurse Patty Newbitt write their names. Melisa and Shaun McDougall are also listed as equal partners. The names of other family members or nurses may be added and erased as labor progresses. Shah’s idea is that this team will “huddle” regularly throughout the labor to discuss the evolving birth plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The birth plan itself is divided into three separate elements on the board: maternal (the mom), fetal (the baby) and progress (in terms of how the labor is progressing). A mom with high blood pressure may need special attention — and that would be noted on the board — but she could still have a normal labor and vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Good communication is key\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.southshorehealth.org/find-a-doctor/kimberly-o-dever\">Dr. Kim Dever\u003c/a>, who chairs the OB-GYN department at South Shore, highlights a section of the whiteboard called “Next Assessment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That category is included on the board, Dever says, “because one of the things I often heard from patients is that they didn’t know what was going to happen next. Now they know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935048\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/0918_childbirth-overhaul22_enl-44081f601da04996dd67b0c8d844dca7a53fb50c.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It took a large team — including parents — at South Shore Hospital to deliver this baby, Bryce McDougall. \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Asking the mom — and the couple — about their preferences for the delivery is crucial, too, Levesque says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It forces us to stop and to think about everything with the patient,” she explains.”It makes us verbalize our thought process, which I think is good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall walks across the room to get a closer look at the whiteboard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Honestly, it seems like common sense,” he says. “I would always think the nurses would have something like this, but to have it out where mom and dad can see it — I think it’s pretty cool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Melisa McDougall’s plan in place, everyone settles in, to wait. About four hours later, Melisa isn’t yet feeling contractions. Levesque breaks the water sac around Brady.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looks nice and clear,” Levesque reports. “Hey bud, come on and hang out with us,” she says to the baby, tickling his head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, you’re going to keep leaking fluid until you leak babies,” the doctor explains to Melisa. “Whenever you start getting uncomfortable, we’ll get you an epidural at that point.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque moves to the board and adds updates: Melisa is 4 centimeters dilated; her waters broke at 13:26; the next assessment will be after she gets an epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The medical team insisted ahead of time that Melisa agree to be numbed from the waist down if she wants to deliver Bryce — the second twin — vaginally. Melissa agreed. The obstetricians may need to rotate the baby in her uterus, find a foot and pull Bryce out, causing pain most women would not tolerate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those doctors — Marino — peeks into the room and waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just came to say hi,” says Marino, who has more experience than most obstetricians in delivering babies positioned like Bryce. Along with Levesque, Marino has been seeing Melisa regularly in office visits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun McDougall asks the physicians if they’ll pose for a picture with his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we make funny faces?” asks Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want you to,” says Shaun. “You guys are like her favorite people on the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the hours tick by, there’s a shift change, and registered nurse Barbara Fatemi joins the McDougall team. She checks Melisa’s pain level regularly to determine when she’s ready for the epidural.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she isn’t feeling much but adds that she has a high tolerance for pain. Shaun tells Fatemi he sees the strain on his wife’s face. Fatemi acts on Shaun’s assessment and calls an anesthesiologist to prepare the epidural, something Shaun later says reinforces his feeling that they’re a team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque soon arrives for the promised “next assessment.” Melisa is now 10 centimeters dilated and ready to deliver — but she must hold on until nurses can get her into an operating room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque will still attempt to deliver both babies vaginally, she explains, but in the operating room, Melisa will be in the right place if Bryce doesn’t shift his position inside the uterus, and the doctor needs to do a last-minute cesarean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll see you in a few minutes. No pushing without me, OK?” Levesque says over her shoulder as she heads to the operating room to prep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll try,” Melisa says, weakly. In a minute, nurses are rolling her down the hall, following Levesque.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost five years ago, two women who were wheeled into this hospital’s operating rooms during childbirth died after undergoing C-sections. Though state investigators \u003ca href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzMosQYOsmaTR3RXTDBHT0NJMFE/edit\">found no evidence\u003c/a> of substandard care, Dever says the hospital scrutinized everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you have something like that happen, that expedites your efforts,” she says. “Exponentially.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Dever says, she sees an opportunity, through the Team Birth Project, to model changes that could help women far and wide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love women everywhere to be able to come in and have a safe birth and healthy baby,” she says. “That’s why I’m doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“They did not flinch”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dever is about to see her pilot study of the Team Birth Project pushed to new limits by little Bryce McDougall. First, though, Melisa must deliver Bryce’s brother, Brady. Even his birth, the one that was expected to be easier, is more difficult than anticipated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bent nearly in half, her face beet red, Melisa strains for five pushes. She throws up, then gets back to laboring. And suddenly, there he is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935049\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935049\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-960x639.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46-520x346.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/undefined_enl-c55ab5162adeb514c6a1ac968ff64df307097d46.jpg 1700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nurse checks the breastfeeding progress with Melisa and Brady. Melisa says she’s grateful she was able to delivery both babies vaginally. “I did not want to have a natural birth and a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.” \u003ccite>(Jesse Costa/WBUR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Oh my goodness, Brady, oh Brady,” wails Shaun. He follows a nurse holding his son over to a warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino takes Shaun’s place next to Levesque, who has reached inside Melisa to get the next twin. Levesque’s mission is to grab Bryce’s feet and guide him out. But everything feels like fingers, not toes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“\u003c/strong>That’s a hand,” she murmurs. “That’s a hand, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino rolls an ultrasound across Melisa’s belly, hoping the scan will show a foot. But Bryce’s feet are out of sight and out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marino has had more experience than most obstetricians with transverse babies, and this procedure, known as a breech extraction; she asks to try. She reaches into Melisa’s uterus while Levesque moves to Melisa’s right side and uses her forearm to shift Bryce and push him down. Dever, the head of obstetrics, has come into the room and takes over the ultrasound. At least six doctors and nurses encircle Melisa, whose face is taut. Shaun frowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Babe, you OK?” he asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa nods. Bryce’s heart rate is steady. But there’s still no sign of a foot. One little hand slips out and Marino nudges it back in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Open the table,” says Marino, her voice strained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s open and ready, her colleagues say, referring to the array of sterile surgical instruments that Marino may soon need, to begin a C-section.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 36 seconds, this room with more than a dozen adults grows oddly quiet. Everyone is watching Marino twist her arm this way and that, determined to find Bryce’s feet. Levesque leans hard into Melisa’s belly. Shaun bites his lip. Then Marino yanks at something — and her gloved, bloodied hand emerges, clenching baby Bryce by his two teeny legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh babe, here he comes, here he comes — Woo!” squeals Shaun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaun is overcome with emotion again. Melisa manages an exhausted giggle. Baby Bryce keeps everyone waiting a few more seconds and then howls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levesque starts to stitch up a small tear for Melisa, and Marino comes around to congratulate the new mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was fighting you, huh?” Melisa says, and laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside the operating room, Levesque and Marino look relieved and elated. Both agree that most doctors would have delivered Bryce by C-section. But at South Shore, the McDougalls found a hospital that has challenged itself to perform fewer C-sections and a doctor with experience in these unusual deliveries — one who knew and respected the parents’ preference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They specifically wanted to have a vaginal delivery of both babies,” Marino says — and that was on her mind during the difficult moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryce was fine, says Marino, so the deciding factor for her was that Shaun and Melisa did not panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They did not flinch — they were like, ‘Keep going,’ ” Marino recalls. “Sometimes the patient will say ‘stop,’ and then you have to stop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The babies’ father says he came close to requesting that, in the very last minute before Bryce was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That part with the arm — it was pretty aggressive,” Shaun says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in that moment, he adds, the feeling that he and Melisa were part of the team made a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made us more comfortable,” Shaun says, and that comfort translated to trust. “We trusted the decisions they were making.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melisa says she’s grateful for the vaginal delivery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did not want to have a natural birth \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a C-section,” she says. “That would be a brutal recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, 30 minutes after Marino pulled Bryce out of her, Melisa is nursing Brady and talking with family members via FaceTime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next assessment for The Team Birth Project\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>South Shore began using the Team Birth approach in April. Three other hospitals are also pilot sites: Saint Francis in Tulsa, Okla.; EvergreenHealth in Kirkland, Wash.; and Overlake in Redmond, Wash. The test period runs for two years. In the first four months at South Shore, the hospital’s primary, low-risk C-section rate dropped from 31 percent to 27 percent — about four fewer C-sections each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts who contributed to the development of the Team Birth Project are anxious to see whether other hospitals can lower their rates of C-section and keep them down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you get past the early adopters, how do you demonstrate the benefits for others that aren’t willing to change?” asks \u003ca href=\"https://www.bu.edu/sph/profile/eugene-declercq/\">Gene Declercq\u003c/a>, a professor of community health sciences at Boston University School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq notes that a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/05/23/611975420/californias-message-to-hospitals-shape-up-or-lose-in-network-status\">few insurers\u003c/a> are beginning to force that question, refusing to include in their networks hospitals that have high C-section rates, or high rates of other unnecessary, if not harmful, care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Declercq says the project’s focus on communication in the labor and delivery room makes sense because many physicians decide when to perform a cesarean based on clinical habit or the culture of their hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can impact that decision-making process, you can perhaps change the culture that might lead to unnecessary cesareans,” says Declercq.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government has set a target rate for hospitals: No more than 23.9 percent of first-time, low-risk mothers should be delivering by C-section. The U.S. average \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf\">in 2016\u003c/a> was 25.7 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The target was put in place because \u003ca href=\"https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2013/07000/Primary_Cesarean_Delivery_in_the_United_States.6.aspx\">research\u003c/a> has shown that if a woman’s first delivery is a C-section, her subsequent deliveries are highly likely to be C-sections, too — \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24553167\">raising \u003c/a>her (and her baby’s) risk for complications and even death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/24/662451106/twins-difficult-birth-put-a-project-designed-to-reduce-c-sections-to-the-test\">NPR\u003c/a>‘s reporting partnership with WBUR and \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\">\u003cem>Kaiser Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research",
"headTitle": "Science Summit Denounces Gene-Edited Babies Claim, But Not Future Research | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It should act immediately to prohibit such experiments, and ensure that He Jiankui is prosecuted as a warning to others,” King said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A Chinese scientist’s claims that he created the world’s first gene-edited babies is a “deeply disturbing” and “irresponsible” violation of international scientific norms, according to a formal conclusion issued Thursday by organizers of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nationalacademies.org/gene-editing/2nd_summit/index.htm\">Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing\u003c/a> in Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the summit rejected calls for a blanket moratorium on such research, saying that the work could eventually lead to new ways to prevent a long list of serious genetic diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos could allow parents carrying disease-causing mutation have healthy genetically related children,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/history-leadership/board-scientific-counselors/bios/david-baltimore-phd\">David Baltimore\u003c/a>, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist who chaired the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit was jolted by scientist \u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He Jiankui’s \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/26/670752865/chinese-scientist-says-hes-first-to-genetically-edit-babies\">surprise and unverified claims\u003c/a> earlier this week that he had edited the genes of twin girls who were born last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sustc-genome.org.cn/\">He, \u003c/a>of the Southern University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, China, claims he modified the embryos of the twins with the gene-editing technique \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> so that they would be immune to the AIDS virus. His claims remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, hundreds of scientists from dozens of countries were engrossed by his claims as they gathered for the three-day summit, which was organized by the Academy of Sciences of Hong Kong, the Royal Society of London, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to reach a global scientific consensus on how scientists might some day ethically use powerful new gene-editing techniques such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR\u003c/a> to edit the human genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A question of ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summit’s closing \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=11282018b\">statement\u003c/a> released early Thursday, the organizers called for an investigation to verify or refute He’s claims. But regardless of whether it is true, the organizers said the researcher’s experiment was premature, deeply flawed and unethical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1935027\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1935027\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/GettyImages-1066011752-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinese scientist He Jiankui speaks at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong on November 28, 2018. \u003ccite>(ANTHONY WALLACE/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Its flaws include an inadequate medical indication, a poorly designed study protocol, a failure to meet ethical standards for protecting the welfare of research subjects, and a lack of transparency in the development, review, and conduct of the clinical procedures,” said Baltimore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more research is needed before anyone tries to prevent diseases by editing human embryos, the organizers concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making changes in the DNA of embryos … could allow parents who carry disease-causing mutations to have healthy, genetically related children,” Baltimore said. “However, heritable genome editing of … embryos … poses risks that remain difficult to evaluate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But enough scientific advances have been made since the last summit in 2015 to begin plotting a course for how that could happen some day, according to the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Progress over the last three years and the discussions at the current summit, … suggest that it is time to define a rigorous, responsible … pathway toward such trials,” said Baltimore, a Nobel-prize winning U.S. biologist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In doing this, the organizers rejected calls for a moratorium on such research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baltimore said “draconian bans would be antithetical to the goals of science,” and unnecessarily hinder the advancement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\">R. Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a University of Wisconsin bioethicist who helped organize the summit, argued that just because one scientist violated scientific norms, doesn’t necessarily mean the scientific system is flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the failure was his, not the failure of the scientific community,” Charo said. “You can’t expect to have perfection. What you can try to do is minimize these incidents with the constant effort of conversation and oversight and ultimately enforcement measures that will discourage rogue behavior that goes outside international norms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Concerns and possible benefits\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making changes to the DNA in human embryos has long been considered taboo because of safety concerns and fears it could lead to “designer babies” — children whose traits are picked to make supposedly genetically superior people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many scientists have now become convinced that it may be ethical someday to edit human embryos to prevent genetic disorders, such as Huntington’s disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. And several scientists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/08/18/543769759/a-first-look-inside-the-lab-where-scientists-are-editing-dna-in-human-embryos\">already edited\u003c/a> human embryos in their labs to try to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most scientist and bioethicists agree that it is far too early to try to make babies from edited human embryos — primarily because safety protocols for the technique remain unclear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA editing may inadvertently cause genetic mutations that could cause health problems for any babies created this way and cause new health problems that would then be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some oppose all efforts to create genetically modified babies, saying it will be extremely difficult to draw a clear line between medical uses and attempts to create genetically enhanced individuals. And that could lead to a world of genetic haves and have-nots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Varied regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While gene-editing experiments on human embryos is \u003ca href=\"https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-12-108\">prohibited\u003c/a> in many countries, it has not been barred in many others. And scientist have long relied on self-regulation to prevent new technologies from being abused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summit statement came amid a growing call for governments around the world to impose enforceable moratoriums on any future experiments. While such experiments are prohibited in some countries, previous scientific policing has largely relied on scientists to follow guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the summit opened, \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/feng-zhang\">Feng Zhang\u003c/a>, an MIT scientist who helped develop CRISPR, immediately \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/crispr-pioneers-feng-zhang-and-david-liu-respond-report-embryo-editing-china\">called\u003c/a> for a moratorium on such experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Given the current early state of genome editing technology, I’m in favor of a moratorium on implantation of edited embryos … until we have come up with a thoughtful set of safety requirements first,” Zhang wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after the summit, Zhang said he agreed with the outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Rather than focusing on criticizing what has happened, we should learn the lessons that it has taught us,” Feng wrote in an email. “There is a lot of potential for using gene editing to alleviate disease suffering, and providing a productive path forward is the best way to ensure that patient’s hopes will get realized.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the last day of the summit was getting underway, more than 100 activists, bioethicists, scientists and other released a joint \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/internal-content/civil-society-statement-organizers-second-international-summit-human-genome\">statement \u003c/a>calling for the summit to call on governments and the United Nations to adopt moratoriums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the organizers of this week’s summit in Hong Kong wish to demonstrate that science is not out of control, and is worthy of public trust, now is the time for them and the rest of the international scientific community to act,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It noted that when He \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/11/28/671375070/facing-backlash-chinese-scientist-defends-gene-editing-research-on-babies\">defended his experiment\u003c/a> at the summit, he justified his experiment in part on a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance\">report\u003c/a> from the National Academies of Sciences. That report concluded that clinical trials “might be permitted” after laboratory studies show it would be safe and then only for “compelling medical reasons in the absence of reasonable alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment was echoed by the Berkeley, Calif., based Center for Genetics and Society, which accused the summit organizers of “complicity” in He’s rogue research, saying the recommendations of the National Academies and the \u003ca href=\"http://nuffieldbioethics.org/about\">Nuttfield Council of Bioethics\u003c/a> had been interpreted as a “green light” by He.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their closing statement, the summit organizers “all but said outright that nothing will get in their way: not laws in dozens of countries or an international treaty, not widespread public and civil society opposition, not deep concern among their own scientific community, and not a grandstanding researcher,” CGS said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a> of Human Genetics Alert, brought up the specter of “[the] horrifying history of eugenics in the 20th century,” and warned of the “disastrous consequences of going down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This year’s list of \u003ca href=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/rhodesscholars-fileshare/final_winners_bios_2018.pdf\">Rhodes Scholars\u003c/a> is remarkable for many reasons. Almost two-thirds of the recipients are women and nearly half are first-generation Americans or immigrants. But one scholarship winner in particular made history this year. Harvard University student Jin Park has become the first recipient of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/09/05/548754723/5-things-you-should-know-about-daca\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a> — DACA — to earn a prestigious Rhodes Scholarship.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s important to keep the focus on some of these bigger questions: Who belongs in America? Who is American?\u003ccite>Jin Park, Harvard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Park, 22, arrived in New York City with his parents from South Korea when he was 7 years old and grew up in Queens, N.Y. Park is currently a senior at Harvard working toward a degree in molecular and cellular biology with a minor in ethnicity, migration and rights. Thanks to the Rhodes Scholarship, Park will continue his studies at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve proposed two master’s degrees for my studies at Oxford: one in migration studies, the other in global health science and epidemiology,” Park says. “I want to do those two degrees and come back and hopefully work in the context of public health department … [to] implement evidence-based policies to improve and work on immigrant health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Simon spoke with Park about what the scholarship means to him and to other DACA recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Simon: What does this scholarship mean to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jin Park:\u003c/strong> It means to me personally a lot because growing up as an undocumented person in New York City, I’ve had a lot of formative experiences around particularly how my parents were treated at the face of the law and how I personally experienced some of these social institutions. And so, these experiences as a childhood informed a lot of the ways that I wanted to use my talents for the world. And so having this opportunity for me is really meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You were a speaker at the 2018 Harvard Class Day. I want to read you your words as I read them: “If you’ve ever eaten at a Korean Restaurant or received a mani-pedi in New York City, congratulations. Like it or not, you may have partially subsidized the education of what Fox News would call an illegal alien.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, my dad works as a line cook and restaurant and my mom worked in beauty salons her entire life. So, kind of watching my parents do that combined with also seeing my parents get denied health care, access to health care, health insurance, those experiences have informed the fact that if you’re an undocumented person in America, you don’t really have a full shot at full opportunity. So that’s kind of what I wanted to impart to my classmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you feel about this country?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strangely, I feel really optimistic. I think regardless of the occupant of the White House, it’s important to keep the focus on some of these bigger questions — who belongs in America? Who is American? And who are we going to provide the full benefits of membership in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are really big, almost theoretical questions that are going to remain. The answers are going to be necessary even after the current occupant leaves the White House. So, I think the real implications of the answers to these questions are important. They have genuine real consequences for immigrants. So, I think that’s where we really have to to keep the focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You have words for other DACA recipients who might be anxious about what’s going on in this country now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest thing that I’d say is understand your roots, stay true to your roots. I think it’s real important to really understand where you’re coming from, understand who your peers are, who your community is, who you want to serve, because going forward I think that’s where you draw your strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I draw my strength, personally, from visiting my dad in the restaurant and kind of touching his hand and feeling the blisters and the roughness of his hands and that always reminds me that I have to keep the focus on our community. That’s where I have to always come back. So that’s the kind of advice that I’d give: Stay true to your roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+Jin+Park%2C+The+First+DACA+Recipient+Awarded+A+Rhodes+Scholarship&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year’s list of \u003ca href=\"http://s3.amazonaws.com/rhodesscholars-fileshare/final_winners_bios_2018.pdf\">Rhodes Scholars\u003c/a> is remarkable for many reasons. Almost two-thirds of the recipients are women and nearly half are first-generation Americans or immigrants. But one scholarship winner in particular made history this year. Harvard University student Jin Park has become the first recipient of \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/09/05/548754723/5-things-you-should-know-about-daca\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals\u003c/a> — DACA — to earn a prestigious Rhodes Scholarship.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s important to keep the focus on some of these bigger questions: Who belongs in America? Who is American?\u003ccite>Jin Park, Harvard\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Park, 22, arrived in New York City with his parents from South Korea when he was 7 years old and grew up in Queens, N.Y. Park is currently a senior at Harvard working toward a degree in molecular and cellular biology with a minor in ethnicity, migration and rights. Thanks to the Rhodes Scholarship, Park will continue his studies at the University of Oxford in Oxford, England next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve proposed two master’s degrees for my studies at Oxford: one in migration studies, the other in global health science and epidemiology,” Park says. “I want to do those two degrees and come back and hopefully work in the context of public health department … [to] implement evidence-based policies to improve and work on immigrant health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR’s Scott Simon spoke with Park about what the scholarship means to him and to other DACA recipients.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>Interview Highlights\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Simon: What does this scholarship mean to you?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jin Park:\u003c/strong> It means to me personally a lot because growing up as an undocumented person in New York City, I’ve had a lot of formative experiences around particularly how my parents were treated at the face of the law and how I personally experienced some of these social institutions. And so, these experiences as a childhood informed a lot of the ways that I wanted to use my talents for the world. And so having this opportunity for me is really meaningful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You were a speaker at the 2018 Harvard Class Day. I want to read you your words as I read them: “If you’ve ever eaten at a Korean Restaurant or received a mani-pedi in New York City, congratulations. Like it or not, you may have partially subsidized the education of what Fox News would call an illegal alien.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, my dad works as a line cook and restaurant and my mom worked in beauty salons her entire life. So, kind of watching my parents do that combined with also seeing my parents get denied health care, access to health care, health insurance, those experiences have informed the fact that if you’re an undocumented person in America, you don’t really have a full shot at full opportunity. So that’s kind of what I wanted to impart to my classmates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you feel about this country?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strangely, I feel really optimistic. I think regardless of the occupant of the White House, it’s important to keep the focus on some of these bigger questions — who belongs in America? Who is American? And who are we going to provide the full benefits of membership in America?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are really big, almost theoretical questions that are going to remain. The answers are going to be necessary even after the current occupant leaves the White House. So, I think the real implications of the answers to these questions are important. They have genuine real consequences for immigrants. So, I think that’s where we really have to to keep the focus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You have words for other DACA recipients who might be anxious about what’s going on in this country now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest thing that I’d say is understand your roots, stay true to your roots. I think it’s real important to really understand where you’re coming from, understand who your peers are, who your community is, who you want to serve, because going forward I think that’s where you draw your strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I draw my strength, personally, from visiting my dad in the restaurant and kind of touching his hand and feeling the blisters and the roughness of his hands and that always reminds me that I have to keep the focus on our community. That’s where I have to always come back. So that’s the kind of advice that I’d give: Stay true to your roots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Meet+Jin+Park%2C+The+First+DACA+Recipient+Awarded+A+Rhodes+Scholarship&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Rapid DNA Analysis Used to Help ID Camp Fire Victims",
"headTitle": "Rapid DNA Analysis Used to Help ID Camp Fire Victims | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Authorities are using a powerful tool in their effort to identify the scores of people killed by the wildfire that ripped through Northern California: rapid DNA testing that produces results in just two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system can analyze DNA from bone fragments or other remains, then match it to genetic material provided by relatives of the missing. But the technology depends on people coming forward to give a DNA sample via a cheek swab, and so far, there are not nearly as many volunteers as authorities had hoped for.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the one way I could contribute to helping find my uncle.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As of Tuesday, nearly two weeks after the inferno devastated the town of Paradise and surrounding areas, the number of confirmed dead stood at 79, and the sheriff’s list of those unaccounted for had about 700 names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only about 60 people had provided samples to pop-up labs at the Butte County Sheriff’s office in Oroville and an old Sears building in Chico, where the Federal Emergency Management Agency set up a disaster relief center, said Annette Mattern, a spokeswoman for ANDE, the Longmont, Colorado, company that is donating the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need hundreds,” Mattern said. “We need a big enough sample for us to make a positive ID on these and to also give a better idea of how many losses there actually are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confusion and conflicting information, the inability of relatives to travel to Northern California and mistrust of the government may be contributing to the low number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tara Quinones hadn’t heard anything from her uncle, David Marbury, for eight days before she drove north from the San Francisco Bay Area to give a sample Friday. A worker used a small tool to scrape her cheek, took three swabs of skin and asked her detailed questions about who she was looking for and their relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uncle’s landlord confirmed his house burned down with his vehicle still in the garage, but Quinones had no idea if any remains were found. Marbury’s name keeps going on and off the ever-changing list of the missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did it just to be proactive,” Quinones said Monday. “This is the one way I could contribute to helping find my uncle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those who have given DNA came forward, like Quinones, after learning about the identification effort in their desperate search for a loved one, others after the sheriff’s office called to say that remains that probably belonged to a family member had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern declined to say Tuesday how many victims ANDE’s technology has helped identify. Sheriff Kory Honea’s office did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was 70 percent contained Tuesday. Rain in the forecast for Wednesday through Thanksgiving weekend could aid in fighting the fire but could also bring flash floods and complicate efforts to recover remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once DNA is extracted from the remains, it is placed in a vial that goes into a black machine that looks like a bulky computer printer. It takes just two hours to process the material and get a DNA profile; traditional methods can take days or weeks. If a relative’s DNA is already in the system, a match will pop up right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern said it has been surprisingly easy to get DNA from remains, despite the devastating damage done by the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went in with pretty measured expectations, we didn’t know what we were walking into,” she said. “We have a tremendous database now of the victims of the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruth Dickover, director of the forensic science graduate program at the University of California-Davis, said that scientists have long been able to extract DNA from bone — a process that involves pulverizing the bone — but things can become more complicated if the remains of multiple people are mixed together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s left may not give you a nice beautiful profile,” she said.\u003cbr>\nANDE won a contract in 2009 to do research and development for federal agencies, and the company’s technology has been used in pilot programs for several years. Over the summer, it won FBI approval for use in accredited labs. Law enforcement agencies in Utah, New York and Miami have used the technology, as has the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first time ANDE has helped identify victims after a natural disaster. The company has donated seven machines and about a dozen workers to the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah Warren drove an hour and a half from Redding on Monday to report her uncle, Devan Ruel, as missing. The sheriff’s office gave her a number to call about missing people, and when she called, she was told authorities would contact her if they needed her DNA, she said.\u003cbr>\nShe said no one told her about the collection desk at the old Sears, so she returned home without providing one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could have done that so easily, just to be safe,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren hadn’t talked to Ruel in about eight years and said the family did not have an address for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was just an off-the-grid type of guy,” she said. “If he did perish that way it would be horrific. It deeply, deeply saddens me to even consider that being a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern said the sheriff’s office is looking for a way to make it easier for families who don’t live in Northern California to provide samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in hopes of easing fears that the DNA will be misused, the sheriff’s office and the company gave assurances it will be deleted once it is no longer needed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Authorities are using a powerful tool in their effort to identify the scores of people killed by the wildfire that ripped through Northern California: rapid DNA testing that produces results in just two hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The system can analyze DNA from bone fragments or other remains, then match it to genetic material provided by relatives of the missing. But the technology depends on people coming forward to give a DNA sample via a cheek swab, and so far, there are not nearly as many volunteers as authorities had hoped for.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This is the one way I could contribute to helping find my uncle.’\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As of Tuesday, nearly two weeks after the inferno devastated the town of Paradise and surrounding areas, the number of confirmed dead stood at 79, and the sheriff’s list of those unaccounted for had about 700 names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But only about 60 people had provided samples to pop-up labs at the Butte County Sheriff’s office in Oroville and an old Sears building in Chico, where the Federal Emergency Management Agency set up a disaster relief center, said Annette Mattern, a spokeswoman for ANDE, the Longmont, Colorado, company that is donating the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need hundreds,” Mattern said. “We need a big enough sample for us to make a positive ID on these and to also give a better idea of how many losses there actually are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confusion and conflicting information, the inability of relatives to travel to Northern California and mistrust of the government may be contributing to the low number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tara Quinones hadn’t heard anything from her uncle, David Marbury, for eight days before she drove north from the San Francisco Bay Area to give a sample Friday. A worker used a small tool to scrape her cheek, took three swabs of skin and asked her detailed questions about who she was looking for and their relationship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The uncle’s landlord confirmed his house burned down with his vehicle still in the garage, but Quinones had no idea if any remains were found. Marbury’s name keeps going on and off the ever-changing list of the missing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did it just to be proactive,” Quinones said Monday. “This is the one way I could contribute to helping find my uncle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of those who have given DNA came forward, like Quinones, after learning about the identification effort in their desperate search for a loved one, others after the sheriff’s office called to say that remains that probably belonged to a family member had been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern declined to say Tuesday how many victims ANDE’s technology has helped identify. Sheriff Kory Honea’s office did not immediately respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire was 70 percent contained Tuesday. Rain in the forecast for Wednesday through Thanksgiving weekend could aid in fighting the fire but could also bring flash floods and complicate efforts to recover remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once DNA is extracted from the remains, it is placed in a vial that goes into a black machine that looks like a bulky computer printer. It takes just two hours to process the material and get a DNA profile; traditional methods can take days or weeks. If a relative’s DNA is already in the system, a match will pop up right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern said it has been surprisingly easy to get DNA from remains, despite the devastating damage done by the flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We went in with pretty measured expectations, we didn’t know what we were walking into,” she said. “We have a tremendous database now of the victims of the fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ruth Dickover, director of the forensic science graduate program at the University of California-Davis, said that scientists have long been able to extract DNA from bone — a process that involves pulverizing the bone — but things can become more complicated if the remains of multiple people are mixed together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s left may not give you a nice beautiful profile,” she said.\u003cbr>\nANDE won a contract in 2009 to do research and development for federal agencies, and the company’s technology has been used in pilot programs for several years. Over the summer, it won FBI approval for use in accredited labs. Law enforcement agencies in Utah, New York and Miami have used the technology, as has the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the first time ANDE has helped identify victims after a natural disaster. The company has donated seven machines and about a dozen workers to the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah Warren drove an hour and a half from Redding on Monday to report her uncle, Devan Ruel, as missing. The sheriff’s office gave her a number to call about missing people, and when she called, she was told authorities would contact her if they needed her DNA, she said.\u003cbr>\nShe said no one told her about the collection desk at the old Sears, so she returned home without providing one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I could have done that so easily, just to be safe,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warren hadn’t talked to Ruel in about eight years and said the family did not have an address for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was just an off-the-grid type of guy,” she said. “If he did perish that way it would be horrific. It deeply, deeply saddens me to even consider that being a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattern said the sheriff’s office is looking for a way to make it easier for families who don’t live in Northern California to provide samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in hopes of easing fears that the DNA will be misused, the sheriff’s office and the company gave assurances it will be deleted once it is no longer needed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Last month, as much of Colorado was enduring a snowstorm, hundreds of crabs in Fort Collins were enjoying more pleasant conditions: 75-degree heat with 80 percent humidity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University, crustacean biologist Donald Mykles houses a population of blackback land crabs, natives of the Caribbean, in an environment that mimics their tropical habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_hero-wide_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The blackback land crab is native to the Caribbean. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These warm-weather crabs don’t take to snow. “The blackback land crab is a temperature wimp,” Mykles said. “You can kill one by putting it on ice for five minutes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in the Crab Lab focuses on molting, the process that allows crabs to shed their hard shells when the soft body inside grows too big for its britches. Scientists have long studied molting, but what exactly controls it has remained somewhat mysterious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mykles’ research examines how molting might be manipulated, in case we ever wanted to, say, engineer a fast-growing variety to feed the world’s appetite for shellfish. Crab is a $700 million industry in the U.S, the second-most valuable seafood menu item after lobster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they molt more quickly, they grow more rapidly,” Mykles said, “Instead of two crops per year, you might be able to have three, or perhaps even four.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chief crab food species are blue crab on the East Coast, Dungeness in California, and king crab in Alaska. Since all crabs share a basic molting mechanism, Mykles’ work with the blackback land crab — which is not a major food source, except in some Caribbean stews — is transferable to the more popular commercial species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933541\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933541 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_don-mykles_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Mykles runs the “Crab Lab” at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides trying to build a better crab, Mykles hopes to understand how rising ocean temperatures and acidity, both associated with global climate change, might play a role in crabs’ ability to keep up with their popularity as a menu item in the future. These environmental factors could affect new shell hardening after a molt, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean more of the gas becomes dissolved in the ocean, especially near the surface where crabs live. In water, carbon dioxide becomes carbonic acid, which breaks down crustacean shells. Warmer temperatures accelerate these reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, conditions are still in the livable range for crabs and their relatives, Mykles said. “We don’t really know where that threshold is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The more imminent climate-change worry with crabs is about the plankton that make up their diets. These single-celled organisms are the source of the calcium carbonate critical to shell formation and are more vulnerable to changing ocean conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their tastier cousins, Mykles’ blackback crabs spend most of their lives on land. Females return to the sea only briefly to lay their eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the sand-dune beaches where they live, the males do constant battle over territory. The stakes are high: If one of these baby-faced crabs secures a winning spot, he can invite a mate into his den, 6 or 7 feet beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_crabfight-grab_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blackback land crabs can tear each other apart in their battles for territory. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With all this roughhousing, more than feelings get hurt. “These crabs are not very nice. They live in large colonies. They attack each other, and they’ll eat each other,” Mykles said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The male crabs inevitably lose limbs and damage their shells in constant dust-ups. Luckily, like many other arthropods, a group that includes insects and spiders, these crabs can release a leg or claw voluntarily if threatened. It’s not unusual to see animals in the field missing two or three walking legs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The limbs regrow at the next molt, which is typically once a year for an adult. When a molt cycle begins, tiny limb buds form where a leg or a claw has been lost. Over the next six to eight weeks, the buds enlarge while the crab reabsorbs calcium from its old shell and secretes a new, paper-thin one underneath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last hour of the cycle, the crab gulps air to create enough internal pressure to pop open the top of its shell, called the carapace. As the crab pushes its way out, the same internal pressure helps uncoil the new legs. The replacement shell thickens and hardens, and the crab eats the old shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933542\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1933542\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_limb-bud-xcu_CC-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a crab’s molt cycle, tiny buds sprout in the sockets where it lost legs. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The clues about how to produce molting on demand have been stacking up for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that the control center lies in an unexpected place: the crab’s eyestalks, where a master nerve cluster like the human pituitary gland orders up a cocktail of hormones from an array of secondary glands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the location of this so-called X-organ, identified in the 1950s, Mykles and others have guessed that visual cues, like the number of nearby crabs or the length of daylight, could play a role in determining when it’s time for a change of shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the hormones from X-organ don’t induce molting — they prevent it. Without the enzymes that keep molting in check, a crab would be constantly cycling through new shells. Such unbridled molting is fatal to a crab — after a few rounds, they get stuck trying to get out of the last shell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Dorothy Skinner at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee hit on something else. Despite its very small brain, the blackback can count, at least when it comes to its legs. Consistently, her research found, if a crab loses five legs or more, molting starts ahead of schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While these discoveries relied on classic scientific approaches, such as behavioral studies, the current work in the Crab Lab employs newly developed gene-based tools. In particular, High-Throughput Sequencing or HTS, which tracks which crab genes are most active at different points in the molt cycle, is opening a lot of avenues of research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ultimately, what I’d like to do is use genomic tools to knock out the molt-inhibiting hormone,” said Mykles. “It really has revolutionized our work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1933545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/11/DL520_BlackbackCrabs_sunset_720.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At sunset, blackback land crabs return to their dens. \u003ccite>(Alex Jones)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will",
"headTitle": "Parasites Raise Unsettling Questions About Human Free Will | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovo_T0KqdYg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”[contextly_sidebar id=”sySsxX0TNpCyTcjs0WjKuNkHvdAWB9pa”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”nyNxzAGwHdPVtG5ZnMrI4yRUIjRMpB1C”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”[contextly_sidebar id=”z74gNyv5Njdi4jnUM2vQbJxa2XHN1A1G”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ovo_T0KqdYg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When people think of zombies, it’s usually in a fictional context or in connection with Halloween. But science writer Matt Simon, whose spent an awful lot of time studying parasites, says that the concept of brain control is not entirely far-fetched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites are nature’s body snatchers. They latch on to their host and manipulate the organism’s behavior, according to Simon, author of “\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/553657/plight-of-the-living-dead-by-matt-simon/9780143131410/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Plight of the Living Dead: What Real-Life Zombies Reveal About Our World — and Ourselves\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of the jewel wasp, who injects a mind-altering substance into a cockroach’s brain and then guides it into a burrow. Here, the roach allows itself to be used as shelter and food for the wasp’s larvae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933916\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1933916\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/iStock-969381884-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image of the jewel wasp on a brown branch. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Or consider the horsehair worm, which grows inside a cricket’s stomach, persuading it to hurl itself into a body of water, where the worm can find other parasites to mate with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are humans, about a third of whom may carry a parasite known as Toxoplasma that’s been linked to risky behavior and schizophrenia. Pregnant women are typically told not to handle cat litter, where this parasite usually shows up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Toxoplasma is actually meant to work on rodents, making them attracted to cat urine and thereby bringing them closer to their prey. The cat can then easily pounce on the infected rodent, which then ends up in the cat’s stomach, where the parasite can complete its life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because our brain structure is similar to a rodent’s, the parasite can influence our behavior as well. And while those behaviors are not as pronounced as in infected rodents, Simon says some studies show that risk-taking behavior in men goes up, while in women, the parasite has been linked to suicide rates and schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the rabies virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’ve ever seen videos of people in the throes of an infection, it’s really difficult to watch,” Simon said Wednesday on KQED’s program Forum. “Part of the manipulation of the parasite is to […] keep the host from washing out that virus. So the manipulation is don’t drink water. Not only that, be afraid of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says the virus essentially strips people of their humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Human Free Will\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parasites take us into frightening realms of biology that raise intriguing questions about human free will and personal autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Simon, it serves as a humbling reminder that we’re not all that different from simpler organisms that share our planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re made of meat, like every other organism,’ says Simon. “We think that we have these great big intellects, these wonderful egos, and consciousness and free will. But at the very base of it is this pure biology that these parasites are manipulating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much of our behavior then can we chalk up to our brains and how much of it might be the manipulations of bad actors in our heads?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe we’re compelled by forces of nature as well as our own neural patterns, much more than we’d like to recognize or believe,” says Forum host Michael Krasny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon points to the growing debate surrounding social media use and mind control. Former social media executives in recent months have said that \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/09/facebook-sean-parker-vulnerability-brain-psychology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they specifically designed \u003c/a>these platforms to be addictive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It comes down to the dopamine chemical, which makes us social. But these pathways are continuing to be exploited,” says Simon. “Is that something you’re really choosing to do or that dopamine ordering you around?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon says that, as humans, we need to believe in free will in order for society to function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to have society hold people responsible for their actions,” says Simon. “But it’s really interesting to think about these parasites that are manipulating behavior, how they might be turning us into not just humans but something kind of a hybrid in our behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as much as we know about parasites, the ones we haven’t uncovered yet are just as unsettling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There could be so many out there that we don’t know about because maybe the parasites are manipulating the smells of their host or the sounds that they make,” says Simon. “And we’re just not equipped as humans, as visual creatures, to understand it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival",
"headTitle": "Your Guide to the 2018 Bay Area Science Festival | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Curious minds of all ages can rejoice: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> is upon us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organized by UCSF, in collaboration with dozens of science and cultural institutions, the festival is brimming with hands-on programs and workshops designed for people of all ages. Whether it’s an intimate lecture at an Emeryville coffee shop, a haunted spook-shop in San Francisco, or a workshop that allows you to turn cells into cancer-killing superheroes, the nine-day affair promises something for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science is kicking off the event, which runs from Oct. 26 to Nov. 3, with a special screening of its award-winning science series Deep Look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is a brief list of some of this year’s offerings. For more information, \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/schedule/\">check out the festival’s schedule. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 351px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933312\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-768x513.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-960x641.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/hires_11.05.16_BASF_G9_58_53-1030x688-1.jpg 1030w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants at the BASF. (Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fri., Oct. 26\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n7 p.m. – 9 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a special screening of KQED’s award-winning science series, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>. Meet the producers and hear how they captured the stunning imagery for some of \u003cem>Deep Look‘s\u003c/em> creepy creature videos, including flesh-eating beetles, ticks, whispering bats and more. Plus, you’ll meet some of the researchers behind the videos and enjoy hands-on activities that might reveal your fear factor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grounds for Science\u003cbr>\n6:30 p.m. – 8 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/scarlet-city-espresso-bar/\">Scarlet City Espresso Bar\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy cutting-edge science talks featuring UC Berkeley graduate students, science trivia, locally roasted coffee, pinball and more. Join Micah Brush (physics) and Wren Suess (astronomy) to learn more about the cosmic secrets of dark matter and galaxy formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933301\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 353px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"353\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321.jpg 425w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/ccdd-425x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Playing with robots at BASF. (Image courtesy: BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sat., Oct.27\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m.- 2 p.m. Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/csu-east-bay-concord-campus/\">CSU East Bay Concord Campus\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring more than 25 interactive exhibits showcasing science, technology and engineering from local businesses, museums and universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North Bay Science Discovery Day\u003cbr>\n10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/sonoma-county-fairgrounds/\">Sonoma County Fairgrounds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring family-friendly interactive workshops designed to get kids excited about STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Math. Participate in fun activities like formula racing engineering, where you can race your own gravity-powered model. Or discover what it’s like to be a heart surgeon using the newest technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expand Her Potential in Science\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 12:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/2040-valley-life-sciences-building/\">2040 Valley Life Sciences Building (UC Berkeley)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) have been around for generations and will continue to shape our world in the years to come. This program explores how adults can give young girls the tools they need to succeed in a STEM career. In this discussion with women STEM professionals, the program will explore popular media perception of STEM, the parent or guardian’s role in empowering their child to pursue a STEM career, and inspiring STEM resources for girls and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Creepy Halloween\u003cbr>\n11 a.m. – 3 p.m., Free with museum admission\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/lawrence-hall-of-science-2/\">Lawrence Hall of Science\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring special Halloween-themed activities in the Ingenuity Lab and Animal Discovery Room. Pumpkins will fly during this annual outdoor event. In the Ingenuity Lab, use the basics of engineering to design your own hydraulic lifts. Then, grab some pumpkins and test the strength of your hydraulic creation in this Halloween-themed activity for all ages. The event will also feature a collection of animal skeletons and brains along with the science behind their unique characteristics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sun., Oct.28\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933305\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/Integem_BASF-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Imagine yourself on different planets at BASF. \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Interact with your imagination: Learn, Experience Holographic AR\u003cbr>\n1 p.m. – 2:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/los-altos-library/\">Los Altos Library\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how to create your own holographic augmented reality experiences in this introductory workshop hosted by Integem Inc. Come create your own fantasy world with Holographic Augmented Reality (HAR). This event is suitable for K-12 students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mon., Oct. 29\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933310 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/SciCommStudio012-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SciComm Studio 012: Beneath the Sea\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 9 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/swissnex-san-francisco/\">swissnex San Francisco\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can artists, scientists, and designers collaborate to create new methods of public engagement around marine conservation? swissnex San Francisco will host a conversation with Marie Griesmar, artist, diver, and science communicator. Marie will provide insights into her artistic process and her strategies for increasing awareness around coral reefs and environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Habitarium and CA Trail Tour\u003cbr>\n2:45 p.m. – 4 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\nOakland Zoo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enjoy a special guided tour of the newly opened Habitarium and CA Trail exhibits. Guests will learn all about the new resident animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tue., Oct. 30\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933306 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/farmersmarket-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hands-on Science at the Farmers Market\u003cbr>\n2 p.m. – 6 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/south-berkeley-farmers-market-2/\">South Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Explore what you eat and learn about the biology, chemistry, physics and even math of your food. Get hands-on and join Cal scientists for some fun, food-related (and spooky!) investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning Cells into Superheroes\u003cbr>\n6 p.m. – 7 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/ucsf-mission-bay-campus-genentech-hall/\">UCSF Mission Bay Campus, Genentech Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn how UCSF scientists are turning cells into superheroes by engineering immune cells to kill cancer. Scientists will lead you through an interactive experience to design, build, and test a personalized cell therapy to treat a hypothetical cancer patient who has failed conventional treatment. Participants will also engineer immune T cells with the therapy they designed and use microscopy to test their ability to specifically kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wed., Oct. 31\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933307 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321.jpg 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-160x61.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-800x304.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-768x292.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-240x91.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-375x142.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/MissionScience-845x321-520x198.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy BASF.) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mission Science SPOOK-shop!\u003cbr>\n5:30 p.m. – 8 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/mission-science-workshop-2/\">Mission Science Workshop\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring exhibits that come to life and take over the workshop for one haunted evening! Come if you dare and explore the spooky side of science. Walk inside the belly of a (real!) whale, dissect an eyeball, meet the Mission’s friendliest python, dance with real animal calaveras and skeletons, and light up your costume with LEDs or get it moving with a motor at our tinkering table of terror. All ages are welcome!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Thurs., Nov. 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933308\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 845px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933308 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"845\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321.png 845w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-160x61.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-800x304.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-768x292.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-240x91.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-375x142.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/BrainsonVideoGames-1-845x321-520x198.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 845px) 100vw, 845px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brains on Video Games\u003cbr>\n4 p.m. – 5 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/neuroscape-ucsf/\">Neuroscape UCSF\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Showcasing a cutting-edge approach to improving brain function by building a bridge between neuroscience and fun technologies. Discover how video games are being developed to support treatment of brain disorders such as ADHD, autism, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscape Research Labs are state-of-the-art programs designed to study novel, therapeutic approaches, with the primary goal of driving the rapid translation of neuroscience to real-world solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Stephen Hawking: A Celebration of His Life and Work\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">6 p.m.-7\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">:30 p.m., Free\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/san-francisco-public-library-koret-auditorium/\">San Francisco Public Library, Koret Auditorium\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Scientists and science enthusiasts are mourning the passing of Stephen Hawking, one of the great minds and spirits of our time. In this introductory, nontechnical talk, Andrew Fraknoi will briefly summarize Hawking’s life, and talk about the importance of his scientific work. No background in science or math will be required, but be prepared to have your mind boggled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Astronomy Night @ UC Berkeley\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m.\u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9:30 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/uc-berkeley-campbell-hall/\">UC Berkeley, Campbell Hall\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come enjoy the final Astronomy Night of 2018! Featuring an astronomy talk and stargazing on the roof of Campbell Hall with a fleet of telescopes. Learn all about the search for extraterrestrial life, and how you can help search for ET too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1933309\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 356px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1933309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"356\" height=\"268\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321.jpg 426w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-160x121.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-240x181.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/themostunknown-426x321-375x283.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Image courtesy of BASF) \u003ccite>(bayareasciencefestival.org)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Fri., Nov. 2\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe Most Unknown\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">7 p.m. \u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">9 p.m., \u003c/span>Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/bluxome-center/\">Bluxome Center\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Most Unknown” is an epic documentary film that sends nine scientists to extraordinary parts of the world to uncover unexpected answers to some of humanity’s biggest questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">\u003cstrong>Sat., Nov. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discovery Day at AT&T Park\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">11 p.m.-\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">4:30 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"tribe-events-single-event-description tribe-events-content entry-content description\">\n\u003cp>Come experience tons of dynamic demonstrations, engaging experiments, and geeky games led by Bay Area scientists and engineers. The entire ballpark will be packed with science content.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"tribe-events-single-event-title summary entry-title\">Possible Self STEM Expo\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-date-start\">8:30 p.m. \u003c/span>– \u003cspan class=\"tribe-event-time\">3:30 p.m., \u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"tribe-events-cost\">Free\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareasciencefestival.org/venue/foothill-college-sunnyvale-campue/\">Foothill College – Sunnyvale Campue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Featuring a daylong program, middle-school aged students will take part in multiple Science-, Technology-, Engineering-, and Math- oriented sessions. Students will sign up for activities at the beginning of the day. There will also be an event connecting students with mentoring programs in the Bay Area. This will allow students to follow up with their STEM experiences throughout the year. This opportunity is open to all students. Youth from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM are especially encouraged to attend!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Trump Administration Relying on Questionable Science in Move to Weaken Radiation Rules",
"headTitle": "Trump Administration Relying on Questionable Science in Move to Weaken Radiation Rules | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is quietly moving to weaken U.S. radiation regulations, turning to scientific outliers who argue that a bit of radiation damage is actually good for you — like a little bit of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">A recent meta-study supports the principle that even low doses of radiation can cause a significant increase in cancer rates. But the Trump administration is turning to scientific outliers who question that consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The government’s current, decades-old guidance says that any exposure to harmful radiation is a cancer risk. And critics say the proposed change could lead to higher levels of exposure for workers at nuclear installations and oil and gas drilling sites, medical workers doing X-rays and CT scans, people living next to Superfund sites and any members of the public who one day might find themselves exposed to a radiation release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration already has targeted a range of other regulations on toxins and pollutants, including coal power plant emissions and car exhaust, that it sees as costly and burdensome for businesses. Supporters of the EPA’s new radiation guidance argue the government’s current no-tolerance rule for radiation damage forces unnecessary spending for handling exposure in accidents, at nuclear plants, in medical centers and at other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would have a positive effect on human health as well as save billions and billions and billions of dollars,” Edward Calabrese, a toxicologist at the University of Massachusetts, said in 2016. He was to be the lead witness at a congressional hearing Wednesday on EPA’s push for what it calls transparency in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule would require regulators to consider “various threshold models across the exposure range” when it comes to dangerous substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it does not specify that it’s addressing radiation and chemicals, an EPA news release on the rule quotes Calabrese as saying it would: “The proposal represents a major scientific step forward by recognizing the widespread occurrence of non-linear dose responses in toxicology and epidemiology for chemicals and radiation and the need to incorporate such data in the risk assessment process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comment period for the science regulation has ended and the agency is currently reviewing the comments. There’s no specific date for final action by the administration. The EPA declined to make an official with its radiation-protection program available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiation is everywhere, from potassium in bananas to the microwaves popping our popcorn. Most of it is benign. But what’s of concern is the higher-energy, shorter-wave radiation, like X-rays, that can penetrate and disrupt living cells, sometimes causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as this March, the EPA’s online guidelines for radiation effects advised: “Current science suggests there is some cancer risk from any exposure to radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even exposures below 100 millisieverts” — an amount roughly equivalent to 25 chest X-rays or about 14 CT chest scans — “slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in the future,” the agency’s guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that online guidance — separate from the rule-change proposal — was edited in July to add a section emphasizing the low individual odds of cancer: “According to radiation safety experts, radiation exposures of …100 millisieverts usually result in no harmful health effects, because radiation below these levels is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk,” the revised policy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calabrese and his supporters argue that smaller exposures of cell-damaging radiation and other carcinogens can serve as stressors that activate the body’s repair mechanisms and can make people healthier. They compare it to physical exercise or sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mainstream scientific consensus on radiation is based on deceptive science, says Calabrese, who argued in a 2014 essay for “righting the past deceptions and correcting the ongoing errors in environmental regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman John Konkus said in an email that the proposed rule change is about “increasing transparency on assumptions” about how the body responds to different doses of dangerous substances and that the agency “acknowledges uncertainty regarding health effects at low doses” and supports more research on that.\u003cbr>\nThe radiation regulation is supported by Steven Milloy, a Trump transition team member for the EPA who is known for challenging widely accepted ideas about manmade climate change and the health risks of tobacco. He has been promoting Calabrese’s theory of healthy radiation on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jan Beyea, a physicist whose work includes research with the National Academies of Science on the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, said the EPA science proposal represents voices “generally dismissed by the great bulk of scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA proposal would lead to “increases in chemical and radiation exposures in the workplace, home and outdoor environment, including the vicinity of Superfund sites,” Beyea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the level the EPA website talks about, any one person’s risk of cancer from radiation exposure is perhaps 1 percent, Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individual risk will likely be low, but not the cumulative social risk,” Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they even look at that — no, no, no,” said Terrie Barrie, a resident of Craig, Colorado, and an advocate for her husband and other workers at the now-closed Rocky Flats nuclear-weapons plant, where the U.S. government is compensating certain cancer victims regardless of their history of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason not to protect people as much as possible,” said Barrie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. agencies for decades have followed a policy that there is no threshold of radiation exposure that is risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reaffirmed that principle this year after a review of 29 public health studies on cancer rates among people exposed to low-dose radiation, via the U.S. atomic bombing of Japan in World War II, leak-prone Soviet nuclear installations, medical treatments and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty of the 29 studies directly support the principle that even low-dose exposures cause a significant increase in cancer rates, said Roy Shore, chief of research at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a joint project of the United States and Japan. Scientists found most of the other studies were inconclusive and decided one was flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None supported the theory there is some safe threshold for radiation, said Shore, who chaired the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were a threshold that it’s safe to go below, “those who profess that would have to come up with some data,”\u003cbr>\nShore said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the evidence did not point that way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates electronic devices that emit radiation, advises, broadly, that a single CT scan with a dose of 10 millisieverts may increase risks of a fatal cancer by about 1 chance in 2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the proposal say it’s time to rethink radiation regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now we spend an enormous effort trying to minimize low doses” at nuclear power plants, for example, said Brant Ulsh, a physicist with the California-based consulting firm M.H. Chew and Associates. “Instead, let’s spend the resources on minimizing the effect of a really big event.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is quietly moving to weaken U.S. radiation regulations, turning to scientific outliers who argue that a bit of radiation damage is actually good for you — like a little bit of sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">A recent meta-study supports the principle that even low doses of radiation can cause a significant increase in cancer rates. But the Trump administration is turning to scientific outliers who question that consensus.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The government’s current, decades-old guidance says that any exposure to harmful radiation is a cancer risk. And critics say the proposed change could lead to higher levels of exposure for workers at nuclear installations and oil and gas drilling sites, medical workers doing X-rays and CT scans, people living next to Superfund sites and any members of the public who one day might find themselves exposed to a radiation release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration already has targeted a range of other regulations on toxins and pollutants, including coal power plant emissions and car exhaust, that it sees as costly and burdensome for businesses. Supporters of the EPA’s new radiation guidance argue the government’s current no-tolerance rule for radiation damage forces unnecessary spending for handling exposure in accidents, at nuclear plants, in medical centers and at other sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This would have a positive effect on human health as well as save billions and billions and billions of dollars,” Edward Calabrese, a toxicologist at the University of Massachusetts, said in 2016. He was to be the lead witness at a congressional hearing Wednesday on EPA’s push for what it calls transparency in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed rule would require regulators to consider “various threshold models across the exposure range” when it comes to dangerous substances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it does not specify that it’s addressing radiation and chemicals, an EPA news release on the rule quotes Calabrese as saying it would: “The proposal represents a major scientific step forward by recognizing the widespread occurrence of non-linear dose responses in toxicology and epidemiology for chemicals and radiation and the need to incorporate such data in the risk assessment process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comment period for the science regulation has ended and the agency is currently reviewing the comments. There’s no specific date for final action by the administration. The EPA declined to make an official with its radiation-protection program available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radiation is everywhere, from potassium in bananas to the microwaves popping our popcorn. Most of it is benign. But what’s of concern is the higher-energy, shorter-wave radiation, like X-rays, that can penetrate and disrupt living cells, sometimes causing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as this March, the EPA’s online guidelines for radiation effects advised: “Current science suggests there is some cancer risk from any exposure to radiation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even exposures below 100 millisieverts” — an amount roughly equivalent to 25 chest X-rays or about 14 CT chest scans — “slightly increase the risk of getting cancer in the future,” the agency’s guidance said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that online guidance — separate from the rule-change proposal — was edited in July to add a section emphasizing the low individual odds of cancer: “According to radiation safety experts, radiation exposures of …100 millisieverts usually result in no harmful health effects, because radiation below these levels is a minor contributor to our overall cancer risk,” the revised policy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calabrese and his supporters argue that smaller exposures of cell-damaging radiation and other carcinogens can serve as stressors that activate the body’s repair mechanisms and can make people healthier. They compare it to physical exercise or sunlight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mainstream scientific consensus on radiation is based on deceptive science, says Calabrese, who argued in a 2014 essay for “righting the past deceptions and correcting the ongoing errors in environmental regulation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPA spokesman John Konkus said in an email that the proposed rule change is about “increasing transparency on assumptions” about how the body responds to different doses of dangerous substances and that the agency “acknowledges uncertainty regarding health effects at low doses” and supports more research on that.\u003cbr>\nThe radiation regulation is supported by Steven Milloy, a Trump transition team member for the EPA who is known for challenging widely accepted ideas about manmade climate change and the health risks of tobacco. He has been promoting Calabrese’s theory of healthy radiation on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Jan Beyea, a physicist whose work includes research with the National Academies of Science on the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, said the EPA science proposal represents voices “generally dismissed by the great bulk of scientists.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA proposal would lead to “increases in chemical and radiation exposures in the workplace, home and outdoor environment, including the vicinity of Superfund sites,” Beyea wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the level the EPA website talks about, any one person’s risk of cancer from radiation exposure is perhaps 1 percent, Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The individual risk will likely be low, but not the cumulative social risk,” Beyea said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they even look at that — no, no, no,” said Terrie Barrie, a resident of Craig, Colorado, and an advocate for her husband and other workers at the now-closed Rocky Flats nuclear-weapons plant, where the U.S. government is compensating certain cancer victims regardless of their history of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason not to protect people as much as possible,” said Barrie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. agencies for decades have followed a policy that there is no threshold of radiation exposure that is risk-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements reaffirmed that principle this year after a review of 29 public health studies on cancer rates among people exposed to low-dose radiation, via the U.S. atomic bombing of Japan in World War II, leak-prone Soviet nuclear installations, medical treatments and other sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty of the 29 studies directly support the principle that even low-dose exposures cause a significant increase in cancer rates, said Roy Shore, chief of research at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, a joint project of the United States and Japan. Scientists found most of the other studies were inconclusive and decided one was flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None supported the theory there is some safe threshold for radiation, said Shore, who chaired the review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there were a threshold that it’s safe to go below, “those who profess that would have to come up with some data,”\u003cbr>\nShore said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Certainly the evidence did not point that way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which regulates electronic devices that emit radiation, advises, broadly, that a single CT scan with a dose of 10 millisieverts may increase risks of a fatal cancer by about 1 chance in 2,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the proposal say it’s time to rethink radiation regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. [contextly_sidebar id=”fnAsXqYMH2wXuMPiM7XaZXpzPiY89ReR”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. [contextly_sidebar id=”wBZEargCce4eVX1RDaJLL0oQY2wnfmtJ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite decades of research, the trigger that causes algal blooms to begin poisoning their environment has long confounded scientists. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers from Scripps and UC San Diego have found the genetic underpinning of domoic acid, a harmful neurotoxin. In a new study published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6409/1356\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>researchers describe three genes responsible for producing domoic acid in the phytoplankton \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monitoring how the cluster of genes behave could one day yield information on which environmental or biological triggers are responsible for activating them, according to Bradley Moore, a professor of marine chemical biology and geneticist at Scripps and UC San Diego. That information could help fisheries and public health officials predict when harmful algal blooms will occur, allowing them to effectively prepare. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore says that the “very small” cluster of genes responsible for the production of the toxin is a relatively rare phenomena compared to other similar organisms, indicating that they may serve some important biological function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not there to make us sick. There are different theories for why it’s there, including serving as a feeding deterrent,” says Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore speculates the toxin may deter organisms that would feed upon the algae. Or it may be that the toxin allows algae to chemically bond to nutrients, such as iron, present in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The discovery of these genes will allow us to explore these theories,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and his colleagues focused on \u003cem>Pseudo-nitzschia\u003c/em> because it occasionally causes serious economic and environmental damage along coastal communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, closures due to toxic blooms have become increasingly common. Several popular swimming areas in the Bay Area, including Lake Temescal and Quarry Lakes, were shut down for most of the summer due to harmful algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/Lake-Cunningham-Park-179\">San Jose’s Lake Cunningham\u003c/a> has been closed since January and has yet to reopen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, the toxin can cause rashes, skin lesions, headaches and stomach pain. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Toxic-algae-kills-2-dogs-after-swim-in-Napa-11260421.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">There have also been cases\u003c/a> of animals dying in Napa County from swallowing the contaminated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To monitor local bloom sightings online, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mywaterquality.ca.gov/habs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Harmful Algae Bloom Portal\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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