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"bio": "\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.",
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"content": "\u003cp>Six scientists are close to wrapping up a year of near isolation in a Mars simulation on a Hawaii mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are housed in a dome on Mauna Loa and can go outside only in spacesuits, the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2b9NTgt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hawaii Tribune-Herald reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They manage limited resources while conducting research and working to avoid personal conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communication is delayed the 20 minutes, the length it would take to relay messages from Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Binsted, principal investigator for the Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation, said this simulation is the second-longest of its kind after a mission that lasted 520 days in Russia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing OK as far as we can tell,” Binsted said of the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous simulations in the Mauna Loa dome have lasted four to eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauna Loa soil is similar to what would be found on Mars. The area’s high elevation means almost no plant growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA funded the study run through the University of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will have access to fresh produce and other foods not available to them in the dome when the simulation ends Aug. 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are clamoring to get into the ocean,” Binsted said. “I think they will enjoy having a beer as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eight-month simulation starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re doing OK as far as we can tell,” Binsted said of the scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous simulations in the Mauna Loa dome have lasted four to eight months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mauna Loa soil is similar to what would be found on Mars. The area’s high elevation means almost no plant growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA funded the study run through the University of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will have access to fresh produce and other foods not available to them in the dome when the simulation ends Aug. 28.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are clamoring to get into the ocean,” Binsted said. “I think they will enjoy having a beer as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An eight-month simulation starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Still orbiting Saturn after twelve years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/main/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cassini\u003c/a> continues to surprise and delight us with its discoveries. Findings by the NASA spacecraft suggest that Saturn’s moon Titan contains deep, liquid-flooded canyons that may resemble fjords and alpine lakes on Earth. Titan is arguably one of the most interesting moons in the solar system, the only one with a thick atmosphere, in fact made of nitrogen and thicker than Earth’s!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2013, Cassini made a close flyby of Titan, focusing its attention on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia16197.html\">Vid Flumina\u003c/a>, a Nile-like river valley, connected to the sea \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia20021/mystery-feature-evolves-in-titans-ligeia-mare\">Ligeia Mare\u003c/a>. Apparent drainage networks have been seen in many areas on Titan, mostly in connection with a lake or sea. However, Vid Flumina is a system of narrow, deep and steep-walled canyons. Some sections are 1,870 feet deep with walls sloped at 40 degrees — even steeper than San Francisco’s famous \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lombard Street\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini’s radar took \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6589&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160809-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the measurements\u003c/a>, although normally it creates images of Titan’s surface, pinging the moon with radio pulses and composing pictures based on the signal strength bouncing off the topography. Areas with varying amounts of slope and degrees of smoothness appear different in the radar data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923357\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn's moon, Titan.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/titan_liquid_canyon-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a body of liquid methane and ethane in a canyon on Saturn’s moon, Titan. \u003ccite>(JPL/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The radar imaging technique has given us wonderful birds-eye views of Titan’s landscape hidden from Cassini’s visible-light cameras under a thick shroud of hydrocarbon haze. For years we have enjoyed scenes of high and rugged mountainous terrain, vast plains of dunes, dendritic networks of river-like channel systems and the wide, flat, incredibly smooth surfaces of numerous lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, during the May 2013 flyby, Cassini’s radar worked as an altimeter, measuring the elevations of terrain in and around the Vid Flumina complex. This “echolocation” method not only revealed the steepness of the canyon walls and the depth of the channels, but in a number of spots it also revealed “flashes” or glints of sharply reflected radar as if the radio waves were reflecting from a very smooth, very flat and level surface — like a body of liquid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This detection is the first direct evidence of pooled liquid in any canyon or drainage channel system on this cold and dynamic moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still more, the measured altitude of the liquid surfaces in some of these canyons was at sea level, while in other canyons they were hundreds of feet higher. Might the sea-level liquid channels in the deep, steep-walled canyons resemble Norway’s fjords, and the higher-altitude pockets the pooling of alpine lakes in deep river canyons on Earth?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_923358\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-923358\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/PIA20021-16.gif\" alt=\"Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radar image of the hydrocarbon sea Ligeia Mare (right) and the drainage system complex Vid Flumina (upper left). The white circles show locations where radar reflections indicate surfaces of pooled liquid. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/Cornell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What a sight they must be! The only direct images we have from Titan’s surface came from the short-lived \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Highlights/Ten_years_at_Titan\">Huygens probe\u003c/a> in 2005, and tantalizing as that glimpse was, the terrain at the probe’s landing site was flat and dry. I will not say boring, it was anything but!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The depth of these likely liquid-carved canyons tells us that they were either carved by erosion over a long period of time, or were cut quickly by processes we don’t yet fully understand. Scientists are considering several possible means for their formation, including uplifted land or a changing sea level — or possibly both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Titan is one of the only bodies in the solar system, moon or planet, with an active liquid cycle on its surface. It’s a version of Earth’s water cycle, but at freezing temperatures where water is like solid rock, and hydrocarbons like methane and ethane play the role of liquid. And more and more, it appears that Titan’s topographical features in many cases bear a strong resemblance to terrains found on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassini may give us only a few more glimpses of Titan, as well as Saturn and some of its other fascinating moons, before the mission is terminated next year when Cassini will be driven deliberately into Saturn’s atmosphere in an incinerating blaze of glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA doesn’t want to leave a piece of derelict space junk with decaying plutonium power cells flying around the Saturn system, which for all we know may be home to \u003ca href=\"https://astronomynow.com/2015/03/01/life-not-as-we-know-it-possible-on-saturns-moon-titan/\">some form of life\u003c/a> — especially those moons, like Enceladus, where we have detected the presence of liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "When, Where and How to Watch Tonight's Spectacular Perseid Meteor Shower",
"headTitle": "When, Where and How to Watch Tonight’s Spectacular Perseid Meteor Shower | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Perseid meteor shower is back. And this year, scientists say we will see more shooting stars than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the annual meteor shower streaks across the night sky late Thursday and early Friday morning, we could see up to 200 flashes an hour. Normally we would see between 60 and 80. This means the display could be 2016’s biggest meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s thanks to Jupiter’s gravity, which has moved a clump of comet debris closer to Earth’s path through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light are a comet’s dust particles that burn up after entering Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers lovingly refer to the particles as “comet garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to View the Meteor Shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a night owl, you could be rewarded with a spectacular light-show. But as sky-gazers discover each year, the Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4568753&lon=-13377650&layers=B0TFFFF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">light pollution\u003c/a>, combined with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KarlTheFog?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl the Fog,\u003c/a> can make the celestial silt harder to see. San Francisco and Oakland are expected to be \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0987:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cloudy overnight on Thursday\u003c/a> but San Jose is predicted to have \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0993:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clear skies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers recommend getting away from city lights — especially street lights — and finding a place that’s as dark as possible and ensuring you can see the entire night sky. Some promising spots include Mt. Tamapais, Lick Observatory in San Jose, The Santa Cruz Mountain foothills (including along Skyline Boulevard), and the Altamont Pass in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might need to climb Mount Tam or trek up Twin Peaks, however. A dark backyard with a good view may do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time to view the shower is after 1:09 a.m., when the waxing young moon sets. After 11 p.m. also works if you can get into a “moon shadow” — a place where something blocks your view of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have the moon be blocked by a tree or a chubby neighbor,” advises Foothill College astronomy professor Andrew Fraknoi.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the moon is out of view, give your eyes 10 to 15 minutes to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking directly up is fine, but views to the northeast, toward the Perseus constellation, should proffer the most meteors. The Perseids are named after this cluster of galaxies because the meteors appear to originate at this spot, which will appear on the horizon at about 10 p.m. local time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-912274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid_Vic_radiants\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Comet Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light you’ll be looking for are dust particles from the Swift-Tuttle comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift-Tuttle orbits the sun every 133 years and leaves an enormous trail in its wake. The Earth passes through this debris field once a year as it completes its rotation around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Debris has become strewn all along the comet’s orbit. It’s like the Charlie Brown character Pig-Pen — its not just that he’s dirty, but everywhere he’s been is dirty,” says Fraknoi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the term “cosmic garbage,” made up of sand-size dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because comets contain carbon, sand, ice and amino acids from when our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, this trail has \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“primeval material from which our entire solar system is put together,” says Fraknoi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912276\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1435px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-912276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg\" alt=\"In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year's stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth's orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \" width=\"1435\" height=\"1400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg 1435w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-400x390.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-1180x1151.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-960x937.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1435px) 100vw, 1435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year’s stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth’s orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \u003ccite>(Jeremie Vaubaillon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The meteors slam into the Earth’s atmosphere at 132,000 miles per hour. So the white-hot streaks of superheated air are only visible for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these are big fireballs, some are small ones,” says UC Davis astrophysicist Patricia\u003cb> \u003c/b>Boeshaar. “They all have their own characteristics,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of the better meteor showers because it’s summer, the weather is nice, and they’re usually nice streaks, whereas with other meteors showers you just get little ones,” says Boeshaar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re planning to stay awake and watch the meteors, make sure you bundle up. If you’d rather stay indoors, NASA will also live stream the event \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nasa-msfc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Perseid meteor shower is back. And this year, scientists say we will see more shooting stars than usual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the annual meteor shower streaks across the night sky late Thursday and early Friday morning, we could see up to 200 flashes an hour. Normally we would see between 60 and 80. This means the display could be 2016’s biggest meteor shower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s thanks to Jupiter’s gravity, which has moved a clump of comet debris closer to Earth’s path through space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light are a comet’s dust particles that burn up after entering Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers lovingly refer to the particles as “comet garbage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to View the Meteor Shower\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re a night owl, you could be rewarded with a spectacular light-show. But as sky-gazers discover each year, the Bay Area’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.lightpollutionmap.info/#zoom=7&lat=4568753&lon=-13377650&layers=B0TFFFF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">light pollution\u003c/a>, combined with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/KarlTheFog?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karl the Fog,\u003c/a> can make the celestial silt harder to see. San Francisco and Oakland are expected to be \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0987:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cloudy overnight on Thursday\u003c/a> but San Jose is predicted to have \u003ca href=\"https://weather.com/weather/5day/l/USCA0993:1:US\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clear skies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers recommend getting away from city lights — especially street lights — and finding a place that’s as dark as possible and ensuring you can see the entire night sky. Some promising spots include Mt. Tamapais, Lick Observatory in San Jose, The Santa Cruz Mountain foothills (including along Skyline Boulevard), and the Altamont Pass in Livermore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might need to climb Mount Tam or trek up Twin Peaks, however. A dark backyard with a good view may do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best time to view the shower is after 1:09 a.m., when the waxing young moon sets. After 11 p.m. also works if you can get into a “moon shadow” — a place where something blocks your view of the moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Have the moon be blocked by a tree or a chubby neighbor,” advises Foothill College astronomy professor Andrew Fraknoi.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the moon is out of view, give your eyes 10 to 15 minutes to adjust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking directly up is fine, but views to the northeast, toward the Perseus constellation, should proffer the most meteors. The Perseids are named after this cluster of galaxies because the meteors appear to originate at this spot, which will appear on the horizon at about 10 p.m. local time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-912274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg\" alt=\"Perseid_Vic_radiants\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Perseids_Vic_HD-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ancient Comet Dust\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flashes of light you’ll be looking for are dust particles from the Swift-Tuttle comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swift-Tuttle orbits the sun every 133 years and leaves an enormous trail in its wake. The Earth passes through this debris field once a year as it completes its rotation around the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Debris has become strewn all along the comet’s orbit. It’s like the Charlie Brown character Pig-Pen — its not just that he’s dirty, but everywhere he’s been is dirty,” says Fraknoi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hence the term “cosmic garbage,” made up of sand-size dust particles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because comets contain carbon, sand, ice and amino acids from when our solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago, this trail has \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“primeval material from which our entire solar system is put together,” says Fraknoi. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_912276\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1435px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-912276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg\" alt=\"In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year's stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth's orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \" width=\"1435\" height=\"1400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016.jpg 1435w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-400x390.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-800x780.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-768x749.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-1180x1151.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-960x937.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/perseid-plot-2016-50x50.jpg 50w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1435px) 100vw, 1435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this diagram, French astronomer Jeremie Vaubaillon has charted the interaction of the Earth through this year’s stream of Perseid meteoroids. Earth’s orbit is plotted in orange. Dates are indicated as day/month. \u003ccite>(Jeremie Vaubaillon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The meteors slam into the Earth’s atmosphere at 132,000 miles per hour. So the white-hot streaks of superheated air are only visible for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these are big fireballs, some are small ones,” says UC Davis astrophysicist Patricia\u003cb> \u003c/b>Boeshaar. “They all have their own characteristics,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is one of the better meteor showers because it’s summer, the weather is nice, and they’re usually nice streaks, whereas with other meteors showers you just get little ones,” says Boeshaar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re planning to stay awake and watch the meteors, make sure you bundle up. If you’d rather stay indoors, NASA will also live stream the event \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustream.tv/channel/nasa-msfc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Great Scott! That Fiery Rocket Fragment is Another Bit of Space Junk",
"headTitle": "Great Scott! That Fiery Rocket Fragment is Another Bit of Space Junk | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week on the evening of Wednesday, July 27 a fiery object blazed a trail across the sky and was visible from Los Angeles to Las Vegas to Sacramento, perhaps even as far east as Colorado. If you were even paying casual attention to the news on Thursday you already know it wasn’t a meteorite, a bird, or a plane, but was a Chinese rocket fragment re-entering the atmosphere after its June 25 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2016/07/29/video_of_a_chinese_rocket_re_entering_over_western_us.html\">spectacular event\u003c/a> inspired many questions. Why did it take a full month for the rocket booster to come down? Why was it glowing so brightly? Was anyone in danger, and where did it land? How much space junk is up there, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are perhaps half a million objects from paint flakes to satellites to defunct rocket boosters out there.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All great questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, in this modern era there’s a large amount of stuff orbiting the Earth. There are perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html\">half a million objects\u003c/a> from paint flakes to satellites to defunct rocket boosters out there — 20,000 of which are larger than a softball and are tracked by the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their location spans from low-Earth-orbit (in the 200-300 mile range) out to the geosynchronous satellite distance of 26,000 miles, and somewhat beyond. All that material is stuff we put there since the beginning of the Space Age in 1957. Before that the skies were pretty clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-891123 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280.jpg\" alt=\"NASA plot of satellites in orbit around Earth. The ring consists of satellites at the geosynchronous distance (26,000 miles), and the dense shell of dots near Earth are satellites in low-Earth-orbit. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-1180x944.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-960x768.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA plot of satellites in orbit around Earth. The ring consists of satellites at the geosynchronous distance (26,000 miles), and the dense shell of dots near Earth are satellites in low-Earth-orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of last week’s re-entry event, following the June 25 launch of a \u003ca href=\"https://chinaspacereport.com/launches/launch-vehicles/cz7/\">Chang Zheng-7 rocket\u003c/a>, its second stage (shown in the picture below between the lower first stage and booster rockets, and the third stage on top) fell into a low-Earth-orbit, and has spent the last month circling the Earth in the thin upper reaches of our atmosphere. In that time, the stage’s orbital speed has been constantly slowing due to air drag, forcing it to descend gradually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the final throes of its decaying orbit, the rocket stage descended deep enough into the thickening atmosphere (perhaps in the 50-mile altitude range) for the high-speed friction to cause a burn-up. Astronauts returning to Earth endure the same forces during re-entry, but their spacecraft are equipped with heat shields and stabilization systems to prevent incineration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question of how often this happens since we certainly don’t hear about it in the news every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something the size of the Chang Zheng-7 second stage, which is about the size of a school bus\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> re-enters perhaps once each year. Most of the time these objects go unnoticed, at least by large numbers of eye witnesses. And the space debris usually break-ups or vaporizes in the atmosphere with only a few smaller pieces reaching the surface. Since 75 percent of the Earth’s surface is ocean, it’s more likely that a junk-fall will strike water, not land — and a considerable portion of dry land is sparsely populated at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522.jpg\" alt=\"The Chinese Chang-Zheng-7 (Long March) rocket on launch pad, highlighting its second stage.\" width=\"768\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chinese Chang-Zheng-7 (Long March) rocket on launch pad, highlighting its second stage. \u003ccite>(Xinhua)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is said that what goes up must come down. Though this is not absolutely true (after all, we’ve sent plenty of robotic probes through the solar system that aren’t coming back), this can be said of most Earth-orbiting satellites. The question is, when will they come down? The answer depends on how high their orbits are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Objects in low-Earth-orbit must move at thousands of miles per hour just to remain aloft, but the constant drag of Earth’s thin upper atmosphere continually slows stuff down, causing orbits to decay. Even the International Space Station, 200 miles up and traveling at 17,500 miles per hour, would gradually spiral downward if it were not given a rocket-assisted boost periodically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites and bits of space “junk” orbiting at greater distances can stay up there much longer. One of the earliest artificial satellites ever placed in orbit around Earth, the United States’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23639980/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/satellite-turns-years-old-orbit/#.V5-yfvkrK70\">Vanguard 1\u003c/a> in 1958, is still up there almost six decades after its launch, ranging between 400 and 2,400 miles out. The most distant satellites could remain in orbit for thousands of years, or more, and may still be circling long after their makers are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To those of us on the ground, most of the half-million pieces of space junk buzzing around the Earth are not a concern, for even when they do re-enter the atmosphere, most of them are small enough to completely burn up before reaching the ground, with a few notable exceptions like Skylab and the Mir space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_898001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-898001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole.jpg\" alt=\"Hole in a panel of NASA’s Solar Max satellite caused by the impact of tiny particle of space debris.\" width=\"2835\" height=\"2175\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole.jpg 2835w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-400x307.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-768x589.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1440x1105.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1920x1473.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1180x905.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-960x737.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2835px) 100vw, 2835px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole in a panel of NASA’s Solar Max satellite caused by the impact of tiny particle of space debris. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For most of this space debris, especially those objects whizzing around in lower orbits, the safety concern relates to satellites, spacecraft, the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even something the size and mass of a flake of paint, traveling at speeds of tens of thousands of miles per hour, can cause considerable impact damage. On at least one occasion, the crew of the International Space Station were instructed to board the Soyuz spacecraft for quick evacuation in case a piece of tracked orbital debris collided with the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very real danger of orbital collisions with space debris has compelled the space programs of the U.S. and \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/Setting_a_satellite_to_catch_a_satellite\">other agencies\u003c/a> to design satellites with a “\u003ca href=\"http://space.gizmodo.com/where-do-satellites-go-to-die-1572821932\">safe self-destruction\u003c/a>” capability — for example, the ability to de-orbit in a safe and controlled manner at the end of their functional missions, or to be placed in a safe “graveyard” orbit far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where did last week’s Chang Zheng-7 rocket stage, or any debris that didn’t burn up, make planet-fall? As of this time, no damage or injury has been reported, so hopefully the spectacle of this re-entry was all in its fiery sky show.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The brilliant object that blazed a trail across the sky on July 27 is identified as a Chinese rocket fragment re-entering the atmosphere.",
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"description": "The brilliant object that blazed a trail across the sky on July 27 is identified as a Chinese rocket fragment re-entering the atmosphere.",
"title": "Great Scott! That Fiery Rocket Fragment is Another Bit of Space Junk | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week on the evening of Wednesday, July 27 a fiery object blazed a trail across the sky and was visible from Los Angeles to Las Vegas to Sacramento, perhaps even as far east as Colorado. If you were even paying casual attention to the news on Thursday you already know it wasn’t a meteorite, a bird, or a plane, but was a Chinese rocket fragment re-entering the atmosphere after its June 25 launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2016/07/29/video_of_a_chinese_rocket_re_entering_over_western_us.html\">spectacular event\u003c/a> inspired many questions. Why did it take a full month for the rocket booster to come down? Why was it glowing so brightly? Was anyone in danger, and where did it land? How much space junk is up there, anyway?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">There are perhaps half a million objects from paint flakes to satellites to defunct rocket boosters out there.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>All great questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact is, in this modern era there’s a large amount of stuff orbiting the Earth. There are perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html\">half a million objects\u003c/a> from paint flakes to satellites to defunct rocket boosters out there — 20,000 of which are larger than a softball and are tracked by the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their location spans from low-Earth-orbit (in the 200-300 mile range) out to the geosynchronous satellite distance of 26,000 miles, and somewhat beyond. All that material is stuff we put there since the beginning of the Space Age in 1957. Before that the skies were pretty clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-891123 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280.jpg\" alt=\"NASA plot of satellites in orbit around Earth. The ring consists of satellites at the geosynchronous distance (26,000 miles), and the dense shell of dots near Earth are satellites in low-Earth-orbit. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-800x640.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-768x614.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-1180x944.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Debris-GEO1280-960x768.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA plot of satellites in orbit around Earth. The ring consists of satellites at the geosynchronous distance (26,000 miles), and the dense shell of dots near Earth are satellites in low-Earth-orbit. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the case of last week’s re-entry event, following the June 25 launch of a \u003ca href=\"https://chinaspacereport.com/launches/launch-vehicles/cz7/\">Chang Zheng-7 rocket\u003c/a>, its second stage (shown in the picture below between the lower first stage and booster rockets, and the third stage on top) fell into a low-Earth-orbit, and has spent the last month circling the Earth in the thin upper reaches of our atmosphere. In that time, the stage’s orbital speed has been constantly slowing due to air drag, forcing it to descend gradually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the final throes of its decaying orbit, the rocket stage descended deep enough into the thickening atmosphere (perhaps in the 50-mile altitude range) for the high-speed friction to cause a burn-up. Astronauts returning to Earth endure the same forces during re-entry, but their spacecraft are equipped with heat shields and stabilization systems to prevent incineration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs the question of how often this happens since we certainly don’t hear about it in the news every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something the size of the Chang Zheng-7 second stage, which is about the size of a school bus\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> re-enters perhaps once each year. Most of the time these objects go unnoticed, at least by large numbers of eye witnesses. And the space debris usually break-ups or vaporizes in the atmosphere with only a few smaller pieces reaching the surface. Since 75 percent of the Earth’s surface is ocean, it’s more likely that a junk-fall will strike water, not land — and a considerable portion of dry land is sparsely populated at best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891224\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522.jpg\" alt=\"The Chinese Chang-Zheng-7 (Long March) rocket on launch pad, highlighting its second stage.\" width=\"768\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/lm7_2ndstage-768x522-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chinese Chang-Zheng-7 (Long March) rocket on launch pad, highlighting its second stage. \u003ccite>(Xinhua)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It is said that what goes up must come down. Though this is not absolutely true (after all, we’ve sent plenty of robotic probes through the solar system that aren’t coming back), this can be said of most Earth-orbiting satellites. The question is, when will they come down? The answer depends on how high their orbits are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Objects in low-Earth-orbit must move at thousands of miles per hour just to remain aloft, but the constant drag of Earth’s thin upper atmosphere continually slows stuff down, causing orbits to decay. Even the International Space Station, 200 miles up and traveling at 17,500 miles per hour, would gradually spiral downward if it were not given a rocket-assisted boost periodically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellites and bits of space “junk” orbiting at greater distances can stay up there much longer. One of the earliest artificial satellites ever placed in orbit around Earth, the United States’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23639980/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/satellite-turns-years-old-orbit/#.V5-yfvkrK70\">Vanguard 1\u003c/a> in 1958, is still up there almost six decades after its launch, ranging between 400 and 2,400 miles out. The most distant satellites could remain in orbit for thousands of years, or more, and may still be circling long after their makers are gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To those of us on the ground, most of the half-million pieces of space junk buzzing around the Earth are not a concern, for even when they do re-enter the atmosphere, most of them are small enough to completely burn up before reaching the ground, with a few notable exceptions like Skylab and the Mir space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_898001\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2835px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-898001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole.jpg\" alt=\"Hole in a panel of NASA’s Solar Max satellite caused by the impact of tiny particle of space debris.\" width=\"2835\" height=\"2175\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole.jpg 2835w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-400x307.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-800x614.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-768x589.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1440x1105.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1920x1473.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-1180x905.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/SolarMaxHole-960x737.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2835px) 100vw, 2835px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole in a panel of NASA’s Solar Max satellite caused by the impact of tiny particle of space debris. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For most of this space debris, especially those objects whizzing around in lower orbits, the safety concern relates to satellites, spacecraft, the International Space Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even something the size and mass of a flake of paint, traveling at speeds of tens of thousands of miles per hour, can cause considerable impact damage. On at least one occasion, the crew of the International Space Station were instructed to board the Soyuz spacecraft for quick evacuation in case a piece of tracked orbital debris collided with the station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very real danger of orbital collisions with space debris has compelled the space programs of the U.S. and \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Engineering_Technology/Clean_Space/Setting_a_satellite_to_catch_a_satellite\">other agencies\u003c/a> to design satellites with a “\u003ca href=\"http://space.gizmodo.com/where-do-satellites-go-to-die-1572821932\">safe self-destruction\u003c/a>” capability — for example, the ability to de-orbit in a safe and controlled manner at the end of their functional missions, or to be placed in a safe “graveyard” orbit far from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, where did last week’s Chang Zheng-7 rocket stage, or any debris that didn’t burn up, make planet-fall? As of this time, no damage or injury has been reported, so hopefully the spectacle of this re-entry was all in its fiery sky show.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet",
"headTitle": "Finally! NASA’s Mars 2020 Rover Will Look for Life on the Red Planet | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. This process takes time, especially considering that launch windows to Mars occur only every two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put into perspective, within my own lifetime we’ve gone from knowing practically nothing about Mars to understanding our neighbor as perhaps a previously Earthlike planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A life-friendly environment means there may have been plenty of opportunities for little Martian microbes to show up and thrive. And, the hopeful child and sober adult in me both expect, within my lifetime we’ll find them.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s next robot to crawl across the surface of Mars — the Mars 2020 rover — recently crossed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6569&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=NASAJPL&utm_content=daily20160715-2\">major milestone\u003c/a> when it received approval to launch in the summer of 2020, for a February 2021 landing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like its predecessor \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, which is currently exploring the slopes of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> is a six-wheeled nuclear-powered rover that will land on Mars using a rocket-driven “sky crane” system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Curiosity, whose mission is to assess Mars’ past geologic history and the role water played in it, Mars 2020 is focused on a search for that thing we’ve all been waiting to hear news of: actual signs of past Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860395\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/roverinstruments-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration showing the suite of scientific instruments carried by the Mars 2020 rover. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Chances of Finding Signs of Martian Life?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Searching for evidence of life on Mars is not unlike prospecting for gold: it’s not easy to find, but you improve your chances of success by choosing the right region to explore, and then deciding the best spots to dig in. Just like a skilled prospector using eyes, ears, nose, tongue and all the experience earned on earlier expeditions, Mars 2020 is designed to maximize the chance of hitting pay dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though it will be deposited on the Martian surface using the same rocket-powered “sky crane” as Curiosity, improvements in operational technique and equipment will allow Mars 2020 to set down with about twice the precision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This opens up a much wider variety of terrains where it may land in relative safety. And if there’s one thing that missions to Mars have shown us over the past forty years, it’s that the most interesting places to explore are some of the most challenging to negotiate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860397\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg\" alt='Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven \"sky crane\" system to land on Mars. ' width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-800x449.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/skycrane-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars 2020 and Curiosity both employ a rocket-driven “sky crane” system to land on Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once on the ground, Mars 2020 will use a suite of advanced instruments. A high-resolution imager and spectroscopic analyzers will record chemistry and physical structures at a distance. This allows scientists back on Earth to make more educated decisions on where to send the rover for close-up inspection and digging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Curiosity, Mars 2020 will be able to collect and analyze rock and soil samples in its small on-board laboratory. However its onboard equipment is designed to look for residues of life activity, not just water action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, Mars 2020 carries airtight tubes to store rock and soil samples. Up to thirty of these containers will be deposited at designated locations for future possible missions to collect and return to Earth for full laboratory analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 also carries weather-measuring instruments, a rock-coring drill, and a feature never before used on another planet: ground-penetrating radar that will let it analyze sub-surface geologic structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_860396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-860396\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-400x268.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-800x537.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-768x515.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/laserspec-960x644.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illustration of the Mars 2020 rover using its remote analysis laser/spectroscope system to study rock chemistry. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The hopeful child in me envisions an opening scene from Jurassic Park, when ground-penetrating sonic vibrations were used to produce a sonogram of a dinosaur skeleton…though the adult in me says that’s way too much to expect!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars 2020 will also put an ear to the Martian environment, using a microphone system to record sounds from Mars’ surface, something we’ve never done before. The 2008 \u003ca href=\"http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/index.php\">Phoenix \u003c/a>lander was intended to capture sounds during the probe’s descent, but the microphone was never enabled due to landing safety concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Is the Search for Martian Life Taking So Long?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2021 seems like a long time to wait, especially since the Mars 2020 mission will be focused on looking for life-signs on an alien world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s important to keep in mind that exploring a distant world via remote control is not an easy thing to do. Each mission peels off another layer of Martian mystery, and gives us more information to use in deciding where to send the next mission, and what to look for when it gets there. 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"content": "\u003cp>NASA has released the first picture of Jupiter taken since the Juno spacecraft went into orbit around the planet on July 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture was taken on July 10. Juno was 2.7 million miles from Jupiter at the time. The color image shows some of the atmospheric features of the planet, including the giant red spot. You can also see three of Jupiter’s moons in the picture: Io, Europa and Ganymede.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam\">[contextly_sidebar id=”VEGTAjOLa6ff0EVbRaEsvpF97Oe9e6ag”]JunoCam\u003c/a> is the only color camera on the mission. Strictly speaking, it’s not part of the spacecraft’s scientific instrument payload. Juno’s mission is to make measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields, as well as its internal composition, radiation belts and auroras. None of these measurements require a color camera. But NASA knows that it would have been hard to explain to the public why a spacecraft that will fly closer to Jupiter than any other in history didn’t take any close-up pictures, so JunoCam was added to Juno’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Juno is in an elongated orbit around Jupiter that takes 53.5 days to make a single revolution. “JunoCam will continue to take images as we go around in this first orbit,” said Candy Hansen, Juno co-investigator from the Planetary Science Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-sends-first-in-orbit-view\">NASA news release\u003c/a>. “The first high-resolution images of the planet will be taken on August 27 when Juno makes its next close pass to Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the other instruments aboard Juno, JunoCam was switched off in the days immediately preceding a critical engine burn required to place Juno into orbit. Engineers wanted to minimize the risk that one of the instruments could cause a computer reset and shut off the engine prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Jupiter+Probe+Sends+First+Pics+Of+Planet+From+Orbit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA has released the first picture of Jupiter taken since the Juno spacecraft went into orbit around the planet on July 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The picture was taken on July 10. Juno was 2.7 million miles from Jupiter at the time. The color image shows some of the atmospheric features of the planet, including the giant red spot. You can also see three of Jupiter’s moons in the picture: Io, Europa and Ganymede.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.missionjuno.swri.edu/junocam\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>JunoCam\u003c/a> is the only color camera on the mission. Strictly speaking, it’s not part of the spacecraft’s scientific instrument payload. Juno’s mission is to make measurements of Jupiter’s magnetic and gravitational fields, as well as its internal composition, radiation belts and auroras. None of these measurements require a color camera. But NASA knows that it would have been hard to explain to the public why a spacecraft that will fly closer to Jupiter than any other in history didn’t take any close-up pictures, so JunoCam was added to Juno’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now Juno is in an elongated orbit around Jupiter that takes 53.5 days to make a single revolution. “JunoCam will continue to take images as we go around in this first orbit,” said Candy Hansen, Juno co-investigator from the Planetary Science Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-sends-first-in-orbit-view\">NASA news release\u003c/a>. “The first high-resolution images of the planet will be taken on August 27 when Juno makes its next close pass to Jupiter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all the other instruments aboard Juno, JunoCam was switched off in the days immediately preceding a critical engine burn required to place Juno into orbit. Engineers wanted to minimize the risk that one of the instruments could cause a computer reset and shut off the engine prematurely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Jupiter+Probe+Sends+First+Pics+Of+Planet+From+Orbit&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past",
"headTitle": "How a Passing Comet Can Unlock Secrets From Earth’s Past | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://rosetta.esa.int/\">Rosetta \u003c/a>spacecraft, which has been tagging along with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for almost two years, will conclude its mission in September when it collides with the comet, gathering as much data as it can along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency craft arrived at its target in August 2014, and launched a landing probe, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/30100-comet-landing-discoveries-rosetta-philae-lander.html\">Philae\u003c/a>, to the comet’s surface that November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pair made headlines since Rosetta is the first spacecraft to orbit a comet and Philae is the first probe to land on a comet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, sort of. Philae bounced a couple of times before coming to rest in a shady spot where its solar panels could not generate enough electricity to keep it going — but it did send back some valuable pictures and data before its batteries died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-826738\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \" width=\"700\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2.jpg 700w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Comet_on_17_June_2016_NavCam_node_full_image_2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Picture of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko taken on June 17, 2016 by the Rosetta spacecraft. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite Philae’s hiccup, the overall mission has been a remarkable success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given us a detailed look into a comet, which is essentially a celestial time capsule frozen in ice. Comets preserve information about the early conditions of our solar system and the formation of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta observed chemicals that may even give us a clearer understanding of the origin of life on Earth. In addition to finding hydrocarbon compounds and molecular oxygen (the stuff we breath), Rosetta \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_s_comet_contains_ingredients_for_life\">detected the amino acid glycine,\u003c/a> as well as phosphorus, an element critical to the structure of DNA molecules in life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A prevailing theory about life and our oceans is that both may have been supplied with materials delivered by comets and asteroids. We have learned that not only do comets contain large amounts of water ice, but individuals like 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko tell us that there are organic compounds — the chemical building-blocks of life — to be found in the leftover debris of the solar system’s formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The young Earth was at one time a hot ball of molten lava, but at some point as it cooled it acquired oceans of liquid water, and maybe soon after this, its first life forms. Questions for a long time have been, where did the oceans’ waters come from, and how did life arise? Did water and organic compounds form directly from the cooling materials on Earth, or were those materials added by the impacts of comets and asteroids? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_826844\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 615px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-826844 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \" width=\"615\" height=\"345\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP.jpg 615w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/rosettaCP-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the Philae lander on the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, with the Rosetta spacecraft in the background. \u003ccite>(Rosetta/ESA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The water in some comets is a nearly perfect chemical match for the water in our oceans today — a very clear “smoking gun” that comets and asteroids may have served as a sort of “bucket brigade” to deliver those waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko’s water is not a match to Earth’s, so comets of its type would have contributed less to Earth’s oceans than others. But 67P’s organic compounds, like glycine, support the idea of the cosmic origins of life’s raw materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what about \u003ca href=\"http://www.euronews.com/2016/07/05/spacecraft-rosetta-prepares-to-crash-land-on-comet-67p/\">Rosetta’s planned collision\u003c/a> with the comet? Do its controllers back on Earth just want to see a big crash? Not exactly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deliberate collisions of spacecraft with natural celestial bodies are done for more than one reason. The fiery burn-up of NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo \u003c/a>spacecraft in Jupiter’s atmosphere was done simply to prevent a soon-to-be-derelict spacecraft and its radiogenic fuel from flying around uncontrolled. In this case it was done to eliminate the possibility of a future collision with the moon Europa, on which Galileo discovered an ocean of liquid water — a potential home for life. The same fate awaits the \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/\">Cassini \u003c/a>spacecraft which will crash into Saturn in 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Rosetta’s case, the spacecraft would’ve died a natural death anyway, when the comet moves too far from the sun for Rosetta’s solar panels to maintain power. A final flight straight to the comet’s surface will let scientists collect data on the comet’s surface and coma (the shroud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus), hopefully right up to the point of contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta won’t be plummeting into the comet in a fiery explosion, but easing in slowly. After this, Rosetta, along with Philae, will become permanent fixtures on the comet, a sort of monument and time capsule for the mission.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Hello Jupiter! NASA Spacecraft Arrives at Giant Planet",
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"content": "\u003cp>Braving intense radiation, a NASA spacecraft reached Jupiter on Monday after a five-year voyage to begin exploring the king of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground controllers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory erupted in applause when the solar-powered Juno spacecraft beamed home news that it was circling Jupiter’s poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arrival at Jupiter was dramatic. As Juno approached its target, it fired its rocket engine to slow itself down and gently slipped into orbit. Because of the communication time lag between Jupiter and Earth, Juno was on autopilot when it executed the daring move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft’s camera and other instruments were switched off for arrival, so there won’t be any pictures at the moment it reaches its destination. Hours before the encounter, NASA released a series of images taken last week during the approach, showing Jupiter glowing yellow in the distance, circled by its four inner moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have promised close-up views of the planet when Juno skims the cloud tops during the 20-month, $1.1 billion mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth rock from the sun and the heftiest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is what’s known as a gas giant — a ball of hydrogen and helium — unlike rocky Earth and Mars.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjfQCTat-8s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its billowy clouds and colorful stripes, Jupiter is an extreme world that likely formed first, shortly after the sun. Unlocking its history may hold clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the solar system developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after Jupiter’s cloud-piercing wife in Roman mythology, Juno is only the second mission designed to spend time at Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo, launched in 1989, circled Jupiter for nearly a decade, beaming back splendid views of the planet and its numerous moons. It uncovered signs of an ocean beneath the icy surface of the moon Europa, considered a top target in the search for life outside Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission: To peer through Jupiter’s cloud-socked atmosphere and map the interior from a unique vantage point above the poles. Among the lingering questions: How much water exists? Is there a solid core? Why are Jupiter’s southern and northern lights the brightest in the solar system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What Juno’s about is looking beneath that surface,” Juno chief scientist Scott Bolton said before the arrival. “We’ve got to go down and look at what’s inside, see how it’s built, how deep these features go, learn about its real secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the mystery of its Great Red Spot. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the centuries-old monster storm in Jupiter’s atmosphere is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trek to Jupiter, spanning nearly five years and 1.8 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometers), took Juno on a tour of the inner solar system followed by a swing past Earth that catapulted it beyond the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Juno became the first spacecraft to cruise that far out powered by the sun, beating Europe’s comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. A trio of massive solar wings sticks out from Juno like blades from a windmill, generating 500 watts of power to run its nine instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming days, Juno will turn its instruments back on, but the real work won’t begin until late August when the spacecraft swings in closer. Plans called for Juno to swoop within 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers) of Jupiter’s clouds — closer than previous missions — to map the planet’s gravity and magnetic fields in order to learn about the interior makeup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno, built by Lockheed Martin, is an armored spacecraft — its computer and electronics are locked in a titanium vault to shield them from harmful radiation. Even so, Juno is expected to get blasted with radiation equal to more than 100 million dental X-rays during the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Galileo before it, Juno meets its demise in 2018 when it deliberately dives into Jupiter’s atmosphere and disintegrates — a necessary sacrifice to prevent any chance of accidentally crashing into the planet’s potentially habitable moons.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Braving intense radiation, a NASA spacecraft reached Jupiter on Monday after a five-year voyage to begin exploring the king of the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground controllers at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory erupted in applause when the solar-powered Juno spacecraft beamed home news that it was circling Jupiter’s poles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The arrival at Jupiter was dramatic. As Juno approached its target, it fired its rocket engine to slow itself down and gently slipped into orbit. Because of the communication time lag between Jupiter and Earth, Juno was on autopilot when it executed the daring move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spacecraft’s camera and other instruments were switched off for arrival, so there won’t be any pictures at the moment it reaches its destination. Hours before the encounter, NASA released a series of images taken last week during the approach, showing Jupiter glowing yellow in the distance, circled by its four inner moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have promised close-up views of the planet when Juno skims the cloud tops during the 20-month, $1.1 billion mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fifth rock from the sun and the heftiest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is what’s known as a gas giant — a ball of hydrogen and helium — unlike rocky Earth and Mars.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjfQCTat-8s?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With its billowy clouds and colorful stripes, Jupiter is an extreme world that likely formed first, shortly after the sun. Unlocking its history may hold clues to understanding how Earth and the rest of the solar system developed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Named after Jupiter’s cloud-piercing wife in Roman mythology, Juno is only the second mission designed to spend time at Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galileo, launched in 1989, circled Jupiter for nearly a decade, beaming back splendid views of the planet and its numerous moons. It uncovered signs of an ocean beneath the icy surface of the moon Europa, considered a top target in the search for life outside Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno’s mission: To peer through Jupiter’s cloud-socked atmosphere and map the interior from a unique vantage point above the poles. Among the lingering questions: How much water exists? Is there a solid core? Why are Jupiter’s southern and northern lights the brightest in the solar system?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What Juno’s about is looking beneath that surface,” Juno chief scientist Scott Bolton said before the arrival. “We’ve got to go down and look at what’s inside, see how it’s built, how deep these features go, learn about its real secrets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the mystery of its Great Red Spot. Recent observations by the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the centuries-old monster storm in Jupiter’s atmosphere is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trek to Jupiter, spanning nearly five years and 1.8 billion miles (2.8 billion kilometers), took Juno on a tour of the inner solar system followed by a swing past Earth that catapulted it beyond the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Juno became the first spacecraft to cruise that far out powered by the sun, beating Europe’s comet-chasing Rosetta spacecraft. A trio of massive solar wings sticks out from Juno like blades from a windmill, generating 500 watts of power to run its nine instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming days, Juno will turn its instruments back on, but the real work won’t begin until late August when the spacecraft swings in closer. Plans called for Juno to swoop within 3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers) of Jupiter’s clouds — closer than previous missions — to map the planet’s gravity and magnetic fields in order to learn about the interior makeup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno, built by Lockheed Martin, is an armored spacecraft — its computer and electronics are locked in a titanium vault to shield them from harmful radiation. Even so, Juno is expected to get blasted with radiation equal to more than 100 million dental X-rays during the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like Galileo before it, Juno meets its demise in 2018 when it deliberately dives into Jupiter’s atmosphere and disintegrates — a necessary sacrifice to prevent any chance of accidentally crashing into the planet’s potentially habitable moons.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "On July 4, Jupiter Gets Its Close-Up | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s farthest-flung solar-powered robotic probe, Juno, has finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6520\">crossed over into Jupiter territory\u003c/a>, where the gravitational attraction of the gas giant planet is stronger than the sun’s. Juno is now on the threshold of a mission that promises to solve many long-standing mysteries about our solar system’s largest planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 4, Juno will become only the second spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter, over twenty years after the end of the successful \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/\">Galileo mission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Equipped to observe not only the outward appearance and composition of Jupiter, Juno’s payload of instrumentation will allow scientists to probe deep beneath the planet’s surface and hopefully solve long standing puzzles about \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMdjAKn_uXw&feature=youtu.be\">Jupiter’s structure, interior conditions\u003c/a> and even its origin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter may be the largest planet, and the closest of the gas giant worlds in the outer solar system, but that does not mean its secrets have all been revealed to us. Most of Jupiter lies hidden beneath a veil of cloud, a shroud that ordinary cameras cannot see beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759064\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg\" alt=\"Depiction of Jupiter's vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-magneticfield-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Depiction of Jupiter’s vast and powerful magnetic field enveloping its system of moons, and beyond. The red zone represents belts of radiation (high-speed electrically charged atoms) trapped within the magnetic field. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Past robotic missions and telescopic observations have told us a great deal about Jupiter’s cloud-banded outer face, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and its powerful magnetic field — strongest of any planet — that exerts influences well beyond the realm of its more than 67 moons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moons as well — in particular the four large “Galilean” moons discovered by Galileo over 400 years ago — have been revealed as remarkably interesting and diverse worlds of their own. One of them, Io, is the most volcanically active object in the solar system, with nearly 400 active volcanoes spewing plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Another, Europa, likely hides an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust, perhaps as deep as 30 miles and containing more water than all of Earth’s oceans — making Europa one of the most exciting possibilities for finding some form of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Juno’s primary mission is to investigate Jupiter itself — and not just its cloud-painted outward face, but the deep dark depths of its interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/jupiter/en/\">What lies inside Jupiter\u003c/a>? Being a gas giant planet, it is believed that Jupiter is all or mostly atmosphere — or more accurately, fluid: a thick shell of ever-denser hydrogen and helium that the unimaginable pressures deep down force to behave in ways we don’t think of as “gas-like.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759063\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 488px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759063\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg\" alt=\"Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like--a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change.\" width=\"488\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior.jpg 488w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/jupiter-interior-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 488px) 100vw, 488px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutaway of Jupiter showing what scientists believe its interior may be like–a theoretical structure that the Juno mission may confirm or change. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some depth, hydrogen should be compressed to the point where it would become “metallic,” or electrically conductive like a metal, though still fluid — maybe not unlike the liquid metal mercury, which is used in some thermometers. It is thought that Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field is generated by electrical currents within these metallic hydrogen layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is plenty of other \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/29jul_juno2/\">“inside information” about Jupiter\u003c/a> that scientists want to get their hands on. Finding out how much water Jupiter contains may help determine where and how Jupiter originated long ago. Did it form where we find it today — about five times as far from the sun as Earth — or, as a competing theory suggests, did it form farther from the sun and migrate to its present location? Jupiter’s internal water content would be an indication of the environment that produced it, so Juno may help settle this long standing question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the source of the great storm systems we see on Jupiter, including the famous “Great Red Spot,” a gargantuan anticyclone that has been swirling just south of Jupiter’s equator for at least 300 years? How deep do the influences that generate and sustain these storms go? That’s an easy question to answer on Earth, where the roots of weather systems don’t go much deeper than Earth’s solid and watery surface. But on a planet where the atmosphere may extend many tens of thousands of miles, this is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_759062\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-759062\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter's "Great Red Spot," an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths.\" width=\"640\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/great-red-spot-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jupiter’s “Great Red Spot,” an anticyclone system that is at least 300 years old and large enough to fit three planet Earths. \u003ccite>(Voyager/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And what lies at Jupiter’s core? Is there a rocky or metallic core down there under all the hydrogen and helium? Has carbon been compressed over time into diamond crystals that have settled to Jupiter’s center, as some have suggested might be possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will orbit Jupiter in a “polar” orbit, circling the planet in a north-south orientation that will carry it repeatedly over Jupiter’s geographic and magnetic polar regions. Juno will make detailed measurements of the powerful magnetic fields that extend into space from within Jupiter, as well as detect tiny fluctuations in Jupiter’s gravitational field authored by internal structures (a little like reading Jupiter’s interior in Braille).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While conventional cameras and telescopes cannot see beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops, just as your eyes cannot see through a thick window curtain, the magnetic energy and gravitational variations originating in the interior carry information that we can use to probe those depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juno will, in effect, probe beyond the planet’s surface appearance and give us a glimpse of what lies inside….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night",
"headTitle": "On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has recently mapped the surface temperatures of a “super-Earth,” giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exoplanet in question is called “55 Cancri e”— one of five exoplanets discovered orbiting the star 55 Cancri, about 40 light years away in the constellation Cancer. Of the five, “e” is the smallest — though still weighs in at about 8 times the mass of the Earth, and twice the diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>55 Cancri e is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is to our sun. At this tight distance it takes less than 18 hours to revolve once around its star — so, 55 Cancri e’s year is shorter than a day on Earth!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-400x272.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-960x653.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \u003ccite>(ESA, Hubble/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the planet is so close to its star, its rotation is most likely “locked” by gravitational tidal forces, so that the same side always faces the star — not unlike how the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, always presenting the same face to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1869-ssc2016-01-NASA-s-Spitzer-Maps-Climate-Patterns-on-a-Super-Earth\">Spitzer made observations of the super-Earth \u003c/a>over several revolutions, which has allowed it to map heat variations over the entire surface (night side and day side) multiple times. This map has revealed some remarkable things about 55 Cancri e.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the permanently day-lit side of the planet has a peak temperature of about 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit — hot enough to melt lead, iron, silicon and many other substances. By contrast, temperatures on the hemisphere of never-ending night drop sharply to lows of only 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit — not exactly chilly, but low enough for lava to “freeze” into solid rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The huge difference in temperature between the day and night sides of 55 Cancri e tells us that the planet does not have an atmosphere capable of spreading heat evenly around the globe — which could mean little or no atmosphere, or an atmosphere that isn’t great at globally transporting heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Venus possesses a super-thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas, which spreads heat with great efficiency to give Venus about the same (hot) temperature across its entire surface — day side, night side, equatorial zone and polar regions alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope's thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-400x271.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-1180x799.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope’s thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \u003ccite>( JPL-Caltech, University of Cambridge/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Spitzer heat map also tells us that the day-side surface is likely to be inundated with rivers and large pools of molten lava — lava that under the extreme temperatures may behave in a “super-fluid” state, flowing more like the water in Earth’s oceans than the sluggish toothpaste crawl of much cooler Earthly lavas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip-side of the planet, where it is “chilly” enough for lava to solidify, we can envision a hot, dark landscape of solid lava rock—maybe under a brilliant starry sky, depending on the nature of any atmosphere 55 Cancri e may possess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may also imagine a twilight zone between the two extreme hemispheres. Could we find landscape forms of solid rock and liquid lava, maybe a super-Earth, super-heated version of Norway’s fjords? Whatever the case, 55 Cancri e is definitely an imagination-teaser!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further investigation by NASA’s up and coming \u003ca href=\"http://Graph%20of%20the%20Spitzer%20Space%20Telescope's%20thermal%20map%20of%20the%20surface%20of%20exoplanet%2055%20Cancri%20e,%20revealing%20enormous%20temperature%20differences%20from%20day%20to%20night,%20and%20hot%20spot%20variations%20across%20its%20surface.\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be larger than Hubble or Spitzer and make observations at infrared wavelengths, will reveal even more about this, and other, fascinating extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has mapped the surface temperatures of a \"Super-Earth,\" giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet. ",
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"description": "NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has mapped the surface temperatures of a "Super-Earth," giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet. ",
"title": "On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night | KQED",
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"headline": "On This 4,400 Degree Exoplanet, It’s Always Day and Always Night",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a> has recently mapped the surface temperatures of a “super-Earth,” giving us a rare glimpse into the environmental and weather conditions on a distant extrasolar planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exoplanet in question is called “55 Cancri e”— one of five exoplanets discovered orbiting the star 55 Cancri, about 40 light years away in the constellation Cancer. Of the five, “e” is the smallest — though still weighs in at about 8 times the mass of the Earth, and twice the diameter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>55 Cancri e is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is to our sun. At this tight distance it takes less than 18 hours to revolve once around its star — so, 55 Cancri e’s year is shorter than a day on Earth!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791544\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791544\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"870\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-400x272.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-800x544.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-768x522.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-1180x802.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/ESA-Hubble-M.-Kornmesser-960x653.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, which is about 25 times closer to its star than Mercury is from our sun. \u003ccite>(ESA, Hubble/M. Kornmesser)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since the planet is so close to its star, its rotation is most likely “locked” by gravitational tidal forces, so that the same side always faces the star — not unlike how the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, always presenting the same face to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1869-ssc2016-01-NASA-s-Spitzer-Maps-Climate-Patterns-on-a-Super-Earth\">Spitzer made observations of the super-Earth \u003c/a>over several revolutions, which has allowed it to map heat variations over the entire surface (night side and day side) multiple times. This map has revealed some remarkable things about 55 Cancri e.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, the permanently day-lit side of the planet has a peak temperature of about 4,400 degrees Fahrenheit — hot enough to melt lead, iron, silicon and many other substances. By contrast, temperatures on the hemisphere of never-ending night drop sharply to lows of only 2,060 degrees Fahrenheit — not exactly chilly, but low enough for lava to “freeze” into solid rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The huge difference in temperature between the day and night sides of 55 Cancri e tells us that the planet does not have an atmosphere capable of spreading heat evenly around the globe — which could mean little or no atmosphere, or an atmosphere that isn’t great at globally transporting heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By contrast, Venus possesses a super-thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas, which spreads heat with great efficiency to give Venus about the same (hot) temperature across its entire surface — day side, night side, equatorial zone and polar regions alike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_791545\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-791545\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg\" alt=\"Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope's thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \" width=\"1200\" height=\"813\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-400x271.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-800x542.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-1180x799.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/NASA-JPL-Caltech-University-of-Cambridge-960x650.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graph of the Spitzer Space Telescope’s thermal map of the surface of exoplanet 55 Cancri e, revealing enormous temperature differences from day to night, and hot spot variations across its surface. \u003ccite>( JPL-Caltech, University of Cambridge/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Spitzer heat map also tells us that the day-side surface is likely to be inundated with rivers and large pools of molten lava — lava that under the extreme temperatures may behave in a “super-fluid” state, flowing more like the water in Earth’s oceans than the sluggish toothpaste crawl of much cooler Earthly lavas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip-side of the planet, where it is “chilly” enough for lava to solidify, we can envision a hot, dark landscape of solid lava rock—maybe under a brilliant starry sky, depending on the nature of any atmosphere 55 Cancri e may possess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may also imagine a twilight zone between the two extreme hemispheres. Could we find landscape forms of solid rock and liquid lava, maybe a super-Earth, super-heated version of Norway’s fjords? Whatever the case, 55 Cancri e is definitely an imagination-teaser!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further investigation by NASA’s up and coming \u003ca href=\"http://Graph%20of%20the%20Spitzer%20Space%20Telescope's%20thermal%20map%20of%20the%20surface%20of%20exoplanet%2055%20Cancri%20e,%20revealing%20enormous%20temperature%20differences%20from%20day%20to%20night,%20and%20hot%20spot%20variations%20across%20its%20surface.\">James Webb Space Telescope\u003c/a>, which will be larger than Hubble or Spitzer and make observations at infrared wavelengths, will reveal even more about this, and other, fascinating extrasolar worlds.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "It's Not Your Parents' Solar System Anymore",
"headTitle": "It’s Not Your Parents’ Solar System Anymore | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the past decade our understanding of the solar system has exploded as never before. This \"springtime\" of discovery is powered both by advancements in technology and a broader field of players participating in space exploration. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago, Pluto was reclassified as dwarf planet — a result of discovering other solar system objects of comparable size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than a year ago, the New Horizons spacecraft gave us our first up-close look at Pluto and its system of moons. These historic events define a decade in which our understanding of the solar system blossomed as never before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to detect, observe and analyze outer space. In addition, a wider field of players in solar system exploration has played no small role in the information explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do multiple countries now conduct space missions — the U.S., Russia, Europe, Japan, China, India and others — private entities like Elon Musk’s SpaceX corporation are also getting into the game, to the extent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/32719-spacex-red-dragon-mars-missions-2018.html\">pursuing human missions to Mars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723135\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723135\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg\" alt=\"Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right).\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-800x400.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-400x200.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-768x384.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter-960x480.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/plutobeforeandafter.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pluto, before and after New Horizons. Artist concept (left), New Horizons (right). \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not very long ago, \u003ca href=\"http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age14-16/Astronomy/text/Theories_of_the_solar_system/index.html\">textbooks taught us\u003c/a> that our sun is the center of a system of nine planets, a belt of little understood bodies of rock (asteroids) between Mars and Jupiter and a mostly invisible host of mysterious comets that periodically enter our awareness when one passes close to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was then, this is now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a quick headcount of \u003ca href=\"http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/\">what we now know to exist\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Eight major planets — the four “terrestrial” planets of the inner solar system and four gas giants of the outer solar system.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Five official dwarf planets, including Ceres (the largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt) and Pluto.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 150 “\u003ca href=\"http://www.windows2universe.org/pluto/kuiper_belt/trans_neptune_objects.html\">Trans-Neptunian Objects\u003c/a>” (minor planets whose average distances from the sun are greater than Neptune’s) that may eventually be classified as dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>At least 179 moons orbiting planets and dwarf planets.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>About half a million \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/asteroids/indepth\">asteroids\u003c/a>, most of them in the Main Asteroid Belt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>And about 4,000 comets.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-723137 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg\" alt=\"The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth.\" width=\"800\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-400x275.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/tnos-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The largest Trans-Neptunian Objects of the Kuiper Belt, compared to Earth. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s what we know of. Estimates based on observation and theory suggest this is only the tip of the iceberg, and that there are probably tens of thousands of sizable bodies (larger than 60 miles across) and perhaps hundreds of billions of smaller comet-like objects out there — mostly orbiting beyond Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the sheer body-count, the past decade has also turned up fine details of objects that have been real eye-openers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars, long ago, was partially covered in\u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/28983-ancient-mars-oceans-big-waves.html\"> seas of liquid water\u003c/a>, likely salty, with an environment that may have been friendly to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jupiter’s moon \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/europa\">Europa \u003c/a>hides under its icy outer crust an ocean containing more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans, warmed by energy spewing from its interior generated by tidal forces of Jupiter’s gravity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s moon \u003ca href=\"https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/\">Enceladus\u003c/a> — which is barely 300 miles in diameter—erupts with jets of water vapor and harbors liquid water beneath its surface, and possibly the chemistry that could support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_723136\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-723136\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-400x400.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/ancient-mars-seas.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the ancient, water-covered Mars. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Saturn’s largest moon, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/content/ten-years-ago-huygens-probe-lands-on-surface-of-titan\">Titan\u003c/a>, is practically a cryogenic version of Earth, with a thick nitrogen atmosphere that supports a liquid-methane analog of Earth’s water cycle, complete with clouds, rain, river runoff, and lakes and seas of the stuff. (Make no mistake, though, if you took a swim in these seas, you would freeze solid in seconds.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even cold, distant Pluto supports \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/feature/pluto-on-frozen-pond\">dynamic processes\u003c/a> on its surface: glacier-like flows of nitrogen slush, cryovolcanoes and possibly tectonic activity. And we learned this just within the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A smaller dwarf planet than Pluto — \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/subject/6883/ceres/\">Ceres\u003c/a> — has shown signs of activity: water vapor outgassing from its surface, and bright mineral deposits possibly left behind by eruptions from beneath its crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most exciting part of our burgeoning awareness of the solar system’s surprises may be those yet to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the advancement in technology and the enterprises that participated in space exploration over the past decade changed our thinking about the solar system in such profound ways, imagine what the next decade will bring. Further advancements in Earth and \u003ca href=\"http://jwst.nasa.gov/comparison.html\">space-based observatories\u003c/a>, robotic spacecraft and probes, and even human expeditions into space are already in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What might we know by 2026?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA called off today’s effort to inflate an expandable module attached to the International Space Station after its first attempt fell flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The module is called BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>. It’s a prototype of what could be a new kind of living quarters in space. The advantage of an expandable module is that it can be folded so it takes up less room in a cargo rocket, and then expanded once it reaches space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM looks like a partially crushed tin can, about 7 feet long. Inflated, it looks more like a 13-foot-long watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, everything seemed to go well, as the restraining straps around BEAM were successfully released. Then, ground controllers told space station astronaut Jeff Williams to open a valve for a few seconds at a time to transfer air from the station into BEAM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was, nothing happened. BEAM refused to budge. After a couple of hours of injecting brief bursts of air into the module, NASA ground controller Jessica Meir gave Williams the bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, we’re going to have to stand down with the BEAM operations today,” Meir told Williams. “We’ve been assessing all the parameters here from the ground, and due to our set of no-go conditions and not seeing any noticeable movement, we’re going to have to reassess further from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This NASA video shows how the inflation was supposed to work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examine what the data tell them about today’s attempt, ground controllers could restart the inflation process as soon as Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM was made by \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a> based on a design that NASA architects and engineers came up with in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. It’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to leave BEAM attached to the space station for two years. Astronauts will enter a couple of times a year to check on instruments, but there are no plans for them to have a sleepover. After that, it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Attempt+To+Inflate+Its+Expandable+Space+Module+Fizzles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA called off today’s effort to inflate an expandable module attached to the International Space Station after its first attempt fell flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The module is called BEAM, \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/beam/\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module\u003c/a>. It’s a prototype of what could be a new kind of living quarters in space. The advantage of an expandable module is that it can be folded so it takes up less room in a cargo rocket, and then expanded once it reaches space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Folded up, BEAM looks like a partially crushed tin can, about 7 feet long. Inflated, it looks more like a 13-foot-long watermelon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, everything seemed to go well, as the restraining straps around BEAM were successfully released. Then, ground controllers told space station astronaut Jeff Williams to open a valve for a few seconds at a time to transfer air from the station into BEAM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem was, nothing happened. BEAM refused to budge. After a couple of hours of injecting brief bursts of air into the module, NASA ground controller Jessica Meir gave Williams the bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, we’re going to have to stand down with the BEAM operations today,” Meir told Williams. “We’ve been assessing all the parameters here from the ground, and due to our set of no-go conditions and not seeing any noticeable movement, we’re going to have to reassess further from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This NASA video shows how the inflation was supposed to work:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they examine what the data tell them about today’s attempt, ground controllers could restart the inflation process as soon as Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BEAM was made by \u003ca href=\"http://bigelowaerospace.com/\">Bigelow Aerospace\u003c/a> based on a design that NASA architects and engineers came up with in the 1990s. The space agency was trying to figure out how to get astronauts to Mars, without the crew going crazy living in a tiny capsule for months on end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inflatable is not like a balloon. It’s made of multiple layers of Kevlar and other materials resistant to micrometeorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to leave BEAM attached to the space station for two years. Astronauts will enter a couple of times a year to check on instruments, but there are no plans for them to have a sleepover. After that, it will be detached and allowed to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=NASA%27s+Attempt+To+Inflate+Its+Expandable+Space+Module+Fizzles&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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