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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]From the amazing camouflage of pygmy seahorses to the unseen six needles a mosquito uses to suck your blood, to the sticky underwater tape of the caddisfly, \u003ca href=\"http://youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>, KQED’s YouTube science series\u003c/a>, brings you science up close in just three minutes. How do they do it? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look for a story from nature that dramatizes a big science idea, something that’s relatable to people, but at the same time, alien,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson\u003c/a>, one of \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> producers. “Oh, and it has to be small.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925022\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"3 people near a stream filming caddisfly\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925022\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Patina Mendez from UC Berkeley, Elliott Kennerson and Joshua Cassidy from KQED getting ready to film caddisflies in a stream near Stinson Beach, California. \u003ccite>(Lauren Farrar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> films in various locations from redwood forests and streams, to deserts and oceans. “Shooting in nature is always a challenge,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>’s cinematographer and lead producer. “From a technical point of view, you’re taking expensive electronic and optical equipment out into inhospitable environments. Filming wildlife is always unpredictable. Some days the banana slugs or hummingbirds can’t be found. It’s all about flexibility and persistence.” To film the caddisflies in their natural habitat, the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> crew brought along a caddisfly expert, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/patinamendez/cv_mendez.shtml\">Patina Mendez from UC Berkeley,\u003c/a> to help identify the correct species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the producers have to take matters into their own hands and bring the wild inside. For \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/08/stinging-scorpion-vs-pain-defying-mouse/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>’s episode about scorpions in the Sonoran desert\u003c/a>, they filmed inside a terrarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. For the caddisfly episode, they set up an aquarium in an empty office at KQED. They also had to bring water, stones and gravel from the stream where the caddisflies live and wait 24 hours for the water to clear up before they could film. This was all done with permission from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925023\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Camera filming aquarium\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925023\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Up-close with Cassidy’s camera filming the caddisfly aquarium at KQED. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is shot in Ultra High Definition (4K) but what really gives the show its look are the lenses,” says Cassidy. “My favorite by far is the Canon 100mm f/2.8 macro lens. By attaching to different researchers’ microscopes, we’re able to delve way beyond what’s visible to the naked eye, like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/07/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood/\">watching in detail as a mosquito dug its proboscis into a researcher’s forearm\u003c/a>, drank her blood and pooped out crystal clear droplets of water to make room for more blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925024\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Man filming stream\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassidy filming caddisflies through the water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Farrar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each episode offers new challenges and chances to get creative when it comes to filming,” says Cassidy. “The hard thing to do in the caddisfly episode was to film them through the water. The little ripples in the water cause distortion, so I used a plastic tube to put in front of the camera lens to get rid of that distortion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shooting macro video in the studio especially requires a lot of light. “Sometimes, the head of an insect will be in focus, while the rest isn’t!” says Kennerson. “So you have to shine bright spots on what you’re shooting, which people do with microscopes, of course, but those specimens are dead. Live animals of any size don’t like bright light, and they don’t like too much heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to fry our guests, so we film with cool LED lights.” says Cassidy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “The ultimate goal is for them to just act normal!” says Kennerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925019\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Three people looking at a camera filming aquarium. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925019\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Mendez, Kennerson, and Cassidy filming the caddisflies at the KQED studio. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episodes take about six weeks to produce from start to finish, and usually 2-3 hours of footage is filmed for a three-minute episode. “That’s a high ‘shooting ratio,’ says Kennerson, “A lot of that is because we run the camera in hopes of catching some critical animal behavior once conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about lenses, light and a bit of luck. “It’s really awesome when it all comes together and you know you have a show and you’re going to be able to give the viewers something they just can’t see any other way.” says Kennerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925026\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Four people watching a camera film an aquarium. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925026\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Aurora MacRae-Crerar, AAAS Fellow; Patina Mendez, Elliott Kennerson, and Joshua Cassidy watching caddisflies build their cases underwater. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> caddisfly video, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/09/sticky-stretchy-waterproof-the-amazing-underwater-tape-of-the-caddisfly/\">“Sticky. Stretchy. Waterproof. The Amazing Underwater Tape of the Caddisfly.”\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">Subscribe to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> on YouTube and watch new videos twice a month. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>From the amazing camouflage of pygmy seahorses to the unseen six needles a mosquito uses to suck your blood, to the sticky underwater tape of the caddisfly, \u003ca href=\"http://youtube.com/user/KQEDDeepLook\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>, KQED’s YouTube science series\u003c/a>, brings you science up close in just three minutes. How do they do it? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look for a story from nature that dramatizes a big science idea, something that’s relatable to people, but at the same time, alien,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/ekennerson/\">Elliott Kennerson\u003c/a>, one of \u003cem>Deep Look’s\u003c/em> producers. “Oh, and it has to be small.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925022\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"3 people near a stream filming caddisfly\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925022\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/3-of-them-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Patina Mendez from UC Berkeley, Elliott Kennerson and Joshua Cassidy from KQED getting ready to film caddisflies in a stream near Stinson Beach, California. \u003ccite>(Lauren Farrar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> films in various locations from redwood forests and streams, to deserts and oceans. “Shooting in nature is always a challenge,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a>, \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>’s cinematographer and lead producer. “From a technical point of view, you’re taking expensive electronic and optical equipment out into inhospitable environments. Filming wildlife is always unpredictable. Some days the banana slugs or hummingbirds can’t be found. It’s all about flexibility and persistence.” To film the caddisflies in their natural habitat, the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> crew brought along a caddisfly expert, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/patinamendez/cv_mendez.shtml\">Patina Mendez from UC Berkeley,\u003c/a> to help identify the correct species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the producers have to take matters into their own hands and bring the wild inside. For \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/03/08/stinging-scorpion-vs-pain-defying-mouse/\">\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>’s episode about scorpions in the Sonoran desert\u003c/a>, they filmed inside a terrarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco. For the caddisfly episode, they set up an aquarium in an empty office at KQED. They also had to bring water, stones and gravel from the stream where the caddisflies live and wait 24 hours for the water to clear up before they could film. This was all done with permission from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925023\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Camera filming aquarium\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925023\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_5983-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Up-close with Cassidy’s camera filming the caddisfly aquarium at KQED. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is shot in Ultra High Definition (4K) but what really gives the show its look are the lenses,” says Cassidy. “My favorite by far is the Canon 100mm f/2.8 macro lens. By attaching to different researchers’ microscopes, we’re able to delve way beyond what’s visible to the naked eye, like \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/07/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood/\">watching in detail as a mosquito dug its proboscis into a researcher’s forearm\u003c/a>, drank her blood and pooped out crystal clear droplets of water to make room for more blood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925024\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Man filming stream\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Josh_in_stream-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cassidy filming caddisflies through the water. \u003ccite>(Lauren Farrar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Each episode offers new challenges and chances to get creative when it comes to filming,” says Cassidy. “The hard thing to do in the caddisfly episode was to film them through the water. The little ripples in the water cause distortion, so I used a plastic tube to put in front of the camera lens to get rid of that distortion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shooting macro video in the studio especially requires a lot of light. “Sometimes, the head of an insect will be in focus, while the rest isn’t!” says Kennerson. “So you have to shine bright spots on what you’re shooting, which people do with microscopes, of course, but those specimens are dead. Live animals of any size don’t like bright light, and they don’t like too much heat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want to fry our guests, so we film with cool LED lights.” says Cassidy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “The ultimate goal is for them to just act normal!” says Kennerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925019\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Three people looking at a camera filming aquarium. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925019\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6051-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Mendez, Kennerson, and Cassidy filming the caddisflies at the KQED studio. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> episodes take about six weeks to produce from start to finish, and usually 2-3 hours of footage is filmed for a three-minute episode. “That’s a high ‘shooting ratio,’ says Kennerson, “A lot of that is because we run the camera in hopes of catching some critical animal behavior once conditions are right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> is all about lenses, light and a bit of luck. “It’s really awesome when it all comes together and you know you have a show and you’re going to be able to give the viewers something they just can’t see any other way.” says Kennerson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_925026\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Four people watching a camera film an aquarium. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-925026\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/IMG_6036-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Aurora MacRae-Crerar, AAAS Fellow; Patina Mendez, Elliott Kennerson, and Joshua Cassidy watching caddisflies build their cases underwater. \u003ccite>(Sevda Eris/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Check out the \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em> caddisfly video, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/09/sticky-stretchy-waterproof-the-amazing-underwater-tape-of-the-caddisfly/\">“Sticky. Stretchy. Waterproof. The Amazing Underwater Tape of the Caddisfly.”\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://goo.gl/8NwXqt\">Subscribe to \u003cem>Deep Look\u003c/em>\u003c/a> on YouTube and watch new videos twice a month. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]We already mimic them to make fly-fishing lures. But now scientists working on some advanced medical technology believe copycatting one tiny insect could hold promise for repairing human tissues and setting bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of stitches and screws, doctors may soon call on the next generation of medical adhesives — glues and tape — to patch us up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration? Caddisflies, a type of stream-dwelling, fish-baiting insects that live in creeks all across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891533\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The larva of the caddisfly, which produces an amazing underwater tape, fits on a fingernail.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The larva of the caddisfly, which produces an amazing underwater tape, fits on a fingernail. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The medical adhesives we use today work pretty well outside the body. Attach a waterproof bandage to dry skin, and it will stay put, for a time. Brands such as Super Glue and Krazy Glue, which employ compounds called \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cyanoacrylates, also resist degradation in water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for mechanical engineers, however, is making compounds that will stick to things when they’re \u003ci>already\u003c/i> submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically we can make an adhesive bond that is stable underwater,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioen.utah.edu/studentpresentations.php?op=details&id=386\">Nicholas Ashton,\u003c/a> a bioengineering researcher at the University of Utah. “But we can’t form the bond underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of the human body is a watery environment. People are 60 percent water. Our insides are as fluid as fish tanks, and hostile to chemical adhesives, so doctors use mechanical means to mend bones and sew up internal tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second you go inside the body, it changes the ball game entirely,” said Ashton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891534\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891534\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The caddisfly builds a case out of pebbles to live in during its larval stage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The caddisfly builds a case out of pebbles to live in during its larval stage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter the caddisfly, a stream-dwelling insect equipped with a homespun waterproof tape dispenser. In its larval stage, this industrious builder constructs a tiny tube-like house for itself, called a case, entirely underwater using pebbles and its tape as the mortar. The tape, really a specialized silk, comes from a pair of glands under its chin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the qualities of that silk, the case not only holds up underwater, it is strong enough to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">protect the caddisfly’s soft lower body amid forces many times its body weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an extremely fancy tape,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.utah.edu/u0030696-RUSSELL_J_STEWART/bibliography/index.hml\">Russell Stewart,\u003c/a> an expert on caddisfly silk also at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891537\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-tape-zoom_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-tape-zoom_720.gif\" alt=\"Josh Cad\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The natural tape of the caddisfly holds together its case, even underwater. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED, University of Utah)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The case-building behavior begins as soon as the caddisflies hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They come out immediately and start,” said \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/patinamendez/cv_mendez.shtml\">Patina Mendez,\u003c/a> a researcher who studies caddisflies at UC Berkeley. “And when they get to building, they are very selective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After carefully choosing a starter pebble for its case, the caddisfly meticulously tapes more and more stones together, and the case begins to take shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is home to approximately 400 species of caddisflies, and there are some 15,000 worldwide, all of whom use some version of the silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891538\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891538\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Inside its case, the caddisfly is safe from the powerful forces of its streambed habitat, as well as from predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside its case, the caddisfly is safe from the powerful forces of its streambed habitat, as well as from predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Any tape, including this one, has two basic components: the flat ribbon, or backing, and the layer of sticky stuff, or the glue. From the materials science standpoint, caddisfly tape is extraordinary in both departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though its mechanism isn’t fully understood, the glue part of caddisfly tape forms highly complex bonds, both chemical and physical, with whatever it’s sticking to. As these bonds form, they displace the water where the tape meets the stone, allowing the two substances to stick together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, unlike our glues, which generally work better on clean, dry surfaces (like skin), caddisfly glue bonds more readily to bio-fouled surfaces, those already coated with decaying matter and bacteria from the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This adhesive system is distinct from that of other well-studied underwater glue-makers, such as mussels and sea cucumbers, and may offer a unique path forward for researchers trying to engineer an underwater fixative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the ribbon component of caddisfly silk, it’s resilient, somewhat like a rubber band. The fiber can stretch to twice its original length and still recover. But unlike a rubber band, caddisfly silk returns to its shape slowly. The tape fibers can absorb the forces that would cause another material to snap back violently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-zoom-to-case_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891539\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-zoom-to-case_720.gif\" alt=\"An electron microscope reveals how the caddisfly uses its tape to make a home. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electron microscope reveals how the caddisfly uses its tape to make a home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED, University of Utah)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the caddisfly’s challenging environment, that type of mortar makes its pebble case much safer to live in. Stewart uses an earthquake analogy: “If you think about a house made out of brick or stone, it’s brittle,” he explained. “You don’t want to live in a stone house in California! If you have a earthquake, it would break and fall down. But if the mortar were flexible, it wouldn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that resilence to spider silk, which though mechanically stronger, isn’t built to last. If an insect damages a spider’s web, the spider has to make all new threads. (Spider silk also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">loses its remarkable elasticity altogether underwater.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caddisfly silk biomimicry is only in its infancy. With the help of chemical models, Stewart and his colleagues have been able to reverse-engineer a primitive version of the silk’s glue component that went on wet in a watery setting, then solidified without losing integrity. One day, a similar compound might be used inside the body to mend soft tissues, like organs and tendons, and even repair hard ones, like teeth and bone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the caddisfly larva makes its case into a cocoon by sealing it up at the top with what’s called a “hat stone,” and reinforcing the inside with extra tape. That’s when they’re most recognizable in the wild, according to Mendez, because of their habit of gathering together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They line themselves up like little sleeping bags,” Mendez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"With its case on its back, the caddisfly clings to rock surfaces, where it grazes on algae. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With its case on its back, the caddisfly clings to rock surfaces, where it grazes on algae. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like its land-based cousins, the butterflies and moths, from whom it diverged 250 millions years ago, the caddisfly larva then undergoes a metamorphosis and emerges as a winged adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, that’s the only point where most of our lives intersect with the caddisfly’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I go give a lecture I always ask, is there some fly fisherman in the room?,” Stewart said, “And there usually is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Potter contributed reporting for this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Sticky. Stretchy. Waterproof. The Amazing Underwater Tape of the Caddisfly | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>We already mimic them to make fly-fishing lures. But now scientists working on some advanced medical technology believe copycatting one tiny insect could hold promise for repairing human tissues and setting bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of stitches and screws, doctors may soon call on the next generation of medical adhesives — glues and tape — to patch us up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inspiration? Caddisflies, a type of stream-dwelling, fish-baiting insects that live in creeks all across the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891533\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891533\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The larva of the caddisfly, which produces an amazing underwater tape, fits on a fingernail.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-16-caddis-on-finger-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The larva of the caddisfly, which produces an amazing underwater tape, fits on a fingernail. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The medical adhesives we use today work pretty well outside the body. Attach a waterproof bandage to dry skin, and it will stay put, for a time. Brands such as Super Glue and Krazy Glue, which employ compounds called \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">cyanoacrylates, also resist degradation in water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge for mechanical engineers, however, is making compounds that will stick to things when they’re \u003ci>already\u003c/i> submerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically we can make an adhesive bond that is stable underwater,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioen.utah.edu/studentpresentations.php?op=details&id=386\">Nicholas Ashton,\u003c/a> a bioengineering researcher at the University of Utah. “But we can’t form the bond underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inside of the human body is a watery environment. People are 60 percent water. Our insides are as fluid as fish tanks, and hostile to chemical adhesives, so doctors use mechanical means to mend bones and sew up internal tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The second you go inside the body, it changes the ball game entirely,” said Ashton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891534\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891534\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The caddisfly builds a case out of pebbles to live in during its larval stage.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-12-caddis-side-view-MARQ-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The caddisfly builds a case out of pebbles to live in during its larval stage. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enter the caddisfly, a stream-dwelling insect equipped with a homespun waterproof tape dispenser. In its larval stage, this industrious builder constructs a tiny tube-like house for itself, called a case, entirely underwater using pebbles and its tape as the mortar. The tape, really a specialized silk, comes from a pair of glands under its chin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to the qualities of that silk, the case not only holds up underwater, it is strong enough to \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">protect the caddisfly’s soft lower body amid forces many times its body weight.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an extremely fancy tape,” said \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.utah.edu/u0030696-RUSSELL_J_STEWART/bibliography/index.hml\">Russell Stewart,\u003c/a> an expert on caddisfly silk also at the University of Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891537\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-tape-zoom_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891537\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-tape-zoom_720.gif\" alt=\"Josh Cad\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The natural tape of the caddisfly holds together its case, even underwater. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED, University of Utah)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The case-building behavior begins as soon as the caddisflies hatch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They come out immediately and start,” said \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/patinamendez/cv_mendez.shtml\">Patina Mendez,\u003c/a> a researcher who studies caddisflies at UC Berkeley. “And when they get to building, they are very selective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After carefully choosing a starter pebble for its case, the caddisfly meticulously tapes more and more stones together, and the case begins to take shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is home to approximately 400 species of caddisflies, and there are some 15,000 worldwide, all of whom use some version of the silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891538\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891538\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Inside its case, the caddisfly is safe from the powerful forces of its streambed habitat, as well as from predators.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-02-caddis-in-case-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside its case, the caddisfly is safe from the powerful forces of its streambed habitat, as well as from predators. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Any tape, including this one, has two basic components: the flat ribbon, or backing, and the layer of sticky stuff, or the glue. From the materials science standpoint, caddisfly tape is extraordinary in both departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though its mechanism isn’t fully understood, the glue part of caddisfly tape forms highly complex bonds, both chemical and physical, with whatever it’s sticking to. As these bonds form, they displace the water where the tape meets the stone, allowing the two substances to stick together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interestingly, unlike our glues, which generally work better on clean, dry surfaces (like skin), caddisfly glue bonds more readily to bio-fouled surfaces, those already coated with decaying matter and bacteria from the stream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This adhesive system is distinct from that of other well-studied underwater glue-makers, such as mussels and sea cucumbers, and may offer a unique path forward for researchers trying to engineer an underwater fixative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the ribbon component of caddisfly silk, it’s resilient, somewhat like a rubber band. The fiber can stretch to twice its original length and still recover. But unlike a rubber band, caddisfly silk returns to its shape slowly. The tape fibers can absorb the forces that would cause another material to snap back violently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891539\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-zoom-to-case_720.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-891539\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-01-caddis-zoom-to-case_720.gif\" alt=\"An electron microscope reveals how the caddisfly uses its tape to make a home. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An electron microscope reveals how the caddisfly uses its tape to make a home. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED, University of Utah)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given the caddisfly’s challenging environment, that type of mortar makes its pebble case much safer to live in. Stewart uses an earthquake analogy: “If you think about a house made out of brick or stone, it’s brittle,” he explained. “You don’t want to live in a stone house in California! If you have a earthquake, it would break and fall down. But if the mortar were flexible, it wouldn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compare that resilence to spider silk, which though mechanically stronger, isn’t built to last. If an insect damages a spider’s web, the spider has to make all new threads. (Spider silk also \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">loses its remarkable elasticity altogether underwater.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caddisfly silk biomimicry is only in its infancy. With the help of chemical models, Stewart and his colleagues have been able to reverse-engineer a primitive version of the silk’s glue component that went on wet in a watery setting, then solidified without losing integrity. One day, a similar compound might be used inside the body to mend soft tissues, like organs and tendons, and even repair hard ones, like teeth and bone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the caddisfly larva makes its case into a cocoon by sealing it up at the top with what’s called a “hat stone,” and reinforcing the inside with extra tape. That’s when they’re most recognizable in the wild, according to Mendez, because of their habit of gathering together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They line themselves up like little sleeping bags,” Mendez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_891540\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-891540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"With its case on its back, the caddisfly clings to rock surfaces, where it grazes on algae. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/DL313-06-caddis-on-rock-case-CRX-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With its case on its back, the caddisfly clings to rock surfaces, where it grazes on algae. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like its land-based cousins, the butterflies and moths, from whom it diverged 250 millions years ago, the caddisfly larva then undergoes a metamorphosis and emerges as a winged adult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, that’s the only point where most of our lives intersect with the caddisfly’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I go give a lecture I always ask, is there some fly fisherman in the room?,” Stewart said, “And there usually is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lisa Potter contributed reporting for this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Central Valley Farmers Paid to Grow Wildlife Habitat",
"headTitle": "Central Valley Farmers Paid to Grow Wildlife Habitat | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s drought is taking its toll on wildlife. Years of sub-par precipitation have cut the amount of water available for wildlife refuges that supply critical habitat and food for \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Dying-of-Thirst/index.php?cparticle=3&siarticle=2\" href=\"http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Dying-of-Thirst/index.php?cparticle=3&siarticle=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waterfowl and other migratory birds\u003c/a>. Reduced river flows are pushing endangered fish species to the brink. Riparian forests have also been impacted by the drought, as well as by groundwater over-pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well as the drought, increased development, population growth, pollution and other pressures have almost eliminated most of the vital riparian and wetland habitat that a number of endangered species need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Rice farms get a bad rap often for the amount of water used to produce rice in California, but rice farming can produce benefits for waterfowl species.’\u003ccite>Ann Hayden, Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To combat this, the Environmental Defense Fund, along with a partner organization, has launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/ecosystems/central-valley-habitat-exchange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Habitat Exchange\u003c/a>, a voluntary program that gives landowners — farmers and ranchers — incentives to create wildlife habitats on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a market-based system for habitat protection works and who benefits, Water Deeply spoke to Ann Hayden, the senior director of the California Habitat Exchange and Western Water program at the Environmental Defense Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can you explain what the Habitat Exchange is and why you chose to focus efforts in the Central Valley?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Hayden: The Habitat Exchange program we are developing throughout the country is aimed at creating incentives for farmers and ranchers to create habitat benefits on their land while maintaining agricultural productivity. In a sense, they would be getting paid to grow habitat in the same way they grow crops — it’s an additional commodity they would get paid for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We started looking at the Central Valley out of the recognition that over 90 percent of habitat for wetlands and floodplains and riparian habitat-types have been decimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since so much of our state is in farmland, it seems like a natural fit that farmers and ranchers should be brought into the fold to help meet conservation goals, and not just rely on land acquisition or looking to conservation banks. Those are valid tools that exist, but we think bringing farmers and ranchers to the table will bring in so much more habitat, while allowing agricultural productivity to be maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of species are you focusing on in trying to create a habitat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: It helps to have a driver like the Endangered Species Act because when listed species are impacted it will have to be mitigated, so there will be a need to offset that habitat somehow. We’ve focused largely on a handful of listed species at the state or federal level — Swainson’s hawk, the giant garter snake, Chinook salmon, Monarch butterflies and riparian songbirds, within which there are a couple of listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: At what stage of development is the project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We’ve been in development since 2012. We got a U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation innovation grant, which is a three-year grant that helped develop the infrastructure for the program, and flesh out habitat quantification tools — the mechanism to measure the quality of a parcel of land for a particular species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve developed a better understanding of what sort of legal and financial assurances need to be in place in order to get the regulatory agencies to have confidence in this approach being a viable tool in the toolkit for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are well under way. We’re at the point where we are developing credit-ready projects. We have a number of parcels in the Central Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/growingreturns/2016/07/27/birds-snakes-and-butterflies-farming-for-more-than-crops-and-cash/?_ga=1.108139010.1473386416.1470251594\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Davis Ranch\u003c/a> is one of them, where we are working with willing landowners and going out to their property, testing and using the tool on these properties to do a site assessment to understand the baseline of habitat quality on the land. From that can really understand what sort of changes in management practices or additional restoration should happen in to increase that score, the habitat function of that site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we are at the point of trying to match it with demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there other landowners who have committed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: One development is a property in Yolo County called Elliott Ranch and we just received funding through the [Sacramento-San Joaquin] Delta Conservancy, as part of their Proposition 1 funding, to implement some restoration on Elliott Ranch. We’ll be doing some crop shifting to pasture that provides better foraging habitat for Swainson’s hawk and then we’ll also be planting some hedgerows to increase the foraging habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is our first transaction through the Habitat Exchange. For the first time we are going to have a clear indication of how our public dollars for restoration are being spent. That’s been a challenge with bond funding, for example, where we’ve had huge amounts of money being invested in restoration efforts with not a very clear idea of the outcomes that have been achieved. We are trying to change that paradigm through the Habitat Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have preliminary agreements from a handful of other landowners in the Central Valley to work with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Besides using Proposition 1 money, how else would the project be funded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: Any entity that is interested in either meeting a conservation goal, such as the Delta Conservancy, or meeting a mitigation mandate, such as a water agency that is doing some levee setback projects or a developer that is implementing a project — those projects that would impact habitat for certain species — would be a buyer of habitat credits through the habitat exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What has the response been from the agricultural community?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: The feedback we’ve received is that there is a lot of interest to participate in an effort like the Habitat Exchange, but so far the barriers of entry into the conservation mitigation market have been so high that it has been difficult to know how they even get there — it’s complicated or costly. So we are trying to lower the barriers of entry for folks in the agricultural community to be part of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the process for someone who does want to participate and are there upfront costs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We would work directly with them to do a site assessment with the use of the habitat quantification tool to understand the existing habitat quality, habitat function on the land. And then we talk with them about what sort of management practices they are currently implementing and where they might be open to shifting those somewhat to increase the habitat quality for species. We’d work with them on developing a management plan. There has to be a willingness to put a conservation easement on their land but that would be paid for by the buyer of credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you measure the success of the projects?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: That’s the crux of the Habitat Exchange and where we see this approach being somewhat different from other approaches that exist today. It’s really through the use of the habitat quantification tool that’s a method for tracking and monitoring how the landscape is responding over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to use the tool initially to understand the baseline conditions and then have some sort of agreement to go back after a time to the property and run the habitat quantification tool again to see how the habitat is responding. This is not a tool that involves counting populations of species — it’s really looking at the habitat quality on the landscape. That will tell us how well it can support species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the species you mentioned is Chinook salmon. Can you explain why fish can benefit from agricultural lands?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: There is really innovative work going on at \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/04/01/flooding-rice-fields-provide-hope-for-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knaggs Ranch\u003c/a>, near the Yolo Bypass. Rice farms get a bad rap often for the amount of water used to produce rice in California, but rice farming can produce benefits for waterfowl species; and there are ways you can extend the flooding of rice lands during some critical periods of the year to simulate juvenile salmon-rearing habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been some experiments done through the work of Trout Unlimited and UC Davis where they have determined that juvenile salmon reared in these rice fields during these critical months end up as “big fatties” — they come out stronger and much bigger than juvenile salmon coming down the Sacramento River which don’t have access to the food or protection from predators [as on the flooded rice fields]. Rice farms can simulate what the floodplain used to do before we changed the plumbing so much in the state and redirected water from these floodplains during these critical times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s most exciting about the impact this project can have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We’re really excited about the Habitat Exchange driving better conservation outcomes on the ground by working side-by-side with farmers who are original stewards. We think they have a critical role to play and we are going to have a much better chance of maintaining, and hopefully restoring, habitat that’s needed by working closely with working landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/04/new-program-pays-central-valley-farmers-to-grow-wildlife-habitat\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Critical habitat for wildlife has been reduced by drought, development and other pressures. Ann Hayden of the Environmental Defense Fund talks about radical incentives for landowners to help fill the void.",
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"description": "Critical habitat for wildlife has been reduced by drought, development and other pressures. Ann Hayden of the Environmental Defense Fund talks about radical incentives for landowners to help fill the void.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s drought is taking its toll on wildlife. Years of sub-par precipitation have cut the amount of water available for wildlife refuges that supply critical habitat and food for \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Dying-of-Thirst/index.php?cparticle=3&siarticle=2\" href=\"http://www.oaklandmagazine.com/Dying-of-Thirst/index.php?cparticle=3&siarticle=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">waterfowl and other migratory birds\u003c/a>. Reduced river flows are pushing endangered fish species to the brink. Riparian forests have also been impacted by the drought, as well as by groundwater over-pumping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well as the drought, increased development, population growth, pollution and other pressures have almost eliminated most of the vital riparian and wetland habitat that a number of endangered species need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Rice farms get a bad rap often for the amount of water used to produce rice in California, but rice farming can produce benefits for waterfowl species.’\u003ccite>Ann Hayden, Environmental Defense Fund\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To combat this, the Environmental Defense Fund, along with a partner organization, has launched the \u003ca href=\"https://www.edf.org/ecosystems/central-valley-habitat-exchange\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Central Valley Habitat Exchange\u003c/a>, a voluntary program that gives landowners — farmers and ranchers — incentives to create wildlife habitats on their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how a market-based system for habitat protection works and who benefits, Water Deeply spoke to Ann Hayden, the senior director of the California Habitat Exchange and Western Water program at the Environmental Defense Fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Can you explain what the Habitat Exchange is and why you chose to focus efforts in the Central Valley?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ann Hayden: The Habitat Exchange program we are developing throughout the country is aimed at creating incentives for farmers and ranchers to create habitat benefits on their land while maintaining agricultural productivity. In a sense, they would be getting paid to grow habitat in the same way they grow crops — it’s an additional commodity they would get paid for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We started looking at the Central Valley out of the recognition that over 90 percent of habitat for wetlands and floodplains and riparian habitat-types have been decimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since so much of our state is in farmland, it seems like a natural fit that farmers and ranchers should be brought into the fold to help meet conservation goals, and not just rely on land acquisition or looking to conservation banks. Those are valid tools that exist, but we think bringing farmers and ranchers to the table will bring in so much more habitat, while allowing agricultural productivity to be maintained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What kind of species are you focusing on in trying to create a habitat?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: It helps to have a driver like the Endangered Species Act because when listed species are impacted it will have to be mitigated, so there will be a need to offset that habitat somehow. We’ve focused largely on a handful of listed species at the state or federal level — Swainson’s hawk, the giant garter snake, Chinook salmon, Monarch butterflies and riparian songbirds, within which there are a couple of listed species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: At what stage of development is the project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We’ve been in development since 2012. We got a U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation innovation grant, which is a three-year grant that helped develop the infrastructure for the program, and flesh out habitat quantification tools — the mechanism to measure the quality of a parcel of land for a particular species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve developed a better understanding of what sort of legal and financial assurances need to be in place in order to get the regulatory agencies to have confidence in this approach being a viable tool in the toolkit for conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are well under way. We’re at the point where we are developing credit-ready projects. We have a number of parcels in the Central Valley. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.edf.org/growingreturns/2016/07/27/birds-snakes-and-butterflies-farming-for-more-than-crops-and-cash/?_ga=1.108139010.1473386416.1470251594\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Davis Ranch\u003c/a> is one of them, where we are working with willing landowners and going out to their property, testing and using the tool on these properties to do a site assessment to understand the baseline of habitat quality on the land. From that can really understand what sort of changes in management practices or additional restoration should happen in to increase that score, the habitat function of that site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we are at the point of trying to match it with demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are there other landowners who have committed?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: One development is a property in Yolo County called Elliott Ranch and we just received funding through the [Sacramento-San Joaquin] Delta Conservancy, as part of their Proposition 1 funding, to implement some restoration on Elliott Ranch. We’ll be doing some crop shifting to pasture that provides better foraging habitat for Swainson’s hawk and then we’ll also be planting some hedgerows to increase the foraging habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is our first transaction through the Habitat Exchange. For the first time we are going to have a clear indication of how our public dollars for restoration are being spent. That’s been a challenge with bond funding, for example, where we’ve had huge amounts of money being invested in restoration efforts with not a very clear idea of the outcomes that have been achieved. We are trying to change that paradigm through the Habitat Exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have preliminary agreements from a handful of other landowners in the Central Valley to work with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Besides using Proposition 1 money, how else would the project be funded?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: Any entity that is interested in either meeting a conservation goal, such as the Delta Conservancy, or meeting a mitigation mandate, such as a water agency that is doing some levee setback projects or a developer that is implementing a project — those projects that would impact habitat for certain species — would be a buyer of habitat credits through the habitat exchange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What has the response been from the agricultural community?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: The feedback we’ve received is that there is a lot of interest to participate in an effort like the Habitat Exchange, but so far the barriers of entry into the conservation mitigation market have been so high that it has been difficult to know how they even get there — it’s complicated or costly. So we are trying to lower the barriers of entry for folks in the agricultural community to be part of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What is the process for someone who does want to participate and are there upfront costs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We would work directly with them to do a site assessment with the use of the habitat quantification tool to understand the existing habitat quality, habitat function on the land. And then we talk with them about what sort of management practices they are currently implementing and where they might be open to shifting those somewhat to increase the habitat quality for species. We’d work with them on developing a management plan. There has to be a willingness to put a conservation easement on their land but that would be paid for by the buyer of credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How do you measure the success of the projects?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: That’s the crux of the Habitat Exchange and where we see this approach being somewhat different from other approaches that exist today. It’s really through the use of the habitat quantification tool that’s a method for tracking and monitoring how the landscape is responding over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to use the tool initially to understand the baseline conditions and then have some sort of agreement to go back after a time to the property and run the habitat quantification tool again to see how the habitat is responding. This is not a tool that involves counting populations of species — it’s really looking at the habitat quality on the landscape. That will tell us how well it can support species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: One of the species you mentioned is Chinook salmon. Can you explain why fish can benefit from agricultural lands?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: There is really innovative work going on at \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/04/01/flooding-rice-fields-provide-hope-for-salmon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knaggs Ranch\u003c/a>, near the Yolo Bypass. Rice farms get a bad rap often for the amount of water used to produce rice in California, but rice farming can produce benefits for waterfowl species; and there are ways you can extend the flooding of rice lands during some critical periods of the year to simulate juvenile salmon-rearing habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been some experiments done through the work of Trout Unlimited and UC Davis where they have determined that juvenile salmon reared in these rice fields during these critical months end up as “big fatties” — they come out stronger and much bigger than juvenile salmon coming down the Sacramento River which don’t have access to the food or protection from predators [as on the flooded rice fields]. Rice farms can simulate what the floodplain used to do before we changed the plumbing so much in the state and redirected water from these floodplains during these critical times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What’s most exciting about the impact this project can have?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden: We’re really excited about the Habitat Exchange driving better conservation outcomes on the ground by working side-by-side with farmers who are original stewards. We think they have a critical role to play and we are going to have a much better chance of maintaining, and hopefully restoring, habitat that’s needed by working closely with working landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/04/new-program-pays-central-valley-farmers-to-grow-wildlife-habitat\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Blue Whale Recovery Signals Improving Ocean Conditions",
"headTitle": "Blue Whale Recovery Signals Improving Ocean Conditions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. [contextly_sidebar id=”bwAQS8zN4wV2Q3mMQXirOa6vGPpNfj18″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On a research voyage to the Farallon Islands, scientists encounter far more whales than expected. Here's what's driving the recovery.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twenty six nautical miles outside the Golden Gate, the spindly peaks of the Farallon Islands bobbing in view, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanctuarysimon.org/regional_sections/fulmar/\">R/V Fulmar\u003c/a> research vessel has made space for me to observe how researchers carry out their commitment to keep our oceans healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still working on developing my sea legs, I clamber up a ladder to the top deck, and as gingerly as possible, stumble to the bow of the boat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This vessel is run by a marine conservation partnership called \u003ca href=\"http://www.accessoceans.org/\">ACCESS\u003c/a>, or the Applied California Current Ecosystem Studies. The crew, comprised of marine researchers from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (\u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">NOAA)\u003c/a> and the non-profit agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointblue.org/\">Point Blue\u003c/a>, is scanning the horizon for signs of life, which they are finding in abundance. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this brilliant July afternoon, the scientists on board are deploying nets and hauling in microscopic forms of life from the ocean. They pull in tiny krill and their even tinier food source, plankton, the marine plants that form the foundation of the ocean’s food chain and shed light on the health of the vital marine habitat off the coast of Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One researcher records the number of wildlife that surround the boat, while the others gaze through binoculars and call out species names as they see them — like puffins, white-sided dolphins and \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-necked-phalarope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">red-necked phalaropes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_897891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-897891 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the AV Fulmar's marine research crew.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/ACCESS-Research-Cruise-Pix-157-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Taylor Nairn, of the Greater Farallones Association, records wildlife sightings along an observational transect as a member of the R/V Fulmar’s marine research crew. \u003ccite>(Aurora MacRae-Crerar/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>First mate Marshall Stein offers me his front-row swivel seat and moments later, there’s a wave of excitement as one, two, three, four blue whales come into focus. Mouth agape, I stare at the largest animals the planet has ever seen as they spout water from their blowholes, the silhouettes of their majestic blue backs against the backdrop of the Farallon Islands. I am speechless. So are the marine biologists. This is extraordinary, not only for a novice like me, but also for seasoned researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_880927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-880927\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal ever to have graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/iStock_33627068_XXLARGE-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue whales have been on Earth for over 53 million years. The largest animal to have ever graced our planet, they are massive, majestic and endangered, but making a comeback on the California coast. They can grow to be over 100 feet long and can weigh over 200 tons. They have a lifespan of up to 90 years. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since April, there have been a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/06/03/humpback-whales-exploring-the-bay-in-unprecedented-numbers/\">record number\u003c/a> of whale sightings in San Francisco Bay—including \u003ca href=\"http://kron4.com/2016/07/11/stunning-video-close-encounter-with-whales-near-treasure-island/\">this\u003c/a> breathtaking encounter filmed by a local kayaker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yesterday was gangbusters,” exclaims Jan Roletto, the research coordinator for the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, which falls under the NOAA umbrella. On their first day out, the crew saw 85 blue and humpback whales. On the second day, I was there as the crew made 48 more whale observations. Such sightings suggest that the whales are making a strong comeback.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a real story of recovery.’\u003ccite> Jaime Jahncke, Point Blue \u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This July alone, the crew of the R/V Fulmar has seen more whales (around 237) than scientists recorded during the entire summer last year — about \u003ca href=\"http://accessoceans.org/uploads/Ocean_Climate_Indicators_Report_2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">180\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greater Farallones Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> is lush with nutrients, making it the place where whales meet and eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a real story of recovery,” says Jaime Jahncke, a lead scientist at Point Blue. But what are they recovering from?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower whale abundance in 2015 was a consequence of two natural phenomena: a sprawling mass of anomalously warm water known as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/08/09/possible-spoiler-for-el-nino-a-battle-of-the-blobs/\">the Blob, and El Niño\u003c/a>, a periodic shift in both ocean and atmospheric conditions. Together, they raised ocean temperatures and had mostly negative effects on marine life, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\">such as California seals\u003c/a> and sea lions. Thousands of sea lion pups were stranded or killed in February and March 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_894517\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-894517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Unusually warm waters brought in by a combination of El Ñino and the Blob in late 2015 to early 2016 were not good for sea lion pups. These anomalously high temperatures disrupted the marine food chain, leaving the pups malnourished. This has lead to the recent high rates of sea lion pup mortality.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/sea-lion-pup-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unusually warm ocean conditions in late 2015 led to high rates of sea lion pup mortality. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the oceans have cooled and the wind is gusting, a trend scientists are happy to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The winds are strong enough to cause upwelling. They are pushing that water to the south and offshore, and it allows the cold, nutrient-rich water to come to the surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/contact/staff.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Danielle Lipski\u003c/a>, research coordinator for \u003ca href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>, another branch of NOAA. The nutrients act like fertilizer and increase the abundance of \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html\">phytoplankton.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_881027\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-881027\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tiny, but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/Krill-iStock_86347053_LARGE-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny but mighty, invertebrate krill are smaller than a fingertip and are also the primary food source for blue and humpback whales. \u003ccite>( Andrea Izzotti/iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/sem/zooplankton.cfm\">Zooplankton\u003c/a> feed on the phytoplankton, which are then eaten by tiny shrimplike animals called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/lewis_clark01/background/midwater_realm/media/krill.html\">krill\u003c/a>. The whales gobble up the krill in a beautiful relationship where one of the smallest of lifeforms sustains the largest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nine miles off the San Diego coast in the open blue waters of Nine Mile Bank, a California sea lion (\u003ci>Zalophus californianus\u003c/i>) plunges head first into the tough flesh of Earth’s largest bony fish: an ocean sunfish (\u003ci>Mola mola\u003c/i>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mola, a graceful behemoth that can grow up to 3.1 meters (10 feet) in length and 4.2 meters (14 feet) from fin tip to fin tip, spends much of its time basking at the ocean’s surface, one eye pointed skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing warmth from the sun helps molas recover from cold, deep dives — often to depths of nearly 800 meters (2600 feet) — where they forage for invertebrate prey such as jellyfish. With its lethargic movements through the water and no obvious defense mechanisms, the mola would almost surely be more vulnerable to predators if not for its thick, sandpaper-like skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, only orcas dare to attack and consume adult molas. But climate conditions off the California coast have been anything but typical in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend coupled with the effects of El Niño has caused unusually warm waters to persist throughout vast swaths of the eastern Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish like sardines and anchovies that sea lions typically favor as prey have migrated farther north in search of cooler waters. When photographer Ralph Pace first encountered this underwater scene, he immediately noted the peculiarity of the sea lion’s food choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Pace struggled to capture a shot amidst the chaotic battle for survival, but for one moment, the scene calmed and the mola, still alive, seemed to look its predator in the eye as if pleading for its life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This photograph was selected as a finalist in the California Academy of Sciences’ \u003cspan id=\"widget_1469578972531863b23ee\" class=\"n2-text-block\">\u003ca href=\"http://bigpicturecompetition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 BigPicture photography competition\u003c/a>\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nine miles off the San Diego coast in the open blue waters of Nine Mile Bank, a California sea lion (\u003ci>Zalophus californianus\u003c/i>) plunges head first into the tough flesh of Earth’s largest bony fish: an ocean sunfish (\u003ci>Mola mola\u003c/i>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mola, a graceful behemoth that can grow up to 3.1 meters (10 feet) in length and 4.2 meters (14 feet) from fin tip to fin tip, spends much of its time basking at the ocean’s surface, one eye pointed skyward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing warmth from the sun helps molas recover from cold, deep dives — often to depths of nearly 800 meters (2600 feet) — where they forage for invertebrate prey such as jellyfish. With its lethargic movements through the water and no obvious defense mechanisms, the mola would almost surely be more vulnerable to predators if not for its thick, sandpaper-like skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Typically, only orcas dare to attack and consume adult molas. But climate conditions off the California coast have been anything but typical in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend coupled with the effects of El Niño has caused unusually warm waters to persist throughout vast swaths of the eastern Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish like sardines and anchovies that sea lions typically favor as prey have migrated farther north in search of cooler waters. When photographer Ralph Pace first encountered this underwater scene, he immediately noted the peculiarity of the sea lion’s food choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, Pace struggled to capture a shot amidst the chaotic battle for survival, but for one moment, the scene calmed and the mola, still alive, seemed to look its predator in the eye as if pleading for its life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This photograph was selected as a finalist in the California Academy of Sciences’ \u003cspan id=\"widget_1469578972531863b23ee\" class=\"n2-text-block\">\u003ca href=\"http://bigpicturecompetition.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 BigPicture photography competition\u003c/a>\u003c/span>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sea Slug? Disco Ball? Beautiful Deep-Sea Purple Blob Puzzles Scientists",
"headTitle": "Sea Slug? Disco Ball? Beautiful Deep-Sea Purple Blob Puzzles Scientists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have found a curious purple orb near California’s Channel Islands – and it’s left them stumped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our untrained eye, it looks a little like a really dazzling Christmas ornament. Alternatively, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-find-mysterious-purple-orb-channel-islands-180959933/?no-ist\">Smithsonian compared\u003c/a> it to an unhatched Pokemon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recent expedition, unnamed scientists from the Nautilus exploration vessel are recording and chatting about what they’re seeing when they come across the mysterious, beautiful blob. Watch their video here: \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pqyKrvk0aZo?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is that?” “‘I’m stumped. I have no idea. I can’t even hazard a guess to phylum,” the team says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if it’s an egg sac of some sort?” “It looks like a disco ball right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team was able to suction up the 5 cm-wide orb, after a close encounter with a meddling crab. It was found in an underwater canyon 5,301 feet deep, spokesperson Susan Poulton from the E/V Nautilus told The Two-Way in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a closer look, the team says it is most likely a pleurobranch – a type of sea slug. That’s a nudibranch relative – and as \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em> explains: “Known for their brilliant hues, nudibranchs are a type of sea slug that inhabit a range of environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/mysterious-purple-blob-nautilus-california/\">National Geographic\u003c/a> adds that these mollusks “live in warm and cold water, on a variety of ocean surfaces. Most of them are about the size of a finger or hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However – the brilliant purple color raises some questions. “Currently none of the known species of California deep-sea pleurobranchs are purple, so this could be a new discovery,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/video/2016/07/26/mysterious-purple-orb\">the Nautilus team says\u003c/a>. “Pleurobranchs have rhinophores (ear-like structures) in a particular location and a gill under the mantle on the right side, but we are still determining if this is present on this sample,” Poulton adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the creature put on a bit of a show once it was suctioned onboard the exploration vessel. “After sampling, it began to unfold to reveal two distinct lobes,” the team says. The change is dramatic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg\" alt=\"The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \u003ccite>(Ocean Exploration Trust)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marine scientist Jeff Goddard of the University of California, Santa Barbara offered a few other guesses about what the blob could be to \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Anytime you see a round structure like that you have to consider the possibility it’s an embryo,’ he tells Smithsonian.com. Even so, ‘the purple orb would be an unusual egg mass, especially if it contained a single large egg/embryo,’ Goddard says. An embryo of what, he’s not sure. But he also says it’s possible that it’s a fibrous sponge. Another option is a sea squirt predator. The video shows that it’s the only purple orb in an area full of gray tunicates, so it could be munching on the critters.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Poulton says the team has “sent the samples to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and consulted with scientists there about a potential identification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expedition leader Robert Ballard \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/04/14/150581903/the-strange-persistence-of-shoes-at-sea\">has a history of fascinating discoveries\u003c/a> — he’s the explorer who found the wreckage of the Titanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Two-Way has a love of deep-sea stories — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/06/477085814/secrets-of-the-mariana-trench-caught-on-camera\">let’s call this one\u003c/a> the latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/27/487665728/mysterious-and-known-as-the-raven-scientists-identify-new-whale-species\">in our ongoing series\u003c/a>, “Mysteries of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/26/479621399/deep-sea-explorers-discover-a-sponge-the-size-of-a-minivan\">the Deep\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Slug%3F+Disco+Ball%3F+Beautiful+Deep-Sea+Purple+Blob+Puzzles+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have found a curious purple orb near California’s Channel Islands – and it’s left them stumped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To our untrained eye, it looks a little like a really dazzling Christmas ornament. Alternatively, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/researchers-find-mysterious-purple-orb-channel-islands-180959933/?no-ist\">Smithsonian compared\u003c/a> it to an unhatched Pokemon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the recent expedition, unnamed scientists from the Nautilus exploration vessel are recording and chatting about what they’re seeing when they come across the mysterious, beautiful blob. Watch their video here: \u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/pqyKrvk0aZo?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is that?” “‘I’m stumped. I have no idea. I can’t even hazard a guess to phylum,” the team says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What if it’s an egg sac of some sort?” “It looks like a disco ball right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team was able to suction up the 5 cm-wide orb, after a close encounter with a meddling crab. It was found in an underwater canyon 5,301 feet deep, spokesperson Susan Poulton from the E/V Nautilus told The Two-Way in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a closer look, the team says it is most likely a pleurobranch – a type of sea slug. That’s a nudibranch relative – and as \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em> explains: “Known for their brilliant hues, nudibranchs are a type of sea slug that inhabit a range of environments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/mysterious-purple-blob-nautilus-california/\">National Geographic\u003c/a> adds that these mollusks “live in warm and cold water, on a variety of ocean surfaces. Most of them are about the size of a finger or hand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However – the brilliant purple color raises some questions. “Currently none of the known species of California deep-sea pleurobranchs are purple, so this could be a new discovery,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/video/2016/07/26/mysterious-purple-orb\">the Nautilus team says\u003c/a>. “Pleurobranchs have rhinophores (ear-like structures) in a particular location and a gill under the mantle on the right side, but we are still determining if this is present on this sample,” Poulton adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, the creature put on a bit of a show once it was suctioned onboard the exploration vessel. “After sampling, it began to unfold to reveal two distinct lobes,” the team says. The change is dramatic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_882322\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-882322\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg\" alt=\"The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \" width=\"800\" height=\"598\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/nautilus-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The mysterious blob unfolded once it was on board the exploration vessel. \u003ccite>(Ocean Exploration Trust)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Marine scientist Jeff Goddard of the University of California, Santa Barbara offered a few other guesses about what the blob could be to \u003cem>Smithsonian\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>” ‘Anytime you see a round structure like that you have to consider the possibility it’s an embryo,’ he tells Smithsonian.com. Even so, ‘the purple orb would be an unusual egg mass, especially if it contained a single large egg/embryo,’ Goddard says. An embryo of what, he’s not sure. But he also says it’s possible that it’s a fibrous sponge. Another option is a sea squirt predator. The video shows that it’s the only purple orb in an area full of gray tunicates, so it could be munching on the critters.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Poulton says the team has “sent the samples to the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology and consulted with scientists there about a potential identification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expedition leader Robert Ballard \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2012/04/14/150581903/the-strange-persistence-of-shoes-at-sea\">has a history of fascinating discoveries\u003c/a> — he’s the explorer who found the wreckage of the Titanic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Two-Way has a love of deep-sea stories — \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/06/477085814/secrets-of-the-mariana-trench-caught-on-camera\">let’s call this one\u003c/a> the latest \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/27/487665728/mysterious-and-known-as-the-raven-scientists-identify-new-whale-species\">in our ongoing series\u003c/a>, “Mysteries of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/05/26/479621399/deep-sea-explorers-discover-a-sponge-the-size-of-a-minivan\">the Deep\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sea+Slug%3F+Disco+Ball%3F+Beautiful+Deep-Sea+Purple+Blob+Puzzles+Scientists&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Grizzlies in California? Ad Campaign Aims to 'Bring Back the Bears'",
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"headTitle": "Grizzlies in California? Ad Campaign Aims to ‘Bring Back the Bears’ | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”CeRF4HGv78F23EabOzmOjr4zqRdZ4Zw0″]”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates for re-establishing grizzly bears in California are taking their case directly to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having been rebuffed by wildlife agencies, the Arizona-based Center for Biological Diversity is \u003ca href=\"http://bringbackthebears.org/#home\">launching a media campaign\u003c/a> to rally support for the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>”The mission, really, is to create some awareness around this issue,” says Ronny Northrop, executive creative director at Gyro, a San Francisco ad agency that hatched the pro bono campaign on behalf of the center, aimed at “restoring a sense of wild, maintaining a sense of wild.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece of the campaign is a visually arresting California “bear flag,” without the bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is California and here we have this flag with a bear on it that doesn’t even exist and most people don’t know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This whole tragic irony around this is something that people are gonna respond to,” Northrup speculates. “Like ‘Whoa, I had no idea that the bear on our flag is extinct; that’s pretty messed up.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226934?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/176226743?byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gyro has produced a series of videos featuring other “iconic” California figures vying for space on the flag: the “yoga mom,” the real estate developer, the cosmetic surgeon, each making their case for why they should be there instead of the grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re all just sort of out there and a little bit arrogant, and they’re Californians, you know, like, ‘Hey, it should be me. Of course it should be me, right?’ A little bit narcissistic maybe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_846602\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2945px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-846602\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg\" alt=\"Ronny Northrop's team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to "bring back the bears."\" width=\"2945\" height=\"2096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1.jpg 2945w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-400x285.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-768x547.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1440x1025.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1920x1366.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-1180x840.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/07/IMG_4714-1-960x683.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2945px) 100vw, 2945px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ronny Northrop’s team at Gyro created the bear-less flag concept for a campaign to “bring back the bears.” \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The CBD has gathered a little more than 12,000 names with an \u003ca href=\"http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=17314\">online petition\u003c/a> that appears to include many supporters from outside California. Its staff is hoping the petition will help convince wildlife agencies to reconsider, though the drive appears to have lost some momentum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do think it’s something that with some education, and with further study, something that people could and would rally around,” says Noah Greenwald, endangered species director for CBD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nonstarter?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those who are aware of the idea, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/05/02/grizzly-bears-are-everywhere-in-california-but-the-woods/\">opinion seems deeply divided\u003c/a>. While CBD’s appeal thus far has been aimed at federal wildlife officials, state wildlife managers would doubtless need to be on board to make it a reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not entertaining the idea of reintroducing grizzly bears to the state,” wrote CDFW spokesperson Jordan Traverso in declining to participate in a KQED Forum program on the topic. “The idea has been a nonstarter for the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_728720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2415px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-728720 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento.\" width=\"2415\" height=\"1819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop.jpg 2415w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-400x301.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-768x578.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1440x1085.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1920x1446.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-1180x889.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/05/IMG_4727_crop-960x723.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2415px) 100vw, 2415px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kids play on a grizzly bear sculpture at the California Museum in Sacramento (the grizzly exhibit closed in June). Northrop says his firm’s informal research suggests that many Californians do not realize that the state’s symbol is extinct. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although there are anywhere from 30,000 to 60,000 black bears in the state, officials aren’t convinced that California could support a sustainable population of the much larger grizzlies, and are concerned about potential impacts on other indigenous species and, of course, conflicts with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Northrop if he thinks his campaign can make a dent in the fear or indifference among Californians, which could be obstacles as daunting as any science-based objections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what? I’m a dreamer; I certainly hope so. I’ve got a 4-year-old daughter and man, I hope she’s able to experience all she can when it comes to nature and wildlife and the way it’s meant to be here on Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>About four years ago, Kevin Sinclair inherited an army of clones. Very fluffy clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Daisy, Debbie, Denise and Diana,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/biosciences/people/kevin.sinclair\">Sinclair\u003c/a>, a developmental biologist at the University of Nottingham in England.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation.’\u003ccite>Beth Shapiro,UC Santa Cruz evolutionary biologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sheep are just four of 13 clones Sinclair shepherds, but they’re the most famous because of their relation to Dolly, the sheep that made headlines two decades ago as the first successfully cloned mammal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>” ‘Sister clones’ probably best describes them,” Sinclair says. “They actually come from the exactly the same batch of cells that Dolly came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, Sinclair and his colleagues celebrated the sister clones’ ninth birthday, which, he explains, would be like the 70\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> birthday of a human. In an article out Tuesday \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms12359\">in the journal\u003c/a> \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>, Sinclair and his colleagues write that the ewes’ age, along with their strapping health, might be a reason for people to start feeling more optimistic about what cloning can do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolly’s life did not turn out as scientists in the cloning field hoped it would. She died young — six-and-a-half — with a nasty lung virus. “That was really just bad luck,” Sinclair says, and had “nothing to do” with the fact that Dolly was a clone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she also bad osteoarthritis in her knees and rear hip at a surprisingly early age and the tips of her chromosomes were short — \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122035/\">both signs\u003c/a> that she’d aged more quickly than a normal sheep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That sort of threw fuel to the fire and strengthened concerns that clones might be aging prematurely,” says Sinclair. Because clones like Dolly were derived from the cell of an adult animal, the thinking went, her body might be set to an older clock from the start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a daunting concept for those in the cloning field, because, says Sinclair, “If you’re going to create these animals, they should be normal in every respect. They should be just as healthy as any other animal that’s conceived naturally. If that is not the case, then it raises serious ethical and welfare concerns about creating these animals in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, the good health of the 13 clones in the Nottingham herd suggest better prospects for the procedure. Sinclair and his colleagues evaluated the animals’ blood pressure, metabolism, heart function, muscles and joints, looking for signs of premature aging. They even fattened them up (since obesity is a risk factor for metabolic problems including diabetes) and gave them the standard tests to gauge how their bodies would handle glucose and insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results? Normal, normal, normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is nothing to suggest that these animals were anything other than perfectly normal,” says Sinclair. They had slight signs of arthritis (Debbie in particular), but not enough to cause problems. “If I put them in with a bunch of other sheep, you would never be able to identify them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists haven’t investigated the length of the animals’ chromosome tips, called telomeres. That will have to wait until the animals die, so scientists can get cells from a variety of organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://campusdirectory.ucsc.edu/detail.php?type=people&uid=bashapir\">Beth Shapiro\u003c/a>, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, says the results of this study are already plenty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It provides another boost to those of us who are hoping this technology might someday be useful for conservation,” says Shapiro, who recently \u003ca href=\"http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10415.html\">wrote a book\u003c/a> called \u003cem>How to Clone a Mammoth: The Science of De-Extinction\u003c/em>. She’s one of the scientists interested in cloning endangered animals to keep them from dying off, and also hopes to – maybe — rescue species that have already gone extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, if biologists noticed that the population of an important species was plummeting toward extinction, and that its absence would likely cause a cascade of changes to the ecosystem, the researchers might consider cloning the animals to help boost the population back up to sustainable numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This science is showing us [that] if we can get by what we know is the trickiest and least efficient part of this process, then the clones that are born are, in essence, just like anything else that’s alive — perfectly healthy and perfectly capable of living to old age,” says Shapiro.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the sheep clones in his care, Sinclair says “they will continue to lead normal sheep lives.” Once they reach the ripe old age of about 10, they’ll be euthanized and the researchers will do a detailed post-mortem analysis of their bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Clone+Sisters%27+Of+Dolly+The+Sheep+Are+Alive+And+Kicking&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Soon, scientists will be luring in California pigeons with insect larvae and corn to capture, then test the birds for lead exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis\u003c/a> assistant professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.rebeccacalisi.org/Rebecca_Calisi_Research/People.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rebecca Calisi\u003c/a> has long believed that pigeons, who walk the same streets, breathe the same air and often eat the same food as we do, were ideal indicators for lead poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 2010 to 2015, Calisi studied data on 825 pigeons in New York City and discovered that elevated lead levels in the birds corresponded with high lead levels for children living in the same areas. The findings are published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516308864\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemosphere\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children.’\u003ccite>Rebecca Calisi, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lead is a concern because it can cause irreversible neurological damage to kids who are still developing and there is no safe blood level in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least four million U.S. households include children who are exposed to high levels of lead, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>. And unless kids have government-backed health care, testing \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/lead-exposure/Pages/Detection-of-Lead-Poisoning.aspx?nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR:+No+local+token\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">isn’t required\u003c/a> by law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Lead is in our environment, it’s dangerous, and not all places are testing for it in children,” says Calisi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She explains that urban pigeons could predict a child’s risk for lead poisoning, not just in New York, but in major cities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study comes during a time of heightened concern about childhood exposure to lead following the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_water_crisis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">water crisis in Flint, Michigan \u003c/a>and a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/lead-poisoning-testing-gaps/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters investigation\u003c/a> showing a majority of Medicaid-eligible children weren’t tested for lead exposure in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi conducted the research with undergraduate student Fayme Cai while Calisi was an assistant professor at Barnard College in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two analyzed data from sick and injured pigeons treated at the non-profit Wild Bird Fund. The wildlife staff tested the birds for lead exposure and recorded the zip codes where the birds were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi compared the pigeon data with thousands of childhood lead test results from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that neighborhoods where children had higher blood lead levels — 10 micrograms per deciliter or above — corresponded with the same neighborhoods where the pigeons were collected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, the results varied by neighborhood. Birds in Soho and Greenwich Village had almost double the levels of lead as pigeons in the Bronx.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi says this could be because Manhattan is more heavily trafficked, and still has lead particulate on roadways from a bygone era of leaded gasoline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, some older houses are covered in lead paint, and lead dust can collect on roads, sidewalks and alleys. It can leach into the ground or contaminate nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticides, fire retardants and other chemicals are also worth tracking, says Calisi who will now study pollutants in San Francisco, Sacramento and agricultural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her team will set traps with “goodies” like corn and grubs, take blood samples and then release the birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calisi said her team is still determining which pesticides and heavy metals are feasible to analyze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Challenges to Saving California's Delta Smelt",
"headTitle": "The Challenges to Saving California’s Delta Smelt | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”4KxQnQMVx5qA1fh2KHGWXBm0pTjZzxgP”]“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). Second, the act of pumping turbid, sediment-rich Delta water south and replacing it with clear, warm reservoir water counters the goals of the strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They suck all of the larvae out of the Delta, all of the plankton they eat and all of their habitat, and they replace that water with reservoir water” that allows in lots of sunlight, encouraging the explosive growth of weeds that they’re trying to get rid of, said Cannon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some positive points stand out in the plan, such as the return to using salinity control gates to allow freshwater into Suisun Marsh while keeping saltwater out, and managing stormwater discharge to control the contaminant load into tributaries and rivers. “If they can actually control the amount of stormwater, hold it so contaminants can degrade before entering waterways, or divert it to wastewater treatment plants, that will diminish the contaminants that enter the Delta and improve the water quality at spawning sites,” said Connon of U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, biologists have considered smelt to be the canary in the coal mine: a functionally extinct species that no longer serves any real ecological function other than as a warning for the entire Delta ecosystem. With the drought, their population crashed dramatically, raising the question of whether it is already too late to save them – and whether proposals such as the strategy released last week, without more structural changes to California’s water distribution rules, are convincing any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is a public relations piece, a strategy to satisfy the Endangered Species Act,” said Cannon. “They have to do something so they come up with this plan, but it’s not going to help the smelt. If they want to save the smelt, either release more from the reservoirs or cut back the [water allocations to] farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When a coalition of California and federal agencies announced a new Delta Smelt Resiliency Strategy last week, the ambitious plan to save the region’s nearly extinct fish grabbed headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether most, or even parts, of the comprehensive program can realistically put in place the changes needed to rescue this endangered native species is another question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“I understand what they are aiming at doing and why. But how achievable it is, and whether or not it will result in the desired outcome, is a different matter,” said Richard Connon, a toxicologist at UC Davis, who studies the impacts of contaminants on smelt and other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From eliminating invasive aquatic weeds and increasing Delta water outflows to adding sediment to create more turbidity, the strategy is long on vision but potentially short on execution, he said. Take, for example, weed control in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. It’s what Connon calls a “double-edged sword,” since physical removal of the plants is all but impossible, while the use of herbicides can have dangerous blowback effects such as killing off the phytoplankton that smelt need to feed on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This document was just an outline of what they’re proposing to do, rather than a step-by-step detail on how they’re going to do it,” Connon added. “Keeping up with the growth of these weeds is almost impossible. They haven’t provided sufficient data on how it’s going to be done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, announced last Tuesday by the California Natural Resources Agency, is to be implemented by California’s Department of Water Resources, Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Division of Boating and Waterways, along with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Bureau of Reclamation. It addresses what it calls “a variety of methods” to revive smelt, which are currently at their lowest ever levels due to drought, increased water exports, predator fish, pollution and other conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among numerous goals, the plan calls for:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Releasing water from Sacramento Valley farm fields into the Yolo Bypass to increase the production of the zooplankton on which smelt feed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Increasing outflows from the Delta to generate more brackish water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reoperating salinity control gates in Suisun Marsh.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving spawning conditions by adding more sand and gravel.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing toxic algae blooms that are harmful to smelt.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Restoring 5,500 acres (2,225 hectares) of tidal wetlands.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reducing stormwater contaminants polluting the estuary.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Due to be carried out over the next three years, parts of the strategy could face significant opposition, including potential lawsuits by farmers in the Central Valley demanding that more water, not less, be channeled to them rather than flushed out to sea to help a fish that is largely doomed anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials are confident the approach is the right one. “With the best available science as our guide, we’re moving fast to improve conditions so that more young delta smelt survive this year and reproduce,” said California Department of Fish and Wildlife director Charlton H. Bonham in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Connon isn’t the only one who doubts the efficacy of the plan. A spokesman for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Shane Hunt, said the project appeared overly ambitious in scope. “We’re fairly confident we’ll get some water” to release as outflow, he told the Sacramento Bee, “but I don’t think we’ll get anywhere close to the top end of this range that’s in this document this year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even harsher critic is Tom Cannon, a retired fisheries consultant and current adviser to the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, who said the strategy offers too little too late, and is too unrealistic to have any significant impact. Foremost among its problems: “The plan has no way of getting the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now the agencies can mandate that we need 8,000 instead of 7,000 cubic feet of water per second [225/200 cubic meters] as outflow (into the San Francisco Bay and Suisun Bay), which is critical for smelt survival,” said Cannon. “But the plan says they’re not going to take people’s water and the farmers aren’t going to let them take their water, so they have no way of getting it unless they buy it, and they can’t get the money. You think a Republican Congress will give them money to buy water for the smelt to let it go into the ocean? They’d all laugh, 250 of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other individual parts of the strategy also don’t hold up, he said. For one, releasing water from the Sacramento Valley into the Yolo Bypass at this time of year would kill the smelt due to high summer temperatures (smelt can survive only in water in the low 70s F [low 20s C]). 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video Produced by Joshua Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]In the summertime, the air is thick with the low humming of bees delivering pollen from one flower to the next. If you listen closely, a louder buzz may catch your ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sound is the key to a secret stash of pollen that some flowers hide deep within their anthers, the male parts of the plant. Only pollinators that buzz in just the right way can vibrate tiny grains out of minuscule holes at the top of the anthers for a protein-rich snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Buzz-pollinated flowers hide pollen grains deep inside their anthers, the long skinny male parts of the plant. Buzz-pollinators bite down at the base of anther and vibrate until pollen grains shoot out the top. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buzz-pollinated flowers hide pollen grains deep inside their anthers, the long skinny male parts of the plant. Buzz-pollinators bite down at the base of anther and vibrate until pollen grains shoot out the top. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Risky Game\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The strategy, called buzz-pollination, is risky. But it’s also critical to human agriculture. Tomatoes, potatoes and eggplants need wild populations of buzz pollinators, such as bumblebees, to produce fruit. Honeybees can’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants need a way to get the pollen — basically sperm — to the female parts of another flower. Most plants lure animal pollinators to spread these male gametes by producing sugary nectar. The bee laps up the sweet reward, is dusted with pollen and passively delivers it to the next bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, buzz-pollinated flowers encourage bees to eat the pollen directly and hope some grains will make it to another flower. The evolutionary strategy is baffling to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flower is almost like playing hard to get,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.anneleonard.com/\">Anne Leonard\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno who studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.anneleonard.com/buzz-pollination/\">buzz pollination\u003c/a>. “It’s intriguing because these buzz-pollinated plants ask for a huge energy investment from the bees, but don’t give much back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781761\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781761\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A bumblebee grooms her fur--and her tongue--to get at the pollen grains she vibrated free from the anthers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee grooms her fur — and her tongue — to get at the pollen grains she vibrated free from the anthers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Buzz Breakdown\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Bumblebees forage for two food sources: nectar for a quick sugar rush to power their flights and pollen for protein. Most buzz-pollinated flowers are specialists that only offer pollen and they hide the grains at the bottom of tall, skinny anthers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bee bites down at the base of the anther, leaving little marks called bee kisses. She “unhooks” her flying muscles from her wings so she can contract them without taking flight. Then she begins to vibrate violently, a behavior scientists call sonication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrations travel through her soft body to the flower and shake up the pollen grains trapped inside anthers. When she buzzes hard enough, the pollen shoots out of the top and covers the bee. The bumblebee grooms herself, combing the pollen down and mixing it with saliva. She stores the pollen in sacs stuck to her legs as she makes her rounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The bumblebee stores the pollen grains in neat sacs on her legs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bumblebee stores the pollen grains in neat sacs on her legs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What’s the Buzz?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Buzz pollination is an unlikely evolutionary strategy because the plants are banking on bees working extra hard for a modest reward. Despite the risk of being ignored, buzz pollination has popped up in 20,000 flowering plants across a smattering of unrelated species. Leonard and her team are investigating what the strategy is all about. What are the evolutionary pressures that led so many buzz-pollinated plants to lose their nectar and to specialize in pollen? How do pollinators forage for pollen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard and her graduate student \u003ca href=\"https://jacobsfrancis.wordpress.com/\">Jacob Francis\u003c/a> search for answers from the bee’s point of view. They dosed fake flowers with different amounts of sugar water to see if the bee works harder to get pollen and nectar. To measure the bee’s effort, Francis rigged a mini-accelerometer to the base of the flowers with some structural wax, the kind you put on braces as a lip protectant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/sFpO75EM1yw\">https://youtu.be/sFpO75EM1yw\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the plant also offers nectar, for example, are the bees on a sugar high and buzz more vigorously?” asks Francis. Does this extra “buzz-thusiasm,” as he calls it, remove too much pollen and actually harm the plant?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research shows that the harder the bee buzzes, the more pollen it gets. The flower could be selecting for the bigger stronger buzzers that can fly longer distances and spread the flower’s genes farther. The bee may be willing to put in the extra work because the buzz technique reduces competition — even honeybees are barred from access.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reaping the Rewards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You may never have heard of buzz pollination, but chances are you’ve enjoyed blueberries, cranberries and peppers — just a few of the many crops that require a healthy population of wild bumblebees and other buzz-pollinators to produce fruit. Not only do these bees help buzz-pollinated plants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880914003946\">research\u003c/a> shows that the presence of wild bumblebees improves the success of honeybee-managed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance to human agriculture, we are just beginning to understand what makes buzz-pollinators tick. Wild bumblebee populations are in wide decline partially because humans are messing with their pollen sources by replacing habitats with gardens or agricultural fields, Leonard says. She hopes her research will help reveal what will keep bee populations healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They pollinate lots of crops that can’t be pollinated by honeybees,” says Leonard. “People will be shocked about how little we know about the bee’s most important resource.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the summertime, the air is thick with the low humming of bees delivering pollen from one flower to the next. If you listen closely, a louder buzz may catch your ear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sound is the key to a secret stash of pollen that some flowers hide deep within their anthers, the male parts of the plant. Only pollinators that buzz in just the right way can vibrate tiny grains out of minuscule holes at the top of the anthers for a protein-rich snack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781762\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781762\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Buzz-pollinated flowers hide pollen grains deep inside their anthers, the long skinny male parts of the plant. Buzz-pollinators bite down at the base of anther and vibrate until pollen grains shoot out the top. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-anthers-tips-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buzz-pollinated flowers hide pollen grains deep inside their anthers, the long skinny male parts of the plant. Buzz-pollinators bite down at the base of anther and vibrate until pollen grains shoot out the top. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>A Risky Game\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The strategy, called buzz-pollination, is risky. But it’s also critical to human agriculture. Tomatoes, potatoes and eggplants need wild populations of buzz pollinators, such as bumblebees, to produce fruit. Honeybees can’t do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants need a way to get the pollen — basically sperm — to the female parts of another flower. Most plants lure animal pollinators to spread these male gametes by producing sugary nectar. The bee laps up the sweet reward, is dusted with pollen and passively delivers it to the next bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, buzz-pollinated flowers encourage bees to eat the pollen directly and hope some grains will make it to another flower. The evolutionary strategy is baffling to scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The flower is almost like playing hard to get,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.anneleonard.com/\">Anne Leonard\u003c/a>, a biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno who studies \u003ca href=\"http://www.anneleonard.com/buzz-pollination/\">buzz pollination\u003c/a>. “It’s intriguing because these buzz-pollinated plants ask for a huge energy investment from the bees, but don’t give much back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781761\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781761\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A bumblebee grooms her fur--and her tongue--to get at the pollen grains she vibrated free from the anthers.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-proboscis-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bumblebee grooms her fur — and her tongue — to get at the pollen grains she vibrated free from the anthers. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Buzz Breakdown\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Bumblebees forage for two food sources: nectar for a quick sugar rush to power their flights and pollen for protein. Most buzz-pollinated flowers are specialists that only offer pollen and they hide the grains at the bottom of tall, skinny anthers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bee bites down at the base of the anther, leaving little marks called bee kisses. She “unhooks” her flying muscles from her wings so she can contract them without taking flight. Then she begins to vibrate violently, a behavior scientists call sonication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vibrations travel through her soft body to the flower and shake up the pollen grains trapped inside anthers. When she buzzes hard enough, the pollen shoots out of the top and covers the bee. The bumblebee grooms herself, combing the pollen down and mixing it with saliva. She stores the pollen in sacs stuck to her legs as she makes her rounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_781763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-781763\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The bumblebee stores the pollen grains in neat sacs on her legs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/06/DL312-Buzz-pollen-basket-on-leg-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The bumblebee stores the pollen grains in neat sacs on her legs. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What’s the Buzz?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Buzz pollination is an unlikely evolutionary strategy because the plants are banking on bees working extra hard for a modest reward. Despite the risk of being ignored, buzz pollination has popped up in 20,000 flowering plants across a smattering of unrelated species. Leonard and her team are investigating what the strategy is all about. What are the evolutionary pressures that led so many buzz-pollinated plants to lose their nectar and to specialize in pollen? How do pollinators forage for pollen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leonard and her graduate student \u003ca href=\"https://jacobsfrancis.wordpress.com/\">Jacob Francis\u003c/a> search for answers from the bee’s point of view. They dosed fake flowers with different amounts of sugar water to see if the bee works harder to get pollen and nectar. To measure the bee’s effort, Francis rigged a mini-accelerometer to the base of the flowers with some structural wax, the kind you put on braces as a lip protectant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/sFpO75EM1yw\">https://youtu.be/sFpO75EM1yw\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the plant also offers nectar, for example, are the bees on a sugar high and buzz more vigorously?” asks Francis. Does this extra “buzz-thusiasm,” as he calls it, remove too much pollen and actually harm the plant?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous research shows that the harder the bee buzzes, the more pollen it gets. The flower could be selecting for the bigger stronger buzzers that can fly longer distances and spread the flower’s genes farther. The bee may be willing to put in the extra work because the buzz technique reduces competition — even honeybees are barred from access.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reaping the Rewards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You may never have heard of buzz pollination, but chances are you’ve enjoyed blueberries, cranberries and peppers — just a few of the many crops that require a healthy population of wild bumblebees and other buzz-pollinators to produce fruit. Not only do these bees help buzz-pollinated plants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880914003946\">research\u003c/a> shows that the presence of wild bumblebees improves the success of honeybee-managed crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their importance to human agriculture, we are just beginning to understand what makes buzz-pollinators tick. Wild bumblebee populations are in wide decline partially because humans are messing with their pollen sources by replacing habitats with gardens or agricultural fields, Leonard says. She hopes her research will help reveal what will keep bee populations healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They pollinate lots of crops that can’t be pollinated by honeybees,” says Leonard. “People will be shocked about how little we know about the bee’s most important resource.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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