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"content": "\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Having trouble viewing the video? Download or stream it on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/17f87952-7500-421d-9aa3-483b81de5abe/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\"> PBS LearningMedia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by Lauren Farrar\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep below the ocean’s surface lies a mysterious region known as the “twilight zone.” Located 200 to 500 feet beneath the surface, this region receives scarce amounts of light, mimicking twilight—the time of day just after sunset. Some areas of the twilight zone are vast ocean space, but some are home to incredible coral reefs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have many unanswered questions about this region, in part because it is so hard to reach. Diving to these depths requires specialized training and gear, and takes hours to safely ascend. Bart Shepherd and Luiz Rocha at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\"> California Academy of Sciences \u003c/a> are among a group of scientists that get to explore these depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have been to the surface of the moon than have been to these reefs,” says Bart Shepherd, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\"> Steinhart Aquarium \u003c/a> at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everywhere we go, about half of the fish are not known. They don’t have a scientific name. The other half, we didn’t know that they went that deep. So, these are all new records, either new records of depth extensions or range extensions, or new species,” says Luiz Rocha, curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists are studying the twilight zone to learn about the biodiversity of this region and the greater role it plays in the health of the ocean. “You know, one of the great questions that we still have is ‘What are the connections between the shallow reefs and these twilight zone reefs?’ And, that’s really why we are studying it. That’s really why we continue to go and look there,” explains Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of their research, Shepherd and Rocha wanted to collect live fish of newly discovered species in order to study their behavior and to display in the Academy’s aquarium for the public to see. “I think in order for people to really understand and want to conserve and protect life in these depths, they really have to have a direct connection with it, and they need to be able to see things that came from there,” adds Shepherd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the researchers ran into a problem. They knew if they tried to bring fish up from that depth, the swim bladder -- an organ that helps fish maintain their buoyancy -- would expand, crushing other vital organs inside the fish, often causing the fish to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out a solution to this problem was a team effort. Matt Wandell, a biologist at the Steinhart Aquarium, was a key player in designing the device that would allow fish to be brought up safely. “I had started to hear about the idea of the California Academy of Sciences going down and exploring deep under the ocean with divers, and possibly collecting fish down there. And since my job is to make sure that those fish come back healthy, I thought about different ways that we could make sure that they could handle that pressure change,” explains Wandell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team engineered a portable device in which they could collect fish during their dives. The device, known as a portable decompression chamber, was designed to maintain the pressure of the twilight zone while the fish are transported to the surface. Once at sea level, the pressure inside the chamber is slowly reduced, often over two to three days. This gives the fish enough time to safely adjust to living at lower pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this portable decompression chamber, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences have been successful in collecting fish from the twilight zone. Species from their \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/diving-into-the-twilight-zone/\">recent expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a> are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/7/27/exotic-new-aquatic-species-on-display-at-cal-academy/\">now on display\u003c/a> at the Steinhart Aquarium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"http://learning.kqed.org/ebook/decompression\"> Engineering Is: Bringing Fish Up from the Deep\u003c/a> e-book. The e-book explores the science and engineering principles behind the California Academy of Sciences’ portable decompression chamber, and includes videos, interactives and media making opportunities. You can find our other e-books at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\">kqed.org/ebooks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/cuttlefish.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>One of the most amazing aspects of the cuttlefish is their skin. The skin contains up to 200 pigment cells per square millimeter that enables it to change its camouflage at will.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been working for the California Academy of Sciences for five years now this month. I have always held a fondness for the aquarium. On my first day of work, I took a tour with other new hires through the aquarium at Howard Street. We stopped at the giant sea bass’s tank. It was feeding time and we were given sardines to feed him. We were instructed by one of the biologists to hold the fish in two fingers just beneath the surface to let him suck the fish into his mouth. When it was my turn, I dutifully held the fish under the water and watched the huge fish round the tank and head my way. He approached quicker than I had anticipated and I got spooked. So I lifted the fish out of the water. Well he still sucked the fish up; but he also sprayed me with salt water and fish guts. So I started at the office, dripping in salt water and smelling of sardines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonight after work, I descended down into the Steinhart Aquarium. It’s kind of an after-work tradition to tour the aquarium before heading home. I like to stop by and see the same giant sea bass that drenched me and the octopus next door when the lights have been dimmed and the halls are empty. I now often stop at the dwarf cuttlefish tank. Tonight, one of them was swimming around the top of the tank, shimmering in a varied and beautiful color display. The other dwarf cuttlefish was resting at the bottom of the tank, expertly matching the rocks around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most amazing aspects of the cuttlefish is their skin. The skin contains up to 200 pigment cells per square millimeter that enables it to change its camouflage at will. It also has muscles in its skin that enable it to change its skin from smooth to rough. Different species of cuttlefish can change the color and texture of their skin to blend in with the environment around them, display spikes and bright colors to ward off predators, or even create a strobe color display to mesmerize prey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well, cuttlefish, part of the Cephalopoda family that includes squids and octopi, have one of the largest brain to body ratios of any invertebrate. They can take in input from sight, smell and sound in the form of pressure waves felt through their lateral lines. The reaction of color displays has demonstrated problem solving and biologists study them to learn more about invertebrate and possibly human intelligence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I now keep a closer watch on this tank, in hope of seeing the new generation of dwarf cuttlefish. The Academy is the first aquarium in the US to have a captive breeding program for dwarf cuttlefish, Sepia bandensis. The program, launched by Academy biologist Richard Ross offers the Steinhart Aquarium and other institutions the chance to feature a species, which is both captivating and less resource-intensive to keep than larger cuttlefish species. Dwarf cuttlefish span only two to four inches in length. “By establishing a stable breeding population,” Ross notes, “our hope is to make it easier for aquariums to showcase cuttlefish and their remarkable characteristics without impacting wild populations.” It’s no wonder that traveling through the Aquarium has become my favorite part of the day. Even after five years of wandering, I still see something amazing with every visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> For some great footage of cuttlefish in the wild, along with information about research on cuttlefish and an overview of their anatomy - visit this \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/camo/\">great site\u003c/a> provided by NOVA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/01/cuttlefish.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>One of the most amazing aspects of the cuttlefish is their skin. The skin contains up to 200 pigment cells per square millimeter that enables it to change its camouflage at will.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been working for the California Academy of Sciences for five years now this month. I have always held a fondness for the aquarium. On my first day of work, I took a tour with other new hires through the aquarium at Howard Street. We stopped at the giant sea bass’s tank. It was feeding time and we were given sardines to feed him. We were instructed by one of the biologists to hold the fish in two fingers just beneath the surface to let him suck the fish into his mouth. When it was my turn, I dutifully held the fish under the water and watched the huge fish round the tank and head my way. He approached quicker than I had anticipated and I got spooked. So I lifted the fish out of the water. Well he still sucked the fish up; but he also sprayed me with salt water and fish guts. So I started at the office, dripping in salt water and smelling of sardines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonight after work, I descended down into the Steinhart Aquarium. It’s kind of an after-work tradition to tour the aquarium before heading home. I like to stop by and see the same giant sea bass that drenched me and the octopus next door when the lights have been dimmed and the halls are empty. I now often stop at the dwarf cuttlefish tank. Tonight, one of them was swimming around the top of the tank, shimmering in a varied and beautiful color display. The other dwarf cuttlefish was resting at the bottom of the tank, expertly matching the rocks around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most amazing aspects of the cuttlefish is their skin. The skin contains up to 200 pigment cells per square millimeter that enables it to change its camouflage at will. It also has muscles in its skin that enable it to change its skin from smooth to rough. Different species of cuttlefish can change the color and texture of their skin to blend in with the environment around them, display spikes and bright colors to ward off predators, or even create a strobe color display to mesmerize prey. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As well, cuttlefish, part of the Cephalopoda family that includes squids and octopi, have one of the largest brain to body ratios of any invertebrate. They can take in input from sight, smell and sound in the form of pressure waves felt through their lateral lines. The reaction of color displays has demonstrated problem solving and biologists study them to learn more about invertebrate and possibly human intelligence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Producer's Notes: Seahorse Sleuths",
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"content": "\u003cp>When I was a kid I rode horses and was an avid ocean swimmer, and I absolutely fell in love with all sea creatures. But there was a special place in my heart for the one that seemingly combined my land and sea passions, the seahorse. Come to think of it, I don't think I actually thought these undersea chimeras existed in real life…in my mind they lived in storybook land along with unicorns and Mr. Tumnus. I mean, I never saw a real one…so how could I know? But these days kids are getting familiar with the real deal thanks to the hard work of a handful of public aquariums, like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, The Steinhart Aquarium, The National Aquarium in Baltimore, The Shedd Aquarium, and The Birch Aquarium among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_seahorse1.jpg\" alt=\"Seahorses are sold as expensive ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2536\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seahorses are sold as expensive ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, I jumped at the chance to produce the Quest \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seahorse-sleuths\">\"Seahorse Sleuth\"\u003c/a> story, but I will admit that the process of making this piece was demoralizing, to say the least. I spent days in San Francisco’s Chinatown trying to get shop owners who sell Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to talk to me about their trade, and specifically about seahorses. I must have visited 20 or so stores, multiple times, and I saw many hundreds of dried seahorses and thousands of shark fins, not to mention enormous piles of antlers, skins, penises, and whole dried animals. Though I tried many different approaches, no one would talk to me…I was clearly an outsider and not to be trusted. (Had I managed to garner the trust of one of the shop owners, I would have certainly included them in the piece). This experience made me even more impressed and appreciative of the hard work that the folks at \u003ca href=\"http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/\">Project Seahorse\u003c/a> are doing, and exhausted at the thought of how far they still have to go to convince fisherman and governments around the world not to decimate their seahorse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whereas Project Seahorse must be measured and careful in their approach to these conversations about TCM in order to make headway, I feel that in this blog I can be more forthcoming about my feelings about the use of these animals, and all animals, in TCM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course TCM has a rich history dating back at least 2,000 years, and at least a quarter of the world's population uses this form of medicine. I myself find acupuncture and herbal remedies to be very helpful and do not wish to debunk the efficacy of at least those two parts of the tradition. But I personally draw the line at the use of animals, because I'm a huge animal lover, and I am absolutely appalled at the use of endangered or threatened species for any use. This planet may have seemed endlessly bountiful 2000 years ago, but today we can no longer afford to take the survival of non-human species for granted. To add salt to the wound, it is my understanding that China does not, as of yet, perform the kind of rigorous testing of these products that we must perform for drugs in the U.S. to determine their effectiveness. (This is why we get products from China with arsenic in them, for example). One of the main uses of dried seahorses (and many other dried animals) in TCM is for male virility, though I do not believe there have been any studies that actually prove it has any effect on virility. I don’t know about you, but I think it’s dumbfounding that a country with an official one-child policy, which has led to female infanticide levels that have caused a significant gender imbalance in China, thinks they need to ingest threatened and endangered species to improve the potency of their male population. Let's put the pieces together here folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, I'm going to get off my soapbox now, since I'm getting into territory that I am certainly not an expert in. But I did want to present this topic for open discussion – since that's what blogs are for. But before you get too riled up, let me suggest a few websites for further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, learn what you can do to help save seahorses by signing on to the Monterey Bay Aquarium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_seahorse/seahorse_conservation.aspx\">Seahorse Conservation Page.\u003c/a> You can also brush up on the specific uses of Endangered Animals in Traditional Chinese Medicine with this \u003ca href=\"http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2008/09/traditional-chinese-medicine-and-endangered-animals-2/\">informative paper\u003c/a> on Encyclopedia's “Advocacy for Animals” site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRAFFIC (The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network) has a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.traffic.org/home/2007/12/20/traffic-launches-traditional-chinese-medicine-textbook.html\">Chinese-language textbook\u003c/a> aimed at raising awareness on how to best protect threatened species used in TCM. Lastly, check out The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/wildlifetrade/tcmfaqs.html\">World Wildlife Fund’s FAQ page\u003c/a> on Traditional Chinese Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just to get you started…the web has plenty of information on this topic…read it and tell your friends!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When I was a kid I rode horses and was an avid ocean swimmer, and I absolutely fell in love with all sea creatures. But there was a special place in my heart for the one that seemingly combined my land and sea passions, the seahorse. Come to think of it, I don't think I actually thought these undersea chimeras existed in real life…in my mind they lived in storybook land along with unicorns and Mr. Tumnus. I mean, I never saw a real one…so how could I know? But these days kids are getting familiar with the real deal thanks to the hard work of a handful of public aquariums, like the Monterey Bay Aquarium, The Steinhart Aquarium, The National Aquarium in Baltimore, The Shedd Aquarium, and The Birch Aquarium among others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2536\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/blog_seahorse1.jpg\" alt=\"Seahorses are sold as expensive ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine.\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2536\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Seahorses are sold as expensive ingredients used in traditional Chinese medicine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, I jumped at the chance to produce the Quest \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seahorse-sleuths\">\"Seahorse Sleuth\"\u003c/a> story, but I will admit that the process of making this piece was demoralizing, to say the least. I spent days in San Francisco’s Chinatown trying to get shop owners who sell Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to talk to me about their trade, and specifically about seahorses. I must have visited 20 or so stores, multiple times, and I saw many hundreds of dried seahorses and thousands of shark fins, not to mention enormous piles of antlers, skins, penises, and whole dried animals. Though I tried many different approaches, no one would talk to me…I was clearly an outsider and not to be trusted. (Had I managed to garner the trust of one of the shop owners, I would have certainly included them in the piece). This experience made me even more impressed and appreciative of the hard work that the folks at \u003ca href=\"http://seahorse.fisheries.ubc.ca/\">Project Seahorse\u003c/a> are doing, and exhausted at the thought of how far they still have to go to convince fisherman and governments around the world not to decimate their seahorse populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whereas Project Seahorse must be measured and careful in their approach to these conversations about TCM in order to make headway, I feel that in this blog I can be more forthcoming about my feelings about the use of these animals, and all animals, in TCM.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course TCM has a rich history dating back at least 2,000 years, and at least a quarter of the world's population uses this form of medicine. I myself find acupuncture and herbal remedies to be very helpful and do not wish to debunk the efficacy of at least those two parts of the tradition. But I personally draw the line at the use of animals, because I'm a huge animal lover, and I am absolutely appalled at the use of endangered or threatened species for any use. This planet may have seemed endlessly bountiful 2000 years ago, but today we can no longer afford to take the survival of non-human species for granted. To add salt to the wound, it is my understanding that China does not, as of yet, perform the kind of rigorous testing of these products that we must perform for drugs in the U.S. to determine their effectiveness. (This is why we get products from China with arsenic in them, for example). One of the main uses of dried seahorses (and many other dried animals) in TCM is for male virility, though I do not believe there have been any studies that actually prove it has any effect on virility. I don’t know about you, but I think it’s dumbfounding that a country with an official one-child policy, which has led to female infanticide levels that have caused a significant gender imbalance in China, thinks they need to ingest threatened and endangered species to improve the potency of their male population. Let's put the pieces together here folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, I'm going to get off my soapbox now, since I'm getting into territory that I am certainly not an expert in. But I did want to present this topic for open discussion – since that's what blogs are for. But before you get too riled up, let me suggest a few websites for further research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, learn what you can do to help save seahorses by signing on to the Monterey Bay Aquarium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_seahorse/seahorse_conservation.aspx\">Seahorse Conservation Page.\u003c/a> You can also brush up on the specific uses of Endangered Animals in Traditional Chinese Medicine with this \u003ca href=\"http://advocacy.britannica.com/blog/advocacy/2008/09/traditional-chinese-medicine-and-endangered-animals-2/\">informative paper\u003c/a> on Encyclopedia's “Advocacy for Animals” site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TRAFFIC (The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network) has a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.traffic.org/home/2007/12/20/traffic-launches-traditional-chinese-medicine-textbook.html\">Chinese-language textbook\u003c/a> aimed at raising awareness on how to best protect threatened species used in TCM. Lastly, check out The \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/wildlifetrade/tcmfaqs.html\">World Wildlife Fund’s FAQ page\u003c/a> on Traditional Chinese Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just to get you started…the web has plenty of information on this topic…read it and tell your friends!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"title": "Selected Shorts",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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