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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/alum-rock-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Alum Rock: Where geologic history bubbles up from the ground\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>Just a few minutes outside of San Jose, you'll find a place to explore 100 million years of history. Alum Rock Park, created in 1872 as the first municipal park in California, offers both ancient rocks and new geologic changes (and lots of nice trails and wildlife, too). Despite its longevity and proximity to a populous urban area, it remains one of the less-visited jewels in the Bay Area's crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>16240 Penitencia Creek Road\u003cbr>\nSan Jose, CA 95127 \u003ca href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&address=16240+Alum+Rock+Ave.&city=San+Jose&state=CA&zipcode=95127\" target=\"_blank\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n408-259-5477\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/overview.jpg\">\u003c/span>The lush Penitencia Creek, which bisects the Park, flows year-round. Once home to the Ohlone Indians, Alum Rock Park features rugged ridges with spectacular views of the Santa Clara Valley, geologic formations including mineral springs and evidence of seismic events, and a variety of native flora and fauna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park hours are daily from 8am until one-half hour after sunset.\u003cbr>\nParking: $6\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Youth Science Institute\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Founded in Alum Rock Park in 1953, Youth Science Institute provides year-round school and public programs and interpretive services in the Park, thanks to a long-term partnership with the City of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YSI is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that partners with nature to teach science to 33,000 pre-school through 12th grade students throughout Silicon Valley each year. YSI school programs, after-school programs, and summer camps fill the gap that is present in science education today to inspire in students enthusiasm for science and love of learning, to develop the critical thinking skills they need for academic success, and to forge connections with nature that foster their personal health and earth stewardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YSI has two additional Science and Nature Centers at Sanborn Park in Saratoga and Vasona Lake Park in Los Gatos. Each Center is open to the public and features live animals and interactive exhibits, as well as year-round programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ysi-ca.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Science Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n16260 Penitencia Creek Road\u003cbr>\nSan Jose, CA 95127\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Open All Year, Tuesday – Sunday, 12:00 noon – 4:00 PM or by appointment.\u003cbr>\n(Closed on Sunday from October-April)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to the City of San Jose’s Alum Rock Park Staff, and to YSI Staff John Harshman, Dorothy (DJ) Johnson, Bonnie LeMat and Susanne Mulcahy for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks and Lauren Sommer contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remnants of Volcanic Days\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/strata.jpg\">\u003c/span>These rocks layers, once stacked on each other vertically, now lie on their sides in the creek, evidence of Alum Rock's tectonic history. Alum Rock got its name from a powder that coats some of the rocks in the park, which early visitors to the area mistakenly thought was alum. That powder is, in fact, made of sulfur, gypsum, and other substances, and it’s a hint to the area’s volcanic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other clues to Alum Rock’s geologic activity abound, some more obvious than others. Perhaps most notable are the springs you’re likely to spot shortly after you come in. Bubbling up from underground, the water is warmed by heat that still remains in the earth from the volcanoes that were once active here. Stop at any of the small shelters that house \"faucets\" of these springs, and you’ll get a whiff of the sulfur and other aromatic minerals that have dissolved into the hot water as it flows up from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike around the grounds and you'll encounter some of the other, more subtle evidence of the park's busy geology, as well as take in its bountiful wildlife offerings. Central to the hiking trails is a canyon, which hosts a creek (some of it in the form of those bubbling mineral springs) running through it. Granite and sandstone boulders populate the canyon, having been washed down from the hilltops above, evidence of powerful storm activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like so many twisted landscapes in northern California, the rock layers in these hillsides are chronologically upside-down, with the youngest swaths at the bottom, the oldest on the top. That’s the result of the steady crunching of tectonic plates over millions of years, folding the earth's crust over on itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>One Canyon, many Climates\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/leafy.jpg\">\u003c/span>Leafy trees, soft mosses, and other water-loving plants populate the riparian area next to the creek. The resulting topography and the mineral springs of Alum Rock lend the park a variety of niches and microenvironments. Spend a day exploring, and you'll see that the canyon sides boast different habitats, owing to the different climates of their north- and south-facing slopes. Forests with oak, sycamore, and other large trees populate the damper, shadier north-facing sides. Deeper in the canyon, the trees are joined by ferns and horsetails, which soak up the moisture of the creek. On the drier south-facing slopes, low bushes, shrubs, and grasses make a scrubby chaparral. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numerous environments provide inviting homes for a huge array of critters, from the small and squiggly to the large and furry. The relatively unpolluted stream teems with insects that often become the subjects of study (and squeamishness) for students at the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.ysi-ca.org/\">Youth Science Institute\u003c/a>. Even the algae growing on rocks among the springs are enticing, sporting a rainbow of colors that reflect the minerals in their watery habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bird populations, which change with the seasons, also make it popular with the binocular set. Golden eagles and red-shouldered hawks are spotted regularly, along with hundreds of other species. And it's not unusual to see a deer or even a bobcat wander by the trail: the park's large acreage and moderate number of visitors mean that wildlife rules here. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nature Springs Anew\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/alum_baths.jpg\">\u003c/span>During the park's past life as a spa, bathers would settle into soaking pools like this one, hoping to gain some medicinal benefit from the spring's mineral waters. The ambiance of the park as a nature reserve is actually a somewhat recent development. Alum Rock, known until a century ago as \"the reservation,\" has thrived as a popular outdoor playground since the early 1800s, even while ownership of the land comprising it shifted from Spain to Mexico to the U.S. With its many mineral springs, Alum Rock became a fashionable spa of sorts, eventually hosting a huge indoor swimming pool, private baths, concessions, a bandstand, and a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the mid-1800s until just decades ago, people flocked to Alum Rock from around the country to soak in the park’s warm mineral waters, which many claimed had medicinal benefits. Some Sundays, as many as 10,000 visitors were swarm Alum Rock’s hillsides and hot pools. The park had so many visitors that, by the early 70s, the native plants and animals were nearly overrun. In response, San Jose decided to return Alum Rock back to its more natural state. The city demolished the pool, removed many of the buildings, and closed some areas of the park. As a result, natural habitats in the park have flourished with the return of many species of birds, insects, and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Harshman, a teacher at the Youth Science Institute described it, \"Nature is about as undisturbed here as it can be in the middle of an urban area.\" Natural phenomena continue to exert forces of change on Alum Rock's landscape. The park’s original entrance was closed in 2000 due to a storm-induced landslide. And in October 2007, nearby residents were shaken by an earthquake centered just five miles from Alum Rock. As a result, one of its previously idle springs flowed back to life-- perhaps a reminder that nature can return to a place even when the potential for it seems to have dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nnvesj.org/Archives/ARPHistory.htm\">Alum Rock Park History, by Judy Thompson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park\">Wikipedia: Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> served as sources for this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Events in Briones Regional Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District offers a number of activities in Briones Regional Park and many other nearby parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Wildlife\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you're interested in learning more about the wildlife of the East Bay, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden/tna\" target=\"_blank\">Tilden Nature Area\u003c/a> Programs offers many options in Berkeley's Tilden Regional Park. Take a guided hike with a naturalist to search for the local flora and fauna, including the local California Newts. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer in Briones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Briones Regional Park and many others rely on local volunteers to maintain the trails and do habitat restoration. There are even opportunities in their wildlife program. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_top\">Learn more about how to volunteer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/661897@N20\">Alum Rock Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Just a few minutes outside of San Jose, you'll find a place to explore 100 million years of history. Alum Rock Park, created in 1872 as the first municipal park in California, offers both ancient rocks and new geologic changes (and lots of nice trails and wildlife, too). Despite its longevity and proximity to a populous urban area, it remains one of the less-visited jewels in the Bay Area's crown.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/alum-rock-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Alum Rock: Where geologic history bubbles up from the ground\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>Just a few minutes outside of San Jose, you'll find a place to explore 100 million years of history. Alum Rock Park, created in 1872 as the first municipal park in California, offers both ancient rocks and new geologic changes (and lots of nice trails and wildlife, too). Despite its longevity and proximity to a populous urban area, it remains one of the less-visited jewels in the Bay Area's crown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>16240 Penitencia Creek Road\u003cbr>\nSan Jose, CA 95127 \u003ca href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps/map.adp?formtype=address&address=16240+Alum+Rock+Ave.&city=San+Jose&state=CA&zipcode=95127\" target=\"_blank\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n408-259-5477\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/overview.jpg\">\u003c/span>The lush Penitencia Creek, which bisects the Park, flows year-round. Once home to the Ohlone Indians, Alum Rock Park features rugged ridges with spectacular views of the Santa Clara Valley, geologic formations including mineral springs and evidence of seismic events, and a variety of native flora and fauna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park hours are daily from 8am until one-half hour after sunset.\u003cbr>\nParking: $6\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Youth Science Institute\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Founded in Alum Rock Park in 1953, Youth Science Institute provides year-round school and public programs and interpretive services in the Park, thanks to a long-term partnership with the City of San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YSI is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization that partners with nature to teach science to 33,000 pre-school through 12th grade students throughout Silicon Valley each year. YSI school programs, after-school programs, and summer camps fill the gap that is present in science education today to inspire in students enthusiasm for science and love of learning, to develop the critical thinking skills they need for academic success, and to forge connections with nature that foster their personal health and earth stewardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YSI has two additional Science and Nature Centers at Sanborn Park in Saratoga and Vasona Lake Park in Los Gatos. Each Center is open to the public and features live animals and interactive exhibits, as well as year-round programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ysi-ca.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Youth Science Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n16260 Penitencia Creek Road\u003cbr>\nSan Jose, CA 95127\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Open All Year, Tuesday – Sunday, 12:00 noon – 4:00 PM or by appointment.\u003cbr>\n(Closed on Sunday from October-April)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to the City of San Jose’s Alum Rock Park Staff, and to YSI Staff John Harshman, Dorothy (DJ) Johnson, Bonnie LeMat and Susanne Mulcahy for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Robin Marks and Lauren Sommer contributed to this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Remnants of Volcanic Days\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/strata.jpg\">\u003c/span>These rocks layers, once stacked on each other vertically, now lie on their sides in the creek, evidence of Alum Rock's tectonic history. Alum Rock got its name from a powder that coats some of the rocks in the park, which early visitors to the area mistakenly thought was alum. That powder is, in fact, made of sulfur, gypsum, and other substances, and it’s a hint to the area’s volcanic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other clues to Alum Rock’s geologic activity abound, some more obvious than others. Perhaps most notable are the springs you’re likely to spot shortly after you come in. Bubbling up from underground, the water is warmed by heat that still remains in the earth from the volcanoes that were once active here. Stop at any of the small shelters that house \"faucets\" of these springs, and you’ll get a whiff of the sulfur and other aromatic minerals that have dissolved into the hot water as it flows up from the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike around the grounds and you'll encounter some of the other, more subtle evidence of the park's busy geology, as well as take in its bountiful wildlife offerings. Central to the hiking trails is a canyon, which hosts a creek (some of it in the form of those bubbling mineral springs) running through it. Granite and sandstone boulders populate the canyon, having been washed down from the hilltops above, evidence of powerful storm activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like so many twisted landscapes in northern California, the rock layers in these hillsides are chronologically upside-down, with the youngest swaths at the bottom, the oldest on the top. That’s the result of the steady crunching of tectonic plates over millions of years, folding the earth's crust over on itself. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>One Canyon, many Climates\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/leafy.jpg\">\u003c/span>Leafy trees, soft mosses, and other water-loving plants populate the riparian area next to the creek. The resulting topography and the mineral springs of Alum Rock lend the park a variety of niches and microenvironments. Spend a day exploring, and you'll see that the canyon sides boast different habitats, owing to the different climates of their north- and south-facing slopes. Forests with oak, sycamore, and other large trees populate the damper, shadier north-facing sides. Deeper in the canyon, the trees are joined by ferns and horsetails, which soak up the moisture of the creek. On the drier south-facing slopes, low bushes, shrubs, and grasses make a scrubby chaparral. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These numerous environments provide inviting homes for a huge array of critters, from the small and squiggly to the large and furry. The relatively unpolluted stream teems with insects that often become the subjects of study (and squeamishness) for students at the nearby \u003ca href=\"http://www.ysi-ca.org/\">Youth Science Institute\u003c/a>. Even the algae growing on rocks among the springs are enticing, sporting a rainbow of colors that reflect the minerals in their watery habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park's bird populations, which change with the seasons, also make it popular with the binocular set. Golden eagles and red-shouldered hawks are spotted regularly, along with hundreds of other species. And it's not unusual to see a deer or even a bobcat wander by the trail: the park's large acreage and moderate number of visitors mean that wildlife rules here. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nature Springs Anew\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/alum_baths.jpg\">\u003c/span>During the park's past life as a spa, bathers would settle into soaking pools like this one, hoping to gain some medicinal benefit from the spring's mineral waters. The ambiance of the park as a nature reserve is actually a somewhat recent development. Alum Rock, known until a century ago as \"the reservation,\" has thrived as a popular outdoor playground since the early 1800s, even while ownership of the land comprising it shifted from Spain to Mexico to the U.S. With its many mineral springs, Alum Rock became a fashionable spa of sorts, eventually hosting a huge indoor swimming pool, private baths, concessions, a bandstand, and a restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the mid-1800s until just decades ago, people flocked to Alum Rock from around the country to soak in the park’s warm mineral waters, which many claimed had medicinal benefits. Some Sundays, as many as 10,000 visitors were swarm Alum Rock’s hillsides and hot pools. The park had so many visitors that, by the early 70s, the native plants and animals were nearly overrun. In response, San Jose decided to return Alum Rock back to its more natural state. The city demolished the pool, removed many of the buildings, and closed some areas of the park. As a result, natural habitats in the park have flourished with the return of many species of birds, insects, and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As John Harshman, a teacher at the Youth Science Institute described it, \"Nature is about as undisturbed here as it can be in the middle of an urban area.\" Natural phenomena continue to exert forces of change on Alum Rock's landscape. The park’s original entrance was closed in 2000 due to a storm-induced landslide. And in October 2007, nearby residents were shaken by an earthquake centered just five miles from Alum Rock. As a result, one of its previously idle springs flowed back to life-- perhaps a reminder that nature can return to a place even when the potential for it seems to have dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nnvesj.org/Archives/ARPHistory.htm\">Alum Rock Park History, by Judy Thompson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park\">Wikipedia: Alum Rock Park\u003c/a> served as sources for this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Events in Briones Regional Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Regional Park District offers a number of activities in Briones Regional Park and many other nearby parks. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learn More About Wildlife\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you're interested in learning more about the wildlife of the East Bay, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden/tna\" target=\"_blank\">Tilden Nature Area\u003c/a> Programs offers many options in Berkeley's Tilden Regional Park. Take a guided hike with a naturalist to search for the local flora and fauna, including the local California Newts. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer in Briones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Briones Regional Park and many others rely on local volunteers to maintain the trails and do habitat restoration. There are even opportunities in their wildlife program. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/about/getinvolved/volunteer\" target=\"_top\">Learn more about how to volunteer\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/661897@N20\">Alum Rock Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sjparks.org/regional/alumrock.asp\">Alum Rock Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/606294@N21\">Crissy Field photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy -- Crissy Field Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, board sailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and even the occasional seal.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/crissy-field-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field is a stunning park site within the Golden Gate National Parks. Crissy Field's 100 acres of wild, windswept shoreline are a favorite place for walkers, joggers, boardsailors, bicyclists, thousands of birds and the occasional seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally a rich salt marsh and gathering ground for native people, Crissy Field was later the landing site of Spanish explorers and Russian, English and Boston traders. In 1915, the Panama Pacific International Exposition was held here, and shortly after, the area became one of the country’s foremost military airfields and part of a U.S. army post. With generous community support, Crissy Field has been transformed into a spectacular national parkland. The 100-acre site is included within the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the Presidio of San Francisco. Along with the entire Presidio, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the site restoration effort in 1998-2000, individuals and groups from schools, corporations and civic organizations put in more than 100,000 native plants to help restore natural systems at Crissy Field. Community volunteers continue to play an important role in sustaining long-term stewardship of this national parkland.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>603 Mason Street, Presidio\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco, CA 94129\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/trip-planner.html?to=Crissy+Field+Center:294776522\">Driving Directions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/map/#/programs/crissy-field-center/?coords=14:37.8061:-122.4494&date=1450230964731\">[Map]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Center Hours of Operation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monday through Sunday\u003cbr>\n9 AM - 5 PM\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Administrative Phones\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>General Office (415) 561-7690\u003cbr>\nFax (415) 561-7695\u003cbr>\nBookstore (415) 561-7761\u003cbr>\nCafé (415) 561-7756\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Charity Maybury and Kristen Ward at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">The Crissy Field Center\u003c/a> for their participation in this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Crissy Field: Changing Landscapes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"DSC_0049.JPG by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895513447/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2251/1895513447_bfe24bce41_m.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0049.JPG\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a> With a view of the Golden Gate bridge, Crissy Field is a fine example of preserving nature in an urban environment. Along the northern edge of the San Francisco peninsula is a 100-acre park with a storied past. Crissy Field is a recently restored section of the Presidio in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It stretches from the foot of the Golden Gate bridge to the city’s Marina District, granting public beach access along much of the bay inlet known as the Golden Gate and providing walking trails along which visitors can admire native plants, watch for birds, or just sit and marvel at the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field hasn't always looked like this. Change is a constant here. Along the beach, waves continually deposit sand and wash away footprints. Return a week after your last visit and the tides will have shifted the sandbar’s shape and carved new curves into the dunes. Even larger changes take place over longer periods of time, making this recently re-created urban shoreline an illustration of how dynamic living systems can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Picture 145.jpg by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1895374818/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2288/1895374818_eba39ac3d8_m.jpg\" alt=\"Picture 145.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The abundance of plant life and waterfowl belie Crissy Field's previous life as a military post and airfield. Humans and nature both contribute to the shifts in Crissy Field's landscape and environment. An oil spill in November 2007 may be one of the most recent human-caused events to affect the area, but it certainly isn’t the largest or most damaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crissy Field has had many previous incarnations. Before it became a Spanish military post in 1776, the native Ohlone people took advantage of the area’s abundance of plant and animal life. In 1848, the site became a U.S. military post, and an airfield was added in 1921. During the Vietnam war, this airfield was a landing spot for wounded soldiers being transported from Travis Air Force Base northeast of San Francisco to Letterman Hospital. The airfield closed to fixed-wing aircraft in 1974, but continued as a U.S. Army post until the National Park Service assumed management in 1994. Three years later, planners began to recreate Crissy Field back to its pre-military state. By the time the new park was completed in 2000, over 3000 volunteers had planted 100,000 native plants in the dunes, where they’ve flourished. Nowadays a visitor would be hard pressed to imagine the area under blacktop, surrounded by airline hangars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the park claims 130 documented species of birds and 105 species of plants. The original salt marsh, which drew Native Americans here before the area was developed, has been restored, along with a small plot of freshwater habitat called dune swale. With its tall grasses and occasional cattails, dune swale was once a very common environment in the area now occupied by San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Fence Line by kqedquest, on Flickr\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1894281361/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright\" src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2068/1894281361_3769455ea2_m.jpg\" alt=\"Fence Line\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Fences around Crissy Field's beach dunes often need to be rebuilt as wind, waves, and human interactions reshape the sands. Observing Crissy Field as a protected area now, its Park Ranger caretakers can point out how nature exerts its own dramatic changes here. Some animal populations come and go as the seasons change. Wind and waves are forever rearranging the shoreline, shifting the sands and shaping the plant communities. Occasionally, the surf deposits enough sand on the shore to close off the inlet to the park’s salt marsh, which rangers then have to dredge to reopen. Near the beach, wind and water (and the occasional canine friend of humans) combine to reshape the dunes, leaving them in need of ever-new fences to protect them from these elements. At Crissy Field, park planners and rangers must strike a delicate balance between preservation and recreation. Human efforts have both assaulted this shoreline and helped it recover. Nature has its hand in healing as well, the terrain’s capacity for change lending it resilience. Now paths and beaches provide opportunity for visitors to appreciate how the two forces can work together to revive a landscape that once seemed lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many kinds of volunteering opportunities at Crissy Field and in other parts of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Volunteers help with habitat restoration, wildlife protection and monitoring, maintaining native plant nurseries, seed collecting and invasive plant control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the ground, this can mean planting, cutting, counting, observing and collecting. Call (415)561-3034 x3429 / TTY (415)561-3020 to talk to someone about what volunteering activity would best suit your interests and schedule. For volunteering in other parts of the GGNRA, call the volunteer hotline number at (415) 561-4755.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/606294@N21\">Crissy Field photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/programs/crissy-field-center/\">Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy -- Crissy Field Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Mt. Diablo State Park",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277972239/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1254/1277972239_8eb68d9235_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11a. Sentinel Rock, Mt. Diablo State Park\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Many visitors to Mount Diablo head straight for the summit to enjoy the famous view. Summer days are sometimes hazy, and the best viewing is often on the day after a winter storm. Then, you can look to the west, beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, to the Farallon Islands; southeast to the James Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton at 4,213 feet elevation; south to Mount Loma Prieta in the Santa Cruz Mountains at 3,791 feet elevation, north to Mount Saint Helena in the Coast Range at 4,344 feet elevation, and still farther north to Mount Lassen in the Cascades at 10,466 feet. North and east of Mount Diablo the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers converge to form the twisting waterways of the Delta. To the east beyond Califomia's great central valley, the crest of the Sierra Nevada seems to float in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location-Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park may be accessed by vehicle from either the Danville area (Mount Diablo Scenic Boulevard) or the Walnut Creek area (North Gate Road). Highway 680 to Danville; take Diablo Road exit, then 3 miles east to Mount Diablo Scenic Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate/Recommended clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Summers are generally hot and dry. The rainy season is generally from November through mid-March. Visitors in the winter occasionally experience a snowfall on the mountain peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Telephone\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-837-2525\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nGeneral park information\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-838-9225\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFor information on mountain weather conditions\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gates open 8:00am and close at sunset. Visitors should plan to be in their vehicles by sunset and headed out to avoid being locked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Visitor Center will be open 7 days a week from 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Summit Museum is open:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOpen 7 days a week 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell Canyon Interpretive Center is open Weekends only and some holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>8:00am to 4:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:00am to 2:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mailing Address\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo State Park\u003cbr>\n96 Mitchell Canyon Road\u003cbr>\nClayton, CA 94517\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional thanks go to Ken Lavin of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>, Dr. Carol Tang and Dr. Peter Roopnarine of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, and Judy Scotchmoor of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Natural History Museums\u003c/a> for their contributions to this piece. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mt. Diablo: an upside-down trek through time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278865000/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1219/1278865000_d74b6db0a8_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11b. Untouched landscape\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Mt. Diablo can be an intimidating place for a geologist. It's an almost inexplicable scrunch of mixed up, twisted rock layers piled on each other in what looks to be backward chronological order. Combine that with the fact that a hike on Mt. Diablo could involve encounters with rattlesnakes, tarantulas, and other unpleasant critters, and it's easy to see why many rock studiers once left this mysterious mountain to the biologists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists visiting Mt. Diablo in the 1800s found not only abundant plant and animal life, they also discovered evidence of the region's rich biological past. Fossils lodged in rocks gave away the area's past lives as an ocean floor and a stream-filled flatland. When the science of plate tectonics-- the notion that the earth's crust is composed of many large, mobile plates whose movements cause earthquakes, mountains, and other geological phenomena-- came into acceptance in the 1970s, it brought ways to explain the presence and order of the mountain's confusing rock layers. Soon geologists and paleontologists joined the biologists, developing a picture of whats taken place in Mt. Diablo's neighborhood over the last 200 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looming over the landscape near Walnut Creek, Mt. Diablo is a paradox: it has some of the oldest rocks in the Bay Area, yet it's one of the region's youngest geological features, having risen at most only about 2 million years ago (by mountain standards, that makes it a real whipper-snapper). And even though it looks for all the world like a volcano, it isn't one. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The ground's all turned around\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were to clean out an old trunk that you'd been steadily tossing things into for years, you'd probably notice a pattern: the items at the bottom of the trunk would be the oldest ones, left there years before the things sitting at the top. The same is true for layers of rock... usually. Mt. Diablo is just the opposite: the oldest rock is found at the summit of the mountain, and the newest rock at the bottom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can this be? Geologists are still stumped about some aspects of the mountain's formation. What they believe is that Diablo was once a slab of ocean floor that was pushed up and folded by the forces of plates moving past each other. This folding drove the oldest tiers toward the top. If you could cut Mt. Diablo in half and look at these layers from the side, it would resemble a sandwich standing on end. The oldest rocks would be the filling, flanked by a younger layer of rock on each side, flanked again on each side by an even younger layer, and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layered stories of times past\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo's many rock layers offer clues to conditions in the area over the last 200 million years. A complete tour of the mountain's history would fill a hefty tome, but here are a few highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>190 – 90 million years ago: An ancient ocean floor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277970035/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1173/1277970035_95d9b09db0_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1b. Radiolarian chert layers\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>The park's oldest rocks, dating between 190 to 90 million years ago, make up the mountain's summit. A collection called the Franciscan Complex, they are evidence of a collision between plates on the ocean floor. In such an area, known as a subduction zone, one plate slides under another. Greenstone found on Mt. Diablo was scraped from the top of the submerging plate as it dove under its neighbor. Another Franciscan rock, chert, is made of the fossil skeletons of tiny sea creatures whose bodies formed thick layers on the ocean floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>50 million years ago: A prehistoric sea basin filling with sediment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278958654/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1374/1278958654_700852cb89_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"10b. Turritella Snail Bed, close up\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Over time, plate movements in the Mt. Diablo region created a shallow basin that filled with water to make an inland sea, producing shorelines and swampy backwaters. In the warming global climate, sub-tropical plants and animals thrived. The fossils of some sea creatures are easy to find along trails in the park, preserved in rocks formed by sediments piling into the ancient sea. The bodies of others collected in the swamps as peat, which compressed over time into a low-grade coal that was mined and shipped to San Francisco in the later half of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>20-10 million years ago: The ground shifts, the sea recedes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278051243/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1149/1278051243_9d7e9dab46_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"13a. Fossil scallop on the grill\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>During this time, the movement of the plates around Mt. Diablo shifted. Rather than one diving under the other, they began to move against each other horizontally. Even today this is still the direction of movement in the region, and is what gives rise to earthquakes along the San Andreas and other nearby faults. This new direction of movement made changes to the landscape that caused the water to drain from the inland sea, leaving behind a coastal plain. Sea creatures trapped in mud at this time were destined to become fossils, and you can spot the occasional scallop or oyster from this period in the stones used to build campsite stoves in Mt. Diablo State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>7-10 million years ago: Mammals rule the flatlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The sea came and went once more, leaving the area dry one last time. Rivers then flowed through the sea-less basin, making it inviting for a wide variety of land mammals, large and small. Stream deposits on the land that became the mountain's south side gave rise to one of the richest fossil beds in the United States (second only to the LaBrea Tar Pits in southern California). Paleontologists working at Mt. Dialblo have unearthed fossils of horses, rhinos, camels, and even a mastodon skull, among many other finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2 million years ago: At last, the landscape rises\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earth that makes up Mt. Diablo began to creep upward at this time, but scientists haven't been able to determine exactly why. Two theories exist: one posits that there was a thrust fault (a fault in which one plate has moved under another, pushing the top plate up) near the surface of the earth where the mountain now stands. As the bottom plate moved under, it bent the edge of the top plate, lifting and folding it, creating the mountain. A second theory suggests that plates around the area of the mountain were moving horizontally relative to each other, and that a thrust fault far below the surface (called a blind fault) pushed the mountain up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not Mt. Diablo was formed by a blind thrust fault, many researchers believe such a fault exists under the mountain today, pushing it steadily upward. At 3,849 feet, Mt. Diablo continues to rise a few millimeters a year, and its landscape is still changing. The mountain's unique geology and the extraordinary number of fossil species found there-- 455-- draws scientists from many disciplines. Slowly they are adding pages to the story of this ever-changing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/events.htm#Hikes\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a> are well-regarded stewards of the park, with a dedicated volunteer corps and regular docent-led hikes. Coming up soon:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tarantula Trek\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sunday September 30 & Saturday October 6, 3PM\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th century visitor to Mount Diablo described the tarantula as \"attaining the size of a small bird, possessing fangs the size of a rattlesnakes', and delivering a bite generally considered fatal\" Fact or fiction? Join us for a tarantula talk, followed by a nature hike to search for Mount Diablo's giant spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet at the Mitchell Canyon Visitor Center in Mount Diablo State Park for this easy hike. Back by 6 PM. $3 parking fee. Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393 , \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trek Through Time: East Bay - Greenbelt Outing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Saturday December 1 10:30am - 4pm\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> for a walk through 150 million years of geologic history on Mount Diablo's \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/getinvolved/outings/outingsdirections_trektime.html\">Trail through Time\u003c/a>. We will enjoy one of the most spectacular views on earth from the summit of Mount Diablo and then hike down to Rock City. On the way, we'll see rocks deposited in many different ancient environments, view incredible fossils, and even straddle a fault. We'll car pool to return to the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393, \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/443410@N25\">Mt. Diablo State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.flickr.com/groups/mtdiablo/\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/\">Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/WaspGalls_RonRussoPoster.pdf\">Ron's Galls - Wasp Galls on California Oaks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/activezone/cookie.html\">Exploratorium: Faultline: Cookie Subduction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This park is one of the ecological treasures of the San Francisco Bay Area. Every season in the park has its special qualities. Discover for yourself the mountain's beautiful wildflowers, its extensive trail system, fascinating wildlife distinctive rock formations and fossils.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration/map?embed=true\" marginheight=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"right\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277972239/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1254/1277972239_8eb68d9235_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11a. Sentinel Rock, Mt. Diablo State Park\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Many visitors to Mount Diablo head straight for the summit to enjoy the famous view. Summer days are sometimes hazy, and the best viewing is often on the day after a winter storm. Then, you can look to the west, beyond the Golden Gate Bridge, to the Farallon Islands; southeast to the James Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton at 4,213 feet elevation; south to Mount Loma Prieta in the Santa Cruz Mountains at 3,791 feet elevation, north to Mount Saint Helena in the Coast Range at 4,344 feet elevation, and still farther north to Mount Lassen in the Cascades at 10,466 feet. North and east of Mount Diablo the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers converge to form the twisting waterways of the Delta. To the east beyond Califomia's great central valley, the crest of the Sierra Nevada seems to float in space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Location-Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park may be accessed by vehicle from either the Danville area (Mount Diablo Scenic Boulevard) or the Walnut Creek area (North Gate Road). Highway 680 to Danville; take Diablo Road exit, then 3 miles east to Mount Diablo Scenic Blvd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate/Recommended clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Summers are generally hot and dry. The rainy season is generally from November through mid-March. Visitors in the winter occasionally experience a snowfall on the mountain peak.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Telephone\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-837-2525\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nGeneral park information\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>925-838-9225\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nFor information on mountain weather conditions\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Gates open 8:00am and close at sunset. Visitors should plan to be in their vehicles by sunset and headed out to avoid being locked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Visitor Center will be open 7 days a week from 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Summit Museum is open:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOpen 7 days a week 10 am to 4 pm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell Canyon Interpretive Center is open Weekends only and some holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>8:00am to 4:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter Hours\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>10:00am to 2:00pm\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mailing Address\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mount Diablo State Park\u003cbr>\n96 Mitchell Canyon Road\u003cbr>\nClayton, CA 94517\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional thanks go to Ken Lavin of \u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>, Dr. Carol Tang and Dr. Peter Roopnarine of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, and Judy Scotchmoor of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Natural History Museums\u003c/a> for their contributions to this piece. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Mt. Diablo: an upside-down trek through time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278865000/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1219/1278865000_d74b6db0a8_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"11b. Untouched landscape\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Mt. Diablo can be an intimidating place for a geologist. It's an almost inexplicable scrunch of mixed up, twisted rock layers piled on each other in what looks to be backward chronological order. Combine that with the fact that a hike on Mt. Diablo could involve encounters with rattlesnakes, tarantulas, and other unpleasant critters, and it's easy to see why many rock studiers once left this mysterious mountain to the biologists. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists visiting Mt. Diablo in the 1800s found not only abundant plant and animal life, they also discovered evidence of the region's rich biological past. Fossils lodged in rocks gave away the area's past lives as an ocean floor and a stream-filled flatland. When the science of plate tectonics-- the notion that the earth's crust is composed of many large, mobile plates whose movements cause earthquakes, mountains, and other geological phenomena-- came into acceptance in the 1970s, it brought ways to explain the presence and order of the mountain's confusing rock layers. Soon geologists and paleontologists joined the biologists, developing a picture of whats taken place in Mt. Diablo's neighborhood over the last 200 million years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looming over the landscape near Walnut Creek, Mt. Diablo is a paradox: it has some of the oldest rocks in the Bay Area, yet it's one of the region's youngest geological features, having risen at most only about 2 million years ago (by mountain standards, that makes it a real whipper-snapper). And even though it looks for all the world like a volcano, it isn't one. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The ground's all turned around\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you were to clean out an old trunk that you'd been steadily tossing things into for years, you'd probably notice a pattern: the items at the bottom of the trunk would be the oldest ones, left there years before the things sitting at the top. The same is true for layers of rock... usually. Mt. Diablo is just the opposite: the oldest rock is found at the summit of the mountain, and the newest rock at the bottom. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can this be? Geologists are still stumped about some aspects of the mountain's formation. What they believe is that Diablo was once a slab of ocean floor that was pushed up and folded by the forces of plates moving past each other. This folding drove the oldest tiers toward the top. If you could cut Mt. Diablo in half and look at these layers from the side, it would resemble a sandwich standing on end. The oldest rocks would be the filling, flanked by a younger layer of rock on each side, flanked again on each side by an even younger layer, and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Layered stories of times past\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo's many rock layers offer clues to conditions in the area over the last 200 million years. A complete tour of the mountain's history would fill a hefty tome, but here are a few highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>190 – 90 million years ago: An ancient ocean floor\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1277970035/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1173/1277970035_95d9b09db0_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1b. Radiolarian chert layers\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>The park's oldest rocks, dating between 190 to 90 million years ago, make up the mountain's summit. A collection called the Franciscan Complex, they are evidence of a collision between plates on the ocean floor. In such an area, known as a subduction zone, one plate slides under another. Greenstone found on Mt. Diablo was scraped from the top of the submerging plate as it dove under its neighbor. Another Franciscan rock, chert, is made of the fossil skeletons of tiny sea creatures whose bodies formed thick layers on the ocean floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>50 million years ago: A prehistoric sea basin filling with sediment\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278958654/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1374/1278958654_700852cb89_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"10b. Turritella Snail Bed, close up\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Over time, plate movements in the Mt. Diablo region created a shallow basin that filled with water to make an inland sea, producing shorelines and swampy backwaters. In the warming global climate, sub-tropical plants and animals thrived. The fossils of some sea creatures are easy to find along trails in the park, preserved in rocks formed by sediments piling into the ancient sea. The bodies of others collected in the swamps as peat, which compressed over time into a low-grade coal that was mined and shipped to San Francisco in the later half of the 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>20-10 million years ago: The ground shifts, the sea recedes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/1278051243/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1149/1278051243_9d7e9dab46_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"13a. Fossil scallop on the grill\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>During this time, the movement of the plates around Mt. Diablo shifted. Rather than one diving under the other, they began to move against each other horizontally. Even today this is still the direction of movement in the region, and is what gives rise to earthquakes along the San Andreas and other nearby faults. This new direction of movement made changes to the landscape that caused the water to drain from the inland sea, leaving behind a coastal plain. Sea creatures trapped in mud at this time were destined to become fossils, and you can spot the occasional scallop or oyster from this period in the stones used to build campsite stoves in Mt. Diablo State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>7-10 million years ago: Mammals rule the flatlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The sea came and went once more, leaving the area dry one last time. Rivers then flowed through the sea-less basin, making it inviting for a wide variety of land mammals, large and small. Stream deposits on the land that became the mountain's south side gave rise to one of the richest fossil beds in the United States (second only to the LaBrea Tar Pits in southern California). Paleontologists working at Mt. Dialblo have unearthed fossils of horses, rhinos, camels, and even a mastodon skull, among many other finds.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2 million years ago: At last, the landscape rises\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earth that makes up Mt. Diablo began to creep upward at this time, but scientists haven't been able to determine exactly why. Two theories exist: one posits that there was a thrust fault (a fault in which one plate has moved under another, pushing the top plate up) near the surface of the earth where the mountain now stands. As the bottom plate moved under, it bent the edge of the top plate, lifting and folding it, creating the mountain. A second theory suggests that plates around the area of the mountain were moving horizontally relative to each other, and that a thrust fault far below the surface (called a blind fault) pushed the mountain up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether or not Mt. Diablo was formed by a blind thrust fault, many researchers believe such a fault exists under the mountain today, pushing it steadily upward. At 3,849 feet, Mt. Diablo continues to rise a few millimeters a year, and its landscape is still changing. The mountain's unique geology and the extraordinary number of fossil species found there-- 455-- draws scientists from many disciplines. Slowly they are adding pages to the story of this ever-changing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/events.htm#Hikes\">The Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a> are well-regarded stewards of the park, with a dedicated volunteer corps and regular docent-led hikes. Coming up soon:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tarantula Trek\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sunday September 30 & Saturday October 6, 3PM\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 19th century visitor to Mount Diablo described the tarantula as \"attaining the size of a small bird, possessing fangs the size of a rattlesnakes', and delivering a bite generally considered fatal\" Fact or fiction? Join us for a tarantula talk, followed by a nature hike to search for Mount Diablo's giant spiders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet at the Mitchell Canyon Visitor Center in Mount Diablo State Park for this easy hike. Back by 6 PM. $3 parking fee. Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393 , \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trek Through Time: East Bay - Greenbelt Outing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Saturday December 1 10:30am - 4pm\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org\">Greenbelt Alliance\u003c/a> for a walk through 150 million years of geologic history on Mount Diablo's \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenbelt.org/getinvolved/outings/outingsdirections_trektime.html\">Trail through Time\u003c/a>. We will enjoy one of the most spectacular views on earth from the summit of Mount Diablo and then hike down to Rock City. On the way, we'll see rocks deposited in many different ancient environments, view incredible fossils, and even straddle a fault. We'll car pool to return to the summit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hike led by Ken Lavin. Contact: (925)686-9393, \u003ca href=\"mailto:ken_lavin@hotmail.com\">ken_lavin@hotmail.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/443410@N25\">Mt. Diablo State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.flickr.com/groups/mtdiablo/\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mdia.org/\">Mount Diablo Interpretive Association\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaoaks.org/ExtAssets/WaspGalls_RonRussoPoster.pdf\">Ron's Galls - Wasp Galls on California Oaks\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/activezone/cookie.html\">Exploratorium: Faultline: Cookie Subduction\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park",
"title": "Exploring Bothe-Napa Valley State Park",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. Such embellishments are forbidden in more temperate Burgundy, where winemakers often add sugar (a process banned in California) to make up for its lower content in their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of manipulations occur before adding yeast, and are viewed by most wine enthusiasts as corrections to the deficiencies of nature. Other tweaks, however, are made after yeast is added, and might be viewed differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most visible example is the sulfites that are often added to wine. These compounds keep harmful bacteria and other microbes at bay, but some consumers say they'd prefer wines without them. In response, a number of organic wineries have adopted a \"no sulfites\" practice. Many wine aficionados argue that it's difficult to make a good quality wine without sulfites, and that, since sulfites already occur naturally in small amounts during fermentation, people don't actually avoid them just by drinking organic wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-barrels.jpg\">\u003c/span>More subtle questions also arise around manipulations that can alter the taste or aging process of a wine in ways that might seem artificial. A winemaker can choose to age his latest batch in newer barrels to impart an oakier flavor. Or he could speed up the aging process by injecting small amounts of oxygen into the barrel (a process known as microoxygenation). Both actions intentionally alter the wine. While the first method is one that's been practiced for centuries, the second is relatively new. Does that make the newer one \"cheating\"? Some wine drinkers would say that whatever improves the quality of the wine counts the most, while others would argue that using more traditional methods preserves the integrity of the winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't read about these behind-the-scenes manipulations on a wine label, but there's still a lot to be learned from the packaging. Knowing where a wine is produced, for example, can give you clues to how it might taste (remember the \"lower acidity in warmer climates\" hint?). If you know what you're looking for, the label can help you discern whether all the grapes are from the same region or, if it's a blend, how much of each kind of grape is used. There are many types of grapes, called varietals, each having its own unique qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes labels include a description of the wine's flavors; try tasting the wine and see if the description matches your experience. For more of a challenge, spend some time contemplating a wine's aroma. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/winearomas.html\">Download these lists\u003c/a> with common terms used to characterize scents found in a wine's bouquet. With a little practice, you just might find yourself talking about \"grapefruit,\" \"pepper,\" and those no-longer-elusive \"rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to David W. Graves of \u003ca href=\"http://www.saintsbury.com/\">Saintsbury Vineyard\u003c/a> for his kind assistance providing insights for this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/477027@N22\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/napaCA1978/napaCA1978.pdf\">Soil Survey of Napa County, California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca>The Sparkling Science of Champagne\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/food/\">Check Please! Bay Area - KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bothe-Napa Valley State Park stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. However, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain. The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/bothe-napa-valley-state-park-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp align=\"center\">\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a> allows hikers to make a trip back in time. The park is a still-forested hill nestled among several of the famous valley's wineries. It stands as a reminder of the natural flora and fauna of the area before much of it was cleared to create vineyards. Though the trees and other plants have been largely removed from the land used as vineyards, the soils and microclimates that have drawn grape growers for over 100 years remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is also teeming with plants used by Native Americans in the region, who were likely the first people to use the Valley's bounties to make intoxicating concoctions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003ch2>Visiting the Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=477\" target=\"_blank\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n3801 St. Helena Highway North\u003cbr>\nCalistoga, CA 94515\u003cbr>\n707-942-4575 \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>5 miles north of St. Helena and 4 miles south of Calistoga on Highway 29/128.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 north to Highway 37 at Novato, east on Highway 37 to Highway 121, north on Highway 121 to Highway 29 near Napa, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>South - Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 north to I580, west on I580 to I680, north to I780, north to I80, east to Highway 37, west to Highway 29, north on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North - Near the Coast\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake Highway 101 south to Calistoga exit, go east on Mark West Rd., continuing on Porter Creek Rd. to Petrified Forest Rd., turn left, go to Highway 128, turn right and follow Highway 128 past Calistoga to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>North-Inland\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I5 south to Highway 20, west to Highway 53, south to Highway 29 at Lower Lake, then south on Highway 29 to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>East\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTake I80 west to Highway 12, west to Highway 29, then north to the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activities\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hiking\u003c/strong>: there are well over 10 miles of trail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Swimming\u003c/strong>: Memorial Day weekend through mid-June, then daily through Labor Day, from 12- 6 p.m. There is an additional fee for the use of the swimming pool, to be paid at the park entrance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Horseback riding\u003c/strong>: horseback ride during the spring, summer, or fall. Reservations for horseback rides can be made through \u003ca href=\"http://triplecreekhorseoutfit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Triple Creek Horse Outfit\u003c/a> by calling (707) 933-1600.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Picnics\u003c/strong>: The large picnic grounds are located in the day use area, and are even available for group events and getaways. A covered area for group use contains picnic tables, a sink and an electrical outlet with a horseshoe pit and wheelchair-accessible restroom nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interpretive programs\u003c/strong>: offered throughout the year. Special programs can sometimes be arranged for groups by calling the park in advance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Seasons/Climate Recommended Clothing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The park exhibits more seasonal changes than most Californians experience. Hot, dry summers change to mild, wet winters; in between, in spring and fall, the park and its surrounding area are probably at their finest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Summer temperatures may reach 105 degrees Fahrenheit, but nights are usually cool. In the fall, when daytime temperatures are more pleasant, the leaves begin to turn, creating a dramatic and colorful display.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures don't often go below freezing and snow is infrequent, but nearly 45 inches of rain are apt to fall during a single winter - between December and March.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More about the park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Most of the park is rugged, with elevations ranging from 300 to 2,000 feet. You will notice a pattern in the vegetation: the forests are on the north-facing slopes and in canyons, while south-facing slopes tend to be brushy; redwoods grow only near creeks or springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plant life hides much of the park's geology, which is principally volcanic, but you can see a reminder of the area's violent geologic past in the volcanic ash cliffs of upper Ritchey Canyon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park is home to raccoons, gray squirrels, deer, foxes, bobcats, and coyotes to name a few, but they are sometimes difficult to spot because of their nocturnal habits and the heavy forest cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several species of birds can be easily detected though, including the six kinds of woodpecker that inhabit the park. The spectacular crow-sized pileated woodpecker is one of them. On a more rare occasion a spotted owl can be found, perched high in a redwood tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located by the entrance to the park is the Visitor Center. The Visitor Center and entrance station are open intermittently when staffing is available. Brochures (hiking maps) are also available by mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to the park's visitor center is the Native American Garden which displays some of the plants important to the first people of this area. Today, many of the same plants are used by the Wappo people. A guide for the garden is available by mail or in the visitor center to broaden one's understanding of the first people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the day use/picnic area is the Pioneer Cemetery, resting-place of some of the original settlers of the Napa Valley. The cemetery is an interesting place to visit while on a day hike, and is currently under restoration to return it to its original, mid-1800's appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Wine Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Bright, accessible fruit.\" \"Complex minerality.\" \"Rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-pinot.jpg\">\u003c/span> Wait a minute... wine has corners? Well, in a manner of speaking. What wine definitely has is complex chemistry that changes over time, and lends each vintage its own distinctive taste-- one that reflects the environment the grapes are grown in and the scientific decisions of the winemaker. The resulting tastes and aromas are so intricate that wine lovers have their own rich vocabulary to describe them. (We'll get to those \"corners\" in a minute.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Acid Test\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The acids in wine are important in lending a crisp, fresh taste that balances the natural sweetness of the grapes and helps give the wine liveliness. Too much acid, though, makes a wine taste sharp, and too little leaves it lifeless. There's a bit of personal preference involved here, too: just as some people favor grapefruit over apple juice, some wine drinkers prefer a more acidic wine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-vineyard.jpg\">\u003c/span>Acidity can also reflect the climate in which the grapes were grown. As they grow, grapes produce two acids, tartaric and malic, and compounds derived from these acids are found in finished wine. Grapes grown in cooler temperatures will typically be more acidic than those grown in warmer climes because in warmer temperatures, the grapes can \"sweat out\" some of their acids through respiration. What does this mean for you as a wine drinker? You can expect a Chardonnay from the somewhat toasty Napa Valley to be less acidic than one from the cooler Burgundy region of France. This is one clue an experienced wine taster can use in determining the region where a wine's grapes were grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Tannins and Tinted Teeth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tannins are an altogether different family of chemicals and flavors (though some wine tasters confuse the two). To sense the difference, swish a sip of wine between your teeth. The acid will make your mouth water. The tannins will leave behind a dry, astringent feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Found mostly in red wines, tannins are a group of chemicals that lend body and structure to a wine (those mysterious \"rounded corners\"). Tannins readily bind with proteins in your saliva and can stick to your teeth when you swish-- leaving serious tasters somewhat burgundy-toothed. Wines with lots of tannin are sometimes considered \"big,\" because they have a dense texture, though a wine that's \"too big\" can taste harsh. Highly tannic wines can be tempered by fatty foods, like bleu cheese, which coat your mouth and keep the tannins from reacting with your saliva.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-grapes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Wine acquires tannins from grape stems, skins, and seeds, and from wood if it's aged in oak barrels. Winemakers can control tannin level in a wine by altering factors like how long the juice remains in contact with the skin after the grapes are crushed and how long the wine is aged. They consider not only the flavor of the wine, but whether or not they intend for it to be consumed soon after bottling or to be aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Uncorking a Great Debate\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A wine's tannins soften as it ages, so highly tannic wines are good candidates for the cellar. Wine researchers don't have a clear understanding of exactly what happens chemically as a wine ages, but they do know that the changes are fueled by oxygen. The wine itself contains some of the gas when it's bottled, and tiny amounts of oxygen seep in around the cork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of the \"leaky cork\" in the aging process is central to a debate raging in the wine community. While corks have a romantic aesthetic and may contribute to the maturing of a fine wine, they are also responsible for most of the spoilage that occurs. \"Cork taint\" results when a cork contains one of a number of compounds that impart a musty or medicinal smell to a finished wine. Cork taint affects between 5 and 8 percent of wine bottles, a significant enough percentage to send winemakers looking for other options. One of them, the screw cap, has been both lauded as a savior and dismissed with indifference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers from Down Under-- Australia and New Zealand-- have taken the lead in pushing this alternative to corks. Advocates note there's no worry of contamination from a screw cap and it provides an airtight seal that can prevent oxidation. But screw caps don't quite carry the allure of a cork. And from a scientific perspective, can a wine still age finely without the tiny bit of oxygen afforded entry by a cork? It's hard for wine researchers to answer this question, since there's no clear picture of exactly what's going on inside the jug. The jury may be out for years, until connoisseurs open their decade-old screw-capped bottles and confer.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"Manipulation\" vs. \"Cheating\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-tools.jpg\">\u003c/span>Have a look at a wine label and you'll see items like alcohol content, the producer, and the vintage year. What you won't see is a list of ingredients. While it's true that wine is pretty much just grapes and the yeasts used to ferment them, winemakers will often tweak flavors or coax a developing process along. Winemaking regulations differ throughout the world; in sweltering California, it's common practice to dilute wine with water to control the high alcohol content that results from sugary-ripe grapes, or to add acid lost through respiration. Such embellishments are forbidden in more temperate Burgundy, where winemakers often add sugar (a process banned in California) to make up for its lower content in their fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These types of manipulations occur before adding yeast, and are viewed by most wine enthusiasts as corrections to the deficiencies of nature. Other tweaks, however, are made after yeast is added, and might be viewed differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the most visible example is the sulfites that are often added to wine. These compounds keep harmful bacteria and other microbes at bay, but some consumers say they'd prefer wines without them. In response, a number of organic wineries have adopted a \"no sulfites\" practice. Many wine aficionados argue that it's difficult to make a good quality wine without sulfites, and that, since sulfites already occur naturally in small amounts during fermentation, people don't actually avoid them just by drinking organic wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/ex-barrels.jpg\">\u003c/span>More subtle questions also arise around manipulations that can alter the taste or aging process of a wine in ways that might seem artificial. A winemaker can choose to age his latest batch in newer barrels to impart an oakier flavor. Or he could speed up the aging process by injecting small amounts of oxygen into the barrel (a process known as microoxygenation). Both actions intentionally alter the wine. While the first method is one that's been practiced for centuries, the second is relatively new. Does that make the newer one \"cheating\"? Some wine drinkers would say that whatever improves the quality of the wine counts the most, while others would argue that using more traditional methods preserves the integrity of the winemaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You won't read about these behind-the-scenes manipulations on a wine label, but there's still a lot to be learned from the packaging. Knowing where a wine is produced, for example, can give you clues to how it might taste (remember the \"lower acidity in warmer climates\" hint?). If you know what you're looking for, the label can help you discern whether all the grapes are from the same region or, if it's a blend, how much of each kind of grape is used. There are many types of grapes, called varietals, each having its own unique qualities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes labels include a description of the wine's flavors; try tasting the wine and see if the description matches your experience. For more of a challenge, spend some time contemplating a wine's aroma. \u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/winearomas.html\">Download these lists\u003c/a> with common terms used to characterize scents found in a wine's bouquet. With a little practice, you just might find yourself talking about \"grapefruit,\" \"pepper,\" and those no-longer-elusive \"rounded corners.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to David W. Graves of \u003ca href=\"http://www.saintsbury.com/\">Saintsbury Vineyard\u003c/a> for his kind assistance providing insights for this Exploration.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/477027@N22\">Bothe-Napa Valley State Park photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/napaCA1978/napaCA1978.pdf\">Soil Survey of Napa County, California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca>The Sparkling Science of Champagne\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/food/\">Check Please! Bay Area - KQED\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Natural Bridges State Beach",
"title": "Exploring Natural Bridges State Beach",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/natural-bridges-state-beach-tidepools-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2531 West Cliff Drive [\u003ca href=\"https://goo.gl/maps/ohqoE9VUKLx\" target=\"_blank\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz, CA 95060\u003cbr>\n(831) 423-4609\u003cbr>\nOpen 8:00 to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wi-Fi access available with wireless enabled laptop computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs) to access the Internet. Park visitors will be able to gain Wi-Fi access when they use a wireless device within about 150 to 200 feet of the Visitor Center in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Please, do not touch or throw objects at the fragile butterflies. \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For everyone's enjoyment, no smoking, dogs, bicycles, skates, or skateboards on the boardwalk.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Quiet please. Monarchs and other visitors are relaxing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>There are monarch tours on weekends from mid-October through February. Celebrate the monarchs' return with the Welcome Back Monarchs Day in October and their departure at the Migration Festival in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this oasis between the ocean and the edge of Santa Cruz lies one of the largest monarch butterfly overwintering sites in the western United States. The park also includes large coastal scrub meadows that in spring are filled with native wildflowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/484097273/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/224/484097273_19573b27b3_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> In 1983, California State Parks made the monarch grove a natural preserve and sanctuary for these fragile world travelers. Monarchs journey as far as 2,000 miles on their paper-thin wings, seeking protected places like this one where they can find food, warmth and shelter. This grove provides the ideal conditions for the butterflies—and for you to see them. Look through the spotting scope to catch a glimpse of the breathtaking sight of hundreds of monarchs clustered together in the canopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park also includes large coastal scrub meadows that in spring are filled with native wildflowers. Moore Creek flows through the meadows and forms wetlands in the sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Life Cycle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.JPG\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103968\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-103968\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-800x801.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-768x769.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-960x961.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.jpg 1023w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Butterfly Laying Eggs \u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A female monarch lays hundreds of eggs in her lifetime. She deposits the yellow pinhead-sized eggs on milkweed leaves, the only plant on which the larvae can survive. In three to six days, the eggs hatch into larvae, or caterpillars, less than 1/16th of an inch long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each caterpillar spends the next 15 to 20 days eating the milkweed leaves and flowers and increasing its weight by a factor of 2,700! It molts, or sheds, its yellow, black and white-striped skin four times before it reaches its final length of about two inches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the larvae seek a safe, sturdy place to attach and dangle upside down curled into a \"J\" shape. After 15 to 20 hours of metamorphosis, the larvae shed their skin to reveal the bright green chrysalis underneath. The caterpillar's tissues break down inside the chrysalis and the body of the mature butterfly forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/minuk/15596349/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103972\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Monarch Chrysalis\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-103972\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/minuk/15596349/\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Chrysalis\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Flickr / minuk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 to 15 days, the monarch butterfly emerges and clings to the outside of the chrysalis. Its soft, crumpled wings expand as it pumps fluid them. Over the next few hours, the wings dry and harden until the adult monarch is ready to take flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Milkweed and Eucalyptus\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Milkweed isn't native to the California Central Coast, but it's the only food that monarch larvae eat and the plant they live on for about half the year. You can see a demonstration patch of milkweed near the visitor center and get an up close look at monarch eggs, chrysalids and caterpillars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many species of milkweed, and monarch larvae will eat any of them, but common milkweed \u003cem>(Asclepias syriaca)\u003c/em> is the one most people think of when they hear the name. Look for its purple or pink flowers along the edges of lakes, ponds and waterways, and in the forests and prairies of the Midwest. Native Americans ground the seeds into a salve for sores. The seeds have been steeped in boiling water to make a serum for drawing out rattlesnake poison. Be careful if you handle milkweed. The sap can irritate your eyes if you rub them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milkweed contains poisons that the monarchs absorb into their bodies. Predators who try to eat monarchs usually spit them out or get sick from the poison. They learn to avoid monarchs after that! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/484062298/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/187/484062298_a8c1907c74_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1c. Monarchs and Eucalyptus Trees\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus is so common in California that many people think it is native to the state. This tree, with its distinctive smooth trunk and peeling bark, was introduced from Australia in the 1850s as a lumber crop. The venture proved unsuccessful because the trees produce poor quality lumber. They make excellent overwintering sites for monarchs, however, as do Monterey pines and cypresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus can be found in a variety of ecosystems and can successfully out-compete native species for water. Its volatile oils make it good for firewood but also a forest fire danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Migration\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103975\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevewall/244596945/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103975\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"Monarch Migration\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-103975\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-800x559.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-768x537.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-960x671.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o.jpg 1416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevewall/244596945/\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Migration\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Steve Wall / Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Lots of animals migrate. Some travel a few or a few hundred miles to find food or safe breeding areas. Monarch butterflies travel thousands of miles to find warmer temperatures because they can't survive long periods of cold weather. They migrate to find the conditions they need to survive-- trees on which to cluster, food, water and a mild climate. Protective branches overhead shield the monarchs from rain, snow or hail and underbrush provides cover if they fall to the ground. The monarchs find what they need in this park, so they return year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most migrating animals make the outward and return journey year after year. The butterflies that are here this year are not the same individuals that were here last year. This year's overwintering generation is made up of the great-great-grandchildren of the butterflies that were here last year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs east of the Rocky Mountains migrate to the transvolcanic mountains of central Mexico. Most of the monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains fly southwest to the California coast. As the daylight hours shorten in October the butterflies gather here, some from as far away as Montana and Canada. On the way to their winter homes they eat flower nectar in order to build up fat reserves for the coming cold months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their overwintering sites, like Natural Bridges, the butterflies cluster together to keep warm. When they hook their legs together into a tight mass, their combined weight helps keep them from being blown away by the wind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the warmer, longer days of spring, the monarchs begin their return journey to the milkweed patches where they lay their eggs. They have to time their migration carefully: if they return too early and the milkweed isn't up yet, they will have no place to lay their eggs and the cycle will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists speculate about exactly how the butterflies find the same overwintering grounds year after year. Does it have to do with Earth's magnetic field? the position of the Sun? geographic features? The answer could be any one or a combination of these-- or something as yet undiscovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Dangers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies face many dangers, from weather and lack of food, to accidents and being eaten. While the butterflies absorb poisons from the milkweed they eat, but they have other ways to warn off potential predators. Their bright black and orange coloring alerts would-be predators that they contain poisonous chemicals. Some birds, like black-headed grosbeaks, can tolerate eating some of the poison. Other birds, like black-backed orioles, eat just the soft insides of the insects, not the cuticle, which contains the poison. Monarchs can also fall victim to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the monarch population declined markedly in Santa Cruz County and has been declining ever since. A big reason is habitat loss. As the trees and groves age and thin out, there are fewer branches and leaves for the butterflies to cluster on and shelter among during blustery winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The culprit in the late 1990s was the El Nino storms that felled many trees. Eucalyptus trees can outgrow their root systems, making them vulnerable to high winds. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Human activity poses the greatest threat to monarch butterflies. Monarchs aren't the only creatures that like beautiful coastal property. Habitat destruction caused by the building of new roads and housing developments or the expansion of farms makes it impossible for monarchs to live in a particular landscape. In Mexico, the high concentration of millions of monarchs in relatively small regions makes them particularly vulnerable, especially since some of the sites contain valuable lumber sources. Logging these areas opens up the forest canopy, providing less protection to the butterflies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milkweed is considered a weed by many people and so is often destroyed. Ozone and herbicides are destroying milkweed and the nectar-producing plants that the butterflies need for food. Pesticides kill the insects outright, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One way to help out is to volunteer as a docent at the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two training programs for Natural Bridges each year: September and March on Wednesday evenings and Saturdays during the day. Docents lead monarch and tidepool tours for school groups during the week and the general public on weekends, host the Visitor Center, assist in the bookstore, help with special events, tend the milkweed garden, restore native plants, maintain the aquarium, share with others about the resources and more. Find our more by calling Natural Bridges State Beach at 831-434-4609.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can help by planting butterfly-friendly plants in your garden and not using pesticides or insecticides. Plant a variety of flowering shrubs that bloom at different times of the year, such as buddleia, sumac, alyssum, primrose, wild bergamot to provide nectar for the butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/373254@N21\">Natural Bridges State Beach photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach official website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Between the ocean and the edge of Santa Cruz lies one of the largest monarch butterfly overwintering sites in the western United States. The park also hosts large coastal scrub meadows that in spring are filled with native wildflowers.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/natural-bridges-state-beach-tidepools-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2531 West Cliff Drive [\u003ca href=\"https://goo.gl/maps/ohqoE9VUKLx\" target=\"_blank\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz, CA 95060\u003cbr>\n(831) 423-4609\u003cbr>\nOpen 8:00 to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wi-Fi access available with wireless enabled laptop computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs) to access the Internet. Park visitors will be able to gain Wi-Fi access when they use a wireless device within about 150 to 200 feet of the Visitor Center in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Please, do not touch or throw objects at the fragile butterflies. \u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For everyone's enjoyment, no smoking, dogs, bicycles, skates, or skateboards on the boardwalk.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Quiet please. Monarchs and other visitors are relaxing.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>There are monarch tours on weekends from mid-October through February. Celebrate the monarchs' return with the Welcome Back Monarchs Day in October and their departure at the Migration Festival in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this oasis between the ocean and the edge of Santa Cruz lies one of the largest monarch butterfly overwintering sites in the western United States. The park also includes large coastal scrub meadows that in spring are filled with native wildflowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/484097273/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/224/484097273_19573b27b3_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> In 1983, California State Parks made the monarch grove a natural preserve and sanctuary for these fragile world travelers. Monarchs journey as far as 2,000 miles on their paper-thin wings, seeking protected places like this one where they can find food, warmth and shelter. This grove provides the ideal conditions for the butterflies—and for you to see them. Look through the spotting scope to catch a glimpse of the breathtaking sight of hundreds of monarchs clustered together in the canopy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park also includes large coastal scrub meadows that in spring are filled with native wildflowers. Moore Creek flows through the meadows and forms wetlands in the sand. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Life Cycle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103968\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.JPG\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103968\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-400x400.jpg\" alt=\"via Wikimedia Commons\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-103968\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-800x801.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-768x769.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-960x961.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.jpg 1023w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Laying_Eggs.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Butterfly Laying Eggs \u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A female monarch lays hundreds of eggs in her lifetime. She deposits the yellow pinhead-sized eggs on milkweed leaves, the only plant on which the larvae can survive. In three to six days, the eggs hatch into larvae, or caterpillars, less than 1/16th of an inch long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each caterpillar spends the next 15 to 20 days eating the milkweed leaves and flowers and increasing its weight by a factor of 2,700! It molts, or sheds, its yellow, black and white-striped skin four times before it reaches its final length of about two inches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the larvae seek a safe, sturdy place to attach and dangle upside down curled into a \"J\" shape. After 15 to 20 hours of metamorphosis, the larvae shed their skin to reveal the bright green chrysalis underneath. The caterpillar's tissues break down inside the chrysalis and the body of the mature butterfly forms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103972\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/minuk/15596349/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103972\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Monarch Chrysalis\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-103972\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/15596349_161f944001_o-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/minuk/15596349/\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Chrysalis\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Flickr / minuk)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After 10 to 15 days, the monarch butterfly emerges and clings to the outside of the chrysalis. Its soft, crumpled wings expand as it pumps fluid them. Over the next few hours, the wings dry and harden until the adult monarch is ready to take flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Milkweed and Eucalyptus\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Milkweed isn't native to the California Central Coast, but it's the only food that monarch larvae eat and the plant they live on for about half the year. You can see a demonstration patch of milkweed near the visitor center and get an up close look at monarch eggs, chrysalids and caterpillars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many species of milkweed, and monarch larvae will eat any of them, but common milkweed \u003cem>(Asclepias syriaca)\u003c/em> is the one most people think of when they hear the name. Look for its purple or pink flowers along the edges of lakes, ponds and waterways, and in the forests and prairies of the Midwest. Native Americans ground the seeds into a salve for sores. The seeds have been steeped in boiling water to make a serum for drawing out rattlesnake poison. Be careful if you handle milkweed. The sap can irritate your eyes if you rub them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milkweed contains poisons that the monarchs absorb into their bodies. Predators who try to eat monarchs usually spit them out or get sick from the poison. They learn to avoid monarchs after that! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/484062298/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/187/484062298_a8c1907c74_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"1c. Monarchs and Eucalyptus Trees\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus is so common in California that many people think it is native to the state. This tree, with its distinctive smooth trunk and peeling bark, was introduced from Australia in the 1850s as a lumber crop. The venture proved unsuccessful because the trees produce poor quality lumber. They make excellent overwintering sites for monarchs, however, as do Monterey pines and cypresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus can be found in a variety of ecosystems and can successfully out-compete native species for water. Its volatile oils make it good for firewood but also a forest fire danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Migration\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103975\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevewall/244596945/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103975\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-800x559.jpg\" alt=\"Monarch Migration\" width=\"800\" height=\"559\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-103975\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-800x559.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-400x280.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-768x537.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-1180x825.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o-960x671.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/05/244596945_9b8b08f48d_o.jpg 1416w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevewall/244596945/\" target=\"_blank\">Monarch Migration\u003c/a> \u003ccite>(Steve Wall / Flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Lots of animals migrate. Some travel a few or a few hundred miles to find food or safe breeding areas. Monarch butterflies travel thousands of miles to find warmer temperatures because they can't survive long periods of cold weather. They migrate to find the conditions they need to survive-- trees on which to cluster, food, water and a mild climate. Protective branches overhead shield the monarchs from rain, snow or hail and underbrush provides cover if they fall to the ground. The monarchs find what they need in this park, so they return year after year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most migrating animals make the outward and return journey year after year. The butterflies that are here this year are not the same individuals that were here last year. This year's overwintering generation is made up of the great-great-grandchildren of the butterflies that were here last year!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monarchs east of the Rocky Mountains migrate to the transvolcanic mountains of central Mexico. Most of the monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains fly southwest to the California coast. As the daylight hours shorten in October the butterflies gather here, some from as far away as Montana and Canada. On the way to their winter homes they eat flower nectar in order to build up fat reserves for the coming cold months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their overwintering sites, like Natural Bridges, the butterflies cluster together to keep warm. When they hook their legs together into a tight mass, their combined weight helps keep them from being blown away by the wind. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the warmer, longer days of spring, the monarchs begin their return journey to the milkweed patches where they lay their eggs. They have to time their migration carefully: if they return too early and the milkweed isn't up yet, they will have no place to lay their eggs and the cycle will end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists speculate about exactly how the butterflies find the same overwintering grounds year after year. Does it have to do with Earth's magnetic field? the position of the Sun? geographic features? The answer could be any one or a combination of these-- or something as yet undiscovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Dangers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Monarch butterflies face many dangers, from weather and lack of food, to accidents and being eaten. While the butterflies absorb poisons from the milkweed they eat, but they have other ways to warn off potential predators. Their bright black and orange coloring alerts would-be predators that they contain poisonous chemicals. Some birds, like black-headed grosbeaks, can tolerate eating some of the poison. Other birds, like black-backed orioles, eat just the soft insides of the insects, not the cuticle, which contains the poison. Monarchs can also fall victim to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1998, the monarch population declined markedly in Santa Cruz County and has been declining ever since. A big reason is habitat loss. As the trees and groves age and thin out, there are fewer branches and leaves for the butterflies to cluster on and shelter among during blustery winter storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The culprit in the late 1990s was the El Nino storms that felled many trees. Eucalyptus trees can outgrow their root systems, making them vulnerable to high winds. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Monarch Conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Human activity poses the greatest threat to monarch butterflies. Monarchs aren't the only creatures that like beautiful coastal property. Habitat destruction caused by the building of new roads and housing developments or the expansion of farms makes it impossible for monarchs to live in a particular landscape. In Mexico, the high concentration of millions of monarchs in relatively small regions makes them particularly vulnerable, especially since some of the sites contain valuable lumber sources. Logging these areas opens up the forest canopy, providing less protection to the butterflies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milkweed is considered a weed by many people and so is often destroyed. Ozone and herbicides are destroying milkweed and the nectar-producing plants that the butterflies need for food. Pesticides kill the insects outright, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>One way to help out is to volunteer as a docent at the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are two training programs for Natural Bridges each year: September and March on Wednesday evenings and Saturdays during the day. Docents lead monarch and tidepool tours for school groups during the week and the general public on weekends, host the Visitor Center, assist in the bookstore, help with special events, tend the milkweed garden, restore native plants, maintain the aquarium, share with others about the resources and more. Find our more by calling Natural Bridges State Beach at 831-434-4609.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can help by planting butterfly-friendly plants in your garden and not using pesticides or insecticides. Plant a variety of flowering shrubs that bloom at different times of the year, such as buddleia, sumac, alyssum, primrose, wild bergamot to provide nectar for the butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/373254@N21\">Natural Bridges State Beach photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach official website\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/elkhorn-slough-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1700 Elkhorn Road [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?q=1700%20Elkhorn%20Rd%2C%20Watsonville%2C%20CA%2095076\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nWatsonville, CA 95076\u003cbr>\n(831) 728-2822\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otters and Elkhorn Slough\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/140/361194518_732fd42d73_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"Elkhorn Slough\">\u003c/span>Elkhorn Slough is a jewel on California's coastline and one of the 25 most significant biodiversity hot spots in the world. Its acreage is second in size only to the wetlands in the San Francisco Bay Area. While it offers a variety of rich habitats and vegetation for hundreds of species of birds, fish and other wildlife, it's under constant threat from human activity, pollution and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This region is home to one of the largest populations of southern sea otters on the California coast. Still, their numbers today are but a fraction of what they were a few hundred years ago when they numbered well over 100,000 along the entire West Coast, from Alaska to Mexico. Hunters nearly wiped them out in the 18th and 19th centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, federal law protects the otters from hunters, but they face other dangers nearly as deadly. More sea otters seem to be getting sick and researchers want to find out why.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Is Elkhorn Slough?\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough is an estuary, a region where freshwater, such as from rivers, meets the saltwater of the ocean. Such coastal regions consist of deep-water tidal habitats next to tidal wetlands. The wetlands are partially enclosed by land, but have open access to the sea. Seawater enters the wetlands with the tides and occasionally gets diluted by freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough is an extraordinary place-- one of the 25 most significant biodiversity hotspots in the world. The National Audubon Society lists the area in its Globally Important Bird Areas, and it was named a Western Shorebird Reserve by the Manomet Bird Observatory. There are two dozen threatened and endangered plant and animal species here, including the California brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), the western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), and the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Elkhorn Slough provides critical habitat for over 550 marine invertebrates and over 100 fish species, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As important as it is to nature, Elkhorn Slough is surrounded by a power plant, an active fishing harbor, communities and commercial farmland. This much-studied region exhibits the delicate balance between critical wildlife habitat and human activity. Researchers have monitored the area for decades to better understand its changes and their causes, as well as to make better informed decisions about its management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Does a Slough Do?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The slough and other estuaries serve many vital functions. They cycle nutrients through the food web, store flood waters and ease storm surges, improve water quality by filtering out sediments and pollution, provide nurseries for fish and offer rich feeding grounds for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keystone Species\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sea otters are a keystones species in Elkhorn Slough. That means they have a large influence on their environment relative to their numbers. Just like an arch will fall if you remove its keystone, take away the keystone species and that ecosystem falls apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant seaweed called kelp forms large forests from the seafloor to the surface. These forests shelter and nourish many animals and other plants the same way that trees and shrubs do on land. Researchers know that when sea otters leave an area, the kelp forests suffer. Sea urchins eat kelp. Otters eat sea urchins. Take away the otters and the urchins destroy the kelp forests, removing valuable habitat for many other species and leaving behind empty \"urchin barrens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Oil Spills\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Otters are well insulated from the cold water. They don't have blubber-- they rely on dense fur, which they keep impeccably groomed. Sea otters are particularly vulnerable to the effects of an oil spill. If the fur becomes coated with oil, it loses its insulating qualities. Water can penetrate to the skin, causing hypothermia and, ultimately, killing the otter. Also, ingesting the oil while grooming can damage the otter's internal organs and also cause death.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Threats\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Otters face lots of dangers in the water, from boat propellers to sharks to entangling fishing gear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because sea otters live so close to shore, they're particularly vulnerable to pollution from such things as agricultural runoff, boat yards and marinas and sewage treatment plants. For example, any chemicals, PCBs or heavy metals that make their way into the water get concentrated in the tissues of mussels and other filter feeders-- foods that sea otters eat in large quantities. These substances can harm the nervous system, lower birthrates and impair the otters' immune defenses against disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other major causes of otter deaths include heart disease, infections and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A New Danger\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The primary cause of death in 17 percent of otters examined by the California Department of Fish and Game was from a brain disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite formerly found among animals on land, including humans and cats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cat eats a bird or rodent infected with the parasite, millions of the parasite's egg-like cysts are released in the scat, which ends up in the estuary through runoff or sewage-0- when used cat litter gets tossed into storm drains or toilets. Filter-feeding clams, oysters and other organisms ingest the cysts. When an otter eats the shellfish, the parasite infects its brain. Otter have no immune defense against this organism. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many organizations, including the California Department of Fish and Game, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and others are studying this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are some very simple steps you can take to help the sea otters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Don't flush cat litter down the toilet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remove cat poop from your yard and dispose of it in plastic bags in the trash.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Volunteer with an organization that helps protect and restore these vital otter habitats, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org\">www.elkhornslough.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Learn more about otters from groups such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotters.org\" target=\"_blank\">Friends of the Sea Otter\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.otterproject.org\" target=\"_blank\">The Otter Project\u003c/a> to find out ways that you can take action today to help protect this important California species.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/16868816@N00\">Elkhorn Slough photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.com/\">Elkhorn Slough Safari Tours\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/\">elkhornslough.org\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmmc.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saveseaotters.org/\">Defenders of Wildlife\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/lobo/Intro.html\">MBARI: LOBO Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Go on an Exploration of Elkhorn Slough in Moss Landing, CA. While it offers a variety of rich habitats and vegetation for hundreds of species of birds, fish and other wildlife, it's under constant threat from human activity, pollution and erosion.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/elkhorn-slough-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1700 Elkhorn Road [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?q=1700%20Elkhorn%20Rd%2C%20Watsonville%2C%20CA%2095076\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nWatsonville, CA 95076\u003cbr>\n(831) 728-2822\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Otters and Elkhorn Slough\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/140/361194518_732fd42d73_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"135\" alt=\"Elkhorn Slough\">\u003c/span>Elkhorn Slough is a jewel on California's coastline and one of the 25 most significant biodiversity hot spots in the world. Its acreage is second in size only to the wetlands in the San Francisco Bay Area. While it offers a variety of rich habitats and vegetation for hundreds of species of birds, fish and other wildlife, it's under constant threat from human activity, pollution and erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This region is home to one of the largest populations of southern sea otters on the California coast. Still, their numbers today are but a fraction of what they were a few hundred years ago when they numbered well over 100,000 along the entire West Coast, from Alaska to Mexico. Hunters nearly wiped them out in the 18th and 19th centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, federal law protects the otters from hunters, but they face other dangers nearly as deadly. More sea otters seem to be getting sick and researchers want to find out why.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Is Elkhorn Slough?\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough is an estuary, a region where freshwater, such as from rivers, meets the saltwater of the ocean. Such coastal regions consist of deep-water tidal habitats next to tidal wetlands. The wetlands are partially enclosed by land, but have open access to the sea. Seawater enters the wetlands with the tides and occasionally gets diluted by freshwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough is an extraordinary place-- one of the 25 most significant biodiversity hotspots in the world. The National Audubon Society lists the area in its Globally Important Bird Areas, and it was named a Western Shorebird Reserve by the Manomet Bird Observatory. There are two dozen threatened and endangered plant and animal species here, including the California brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), the western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), and the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Elkhorn Slough provides critical habitat for over 550 marine invertebrates and over 100 fish species, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As important as it is to nature, Elkhorn Slough is surrounded by a power plant, an active fishing harbor, communities and commercial farmland. This much-studied region exhibits the delicate balance between critical wildlife habitat and human activity. Researchers have monitored the area for decades to better understand its changes and their causes, as well as to make better informed decisions about its management.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Does a Slough Do?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The slough and other estuaries serve many vital functions. They cycle nutrients through the food web, store flood waters and ease storm surges, improve water quality by filtering out sediments and pollution, provide nurseries for fish and offer rich feeding grounds for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keystone Species\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sea otters are a keystones species in Elkhorn Slough. That means they have a large influence on their environment relative to their numbers. Just like an arch will fall if you remove its keystone, take away the keystone species and that ecosystem falls apart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The giant seaweed called kelp forms large forests from the seafloor to the surface. These forests shelter and nourish many animals and other plants the same way that trees and shrubs do on land. Researchers know that when sea otters leave an area, the kelp forests suffer. Sea urchins eat kelp. Otters eat sea urchins. Take away the otters and the urchins destroy the kelp forests, removing valuable habitat for many other species and leaving behind empty \"urchin barrens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Oil Spills\n\u003c/h2>\u003cp>Otters are well insulated from the cold water. They don't have blubber-- they rely on dense fur, which they keep impeccably groomed. Sea otters are particularly vulnerable to the effects of an oil spill. If the fur becomes coated with oil, it loses its insulating qualities. Water can penetrate to the skin, causing hypothermia and, ultimately, killing the otter. Also, ingesting the oil while grooming can damage the otter's internal organs and also cause death.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Other Threats\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Otters face lots of dangers in the water, from boat propellers to sharks to entangling fishing gear. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because sea otters live so close to shore, they're particularly vulnerable to pollution from such things as agricultural runoff, boat yards and marinas and sewage treatment plants. For example, any chemicals, PCBs or heavy metals that make their way into the water get concentrated in the tissues of mussels and other filter feeders-- foods that sea otters eat in large quantities. These substances can harm the nervous system, lower birthrates and impair the otters' immune defenses against disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other major causes of otter deaths include heart disease, infections and parasites.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A New Danger\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The primary cause of death in 17 percent of otters examined by the California Department of Fish and Game was from a brain disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite formerly found among animals on land, including humans and cats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cat eats a bird or rodent infected with the parasite, millions of the parasite's egg-like cysts are released in the scat, which ends up in the estuary through runoff or sewage-0- when used cat litter gets tossed into storm drains or toilets. Filter-feeding clams, oysters and other organisms ingest the cysts. When an otter eats the shellfish, the parasite infects its brain. Otter have no immune defense against this organism. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many organizations, including the California Department of Fish and Game, the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine and others are studying this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Get Involved\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are some very simple steps you can take to help the sea otters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Don't flush cat litter down the toilet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remove cat poop from your yard and dispose of it in plastic bags in the trash.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Volunteer with an organization that helps protect and restore these vital otter habitats, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org\">www.elkhornslough.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Learn more about otters from groups such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotters.org\" target=\"_blank\">Friends of the Sea Otter\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.otterproject.org\" target=\"_blank\">The Otter Project\u003c/a> to find out ways that you can take action today to help protect this important California species.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/groups/16868816@N00\">Elkhorn Slough photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.com/\">Elkhorn Slough Safari Tours\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/\">elkhornslough.org\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.tmmc.org/\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saveseaotters.org/\">Defenders of Wildlife\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/\">MBARI: Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mbari.org/lobo/Intro.html\">MBARI: LOBO Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>7 miles west of Highway 280 and 1 mile east of Skyline Boulevard on Page Mill Road\u003c/em> [\u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/preserves/pr_los_trancos.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>No Fee Required\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Open from dawn until 1/2 hour after sunset\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No facilities, phone, or potable water nearby\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pit toilet in the Monte Bello Open Space Preserve parking lot, across Page Mill Road\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>60 parking spaces in area, 1 handicapped space\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Trails not suitable for wheelchairs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No dogs, bicycles, fires, smoking, or camping\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No horses on San Andreas Fault Trail \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Most Bay Area residents have felt the earth move-- quite literally. You probably know that the San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of the state. But did you know that you can see the fault for yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you follow the lines of posts that mark the various fault breaks in the Los Trancos Open Space Preserve, you can find out what's happening when you feel that temblor underfoot. You may be surprised to see some of the effects of earthquakes in this otherwise tranquil Santa Cruz Mountain spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Plate Tectonics\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earthquakes felt in California are just one small effect of a global phenomenon. Earth's crust is made up of several large, rigid, rocky slabs (called plates) that move atop the molten mantle underneath. Imagine cracked pieces of eggshell floating and moving on uncooked egg white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As new crust material wells up from ridges deep in the middle of the ocean, it pushes the plates into and away from each other. You'll find earthquakes where two plates collide or slide past one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Plate (on the west side of the San Andreas fault) encompasses virtually the entire Pacific Ocean. The North American Plate (on the east side of the San Andreas fault) encompasses all of North America and Greenland. No wonder a bit of pressure builds up where the two come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Measuring Plate Movement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists use satellites, laser beams, and observatories on different continents to measure the movement of the plates. They reflect laser beams from the observatories off space satellite mirrors. Since they know the location of the satellite, they can calculate the distance between the observatories. By comparing measurements from year to year, scientists know how far the continents have moved. North America and Europe are moving apart less than an inch per year. The Pacific Plate is sliding northwest against the North American Plate at a rate of about two inches per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Ring of Fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>An impressive 70 percent of earthquakes occur around the Pacific Rim, in a region called the \"Ring of Fire.\" An east-west band from southern Europe through the Middle East and to northern India and southern China accounts for many of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquakes Are a Snap\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes happen in a motion sort of like snapping your fingers. When you push your fingers together to create friction and then exert a slight pressure sideways, you create a force that eventually overcomes the friction. Your fingers slip, releasing energy in the form of sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same goes for earthquakes. The earth's plates are pushed together like your fingers, but every now and then they slip sideways against each other. Instead of emitting snappy sound waves, the tremendous energy is released in the form of jolts on Earth's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the finger-snapping analogy isn't perfect. When you snap, the slipping of your fingers against each other happens all at once. But in an earthquake, the motion starts at one point (hypocenter) and spreads up and down the fault line. Of course, this happens very fast, in some cases over 7,000 mph, or 10 times the speed of sound. The epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding the Epicenter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Seismographs measure ground movement on a graph, sort of like a heart monitor. When an earthquake occurs, its effects are felt at different locations at different times, depending on the distance of each location from the epicenter. Scientists rarely have specific evidence at the actual epicenter, but they can use seismographic data to figure out where it must have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine an earthquake as a drop of water in a calm pond. Its effects are the ripples that radiate outwards. If an earthquake is centered in San Francisco, the data on seismographs would show that movement occurred first in San Francisco, then in San Mateo, then in Palo Alto, then in San Jose, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquake Damage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Giant gaps opening in the ground and swallowing houses or towns during an earthquake are the stuff of legend--and movies. In fact, earthquakes are caused by the pressure of plates moving against one other, not splitting apart. But the movement of the earth during a quake does cause some interesting ground failures, such as those that occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Predicting Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Just as meteorologists can warn of impending hurricanes or tornadoes, it would be good to have some warning before a major earthquake hits. Lots of researchers are trying to figure out just how to predict the next big one. There's no such thing as \"earthquake weather.\" And phases of the moon and nervous animals show no correlation with earthquakes either. The best that seismologists can do is to calculate probabilities. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, there's a 67 percent chance of a major (6.7 or larger) earthquake in Bay Area in the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, Berkeley lab geophysicist Valeri Korneev identified some seismic data that seem to correspond to the Loma Prieta earthquake. Searching through records of seismic activity that occurred in the two months before the October 17, 1989 quake, Korneev noticed an increase in the number of small-magnitude tremors--about eight times above normal levels. This activity was followed by a period of relative calm in the crust around the quake's epicenter. Perhaps this rise and decline of activity in the crust surrounding a fault could help scientists predict the location and date of large, potentially destructive temblors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many opportunities to volunteer with the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District (MROSD), including hosting the nature center, leading outdoor activities, or patrolling trails. They provide training. For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/volunteer/\">the MROSD website\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Chapter of the Red Cross welcomes volunteers who have the time to commit to serious training. Find out more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarea-redcross.org/emergency/dsvolunteer.htm\">the Red Cross website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/13981043@N00\">Los Trancos Open Space Preserve photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "You probably know that the San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of the state. But did you know that you can see the fault for yourself? Take a hike at Los Trancos Open Space Preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains above Palo Alto. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>San Andreas Fault Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/san-andreas-fault-trail-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>7 miles west of Highway 280 and 1 mile east of Skyline Boulevard on Page Mill Road\u003c/em> [\u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/preserves/pr_los_trancos.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>No Fee Required\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Open from dawn until 1/2 hour after sunset\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No facilities, phone, or potable water nearby\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pit toilet in the Monte Bello Open Space Preserve parking lot, across Page Mill Road\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>60 parking spaces in area, 1 handicapped space\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Trails not suitable for wheelchairs\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No dogs, bicycles, fires, smoking, or camping\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>No horses on San Andreas Fault Trail \u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Most Bay Area residents have felt the earth move-- quite literally. You probably know that the San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of the state. But did you know that you can see the fault for yourself?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you follow the lines of posts that mark the various fault breaks in the Los Trancos Open Space Preserve, you can find out what's happening when you feel that temblor underfoot. You may be surprised to see some of the effects of earthquakes in this otherwise tranquil Santa Cruz Mountain spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Plate Tectonics\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The earthquakes felt in California are just one small effect of a global phenomenon. Earth's crust is made up of several large, rigid, rocky slabs (called plates) that move atop the molten mantle underneath. Imagine cracked pieces of eggshell floating and moving on uncooked egg white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As new crust material wells up from ridges deep in the middle of the ocean, it pushes the plates into and away from each other. You'll find earthquakes where two plates collide or slide past one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pacific Plate (on the west side of the San Andreas fault) encompasses virtually the entire Pacific Ocean. The North American Plate (on the east side of the San Andreas fault) encompasses all of North America and Greenland. No wonder a bit of pressure builds up where the two come together.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Measuring Plate Movement\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists use satellites, laser beams, and observatories on different continents to measure the movement of the plates. They reflect laser beams from the observatories off space satellite mirrors. Since they know the location of the satellite, they can calculate the distance between the observatories. By comparing measurements from year to year, scientists know how far the continents have moved. North America and Europe are moving apart less than an inch per year. The Pacific Plate is sliding northwest against the North American Plate at a rate of about two inches per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Ring of Fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>An impressive 70 percent of earthquakes occur around the Pacific Rim, in a region called the \"Ring of Fire.\" An east-west band from southern Europe through the Middle East and to northern India and southern China accounts for many of the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquakes Are a Snap\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes happen in a motion sort of like snapping your fingers. When you push your fingers together to create friction and then exert a slight pressure sideways, you create a force that eventually overcomes the friction. Your fingers slip, releasing energy in the form of sound waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same goes for earthquakes. The earth's plates are pushed together like your fingers, but every now and then they slip sideways against each other. Instead of emitting snappy sound waves, the tremendous energy is released in the form of jolts on Earth's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the finger-snapping analogy isn't perfect. When you snap, the slipping of your fingers against each other happens all at once. But in an earthquake, the motion starts at one point (hypocenter) and spreads up and down the fault line. Of course, this happens very fast, in some cases over 7,000 mph, or 10 times the speed of sound. The epicenter is the point on Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Finding the Epicenter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Seismographs measure ground movement on a graph, sort of like a heart monitor. When an earthquake occurs, its effects are felt at different locations at different times, depending on the distance of each location from the epicenter. Scientists rarely have specific evidence at the actual epicenter, but they can use seismographic data to figure out where it must have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine an earthquake as a drop of water in a calm pond. Its effects are the ripples that radiate outwards. If an earthquake is centered in San Francisco, the data on seismographs would show that movement occurred first in San Francisco, then in San Mateo, then in Palo Alto, then in San Jose, and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earthquake Damage\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Giant gaps opening in the ground and swallowing houses or towns during an earthquake are the stuff of legend--and movies. In fact, earthquakes are caused by the pressure of plates moving against one other, not splitting apart. But the movement of the earth during a quake does cause some interesting ground failures, such as those that occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Predicting Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Just as meteorologists can warn of impending hurricanes or tornadoes, it would be good to have some warning before a major earthquake hits. Lots of researchers are trying to figure out just how to predict the next big one. There's no such thing as \"earthquake weather.\" And phases of the moon and nervous animals show no correlation with earthquakes either. The best that seismologists can do is to calculate probabilities. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, there's a 67 percent chance of a major (6.7 or larger) earthquake in Bay Area in the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2005, Berkeley lab geophysicist Valeri Korneev identified some seismic data that seem to correspond to the Loma Prieta earthquake. Searching through records of seismic activity that occurred in the two months before the October 17, 1989 quake, Korneev noticed an increase in the number of small-magnitude tremors--about eight times above normal levels. This activity was followed by a period of relative calm in the crust around the quake's epicenter. Perhaps this rise and decline of activity in the crust surrounding a fault could help scientists predict the location and date of large, potentially destructive temblors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Volunteer\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are many opportunities to volunteer with the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District (MROSD), including hosting the nature center, leading outdoor activities, or patrolling trails. They provide training. For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/volunteer/\">the MROSD website\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Chapter of the Red Cross welcomes volunteers who have the time to commit to serious training. Find out more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayarea-redcross.org/emergency/dsvolunteer.htm\">the Red Cross website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>Alviso Slough Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alviso Marina Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1195 Hope St. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Alviso+Marina+Park&sll=37.470266,-122.275885&sspn=0.024932,0.040169&ie=UTF8&latlng=37429241,-121979095,135255352268568321&ei=xpnBRcPiNZzCiQO8zui3Bg&sig2=5dt6ntKAzT0AGQPJpAvw6A\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nAlviso, CA 95002\u003cbr>\n(408) 262-6980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's first urban National Wildlife Refuge is a jewel on the San Francisco Bay. Its 30,000 acres of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland, and vernal pool habitats are constantly changing. It's a great place to hike or watch birds. It's also a great place to see up close how a salt pond is turned back into wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look around you. What do you see? hear? smell? Perhaps you'd be surprised to learn that there are hidden realms in this landscape, evidence of past human activity, even a mystery or two. A salt pond looks quite different from above. There are myriad species of organisms living in the rust-red, purple, or emerald green water. Here you'll discover clues to some of the stories this area has to tell about its ecology and its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See if you can spot any of the birds, insects, or other animals that live in the dense stands of bulrushes. Later, during your hike, you can compare this restored marsh habitat to some salt pond habitats. There's a lot that scientists don't know, too. Maybe you can help find some of the answers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the marsh during the spring or fall migratory seasons and you might see brandt, pintails, mallards, or canvasbacks. Other water birds that feed and live here include herons, seagulls, avocets, and stilts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special Thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a> for connecting QUEST with Dr. Wayne Lanier and Cris Benton, of the Hidden Ecologies blog. Hidden Ecologies is part of the Exploratorium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/id/\">Invisible Dynamics\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Needs Wetlands?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/89/329325425_d0f4960e0b_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/span> Everyone needs wetlands. Even though humans considered them wasteland in the past, today we know wetlands are among the most complex, unique, and necessary communities in nature. Much of the life on Earth depends on their existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal wetlands serve many important functions. They provide food and shelter to enormous numbers of fish, migratory birds, and other wildlife, including many endangered species. They put nutrients into the oceans. They offer protection to juvenile fish and other species. They buffer storm surges and prevent flooding and shoreline erosion. They also filter pollutants and particles out of the water and help to keep it clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making Salt from Bay Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salt makes up about 2.5 percent of the bay's water. By collecting the water in ponds and allowing the water to evaporate, you end up with salt and some other mineral byproducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During high tide, bay water floods over the levees and into the first of a series of salt concentrator ponds. The sun slowly evaporates the water, making it saltier and saltier. Salt crystals begin to form when the salt concentration reaches 25.8 percent. The water is moved from one pond to the next as its salinity increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt concentration is carefully controlled in each pond. When all the water is gone, each pond holds a bed of salt five to eight inches deep. The salt is then harvested, purified, and packaged for farm, industry, and home use. It takes about five years to go from bay water to harvested salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Are the Ponds Green, Pink, and Orange?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103921\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/337893086/in/album-72157594443594563/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103921\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-103921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge Exploration\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From above, these ghostly vestigial channels have been frozen in place since the wetlands were diked. Their shapes are memories of the tidal ebb and flow, evident in the water they retain or the salt left behind when they dry out for the season. \u003ccite>(Cris Benton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salt is usually white, right? Out here, the salt ponds can be red, pink, orange, or deep green! The giant blocks of bright colors aren't salt but the colorful life forms that live in very salty water. Different organisms thrive in different salt concentrations. The color of each pond changes as the water evaporates and the pond becomes more saline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/364994271_700b8aa716_m.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span> Dunaliella algae can live in water with low salinity. They turn the salt green.Archaebacteria turn the salt pink or red. These can even live in completely dry salt crystals. At moderate to high salt levels, tiny brine shrimp turn the salt orange. Their orange color comes from substances, called carotenoids, that give tomatoes, carrots, and pink flamingos their bright colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning Salt Ponds Back into Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/335700510/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/67/335700510_eabb5a1f55_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - remnant of waterway from before levee was breached\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> To create wetlands where there now are salt ponds, the levees enclosing the ponds must be opened, or breached, to allow the tidal water to once again flow in and out. Tidal circulation transports and mixes decomposing plant matter, other nutrients, and oxygen, and helps to turn the marshland into one big smorgasbord for wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project is the third-largest wetlands restoration project in the country and the largest on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2004, ten salt ponds were opened, with nine more in March 2005. In October 2006, a levee was broken open near the ghost town of Drawbridge. The area you see (where) is slowly turning back into wetlands. Already the numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds, such as sandpipers and wigeons, and have increased dramatically. Experts estimate that it will take decades for mature wetland habitats to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Concerns and Challenges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of work to restore and protect salt marshes. These vitally important habitats face dangers from encroaching development to aggressive non-native species to pollution. Many of the species that are native to salt marshes are threatened or endangered because their territory and food supplies are disappearing. People are working hard to reverse the damage caused here by past human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Studying Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329323968/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/329323968_d387abf87a_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - 3 samples, 3 ecosystems, 3 colors\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The wetlands restoration projects in the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a large one by any measure. But one of its most important features is its urban context. Surrounded by communities and industry, this project gives millions of people an up close and personal look at maturing, developing wetland habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a lot is known about how a salt pond turns back into a mature wetland, but many people are interested in documenting the process. Much was learned with the restoration of the 200-acre LaRiviere marsh to the east, near the Visitor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Wetland's Smallest Inhabitants\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most important inhabitants of wetlands-- and the planet-- are so tiny you can't see them individually, but, collectively, they make up a huge portion of the biomass on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bacteria Are Your Friends\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Out of the 100 million or so species of bacteria on Earth only about 100 are known to be harmful to humans. While bacteria are often just associated with disease and dirt, quite the reverse is true. You couldn't live without them! Right now there are hundreds of millions of bacterial cells living in your digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they're found in such large numbers, and in habitats ranging from ice caps to hot springs, it's not too surprising that bacteria are plentiful in wetlands. Some of the bacteria found along the Alviso Slough trail include cyanobacteria, aquatic organisms that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cyanobacteria\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329319205/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/329319205_ed8e54f00d_m.jpg\" alt=\"sampling cyanobacteria II\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Biologist Wayne Lanier says, \"Every time you take a breath, you should say, 'Thank you, cyanobacteria!'\" Cyanobacteria are one of the largest and most important types of bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 3.5 billion years ago, there wasn't much oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. When cyanobacteria developed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Eras, they were the big guys on the block--the \"dinosaurs\" of their day. The dramatic increase in oxygen in the atmosphere generated by these organisms shaped the course of evolution, allowing much larger creatures, such as trilobites--and mammals--to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of cyanobacteria is sometimes referred to as \"blue-green algae,\" but they aren't related to algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consequences of Habitat Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changing any habitat affects wildlife. In fact, one of the main arguments against restoring all of the ponds back to tidal marsh is the need to preserve some of the familiar salty habitat--the shorebirds are used to it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salt ponds will remain, not just to produce salt but also to provide essential habitat and shelter for dozens of species of birds, particularly during stormy weather. California's coast has been dredged and developed for years, decreasing the acreage of protected flats like the salt ponds. These ponds are critical resting places for migrating species like the Western sandpiper.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329318105/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/329318105_bfa9e707cb_m.jpg\" alt=\"The group heading out to the sampling sites, hello Amtrak\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> There are lots of volunteer opportunities at the Refuge Headquarters and Visitor Center in Fremont, the Environmental Education Center in Alviso, the Native Plant Nursery, and many of the satellite refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/volunteer.html\">the volunteer page\u003c/a> or call the Volunteer Program Coordinator at (510) 792-0222.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/99988021@N00\">Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>Alviso Slough Trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/don-edwards-sf-bay-national-wildlife-refuge-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alviso Marina Park\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1195 Hope St. [\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Alviso+Marina+Park&sll=37.470266,-122.275885&sspn=0.024932,0.040169&ie=UTF8&latlng=37429241,-121979095,135255352268568321&ei=xpnBRcPiNZzCiQO8zui3Bg&sig2=5dt6ntKAzT0AGQPJpAvw6A\">Directions\u003c/a>]\u003cbr>\nAlviso, CA 95002\u003cbr>\n(408) 262-6980\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation's first urban National Wildlife Refuge is a jewel on the San Francisco Bay. Its 30,000 acres of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland, and vernal pool habitats are constantly changing. It's a great place to hike or watch birds. It's also a great place to see up close how a salt pond is turned back into wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look around you. What do you see? hear? smell? Perhaps you'd be surprised to learn that there are hidden realms in this landscape, evidence of past human activity, even a mystery or two. A salt pond looks quite different from above. There are myriad species of organisms living in the rust-red, purple, or emerald green water. Here you'll discover clues to some of the stories this area has to tell about its ecology and its past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See if you can spot any of the birds, insects, or other animals that live in the dense stands of bulrushes. Later, during your hike, you can compare this restored marsh habitat to some salt pond habitats. There's a lot that scientists don't know, too. Maybe you can help find some of the answers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the marsh during the spring or fall migratory seasons and you might see brandt, pintails, mallards, or canvasbacks. Other water birds that feed and live here include herons, seagulls, avocets, and stilts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special Thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a> for connecting QUEST with Dr. Wayne Lanier and Cris Benton, of the Hidden Ecologies blog. Hidden Ecologies is part of the Exploratorium's \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/id/\">Invisible Dynamics\u003c/a> project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Needs Wetlands?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/89/329325425_d0f4960e0b_m.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/span> Everyone needs wetlands. Even though humans considered them wasteland in the past, today we know wetlands are among the most complex, unique, and necessary communities in nature. Much of the life on Earth depends on their existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coastal wetlands serve many important functions. They provide food and shelter to enormous numbers of fish, migratory birds, and other wildlife, including many endangered species. They put nutrients into the oceans. They offer protection to juvenile fish and other species. They buffer storm surges and prevent flooding and shoreline erosion. They also filter pollutants and particles out of the water and help to keep it clean.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Making Salt from Bay Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salt makes up about 2.5 percent of the bay's water. By collecting the water in ponds and allowing the water to evaporate, you end up with salt and some other mineral byproducts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During high tide, bay water floods over the levees and into the first of a series of salt concentrator ponds. The sun slowly evaporates the water, making it saltier and saltier. Salt crystals begin to form when the salt concentration reaches 25.8 percent. The water is moved from one pond to the next as its salinity increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salt concentration is carefully controlled in each pond. When all the water is gone, each pond holds a bed of salt five to eight inches deep. The salt is then harvested, purified, and packaged for farm, industry, and home use. It takes about five years to go from bay water to harvested salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why Are the Ponds Green, Pink, and Orange?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_103921\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/337893086/in/album-72157594443594563/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-103921\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-103921\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Edwards SF Bay National Wildlife Refuge Exploration\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2007/03/337893086_a4ca3cb60b_o.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From above, these ghostly vestigial channels have been frozen in place since the wetlands were diked. Their shapes are memories of the tidal ebb and flow, evident in the water they retain or the salt left behind when they dry out for the season. \u003ccite>(Cris Benton)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salt is usually white, right? Out here, the salt ponds can be red, pink, orange, or deep green! The giant blocks of bright colors aren't salt but the colorful life forms that live in very salty water. Different organisms thrive in different salt concentrations. The color of each pond changes as the water evaporates and the pond becomes more saline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/364994271_700b8aa716_m.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span> Dunaliella algae can live in water with low salinity. They turn the salt green.Archaebacteria turn the salt pink or red. These can even live in completely dry salt crystals. At moderate to high salt levels, tiny brine shrimp turn the salt orange. Their orange color comes from substances, called carotenoids, that give tomatoes, carrots, and pink flamingos their bright colors.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning Salt Ponds Back into Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/335700510/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/67/335700510_eabb5a1f55_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - remnant of waterway from before levee was breached\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> To create wetlands where there now are salt ponds, the levees enclosing the ponds must be opened, or breached, to allow the tidal water to once again flow in and out. Tidal circulation transports and mixes decomposing plant matter, other nutrients, and oxygen, and helps to turn the marshland into one big smorgasbord for wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project is the third-largest wetlands restoration project in the country and the largest on the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In July 2004, ten salt ponds were opened, with nine more in March 2005. In October 2006, a levee was broken open near the ghost town of Drawbridge. The area you see (where) is slowly turning back into wetlands. Already the numbers of waterfowl and shorebirds, such as sandpipers and wigeons, and have increased dramatically. Experts estimate that it will take decades for mature wetland habitats to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Concerns and Challenges\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It takes a lot of work to restore and protect salt marshes. These vitally important habitats face dangers from encroaching development to aggressive non-native species to pollution. Many of the species that are native to salt marshes are threatened or endangered because their territory and food supplies are disappearing. People are working hard to reverse the damage caused here by past human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Studying Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329323968/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/329323968_d387abf87a_m.jpg\" alt=\"Alviso - 3 samples, 3 ecosystems, 3 colors\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> The wetlands restoration projects in the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a large one by any measure. But one of its most important features is its urban context. Surrounded by communities and industry, this project gives millions of people an up close and personal look at maturing, developing wetland habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not a lot is known about how a salt pond turns back into a mature wetland, but many people are interested in documenting the process. Much was learned with the restoration of the 200-acre LaRiviere marsh to the east, near the Visitor Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Wetland's Smallest Inhabitants\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most important inhabitants of wetlands-- and the planet-- are so tiny you can't see them individually, but, collectively, they make up a huge portion of the biomass on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bacteria Are Your Friends\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Out of the 100 million or so species of bacteria on Earth only about 100 are known to be harmful to humans. While bacteria are often just associated with disease and dirt, quite the reverse is true. You couldn't live without them! Right now there are hundreds of millions of bacterial cells living in your digestive system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because they're found in such large numbers, and in habitats ranging from ice caps to hot springs, it's not too surprising that bacteria are plentiful in wetlands. Some of the bacteria found along the Alviso Slough trail include cyanobacteria, aquatic organisms that manufacture their own food through photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cyanobacteria\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329319205/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/329319205_ed8e54f00d_m.jpg\" alt=\"sampling cyanobacteria II\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Biologist Wayne Lanier says, \"Every time you take a breath, you should say, 'Thank you, cyanobacteria!'\" Cyanobacteria are one of the largest and most important types of bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 3.5 billion years ago, there wasn't much oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. When cyanobacteria developed during the Archaean and Proterozoic Eras, they were the big guys on the block--the \"dinosaurs\" of their day. The dramatic increase in oxygen in the atmosphere generated by these organisms shaped the course of evolution, allowing much larger creatures, such as trilobites--and mammals--to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A patch of cyanobacteria is sometimes referred to as \"blue-green algae,\" but they aren't related to algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Consequences of Habitat Change\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Changing any habitat affects wildlife. In fact, one of the main arguments against restoring all of the ponds back to tidal marsh is the need to preserve some of the familiar salty habitat--the shorebirds are used to it!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some salt ponds will remain, not just to produce salt but also to provide essential habitat and shelter for dozens of species of birds, particularly during stormy weather. California's coast has been dredged and developed for years, decreasing the acreage of protected flats like the salt ponds. These ponds are critical resting places for migrating species like the Western sandpiper.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>South Bay Wetlands\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/338029816/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/338029816_a85b598923_m.jpg\" alt=\"8a. Salt Pond #A15 (across from weep)\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> Centuries ago, the salt marshes and other wetlands surrounding the bay were much larger. Many were filled in to make more room for development. Levees closed off other wetlands to make salt evaporation ponds. The first salt ponds were created in the bay in 1854. By the late twentieth century only 10 percent of the bay's original wetlands remained, and many of those were in danger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, the state of California, the federal government, and private donors purchased from Cargill Salt 16,500 acres of salt ponds, an area about half the size of San Francisco. Over the next several decades, the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project will return most of the ponds to native wetland habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca title=\"Photo Sharing\" href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/cmrosa/329318105/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm1.static.flickr.com/126/329318105_bfa9e707cb_m.jpg\" alt=\"The group heading out to the sampling sites, hello Amtrak\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> There are lots of volunteer opportunities at the Refuge Headquarters and Visitor Center in Fremont, the Environmental Education Center in Alviso, the Native Plant Nursery, and many of the satellite refuges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Don_Edwards_San_Francisco_Bay/volunteer.html\">the volunteer page\u003c/a> or call the Volunteer Program Coordinator at (510) 792-0222.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
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