QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
It's Back...The New, All-Electric Toyota RAV4 Is Unveiled In L.A.
New Research Hopes to Conquer Food Allergies
California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed?
Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District
"Whiskey’s for Drinking, Water’s for Fighting About"
Different Deltas: Q&A with Barry Nelson of the Natural Resources Defense Council
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/08/its-back-the-new-all-electric-toyota-rav4-is-unveiled-in-l-a/toyota_rav4_ev_001/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37282\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\" title=\"2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Toyota has announced the release of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/\">2012 all-electric RAV4\u003c/a>. This is the company's second effort at making a green RAV4. The unveiling of the small SUV, which will be powered by Tesla, took place Monday at the Los Angeles Convention Center as part of \u003ca href=\"http://events.ntpshow.com/evs26/public/enter.aspx\">the 26th International Electric Vehicle Symposium\u003c/a>. Toyota leased a version of the electric RAV4 from 1997 to 2003. Many of the original models, which were subsequently bought, are still on the roads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The specs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RAV4 EV combines a Tesla designed and produced battery and electric power train with Toyota’s small SUV. The electric RAV4 has an anticipated driving range of about 100 miles which is, sadly, not much different than its predecessor. The charging time should be about 6 hours using a 240v charger. The Tesla components will be manufactured at the Tesla location in Palo Alto. The manufacturing of the Rav4 EV will take place at Toyota’s plant in Ontario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37271\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/08/its-back-the-new-all-electric-toyota-rav4-is-unveiled-in-l-a/toyota-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37271\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota1.jpg\" alt=\"Unveiling of Toyota's Rav4 EV in Los Angeles\" title=\"Unveiling of Toyota's RAV4 EV in Los Angeles\" width=\"305\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37271\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unveiling of Toyota's Rav4 EV in Los Angeles. Credit: Jessica Gilman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does an electric RAV4 driver think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland has put 93,000 miles on his 2001 all-electric RAV4 and still gets about 85 miles per full charge. Although he has not driven the 2012 model, he likes his old RAV4 EV so much that he visited a Palo Alto Toyota dealer four months ago to put a deposit down on the new model. “I have been waiting for a long time,” says Friedland who was at Monday’s unveiling. “It was the car that changed my life,” he explains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After going electric eleven years ago, Friedland became a major advocate of the electric drive and is now the legislative director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pluginamerica.org/\">Plug-In America \u003c/a>where he works on EV policy and government incentives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedland was part of the group \u003ca href=\"http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/129.html\">Don’tcrush.com\u003c/a> which urged Toyota not to demolish its electric RAV4s when the Japanese car maker discontinued the model. Unlike GM with its EV 1, Toyota eventually allowed drivers to buy their lease out. “I love the quiet, the fast acceleration, the fact that I've saved 45 tons of CO2 from going into the atmosphere,\" Friedland says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where can I get one?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The MSRP for the new, electric RAV4 is expected to be $49,800, before tax credits. The car will go on sale later this year in select markets including Los Angeles, Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/08/its-back-the-new-all-electric-toyota-rav4-is-unveiled-in-l-a/toyota_rav4_ev_001/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37282\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\" title=\"2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\" width=\"640\" height=\"358\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37282\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota_RAV4_EV_001-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Toyota Rav4 EV. Credit: Toyota\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Toyota has announced the release of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyotanewsroom.com/\">2012 all-electric RAV4\u003c/a>. This is the company's second effort at making a green RAV4. The unveiling of the small SUV, which will be powered by Tesla, took place Monday at the Los Angeles Convention Center as part of \u003ca href=\"http://events.ntpshow.com/evs26/public/enter.aspx\">the 26th International Electric Vehicle Symposium\u003c/a>. Toyota leased a version of the electric RAV4 from 1997 to 2003. Many of the original models, which were subsequently bought, are still on the roads. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The specs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RAV4 EV combines a Tesla designed and produced battery and electric power train with Toyota’s small SUV. The electric RAV4 has an anticipated driving range of about 100 miles which is, sadly, not much different than its predecessor. The charging time should be about 6 hours using a 240v charger. The Tesla components will be manufactured at the Tesla location in Palo Alto. The manufacturing of the Rav4 EV will take place at Toyota’s plant in Ontario.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37271\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 305px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/08/its-back-the-new-all-electric-toyota-rav4-is-unveiled-in-l-a/toyota-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37271\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Toyota1.jpg\" alt=\"Unveiling of Toyota's Rav4 EV in Los Angeles\" title=\"Unveiling of Toyota's RAV4 EV in Los Angeles\" width=\"305\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37271\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Unveiling of Toyota's Rav4 EV in Los Angeles. Credit: Jessica Gilman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does an electric RAV4 driver think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland has put 93,000 miles on his 2001 all-electric RAV4 and still gets about 85 miles per full charge. Although he has not driven the 2012 model, he likes his old RAV4 EV so much that he visited a Palo Alto Toyota dealer four months ago to put a deposit down on the new model. “I have been waiting for a long time,” says Friedland who was at Monday’s unveiling. “It was the car that changed my life,” he explains. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "New Research Hopes to Conquer Food Allergies",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36560\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/07/new-research-to-conquer-food-allergies/peanuts_byeuromagic_640x360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36560\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"peanuts\" title=\"peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of EuroMagic via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My nephew is one of the 6 million children in the United States with food allergies. He has a severe nut allergy, requiring an epinephrine (adrenaline) injection and immediate trip to the emergency room after contact with someone whose touched or eaten nuts. His rapid onset of life-threatening symptoms includes swelling of the throat, difficulty breathing, and hives. He isn’t alone. The number of children with peanut allergies has \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise\">tripled in the last decade\u003c/a>. Every three minutes a food allergy reaction sends someone to the emergency room and every 6 minutes the reaction is one of life-threatening anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although children often out-grow their allergies to milk, egg, wheat and soy, this is occurring more slowly than in previous decades. Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish or shellfish are generally lifelong allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A food allergy reaction is a learned response, meaning that our bodies learn to overreact to particular food proteins. In this process, the IgE antibody, that is suppose to fight off infections, instead recognizes certain food proteins as abnormal invaders. The IgE antibody tells the body to release histamines and other chemicals that can cause a progressive and sometimes life-threatening reaction (see \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodallergy.org/page/animation-of-how-a-reaction-occurs\" title=\"FAAN Animation of How A Reaction Occurs\">animated explanation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there is no cure for food allergies. Unlike other allergies, there aren’t any proven treatments for food allergies either. The only solution has been to avoid the allergy-triggering food. In the case of accidental exposure, antihistamines are taken for mild reactions or epinephrine shots and a trip to the hospital are critical for more severe reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, promising food allergy therapies are now under study – recently moving from laboratory and animal testing into human clinical trials. The goal is to persuade patients’ immune systems that food allergens aren’t serious threats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early clinical trial results have shown promise for three experimental treatments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063824\" title=\"Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Oral Immunotherapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>: Under close medical supervision, patients swallow tiny but increasingly larger amounts of the allergy-triggering food in order to build up immunity. It is being tested for peanut, egg and milk allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281959\" title=\"Sublingual Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Sublingual Immunotherapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>: Liquid containing allergy-triggering food proteins is placed under the tongue, where it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. It is being tested for a variety of food allergies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22475999\" title=\"Nonallergen-specific Treatments for Food Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> (FAHF-2): Patients take pills comprised of a nine-herb formula that is based on traditional Chinese medicine. This therapy alters the global immune response, rather than that of a single allergen, so it could treat patients allergic to multiple foods. It is being tested for peanut, tree nut, fish and shellfish allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, scientists are trying to understand how food allergies develop in order to help prevent them. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464642\" title=\"Update on risk factors for food allergy\">recent studies\u003c/a> indicate that early skin exposure to a food protein leads to allergic sensitization, but early oral exposure to a food allergen induces tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new studies should give hope to the 15 million people in the United States with food allergies. In order to help educate people about food allergies, the fourteenth annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodallergy.org/section/food-allergy-awareness-week11\" title=\"Food Allergy Awareness Week\">Food Allergy Awareness Week\u003c/a> is May 13-19.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A food allergy reaction sends someone to the emergency room every three minutes. However, the 15 million people with food allergies now have hope. New clinical trials show promise for three experimental treatments: oral immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy and food allergy herbal formula-2. Scientists are also trying to understand how food allergies develop to help prevent them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36560\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/07/new-research-to-conquer-food-allergies/peanuts_byeuromagic_640x360/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36560\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"peanuts\" title=\"peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/peanuts_byEuroMagic_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph courtesy of EuroMagic via Creative Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My nephew is one of the 6 million children in the United States with food allergies. He has a severe nut allergy, requiring an epinephrine (adrenaline) injection and immediate trip to the emergency room after contact with someone whose touched or eaten nuts. His rapid onset of life-threatening symptoms includes swelling of the throat, difficulty breathing, and hives. He isn’t alone. The number of children with peanut allergies has \u003ca href=\"http://www.webmd.com/allergies/news/20100514/peanut-allergies-in-kids-on-the-rise\">tripled in the last decade\u003c/a>. Every three minutes a food allergy reaction sends someone to the emergency room and every 6 minutes the reaction is one of life-threatening anaphylaxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although children often out-grow their allergies to milk, egg, wheat and soy, this is occurring more slowly than in previous decades. Allergies to peanuts, tree nuts, fish or shellfish are generally lifelong allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A food allergy reaction is a learned response, meaning that our bodies learn to overreact to particular food proteins. In this process, the IgE antibody, that is suppose to fight off infections, instead recognizes certain food proteins as abnormal invaders. The IgE antibody tells the body to release histamines and other chemicals that can cause a progressive and sometimes life-threatening reaction (see \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodallergy.org/page/animation-of-how-a-reaction-occurs\" title=\"FAAN Animation of How A Reaction Occurs\">animated explanation\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately there is no cure for food allergies. Unlike other allergies, there aren’t any proven treatments for food allergies either. The only solution has been to avoid the allergy-triggering food. In the case of accidental exposure, antihistamines are taken for mild reactions or epinephrine shots and a trip to the hospital are critical for more severe reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, promising food allergy therapies are now under study – recently moving from laboratory and animal testing into human clinical trials. The goal is to persuade patients’ immune systems that food allergens aren’t serious threats. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early clinical trial results have shown promise for three experimental treatments:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19063824\" title=\"Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Oral Immunotherapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>: Under close medical supervision, patients swallow tiny but increasingly larger amounts of the allergy-triggering food in order to build up immunity. It is being tested for peanut, egg and milk allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281959\" title=\"Sublingual Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Sublingual Immunotherapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>: Liquid containing allergy-triggering food proteins is placed under the tongue, where it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. It is being tested for a variety of food allergies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>•\t\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22475999\" title=\"Nonallergen-specific Treatments for Food Allergy\">\u003cstrong>Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> (FAHF-2): Patients take pills comprised of a nine-herb formula that is based on traditional Chinese medicine. This therapy alters the global immune response, rather than that of a single allergen, so it could treat patients allergic to multiple foods. It is being tested for peanut, tree nut, fish and shellfish allergies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, scientists are trying to understand how food allergies develop in order to help prevent them. For instance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464642\" title=\"Update on risk factors for food allergy\">recent studies\u003c/a> indicate that early skin exposure to a food protein leads to allergic sensitization, but early oral exposure to a food allergen induces tolerance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These new studies should give hope to the 15 million people in the United States with food allergies. In order to help educate people about food allergies, the fourteenth annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodallergy.org/section/food-allergy-awareness-week11\" title=\"Food Allergy Awareness Week\">Food Allergy Awareness Week\u003c/a> is May 13-19.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Deadlocked Delta: Can it Be Fixed?",
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"headTitle": "California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36945\" title=\"DeltaOverview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the Delta, heading to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not familiar with where the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is or why it's so important to the state, you're not alone. Polls show most Californians have never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This relatively small part of California plays a crucial role in the state's water supply. And, as might be expected, it's become ground zero for a decades-long water war involving cities, farmers and fish. This year, the state is taking on an ambitious planning effort to break that deadlock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Re-plumbing California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the Delta has this starring role is thanks to a basic geography problem. Almost all of the state's water is found in the top third of the state. Most of the population lives in the bottom two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue was painfully obvious to state planners a century ago. The Central Valley promised rich soil for farmers, but had little rainfall. They knew for California to grow, they had to move water to drier parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is where California's two largest rivers come together, carrying runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To water planners, it looked like the perfect place to tap into. California began building water infrastructure at a massive scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is exported out of the Delta primarily through two large pumping plants near Tracy, about 60 miles east of San Francisco. Each moves millions of gallons of water a minute. From there, the water rushes into concrete canals that reach Los Angeles, Silicon Valley and millions of acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 700-mile system has made California the state it is today. But it's come with a cost…\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>[youtube=http://accounts.icharts.net/icharts/embed/M3vTyChC]\n\u003cdiv id=\"chartdetails111327\" class=\"chartdetails\">\u003cspan>Chart: How We Use Delta Water\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Description: Water that flows through Delta is pumped hundreds of miles across California. The Central Valley Project sends water to farms, while the State Water Project reaches Los Angeles and Silicon Valley, as well as Central Valley farmland. The Bay Area also receives water from the North Bay Aqueduct and the Contra Costa Canal. In some years, as much as 50 percent of the water that flows through the Delta is exported.\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Tags: water, delta, diversions, san francisco bay delta, fishing, salmon, smelt, exports, CCWD, kqed, quest, Delta-Mendota Canal. BDCP, farming\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Author: \u003c/span>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"http://www.icharts.net\">charts powered by iCharts\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>An Ecosystem in Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a boat in the western Delta, environmental scientist Julio Adib-Samii and team from California's Department of Fish and Game pull in a long fishing net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36947\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 234px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36947\" title=\"Deltasmelt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt-234x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Well, we have an adult Delta smelt,\" he says, holding a small, silver endangered fish that smells distinctly like a cucumber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game scientists have done these \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/delta/data/\">monthly fish surveys\u003c/a> for decades. But starting in 2002, they noticed something strange. Where they once caught a lot of Delta smelt, now, they weren't catching any. The population had crashed, as well as populations of striped bass, threadfin shad, longfin smelt and Chinook salmon. In 2008, the commercial salmon fishery shut down completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their decline is an indication of a changing environment and place they didn't evolve to be in,\" says Adib-Samii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a massive tidal marsh, full of winding channels that spread out like capillaries. After the Gold Rush, settlers put up levees to create low-lying islands for farming. Ninety-seven percent of the historic wetlands were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Stressors, One Big Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland and we need to return some of that to habitat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bnelson/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. The ecosystem has also been hit by pollution, invasive species – and by the pumping plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Timeline of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/whiskey%E2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%E2%80%99s-for-fighting-about/\">Delta history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Q&A's with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Jason Peltier\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Video explainer\u003c/a> on \"What is the Delta?\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow. It's very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps,\" says Nelson. A few years ago, federal wildlife agencies issued decisions requiring the pumping to slow down during certain times of year to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings us to the central debate in the Delta: how much water should be pumped out and how much should be left for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a limit to the amount of water you can pump from the Delta ecosystem and in the last decade it's become incredibly clear that we've exceeded that, and we've exceeded it by a lot,\" says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees. \"There is, you know, always going to be shortages. But there's also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there,\" says Jason Peltier with \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, an agricultural area in the San Joaquin Valley that depends on Delta water. He says limits on pumping have hurt the district's farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don't have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers,\" says Peltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over the environmental rules went to the courts. \"There was lawsuit after lawsuit,\" says John Laird, California's Secretary for Natural Resources. \"It got to the point that it made much more sense to look at the entire Delta as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Attempt at Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird's agency is trying to reach a compromise with the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The 10,000-page plan calls for a new way to pump water out of the Delta, through what's commonly known as the peripheral canal. Huge tunnels would take water from further upstream, bypassing the Delta, which supporters say would make the water supply more reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a new idea. In 1982, California voters defeated a similar plan. \"The real debate is not the tunnel itself. It's how much water and when can it flow through the tunnel,\" says Laird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive project could harm the Delta's endangered species, but Laird says they'll restore thousands of acres of wetlands to compensate. California voters would be on the hook for that cost, while the $12 billion tunnel would be paid for by water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tough sell but, according to Laird, a necessary one since climate change will make the state's water supply more unpredictable. The agency will release a full draft of the plan in July.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the first story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36945\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36945\" title=\"DeltaOverview\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaOverview-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A canal in the Delta, heading to the Central Valley Project.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're not familiar with where the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is or why it's so important to the state, you're not alone. Polls show most Californians have never heard of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This relatively small part of California plays a crucial role in the state's water supply. And, as might be expected, it's become ground zero for a decades-long water war involving cities, farmers and fish. This year, the state is taking on an ambitious planning effort to break that deadlock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Re-plumbing California\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason the Delta has this starring role is thanks to a basic geography problem. Almost all of the state's water is found in the top third of the state. Most of the population lives in the bottom two-thirds of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue was painfully obvious to state planners a century ago. The Central Valley promised rich soil for farmers, but had little rainfall. They knew for California to grow, they had to move water to drier parts of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is where California's two largest rivers come together, carrying runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To water planners, it looked like the perfect place to tap into. California began building water infrastructure at a massive scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is exported out of the Delta primarily through two large pumping plants near Tracy, about 60 miles east of San Francisco. Each moves millions of gallons of water a minute. From there, the water rushes into concrete canals that reach Los Angeles, Silicon Valley and millions of acres of farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This 700-mile system has made California the state it is today. But it's come with a cost…\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003cdiv id=\"chartdetails111327\" class=\"chartdetails\">\u003cspan>Chart: How We Use Delta Water\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Description: Water that flows through Delta is pumped hundreds of miles across California. The Central Valley Project sends water to farms, while the State Water Project reaches Los Angeles and Silicon Valley, as well as Central Valley farmland. The Bay Area also receives water from the North Bay Aqueduct and the Contra Costa Canal. In some years, as much as 50 percent of the water that flows through the Delta is exported.\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Tags: water, delta, diversions, san francisco bay delta, fishing, salmon, smelt, exports, CCWD, kqed, quest, Delta-Mendota Canal. BDCP, farming\u003c/span>\u003cspan>Author: \u003c/span>\u003cspan>\u003ca href=\"http://www.icharts.net\">charts powered by iCharts\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>An Ecosystem in Decline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a boat in the western Delta, environmental scientist Julio Adib-Samii and team from California's Department of Fish and Game pull in a long fishing net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36947\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 234px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36947\" title=\"Deltasmelt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltasmelt-234x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"234\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Delta smelt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Well, we have an adult Delta smelt,\" he says, holding a small, silver endangered fish that smells distinctly like a cucumber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish and Game scientists have done these \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/delta/data/\">monthly fish surveys\u003c/a> for decades. But starting in 2002, they noticed something strange. Where they once caught a lot of Delta smelt, now, they weren't catching any. The population had crashed, as well as populations of striped bass, threadfin shad, longfin smelt and Chinook salmon. In 2008, the commercial salmon fishery shut down completely for two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their decline is an indication of a changing environment and place they didn't evolve to be in,\" says Adib-Samii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta was once a massive tidal marsh, full of winding channels that spread out like capillaries. After the Gold Rush, settlers put up levees to create low-lying islands for farming. Ninety-seven percent of the historic wetlands were lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Multiple Stressors, One Big Question\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland and we need to return some of that to habitat,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bnelson/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. The ecosystem has also been hit by pollution, invasive species – and by the pumping plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[box size=small align=right color=white]\u003cstrong>More in our Series\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Timeline of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/whiskey%E2%80%99s-for-drinking-water%E2%80%99s-for-fighting-about/\">Delta history\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Q&A's with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Barry Nelson\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Jason Peltier\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/what-is-california%E2%80%99s-delta/\">Video explainer\u003c/a> on \"What is the Delta?\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[/box]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow. It's very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps,\" says Nelson. A few years ago, federal wildlife agencies issued decisions requiring the pumping to slow down during certain times of year to protect fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This brings us to the central debate in the Delta: how much water should be pumped out and how much should be left for fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a limit to the amount of water you can pump from the Delta ecosystem and in the last decade it's become incredibly clear that we've exceeded that, and we've exceeded it by a lot,\" says Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone agrees. \"There is, you know, always going to be shortages. But there's also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there,\" says Jason Peltier with \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a>, an agricultural area in the San Joaquin Valley that depends on Delta water. He says limits on pumping have hurt the district's farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can't get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don't have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers,\" says Peltier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The battle over the environmental rules went to the courts. \"There was lawsuit after lawsuit,\" says John Laird, California's Secretary for Natural Resources. \"It got to the point that it made much more sense to look at the entire Delta as a whole.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Attempt at Progress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laird's agency is trying to reach a compromise with the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/Home.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Plan\u003c/a>. The 10,000-page plan calls for a new way to pump water out of the Delta, through what's commonly known as the peripheral canal. Huge tunnels would take water from further upstream, bypassing the Delta, which supporters say would make the water supply more reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't a new idea. In 1982, California voters defeated a similar plan. \"The real debate is not the tunnel itself. It's how much water and when can it flow through the tunnel,\" says Laird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The massive project could harm the Delta's endangered species, but Laird says they'll restore thousands of acres of wetlands to compensate. California voters would be on the hook for that cost, while the $12 billion tunnel would be paid for by water users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District",
"title": "Different Deltas: Q&A with Jason Peltier of Westlands Water District",
"headTitle": "California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "QUEST Radio Reporter Lauren Sommer interviews Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District, a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Jason Peltier\u003c/strong>, the Deputy General Manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. The Westlands Water District is a 600,000 acre agricultural district on the west side of the San Joaquin valley. It’s part of the 3 million acres of farmland that’s served by water that’s moved from the Delta. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-barry-nelson-nrdc/\">Q&A with Barry Nelson\u003c/a> of the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37003\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37003\" title=\"Jason-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg\" alt=\"Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Jason-Head-shot160-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jason Peltier, Deputy General Manager of Westlands Water District\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where does the water for Westlands agriculture come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our history, California has accomplished great engineering feats with a system of dams and reservoirs. Those dams, like \u003ca href=\"http://www.usbr.gov/mp/ncao/shasta/\">Shasta\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=882\">Folsom\u003c/a>, allow us to store water and move it through time. In other words, from wet season to dry season. And the aqueducts allow us to move the water from place to place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How has the allocation of water changed over the years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 20 years, our farmers have seen dramatic swings in their water supply, mostly on the downside. We’ve experienced 40%, 60%, up to 90% reductions in deliveries out of the Delta. In some cases there were dry years, but mostly it’s driven by environmental laws, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/sacramento/Fisheries/CAMP-Program/CVPIA/fisheries_camp-program_cvpia.htm\">Central Valley Project Improvement Act\u003c/a>. They’ve had a rough couple of decades dealing with uncertainty, unpredictability. You can’t get a loan to farm unless you can show the banker what water you have. And they don’t have a lot of confidence in going to their bankers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen years ago, people were astonished by it. Now they are learning how to cope with it to some extent. The district has purchased 100,000 acres of farmland and taken it out of irrigated agriculture. Our farmers have shifted their crops to higher value, permanent crops, so they can afford to buy water on the market when the projects can’t deliver water. 80% of the district is on drip irrigation today. We’ve seen our water rates go up tremendously -- our cheapest water is $100 an acre foot. Sometimes on the market, farmers are paying $400 an acre-foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do those fluctuations come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Part of these 20 years of water supply uncertainty has been driven primarily by environmental laws and restrictions. The restrictions that emanate out of the Endangered Species Act in the form of the biological opinions issued by the federal agencies have been kind of an added wrinkle of complexity for us. We can look at the results of reallocating water supply over the last two decades, and here in the last few years, you know, the fish have not done any better. We’ve seen 40 million acre-feet reallocated from human use to environmental use, and we haven’t seen the kind of response any of us would like to see. It’s very frustrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Westlands has sued over--\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, yes, there’s been a lot of litigation and I’m sure there will be going forth because the stakes are so high. We’re quite happy to use the third branch of government to help to decide some of these huge differences we have with the administration. You know, we lose more than we win. But you know, it helps, even losing creates some certainty that, in the big picture, is of great value to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Now, there’s a new planning effort underway to create more certainty, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the stakeholders kind of came together and said you know, what we’re living, this status quo is unacceptable for all of our interests. So we’ve got to try and find a new approach, a new way to address and resolve the conflicts between water project operations and our fisheries and our ecosystem. And that’s what gave rise to the \u003ca href=\"http://baydeltaconservationplan.com/BDCPPlanningProcess/AboutTheBDCP.aspx\">Bay Delta Conservation Planning\u003c/a> effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>That plan, the Bay Delta Conservation Plan, calls for a large tunnel or canal to take water around the Delta, instead of through it.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been recognized for decades that the location of the export pumps in the southern end of the Delta is a real problem for water quality issues, for vulnerability to earthquakes, for fish on some levels. So, we’re kind of trying to figure out how can we relocate those intakes up to the Sacramento River? We would be able to positively screen for fish, because we’d have a river flowing by. So there’s the alternative conveyance, probably cost $12 billion. And we think, you know, it is expensive. But it’s not because we have such a huge population base to spread our costs over. There’s a huge part of the economy of California that is at-risk today. And we shouldn’t accept that. We shouldn’t live with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The plan also calls for a lot of habitat restoration. Who should pay for that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our current planning target for recreation of intertidal habitat is about 60,000 acres. It’s to be determined how that’s going to be paid for. But in our minds, most of that is a public investment. That land was at one time fully in contact with water. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/cadastral/Manual/73man/id286_m.htm\">Swamp and Overflow Act\u003c/a> in the mid-1800s, islands were created, levees were built, and that water-land contact was lost. We can’t go back and find the people that built the levees in the 1800s, but we can recognize that there’s a broad public value for increasing intertidal habitat and trying to recreate some of the food conditions. Creating better habitat creates more food for the lower-end of the food chain, which then hopefully will work its way up to help the native fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fish recovery is good for everybody, right?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Delta is not dying - it’s a healthy and vibrant place. But there are those that think that the system is over-subscribed. We hear, “we don’t have enough water in California; we’ve got too many people, too many demands.” Some years, that’s the case. But there are also a lot of years when we have absolutely plenty of water in the system to meet the reasonable needs that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Plenty of water to meet the needs of both water users and the species?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the beneficial uses. The average through the years is at about 80% of the water that flows into the Delta goes out to the ocean. And after a new conveyance is built, we’ll still be at about 80%. If somebody could tell me specifically where additional water is needed, when it’s needed and what good it’s going to do, we could have a conversation. As it is, it’s kind of a bumper sticker kind of a debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right, fish vs. farms.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers and fishermen have a heck of a lot more in common than they have dividing them. One of the saddest things for me right now is that we can’t work together more constructively: they want healthy fishery to sustain their fishing, and we want a healthy fishery to sustain our ability to export water. And we have an identity of interest. It’s just how we come at the problem.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting about,” the quote famously attributed to Mark Twain, aptly characterizes the tumultuous history of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Little understood, but hotly contested, the roughly 1,000-square mile inland estuary on the western edge of the Central Valley has vexed California’s for more than 150 years; first as a barrier to settlement and later as a serious plumbing problem. The Delta was formed roughly 18,000 years ago, when melting glaciers carved out the San Francisco Bay and northern rivers dragged debris and sediment from the Sierra toward the ocean. About half of California’s watersheds flow into it – mainly through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Spanish explorers first viewed the Delta from the top of Mt. Diablo in the late 1700’s, they thought they had discovered an inland sea. A vast low-lying, partly submerged marshland of wetland plants (tules) and winding tidal channels, the Delta teemed with birds and game animals, including elk, antelope, and grizzly bears. It’s only human inhabitants – small settlements of Miwok Indians – fished and hunted there during the drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Delta, dotted with levees and constructed islands, bears little resemblance to its native state; much has been reclaimed for agricultural use. But it wasn’t until the mid-Nineteenth Century, just over 150 years ago, that its momentous physical transformation began. It’s been a Herculean effort to meet the steep demands of California’s increasingly crowded and insatiably thirsty population, nearly two-thirds of who rely on the Delta as a primary water source. A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta also remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick paddle through the key events in the slideshow above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting about,” the quote famously attributed to Mark Twain, aptly characterizes the tumultuous history of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Little understood, but hotly contested, the roughly 1,000-square mile inland estuary on the western edge of the Central Valley has vexed California’s for more than 150 years; first as a barrier to settlement and later as a serious plumbing problem. The Delta was formed roughly 18,000 years ago, when melting glaciers carved out the San Francisco Bay and northern rivers dragged debris and sediment from the Sierra toward the ocean. About half of California’s watersheds flow into it – mainly through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Spanish explorers first viewed the Delta from the top of Mt. Diablo in the late 1700’s, they thought they had discovered an inland sea. A vast low-lying, partly submerged marshland of wetland plants (tules) and winding tidal channels, the Delta teemed with birds and game animals, including elk, antelope, and grizzly bears. It’s only human inhabitants – small settlements of Miwok Indians – fished and hunted there during the drier months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the Delta, dotted with levees and constructed islands, bears little resemblance to its native state; much has been reclaimed for agricultural use. But it wasn’t until the mid-Nineteenth Century, just over 150 years ago, that its momentous physical transformation began. It’s been a Herculean effort to meet the steep demands of California’s increasingly crowded and insatiably thirsty population, nearly two-thirds of who rely on the Delta as a primary water source. A stark symbol of our quest to bend nature to our will, the Delta also remains the epicenter of an epic drama of seemingly insurmountable political battles and power struggles, pitting north against south; farmer against environmentalist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did it get like this?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take a quick paddle through the key events in the slideshow above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Different Deltas: Q&A with Barry Nelson of the Natural Resources Defense Council",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Barry Nelson\u003c/strong>, the Senior Policy Analyst for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Q&A with Jason Peltier\u003c/a> of the Westlands Water District\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37011\" title=\"Barry-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg\" alt=\"Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When were the first signs that the Delta ecosystem was in trouble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, we’ve seen a steadily growing trend of diversions from the Delta. If you look at long-term averages, you filter out the impacts of droughts and wet years, we’ve taken more and more and more water from the Delta pretty steadily for the last 50 years, and that really hit a crisis point in the ‘90s. That’s the point at which we started seeing the winter-run salmon and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/Delta_smelt/index.html\">Delta smelt\u003c/a> being protected under the state and federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And ten years ago, things really changed dramatically. Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed. It was called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pod/pod_index.html\">pelagic organism decline\u003c/a>.” But what it meant was pretty simple: that everything swimming in the Delta was in deep trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we’ve got half a dozen species in deep trouble in the estuary and a fishing industry that’s honestly fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What caused their decline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of work has been done looking at this catastrophic, across-the-board, collapse of the Bay Delta ecosystem. And the bottom line was recognition that, while there are lots of stressors, there are pollution problems in the ecosystem. We do have invasive species like clams that have come from overseas. But the core problem is the amount of water we pump out of that system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a huge fight in the courts over this issue. And ultimately, the courts and then the agencies imposed a new set of rules that really have returned us to the level of pumping we saw for about 30 years prior to the 2000’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what were those rules on pumping?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta’s a complicated ecosystem. As water flows through it, it flows through it in a complicated pattern. Fish have evolved to survive with that pattern; water coming through at certain times of year, and flowing through those Delta channels into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the federal rules control two things: the amount of water that flows all the way through the ecosystem into the Bay in order to maintain a healthy ecosystem and the extent to which some of the channels within the Delta flow backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow in these Delta channels. And if you’re a young migrating salmon swimming downstream towards the ocean as Mother Nature programmed you, when the Delta channels are flowing the wrong direction, it’s very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps. And that’s why those pumps have killed in the last decade or so not a million fish, not tens of millions of fish, but over a hundred million young fish killed just at the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you could design your ideal plan for the Delta, what would that look like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, we know we need to see some real habitat restoration in the Delta. We’ve converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland, and in order to restore a healthy Delta, we need to return some of that to habitat. And actually I think that’s something where there’s a fair amount of agreement. How you do that is not trivial, but I think there’s a fair amount of agreement around that. And given the challenge of maintaining all of the existing levees in perpetuity, the question is: are we going to do it in a planned and thoughtful way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, we really don’t have a choice but to maintain a lot of our Delta levees for a couple of decades. It’s going to take a long time to make major changes in the Delta. And there is so much infrastructure, the Delta communities, Delta farming, and water supply that depend on Delta levees today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, from our perspective, the challenge we face in terms of exporting water from the Delta is first figuring out how much water we can safely pump from the Delta. And then designing a facility around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’re talking about the “peripheral canal,” right? A canal or tunnel that would take water around the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there are two conflicting visions for a facility in the Delta. One is the old plan. Fifty years ago, the state of California was planning to build a peripheral canal around the Delta, an enormous facility that would allow those pumps in the south Delta to take water from the north Delta and pump it around the Delta rather than through Delta channels. And that was really a simple proposal to simply take more water from the ecosystem. We know now that that, the amount of water that that would have taken would have been devastating to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the old version of the canal. But there’s a new version out there. And that is a proposal to deal with earthquake risks in the Delta. It’s to deal with the fact that there really are earthquake risks in the Delta that represent significant threats to water supply. And a facility could provide a lifeline in case the Delta was to temporarily fail. What we’re struggling with right now is that we have competing interests in California advancing two different visions for what the problem is in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With such a long history of disagreement, what are the chances of agreeing on a plan? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason that the discussion on the Delta is so politically heated that people don’t usually talk about. And that is California is out of rivers. If you look around the state of California at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River\">Colorado River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River\">Klamath River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_%28California%29\">Trinity River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_River\">Owens River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin\u003c/a>, on and on, we’ve really started to hit real hard physical limits in the amount of water we can take out of all of those rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago we weren’t paying enough attention to sea level rise impacts. We weren’t really thinking about earthquake risks in, in the Delta. So there really is a sense that we need to figure this problem out this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what makes the Delta debate so compelling. The Delta is an incredibly important ecosystem. It’s an incredibly important place for a quarter million people who live there. And it’s a tremendously important water supply for the state of California. There are a lot of reasons why our planning efforts today could fail, but it’s so important to the future of the state. It’s so important to the health of the Bay and the Bay Area, it’s so important to the future of the salmon industry, to the residents of the Delta. We can’t let that effort fail.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Water from the Delta has been fought over for more than a half century. Reporter Lauren Sommer sat down with \u003cstrong>Barry Nelson\u003c/strong>, the Senior Policy Analyst for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> to discuss the future of the Delta and California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For another viewpoint, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/q-a-with-jason-peltier-of-wwd/\">Q&A with Jason Peltier\u003c/a> of the Westlands Water District\u003c/em> or see the rest of our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series coverage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37011\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 160px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37011\" title=\"Barry-Head-shot160\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg\" alt=\"Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\" width=\"160\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Barry-Head-shot1601-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barry Nelson, Senior Policy Analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When were the first signs that the Delta ecosystem was in trouble?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1960s, we’ve seen a steadily growing trend of diversions from the Delta. If you look at long-term averages, you filter out the impacts of droughts and wet years, we’ve taken more and more and more water from the Delta pretty steadily for the last 50 years, and that really hit a crisis point in the ‘90s. That’s the point at which we started seeing the winter-run salmon and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/fish/Delta_smelt/index.html\">Delta smelt\u003c/a> being protected under the state and federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/esa.html\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And ten years ago, things really changed dramatically. Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed. It was called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.science.calwater.ca.gov/pod/pod_index.html\">pelagic organism decline\u003c/a>.” But what it meant was pretty simple: that everything swimming in the Delta was in deep trouble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now we’ve got half a dozen species in deep trouble in the estuary and a fishing industry that’s honestly fighting for survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What caused their decline?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of work has been done looking at this catastrophic, across-the-board, collapse of the Bay Delta ecosystem. And the bottom line was recognition that, while there are lots of stressors, there are pollution problems in the ecosystem. We do have invasive species like clams that have come from overseas. But the core problem is the amount of water we pump out of that system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a huge fight in the courts over this issue. And ultimately, the courts and then the agencies imposed a new set of rules that really have returned us to the level of pumping we saw for about 30 years prior to the 2000’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And what were those rules on pumping?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Starting in 2000, suddenly we started taking a lot more water out of the Delta for a lot of reasons. It was an enormous increase, about a 20% increase on average. And the ecosystem crashed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Delta’s a complicated ecosystem. As water flows through it, it flows through it in a complicated pattern. Fish have evolved to survive with that pattern; water coming through at certain times of year, and flowing through those Delta channels into the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, the federal rules control two things: the amount of water that flows all the way through the ecosystem into the Bay in order to maintain a healthy ecosystem and the extent to which some of the channels within the Delta flow backwards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pumps in the south Delta are so powerful that they literally reverse the direction of flow in these Delta channels. And if you’re a young migrating salmon swimming downstream towards the ocean as Mother Nature programmed you, when the Delta channels are flowing the wrong direction, it’s very easy for those fish to follow that water and get sucked right into the pumps. And that’s why those pumps have killed in the last decade or so not a million fish, not tens of millions of fish, but over a hundred million young fish killed just at the pumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So if you could design your ideal plan for the Delta, what would that look like? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, we know we need to see some real habitat restoration in the Delta. We’ve converted almost every scrap of habitat in the Delta to farmland, and in order to restore a healthy Delta, we need to return some of that to habitat. And actually I think that’s something where there’s a fair amount of agreement. How you do that is not trivial, but I think there’s a fair amount of agreement around that. And given the challenge of maintaining all of the existing levees in perpetuity, the question is: are we going to do it in a planned and thoughtful way?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, we really don’t have a choice but to maintain a lot of our Delta levees for a couple of decades. It’s going to take a long time to make major changes in the Delta. And there is so much infrastructure, the Delta communities, Delta farming, and water supply that depend on Delta levees today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Third, from our perspective, the challenge we face in terms of exporting water from the Delta is first figuring out how much water we can safely pump from the Delta. And then designing a facility around that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’re talking about the “peripheral canal,” right? A canal or tunnel that would take water around the Delta?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, there are two conflicting visions for a facility in the Delta. One is the old plan. Fifty years ago, the state of California was planning to build a peripheral canal around the Delta, an enormous facility that would allow those pumps in the south Delta to take water from the north Delta and pump it around the Delta rather than through Delta channels. And that was really a simple proposal to simply take more water from the ecosystem. We know now that that, the amount of water that that would have taken would have been devastating to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the old version of the canal. But there’s a new version out there. And that is a proposal to deal with earthquake risks in the Delta. It’s to deal with the fact that there really are earthquake risks in the Delta that represent significant threats to water supply. And a facility could provide a lifeline in case the Delta was to temporarily fail. What we’re struggling with right now is that we have competing interests in California advancing two different visions for what the problem is in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>With such a long history of disagreement, what are the chances of agreeing on a plan? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a reason that the discussion on the Delta is so politically heated that people don’t usually talk about. And that is California is out of rivers. If you look around the state of California at the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River\">Colorado River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River\">Klamath River\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_%28California%29\">Trinity River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_River\">Owens River\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river/\">San Joaquin\u003c/a>, on and on, we’ve really started to hit real hard physical limits in the amount of water we can take out of all of those rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago we weren’t paying enough attention to sea level rise impacts. We weren’t really thinking about earthquake risks in, in the Delta. So there really is a sense that we need to figure this problem out this time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what makes the Delta debate so compelling. The Delta is an incredibly important ecosystem. It’s an incredibly important place for a quarter million people who live there. And it’s a tremendously important water supply for the state of California. There are a lot of reasons why our planning efforts today could fail, but it’s so important to the future of the state. It’s so important to the health of the Bay and the Bay Area, it’s so important to the future of the salmon industry, to the residents of the Delta. We can’t let that effort fail.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36831\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/04/phoebe-quirky-mystical-magical-moon/phoebe-and-saturn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36831\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phoebe and Saturn\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36831\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/phoebe-and-saturn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoebe and Saturn. Credit: NASA/Cassini\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Who's Phoebe? That quirky blonde from Friends? The mysteriously magical nanny from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nannyandtheprofessor.com/\" title=\"Nanny and the Professor\" target=\"_blank\">that old sitcom\u003c/a>? A bird? A plant? All that--but the one I'm talking about is the moon of Saturn, once thought to be a captured comet, and now believed by some scientists to be something much rarer: a captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.universetoday.com/35974/planetesimals/\" title=\"Planetesimals\" target=\"_blank\">planetesimal\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe: a bit more than 120 miles across—and more potato-shaped than spherical—with a surface gravity approximately 200 times weaker than Earth's (yes, I'd weigh about one pound standing on the surface), Phoebe is not of the stature of its larger, rounder fellow moons of greater fame: Luna, Ganymede, Titan, and the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've known of Phoebe's existence since 1899, when it was discovered by astronomer W. H. Pickering, and from the start Phoebe was observed to be different from Saturn's \"mainline\" moons—ones organized into a common orbital plane in close alignment with Saturn's equator, with nice, nearly circular orbits. Phoebe is too much a nonconformist for that; orbiting at a steep, rakish angle from Saturn's equatorial plane, backwards with respect to the conformist crowd, and with great elliptical eccentricity, Phoebe is a fringe radical! And at 30 times the distance from Saturn as our Moon is from Earth, it takes Phoebe longer to orbit Saturn (1.5 years) than Earth does to round the Sun!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these peculiarities added up to the hypothesis that Phoebe was not an \"indigenous\" satellite of Saturn—one that formed with Saturn early in the ages of the solar system—but a solar system object that was captured by Saturn at some point, and since has remained in orbit. And due to its low density (little more than one and a half times as dense as water ice), Phoebe was assumed to be a former comet. Comets passing close to gas giant planets like Saturn are sometimes flung in different directions, sometimes broken up, and sometimes even crash into the planet. But they can also be captured into orbit, as probably many of Jupiter's smaller satellites, and Mars' brood of two, were: former asteroids from the neighboring asteroid belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a comet is a bit of material—ice and rock—left over from the formation of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, pristine and barely altered from its original state. Recently, NASA's Cassini mission has suggested a \u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/\" title=\"Cassini on Phoebe\" target=\"_blank\">different origination story for Phoebe\u003c/a>, based on imagery and data obtained from our first up-close look at this object by the Cassini spacecraft, in 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe may be a \"planetesimal\"—an object that formed in the young solar system, coalescing from dust and ice into a larger and larger body. Evidence suggests that Phoebe was warmed enough during its formation, and perhaps afterward by decay of radioactive materials, to have achieved a spherical shape, a differentiated rocky core and outer shell of lighter material and ices, and possibly even to have harbored liquid water—all very planet-like qualities. As well, it may have remained in this state for quite some time before cooling down and freezing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possibly originating in the Kuiper Belt, beyond Neptune's orbit, Phoebe would have migrated inward and eventually been captured when passing too close to Saturn -- at the same time avoiding the typical fate of planetesimals, which is to merge with a forming planet. Planetesimals, once the bread and butter of the young solar system, are the building blocks of planets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoebe, then, may be a very remarkable object--a quirky, mysteriously magical moon; a vision of the early solar system that once swarmed with such objects, even before the planets themselves appeared. It's a messenger from the past, possibly carrying within it evidence that could tell us where we came from. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/03/which-are-gassier-volcanoes-or-humans/gasbubbles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36851\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gasbubbles-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gasbubbles\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carbon dioxide streams into a pond near the Sulphur Bank mine at Clear Lake. Volcanic gases are a very small factor in the atmospheric system that controls world climate. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here in the Bay Area, it's easy to find volcanic influences: Just visit one of our many hot springs, or Clear Lake, where I took this photo. These gassy springs that are bubbling with carbon dioxide are associated with young magma underneath the northern Coast Range. Many people believe that volcanic emissions of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> are a much greater influence on world climate than CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> from human activities. Is that right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answer is no. It's a persistent delusion, similar to the idea that U.S. foreign aid is responsible for the national debt. Volcanoes erupt because of water vapor dissolved in lava. Volcanoes do release CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, sometimes a great deal of it, but humans have been outdoing nature for a long time. Geoscientists have made many estimates of global volcanic CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> production because it's one of those important numbers in the long-term, geologic carbon cycle. Plate tectonics carries buried carbon down into the deep Earth, and volcanoes burp it back up again. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the global scale, the natural carbon cycle is slow and gentle, although the numbers may seem large: Volcanoes on land and under the sea release somewhere between 150 and 260 million tons of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> per year. However, human emissions of this greenhouse gas are around 35 billion-with-a-B tons a year when you add up burning oil and gas, manufacturing cement, running coal-fired power plants, and changes in land use like digging up soil and cutting down forests. We are a preposterously greater emitter of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> -- two orders of magnitude greater. And while volcanoes are pretty steady, humans are getting worse and worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanologist Terry Gerlach, of the U.S. Geological Survey, has been publicizing this inconvenient truth. \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/pdf/2011EO240001.pdf\">In a 2011 article in \u003ci>Eos\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, aimed at scientists, he puts the numbers in a geological context. If volcanoes had to match the human output, he says, it would require one or more Yellowstone-size supereruptions every year. Put another way, there would have to be ten Mount St. Helens eruptions every single day. (By the law of averages the U.S. would get one of these about once a week.) I say, lie back in your local hot spring and rejoice that CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions are a problem that human ingenuity and action can address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/gases\">Learn more about the basics of volcanic gases at Volcano World.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ",
"title": "Classification Challenge: Documenting Microbes, Biodiversity’s Hidden Treasure ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36715\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/journal-pbio640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36715\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36715\" title=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/journal.pbio640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tubeworms and bacteria\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi lives around hydrocarbon-releasing ocean floor seeps in the Gulf ofMexico. It gets the sulfide it needs to survive from amenagerie of bacteria and archaea that live in the sedimentssurrounding the vent. (Credit: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The impulse to classify life seems hard-wired in our species, a relic perhaps of an ancient need to forage in landscapes rife with poisonous roots, fruits, shoots and fungi. Not that the need has disappeared. You get just once chance to mistake \u003cem>Amanita phalloides\u003c/em>—aka the “death cap”—for the delectable paddy straw mushroom \u003cem>(Volvariella volvacea).\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linnaeus’ \u003cem>Systema Naturae\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nintroduced the modern framework for classification, helping scientists categorize life as a first step to understanding it. Taxonomists have now described roughly 1.5 million species, just a fraction of the true measure of the planet’s biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Figuring out how many species inhabit Earth remains one of science’s most enduring, and elusive, challenges. A recent census effort, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGomnF\">published last summer,\u003c/a> placed the estimate at around 8.7 million species on land and sea, with the vast majority still awaiting description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper raised a stir, not least because its estimate of microbial diversity was so low (for bacteria, about 10,000 species), to the consternation of many, including \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IGpebS\">UC Davis professor Jonathan Eisen,\u003c/a> an evolutionary biologist and microbe ambassador. But I’ll return to that in a moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking stock of the number of species on the planet helps biologists predict how losing them might impact ecosystems. But we’re losing species faster than biologists can discover and describe them, let alone identify the conditions they need to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a \u003ca href=\"http://sci.odu.edu/biology/directory/Butchart%20et%20al%20Global%20biodiversity%20declines%20Science.pdf\">somber report published a few years ago\u003c/a> made clear, the Convention on Biological Diversity’s push to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 has largely failed. Several categories of animals skirt the brink of extinction while threats to ecosystem health, from nitrogen pollution to overfishing, continue unabated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Kareiva, chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy, \u003ca href=\"http://breakthroughjournal.org/content/authors/peter-kareiva-robert-lalasz-an-1/conservation-in-the-anthropoce.shtml\">described our failure in an essay: \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biodiversity on Earth continues its rapid decline. We continue to lose forests in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. There are so few wild tigers and apes that they will be lost forever if current trends continue. Simply put, we are losing many more special places and species than we're saving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kareiva’s point was not that we should all hang our heads in defeat, or dig in our heels and fence off more and more land from our ever-expanding ecological footprint. He suggested something more radical: recognize the resilience of nature—not “nature” with a capital “N” but nature as a complex system of physical forces and chemical processes—and our place in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Embrace your inner microbe\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here’s where microbes come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: by the numbers, you’re more microbe than human. Microbes outnumber you by at least 10 to 1. Your eyelashes, hair, saliva and skin offer prime habitat to a multitude of microorganisms. What looks like a body part to you looks like a niche to microbes. When you type, you \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/news/knight20100315.html\">leave a unique microbial fingerprint on your keyboard.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real action takes place in your gut, Microbe Megalopolis, population 100 trillion, give or take a few. And here’s where it gets interesting. Your gut microflora and mine differ. And these variations can spell the difference between health and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a Stanford microbiologist and “microbiome” pioneer, \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JACQbY\">told a reporter\u003c/a> that the diversity and individual variation of our gut microbial communities suggests that “one of the most important ecosystems on the planet might be the human body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36708\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 277px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/classification-challenge-documenting-microbes-biodiversity%e2%80%99s-hidden-treasure/cover_art1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36708\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-36708\" title=\"gut microbe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/gutmicrobe-277x360.jpg\" alt=\"gut microbe\" width=\"277\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">B. thetaiotaomicron, a prominent human gutbacterium, and the intestine. (Image: PLoS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have now implicated the microbiome in allergies, autoimmune disease, obesity, and a variety of other conditions. And it all started with one study that showed that when you transplant a microbial community from one mouse to another, the phenotype--traits associated with that community, in this case, obesity--goes with it, explains Eisen. “That changed everything. Until that paper came along no one had shown that microbes played that big a role.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We know microbes are the most abundant life form on Earth. But that doesn’t mean we can take them for granted. Many of their natural habitats—both landscapes and organisms—are disappearing. When host organisms disappear, the microbes will go with them. The reverse could also be true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most captive breeding programs to restore endangered species to the wild concentrate on genetic diversity as the key to survival. “But no one’s really saying we need to worry about their microbes too,” says Eisen. “No one’s focusing on whatever we need to do to make sure they have the right microbial community with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An improbable field guide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 6,000 to 8,000 species of bacteria have been described so far, but biologists like Eisen think there may be hundreds of thousands or even billions of niches to exploit. Trying to count microbe species is a losing proposition, he thinks. But trying to characterize microbe diversity by thinking in terms of niches isn’t. Microbes exploit different niches just like any other organism, from Darwin’s finches to Arctic foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A self-described “bird nerd” since he was 7 years old, Eisen thinks the best way to get a handle on the seemingly intractable diversity of microbial life on the planet is to \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoD6Fs5yRdU\">think in terms of field guides\u003c/a>. Document everything you know about different types of microbes, their niches, range, biology, genetics and ways to identify them. That becomes both a reference and an organizational framework for gathering and making sense of the mountains of data, mostly genetic, gathered from the places microbes live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “metagenomic” tools, scientists sift through reams of genetic material extracted from environmental samples by matching gene sequences to known organisms or, if nothing matches, to something roughly similar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is obviously different from skeletons, bones and fossils, Eisen says, but the classification, clustering and taxonomy methods are no different from what ecologists, archeologists and paleontologists have been doing for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the microbe field guide is a tad more ambitious than any field guide to birds. The enormity of the task was perhaps best expressed by metagenomic pioneer Julian Davies in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/brunslab/espm131/readings/gewin2006.pdf\">quote beloved by microbe hunters:\u003c/a> “Once the diversity of the microbial world is catalogued, it will make astronomy look like a pitiful science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to overstate microbes’ importance to the planet. They drive the global carbon and nitrogen cycles that make life possible, regulate climate, purify groundwater and detoxify waste. If it weren’t for the ancient forebears of \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/JBGTVx\">ocean-dwelling cyanobacteria,\u003c/a> which pumped oxygen into Earth’s atmosphere after emerging some 3.5 billion years ago, we probably wouldn’t exist.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The (Dog's) Nose Knows: Sensor Mimics Canine Sniffing Cells For Smells",
"title": "The (Dog's) Nose Knows: Sensor Mimics Canine Sniffing Cells For Smells",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36528\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/the-dogs-nose-knows-sensor-mimics-canine-sniffing-cells-for-smells/dog-nose-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36528\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/dog-nose-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"dog nose macro\" title=\"dog nose resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36528\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image credit: Flickr/{link url=” http://www.flickr.com/photos/62468090@N00/140846900 “}great_sea{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dogs’ amazing sense of smell can help police officers find lost people, illegal drugs or smuggled food. Scientists use trained sniffer dogs to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/30/us-usa-pythons-dogs-idUSBRE83T19J20120430\">track pythons in the Everglades\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/01/07/144752385/dog-trained-as-ultimate-whale-pooper-snooper\">find whales\u003c/a> by smelling their floating poop. And some dogs can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133498144/can-dogs-smell-cancer\">smell cancer\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to build devices that can detect odors as sensitively as a dog’s nose. Now researchers in South Korea have built a sensor that works like a dog’s nose, without using canine sniffing cells. The new device combines a simplified version of the cells in dog’s nose with tiny transistors similar to those in our computers. It senses hexanal, a chemical commonly released by rotting food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a dog takes a whiff of something (possibly stinky to us!), chemical vapors bind to matching proteins on the surface of different cells in its nose. Binding of the aroma molecule sends a cascade of charged ions coursing through the cell. Those ions create an electric field that travels through the cell. This chemical and electrical wave travels along connected cells and neurons until it reaches the dog’s brain as a nerve impulse, signaling that the animal encountered that particular smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tai Hyun Park and \u003ca href=\"http://hnd.snu.ac.kr/hong.htm\">Seunghun Hong\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.useoul.edu/\">Seoul National University\u003c/a>, with their colleagues, recreated a simplified version of the detecting cells in a dog’s nose using tiny bubbles made from cell membrane. The scientists engineered human kidney cells to produce the canine receptor protein for hexanal, a chemical released by rotting food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These cells naturally contain a handful of accessory proteins that generate the ion cascade once the smell molecule binds to its receptor. The researchers shook the engineered cells and tiny bits of membrane pinched off into tiny bubbles that contained the dog receptor protein and the accessory proteins (see left side of the picture below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/the-dogs-nose-knows-sensor-mimics-canine-sniffing-cells-for-smells/figure-1b_600dpi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/figure-1b_600dpi-640x295.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"figure-1b_600dpi\" width=\"640\" height=\"295\" class=\"size-large wp-image-36529\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of new sensor. On right: The bubble contains dog smell receptor protein (labeled olfactory) and accessory proteins that allow calcium ions to flow inside when the receptor protein binds hexanal. The bubble sits atop a web of carbon nanotubes. Left: Calcium ions flow into the bubble when the receptor protein binds the target, hexanal. Image credit: Seunghun Hong, Seoul National University in Korea\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists placed these bubbles atop a web of conducting carbon nanotubes, hollow cylinders made from carbon sheets. When the receptor protein in the bubble captures hexanal, the other proteins begin the chemical cascade that ends with calcium ions flowing into the bubble (right side of the picture above). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new sensor does not detect the electric field created by those ions, as a dog’s brain eventually would. It measures how that electric field influences current flowing through a nanotube transistor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the transistor, carbon nanotubes stretch between two electrodes and current flows freely through the nanotubes. The positive electric field created by the ions inside the bubble repels the positive charges zipping through the carbon nanotubes. Without free flowing positive charges, the nanotube cannot easily conduct electric current. So when hexanal binds to the bubble, calcium ions rush inside and the sensor reports a decreased electric current (\u003cem>Analyst\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2an16274a\">10.1039/c2an16274a\u003c/a>). The more hexanal, the lower the reported current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor could detect the 6-carbon hexanal chain even when it was mixed with similar chemicals 5-, 7- and 8-carbons long. It even signaled when covered with diluted spoiled milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hong says that these sensors could be used to evaluate the quality of wine, coffee and perfume by standardizing and quantifying their smells. Dogs have \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9D\"> 220 million different smell receptors\u003c/a> (pdf). But there’s no need to make one sensor for each smell receptor in a dog’s nose, Hong says. Perhaps scientists would need 10 to 20 different sensors that correspond to the characteristic odors of the wine or coffee, he says. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36528\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/the-dogs-nose-knows-sensor-mimics-canine-sniffing-cells-for-smells/dog-nose-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36528\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/dog-nose-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"dog nose macro\" title=\"dog nose resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-36528\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image credit: Flickr/{link url=” http://www.flickr.com/photos/62468090@N00/140846900 “}great_sea{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dogs’ amazing sense of smell can help police officers find lost people, illegal drugs or smuggled food. Scientists use trained sniffer dogs to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/30/us-usa-pythons-dogs-idUSBRE83T19J20120430\">track pythons in the Everglades\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/01/07/144752385/dog-trained-as-ultimate-whale-pooper-snooper\">find whales\u003c/a> by smelling their floating poop. And some dogs can \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2011/02/04/133498144/can-dogs-smell-cancer\">smell cancer\u003c/a> too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are working to build devices that can detect odors as sensitively as a dog’s nose. Now researchers in South Korea have built a sensor that works like a dog’s nose, without using canine sniffing cells. The new device combines a simplified version of the cells in dog’s nose with tiny transistors similar to those in our computers. It senses hexanal, a chemical commonly released by rotting food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a dog takes a whiff of something (possibly stinky to us!), chemical vapors bind to matching proteins on the surface of different cells in its nose. Binding of the aroma molecule sends a cascade of charged ions coursing through the cell. Those ions create an electric field that travels through the cell. This chemical and electrical wave travels along connected cells and neurons until it reaches the dog’s brain as a nerve impulse, signaling that the animal encountered that particular smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tai Hyun Park and \u003ca href=\"http://hnd.snu.ac.kr/hong.htm\">Seunghun Hong\u003c/a>, of \u003ca href=\"http://www.useoul.edu/\">Seoul National University\u003c/a>, with their colleagues, recreated a simplified version of the detecting cells in a dog’s nose using tiny bubbles made from cell membrane. The scientists engineered human kidney cells to produce the canine receptor protein for hexanal, a chemical released by rotting food. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These cells naturally contain a handful of accessory proteins that generate the ion cascade once the smell molecule binds to its receptor. The researchers shook the engineered cells and tiny bits of membrane pinched off into tiny bubbles that contained the dog receptor protein and the accessory proteins (see left side of the picture below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/02/the-dogs-nose-knows-sensor-mimics-canine-sniffing-cells-for-smells/figure-1b_600dpi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/figure-1b_600dpi-640x295.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"figure-1b_600dpi\" width=\"640\" height=\"295\" class=\"size-large wp-image-36529\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram of new sensor. On right: The bubble contains dog smell receptor protein (labeled olfactory) and accessory proteins that allow calcium ions to flow inside when the receptor protein binds hexanal. The bubble sits atop a web of carbon nanotubes. Left: Calcium ions flow into the bubble when the receptor protein binds the target, hexanal. Image credit: Seunghun Hong, Seoul National University in Korea\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then the scientists placed these bubbles atop a web of conducting carbon nanotubes, hollow cylinders made from carbon sheets. When the receptor protein in the bubble captures hexanal, the other proteins begin the chemical cascade that ends with calcium ions flowing into the bubble (right side of the picture above). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new sensor does not detect the electric field created by those ions, as a dog’s brain eventually would. It measures how that electric field influences current flowing through a nanotube transistor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the transistor, carbon nanotubes stretch between two electrodes and current flows freely through the nanotubes. The positive electric field created by the ions inside the bubble repels the positive charges zipping through the carbon nanotubes. Without free flowing positive charges, the nanotube cannot easily conduct electric current. So when hexanal binds to the bubble, calcium ions rush inside and the sensor reports a decreased electric current (\u003cem>Analyst\u003c/em>, DOI: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2an16274a\">10.1039/c2an16274a\u003c/a>). The more hexanal, the lower the reported current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sensor could detect the 6-carbon hexanal chain even when it was mixed with similar chemicals 5-, 7- and 8-carbons long. It even signaled when covered with diluted spoiled milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hong says that these sensors could be used to evaluate the quality of wine, coffee and perfume by standardizing and quantifying their smells. Dogs have \u003ca href=\"%E2%80%9D\"> 220 million different smell receptors\u003c/a> (pdf). But there’s no need to make one sensor for each smell receptor in a dog’s nose, Hong says. Perhaps scientists would need 10 to 20 different sensors that correspond to the characteristic odors of the wine or coffee, he says. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/grouper_mosaic/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36676\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\" title=\"grouper_mosaic\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groupers are enormous fish. Some species grow over two meters long and weigh hundreds of kilograms. Unfortunately for groupers, they are also delicious fish. Since prehistoric times, humans have been devouring all kinds of grouper species all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term fishing pressure tends to reduce fish size, as well as reducing the number of fish in the sea. Certain species, like the dusky grouper in the Mediterranean, have been fished for so long that we don't even know what a pristine population would look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for groupers and for the scientists studying them, these fish are aesthetically appealing as well as huge and tasty. Dusky groupers can be recognized in Etruscan, Greek, and Roman artwork dating back thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dolphinbiology.org/people/paolo_guidetti.htm\" title=\"Paolo Guidetti\">Paolo Guidetti\u003c/a> of the University of Salento in Italy and \u003ca href=\"http://micheli.stanford.edu/micheli.html\" title=\"Fio Micheli\">Fiorenza Micheli\u003c/a> of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station studied this ancient art for biological clues. Frequent depictions of enormous fish in shallow water, including one swallowing a person, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/ancient-art-serving-marine-conservation-BeIt72ailX\" title=\"Ancient Art Serving Marine Conservation\">led them to conclude\u003c/a> that today's small, deep-water dusky groupers are not the species' natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/800px-atlanticgoliathgrouper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper-368x253.jpg\" alt=\"goliath grouper\" title=\"800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper\" width=\"368\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-36677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a goliath grouper; dusky groupers may have been this big a couple thousand years ago. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, as the authors point out, \"there are no known instances of dusky groupers attacking human swimmers.\" Could the size of the fish have been similarly fabricated? \u003ca href=\"http://ento.psu.edu/directory/stb13\" title=\"Simon Blanford\">Simon Blanford\u003c/a> of Penn State University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.denison.edu/academics/departments/biology/stoehr_andrew.html\" title=\"Andrew Stoehr\">Andrew Stoehr\u003c/a> of Denison University \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/artistic-license-exploited-by-fishermen-vjx5gc0biq\" title=\"Artistic License Exploited by Fishermen?\">took up this question\u003c/a> with humorous gusto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like Giudetti and Micheli, we too are biologists; however, the two of us additionally participate in a seamier pastime whose nature often involves--how can we put this?--a certain economy with the truth. We are fishermen.\" Having thus coyly introduced themselves, they express their concerns with the source material. \"One can easily imagine a Roman painter, suffering from a bit of artist's block as he sits behind the virginal surface of a new amphora, slipping away from his garrett in the Bohemian district of Neapolis to do a bit of on-the-spot research . . . should the docks be barren, he would have been told he should have been there yesterday, when the quayside was so full of large fish they had to walk over them just to get about.\" They go on to cite \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1a1wHxTyo\" title=\"Monty Python - Four Yorkshiremen\">Monty Python\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat\" title=\"Three Men In A Boat\">Three Men In a Boat\u003c/a>--it's far more amusing than I usually expect from a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micheli and Guidetti currently have the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12.WB.010\" title=\"From arts to marine conservation\">last word\u003c/a>, having published a response in the most recent \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">episode\u003c/del> issue of the \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">reality show\u003c/del> journal \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>. They point out that historical records and archaeology agree with the artistic evidence that dusky groupers were once larger and shallower. And while ancient art depicts many different kinds of fish, \"when Roman artists wanted to represent a big fish (including a 'sea monster'), they frequently selected groupers as the subject.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the end of the matter, but if not, I certainly look forward to the next installment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Groupers are enormous fish. Some species grow over two meters long and weigh hundreds of kilograms. Fortunately for groupers and for the scientists studying them, these fish are aesthetically appealing as well as huge and tasty.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36676\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/grouper_mosaic/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36676\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\" title=\"grouper_mosaic\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-36676\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/grouper_mosaic-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky grouper swallowing a person in a Roman mosaic; Bardo Museum, Tunisia\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groupers are enormous fish. Some species grow over two meters long and weigh hundreds of kilograms. Unfortunately for groupers, they are also delicious fish. Since prehistoric times, humans have been devouring all kinds of grouper species all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such long-term fishing pressure tends to reduce fish size, as well as reducing the number of fish in the sea. Certain species, like the dusky grouper in the Mediterranean, have been fished for so long that we don't even know what a pristine population would look like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for groupers and for the scientists studying them, these fish are aesthetically appealing as well as huge and tasty. Dusky groupers can be recognized in Etruscan, Greek, and Roman artwork dating back thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dolphinbiology.org/people/paolo_guidetti.htm\" title=\"Paolo Guidetti\">Paolo Guidetti\u003c/a> of the University of Salento in Italy and \u003ca href=\"http://micheli.stanford.edu/micheli.html\" title=\"Fio Micheli\">Fiorenza Micheli\u003c/a> of Stanford's Hopkins Marine Station studied this ancient art for biological clues. Frequent depictions of enormous fish in shallow water, including one swallowing a person, \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/ancient-art-serving-marine-conservation-BeIt72ailX\" title=\"Ancient Art Serving Marine Conservation\">led them to conclude\u003c/a> that today's small, deep-water dusky groupers are not the species' natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36677\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 368px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/01/can-ancient-fish-art-inform-modern-fish-science/800px-atlanticgoliathgrouper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-36677\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper-368x253.jpg\" alt=\"goliath grouper\" title=\"800px-AtlanticGoliathGrouper\" width=\"368\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-36677\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a goliath grouper; dusky groupers may have been this big a couple thousand years ago. Photo: National Park Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, as the authors point out, \"there are no known instances of dusky groupers attacking human swimmers.\" Could the size of the fish have been similarly fabricated? \u003ca href=\"http://ento.psu.edu/directory/stb13\" title=\"Simon Blanford\">Simon Blanford\u003c/a> of Penn State University and \u003ca href=\"http://www.denison.edu/academics/departments/biology/stoehr_andrew.html\" title=\"Andrew Stoehr\">Andrew Stoehr\u003c/a> of Denison University \u003ca href=\"http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/ecological-society-of-america/artistic-license-exploited-by-fishermen-vjx5gc0biq\" title=\"Artistic License Exploited by Fishermen?\">took up this question\u003c/a> with humorous gusto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Like Giudetti and Micheli, we too are biologists; however, the two of us additionally participate in a seamier pastime whose nature often involves--how can we put this?--a certain economy with the truth. We are fishermen.\" Having thus coyly introduced themselves, they express their concerns with the source material. \"One can easily imagine a Roman painter, suffering from a bit of artist's block as he sits behind the virginal surface of a new amphora, slipping away from his garrett in the Bohemian district of Neapolis to do a bit of on-the-spot research . . . should the docks be barren, he would have been told he should have been there yesterday, when the quayside was so full of large fish they had to walk over them just to get about.\" They go on to cite \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1a1wHxTyo\" title=\"Monty Python - Four Yorkshiremen\">Monty Python\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat\" title=\"Three Men In A Boat\">Three Men In a Boat\u003c/a>--it's far more amusing than I usually expect from a peer-reviewed journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Micheli and Guidetti currently have the \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/12.WB.010\" title=\"From arts to marine conservation\">last word\u003c/a>, having published a response in the most recent \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">episode\u003c/del> issue of the \u003cdel datetime=\"2012-05-01T20:25:34+00:00\">reality show\u003c/del> journal \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>. They point out that historical records and archaeology agree with the artistic evidence that dusky groupers were once larger and shallower. And while ancient art depicts many different kinds of fish, \"when Roman artists wanted to represent a big fish (including a 'sea monster'), they frequently selected groupers as the subject.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be the end of the matter, but if not, I certainly look forward to the next installment.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
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