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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that I’d be climbing the tree myself. I wouldn’t, since I had no climbing experience and no time to get any. But in preparation for the trip, I had done my best to understand how one climbs a giant redwood. You pull your full weight up along a rope for approximately as long as it would take to climb a 30-story building. When you get to the top, you hang from the branches with short ropes. The biologists are very experienced and cautious. But even circus workers have safety nets. These folks don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also turns out that I know Lincoln’s father. \u003ca href=\"http://journalism.berkeley.edu/faculty/else/\">Jon Else\u003c/a> was my documentary filmmaking professor at UC Berkeley 14 years ago. A parent’s suffering is not to be taken lightly: I’d make sure nothing happened to his son. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14725\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/504A_Redwoods_032611_JoshC_6586_resized2.jpg\" alt=\"Our crew: Owen Bissell and Lincoln Else\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14725\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Our crew: Owen Bissell and Lincoln Else \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We drove three hours to Mendocino County and spent the better part of the afternoon filming on the forest floor. The biologists were taking longer than expected to get up into the tree. The afternoon wore on. Then towards the end of the day, the opportunity for the crew to climb arrived. This is what we had been waiting for, but I was torn. I felt Lincoln might be too tired, but unwilling to admit it. I imagined the first paragraph of the news story that would be written if something went wrong: “Exhaustion is believed to have contributed to a climbing accident that left two members of a film crew seriously injured…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I read somewhere that not even a healthy dose of paranoia can protect you from tragedy. Or as a friend concluded after getting caught in crossfire on an otherwise calm street, in a reasonably calm country: \u003cem>La tenemos prestada. \u003c/em> Life is on loan to us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few agonized moments I acquiesced. Lincoln climbed up. He filmed great material of the biologists steering the weather station components through the redwood branches, then hanging boxes and bags at the top like Christmas tree decorations – moments we would have missed if we hadn’t filmed that afternoon. Later in the edit suite, I realized that we needed every bit of video we had filmed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks later I emailed Lincoln to ask him to send me some photos he had taken up in the tree. Yes, his recent filming trip to Nepal had gone well, he emailed back. Up until the point where it hadn’t. He had suffered a fractured skull while filming for National Geographic in a cave. A rock had fallen on him in an area where rocks aren’t supposed to fall. He’ll make a full recovery, but the ordeal was harrowing for him and his family. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the documentary filmmaking business, caution can make for a mediocre career and an unhealthy sense of the path not taken (if only I had gotten that shot!) Luckily, for this story I have no regrets. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/extremeweather3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Water forecasting could be thrown off by a changing climate. Credit: Craig Miller\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The severe flooding on the Mississippi River has left a lot of damage in its wake. It's an extreme event that government and insurance companies try to plan for by predicting the risk. But climate change is throwing a wrench in those calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when...a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-16-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/insuring-for-extreme-weather\">Insuring for Extreme Weather \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherbill.com/\">Weatherbill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weatherbill is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weatherbill works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-16-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/insuring-for-extreme-weather\">Insuring for Extreme Weather \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. 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So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/walrus-flying2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A walrus takes flight to deal with global warming. Image: Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://montereybayaquarium.org/\">The Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> has a fun new video about climate change, called \u003ca href=\"http://montereybayaquarium.org/climate/\">Change for the Ocean\u003c/a>, to go with their exhibit \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/flamingos.aspx\">Hot Pink Flamingos\u003c/a>. Narrated by John Cleese and produced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.freerange.com/\">Free Range Studios\u003c/a>, the animated video is cute, funny, and pretty effective at conveying the fact that people can change their ways much faster than sea life can adapt to climate change.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnh5PVMj8BU?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnh5PVMj8BU?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their point is that human behavior can change quickly while animal evolution happens more slowly, the video shows some pretty fast animal evolution. Flamingos grow longer legs in a matter of seconds, and walruses instantly and miraculously modify their flippers into wings. If you weren’t listening to John Cleese as he says “Sadly, animals evolve far too slowly,” you might just get the wrong idea about \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01\">how evolution works\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolution is generally a slow process. But, as humans can ride bikes to work instead of driving in cars, animals can make behavioral changes in response to climate change, too. Some animals spend more time in the shade, or move to cooler habitats. Others do more than just relocate themselves. In response to the heat, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Oryx\">Arabian oryx\u003c/a>, a species of antelope, becomes less active during the day, when it’s hot, and more active at night, when it’s cooler. Other animals, through changes in their behavior, can actually change their physiological response to high temperatures The intertidal sea star \u003cem>Pisaster ochraceus\u003c/em> takes up cold water into a cavity in the middle of the body—and this mass of cold water keeps its body cool during low tide. Scientists at the Bodega Marine Lab found that sea stars take up extra water when conditions are hot, and can thus maintain their body temperature. These kinds of changes are not evolution in action—rather, these animals are modifying their behavior to deal with the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the animals, we humans can change our behavior to deal with a warming world. But we have a second option, which the animals don’t have: we can change our behavior—in big ways—to prevent the world from getting quite so warm in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: medium none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=96e08a6a-6d6a-4a7d-b708-280769f5eb98\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 36.617894 -121.901994\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Monterey Bay Aquarium has a fun new video about climate change, called Change for the Ocean, to go with their exhibit Hot Pink Flamingos. Narrated by John Cleese and produced by Free Range Studios, the animated video is cute, funny, and pretty effective at conveying the fact that people can change their ways much faster than sea life can adapt to climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/walrus-flying2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A walrus takes flight to deal with global warming. Image: Monterey Bay Aquarium.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://montereybayaquarium.org/\">The Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a> has a fun new video about climate change, called \u003ca href=\"http://montereybayaquarium.org/climate/\">Change for the Ocean\u003c/a>, to go with their exhibit \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/flamingos.aspx\">Hot Pink Flamingos\u003c/a>. Narrated by John Cleese and produced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.freerange.com/\">Free Range Studios\u003c/a>, the animated video is cute, funny, and pretty effective at conveying the fact that people can change their ways much faster than sea life can adapt to climate change.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnh5PVMj8BU?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/hnh5PVMj8BU?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"640\" height=\"385\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their point is that human behavior can change quickly while animal evolution happens more slowly, the video shows some pretty fast animal evolution. Flamingos grow longer legs in a matter of seconds, and walruses instantly and miraculously modify their flippers into wings. If you weren’t listening to John Cleese as he says “Sadly, animals evolve far too slowly,” you might just get the wrong idea about \u003ca href=\"http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_01\">how evolution works\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolution is generally a slow process. But, as humans can ride bikes to work instead of driving in cars, animals can make behavioral changes in response to climate change, too. Some animals spend more time in the shade, or move to cooler habitats. Others do more than just relocate themselves. In response to the heat, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Oryx\">Arabian oryx\u003c/a>, a species of antelope, becomes less active during the day, when it’s hot, and more active at night, when it’s cooler. Other animals, through changes in their behavior, can actually change their physiological response to high temperatures The intertidal sea star \u003cem>Pisaster ochraceus\u003c/em> takes up cold water into a cavity in the middle of the body—and this mass of cold water keeps its body cool during low tide. Scientists at the Bodega Marine Lab found that sea stars take up extra water when conditions are hot, and can thus maintain their body temperature. These kinds of changes are not evolution in action—rather, these animals are modifying their behavior to deal with the heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/crissyfield2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Beachgoers enjoying the hot weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/crissy/\">Crissy Field\u003c/a> on Sunday. Photo: Marin Favier.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/nyregion/01summer.html\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>; Russia suffered through horrible \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/has-a-warming-russia-outpaced-the-world/\">heat and fires\u003c/a>. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several climate studies have found that heat waves are likely to become more frequent—and hotter—as the earth warms up. In \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/july/extreme-heat-study-070810.html\">this recent paper\u003c/a> out of Stanford, two researchers ran several different climate models to see how a 1 degree Celsius increase in average global temperature would affect heat waves over the next 30 years. They found that even with this relatively optimistic increase in average temperature, heat waves are predicted to happen more frequently—especially here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, we cannot say that this week’s hot weather a result of global warming. Any single extreme event—a heat wave or a hurricane—cannot be attributed to climate change. One event is just one data point. To know whether there is a trend, we have to look at a whole cloud of data: heat wave incidence across several years. But, 2010 is shaping up to be a really hot year. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/08/13/heat-records-set-in-17-countries-so-far/\">heat records have been set in 17 countries\u003c/a> since the start of 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have some serious consequences. Heat stresses and kills organisms—its effects in the marine intertidal have been particularly well documented, affecting seaweed, mussels, barnacles, and more. Heat can make \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/us-heat-wave-causing-tress-change-colors.php\">trees drop their leaves\u003c/a>, and can damage and kill crops, creating economic havoc. And people, particularly the elderly, can perish, as a result of dehydration and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As heat waves become more and more frequent, will people see them as \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0707/Global-heat-wave-hits-US-reignites-climate-change-debate\">evidence\u003c/a> that global warming is happening? Or will people just \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/hot-weather-in-a-warming-climate/\">get accustomed\u003c/a> to the hot weather?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the hottest summer on record; Russia suffered through horrible heat and fires. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/crissyfield2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Beachgoers enjoying the hot weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/crissy/\">Crissy Field\u003c/a> on Sunday. Photo: Marin Favier.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/nyregion/01summer.html\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>; Russia suffered through horrible \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/has-a-warming-russia-outpaced-the-world/\">heat and fires\u003c/a>. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several climate studies have found that heat waves are likely to become more frequent—and hotter—as the earth warms up. In \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/july/extreme-heat-study-070810.html\">this recent paper\u003c/a> out of Stanford, two researchers ran several different climate models to see how a 1 degree Celsius increase in average global temperature would affect heat waves over the next 30 years. They found that even with this relatively optimistic increase in average temperature, heat waves are predicted to happen more frequently—especially here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, we cannot say that this week’s hot weather a result of global warming. Any single extreme event—a heat wave or a hurricane—cannot be attributed to climate change. One event is just one data point. To know whether there is a trend, we have to look at a whole cloud of data: heat wave incidence across several years. But, 2010 is shaping up to be a really hot year. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/08/13/heat-records-set-in-17-countries-so-far/\">heat records have been set in 17 countries\u003c/a> since the start of 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have some serious consequences. Heat stresses and kills organisms—its effects in the marine intertidal have been particularly well documented, affecting seaweed, mussels, barnacles, and more. Heat can make \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/us-heat-wave-causing-tress-change-colors.php\">trees drop their leaves\u003c/a>, and can damage and kill crops, creating economic havoc. And people, particularly the elderly, can perish, as a result of dehydration and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay",
"title": "The Importance of Studying the History of Sea-Level Change in San Francisco Bay",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-44CowPower_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Cows at Fiscalini Farms in Modesto, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/from-waste-to-watts-biofuel-bonanza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we visited a Central Valley dairy\u003c/a> that was taking an innovative approach to its waste problem. Instead of collecting thousands of pounds of cow manure in open holding ponds, Joseph Gallo Farms uses it in a renewable energy technology known as a methane digester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane gas is a natural byproduct of cow digestion. It’s produced as bacteria inside their stomach break down food. That process continues on the back end (so to speak) as cow manure decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is also a powerful contributor to climate change – about 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide. The UN has estimated that 18 percent of greenhouse gases worldwide come from livestock. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/specialseries/methane.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Check out this story\u003c/a> from KQED’s Climate Watch for more on the sources of methane.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By capturing methane, dairy digesters keep it out of the atmosphere. But they also create a source of renewable energy. Methane is a natural gas — it can be burned just like propane. So, Gallo Farms pipes the methane over to a generator, which produces enough electricity to run the farm and their cheese plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since our visit, the story has taken an interesting turn. Both Gallo Farms and another dairy with a digester, Fiscalini Farms, are located in the San Joaquin Valley – an area with some of the worst air quality the country. The air district is consistently considered in “non-attainment” – which means they aren’t meeting the federal limits on air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both dairies’ digesters are reducing one kind of pollution, greenhouse gases, they’re actually adding to another kind. Generators, like any other combustion engine, produce nitrous oxide pollution – or NOx – which is a component of smog. Given the smog problem in the valley, the local air district decided to put a pollution limit on the dairy digester generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, both dairies have struggled to meet to the limits. Unlike pipeline-quality natural gas, the methane (or biogas) that comes from a digester varies in quality, which affects how much pollution is produced in the generator’s exhaust. John Fiscalini of Fiscalini Farms has spent $200,000 on a pollution control device that reduces NOx pollution. But he says it’s been a challenging process and he’s concerned that other dairies have been discouraged by his experience with regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on Fiscalini’s story and more about the challenges facing dairy digesters, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out this week’s radio story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/27/reporters-notes-cow-power-not-cutting-it/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\">Listen to Cow Power Not Cutting It\u003c/a> radio report online and check out the slideshow below for more on how dairy digesters work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.710486 -121.12798\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-44CowPower_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Cows at Fiscalini Farms in Modesto, California.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years ago, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/from-waste-to-watts-biofuel-bonanza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">we visited a Central Valley dairy\u003c/a> that was taking an innovative approach to its waste problem. Instead of collecting thousands of pounds of cow manure in open holding ponds, Joseph Gallo Farms uses it in a renewable energy technology known as a methane digester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane gas is a natural byproduct of cow digestion. It’s produced as bacteria inside their stomach break down food. That process continues on the back end (so to speak) as cow manure decomposes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is also a powerful contributor to climate change – about 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide. The UN has estimated that 18 percent of greenhouse gases worldwide come from livestock. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/specialseries/methane.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Check out this story\u003c/a> from KQED’s Climate Watch for more on the sources of methane.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By capturing methane, dairy digesters keep it out of the atmosphere. But they also create a source of renewable energy. Methane is a natural gas — it can be burned just like propane. So, Gallo Farms pipes the methane over to a generator, which produces enough electricity to run the farm and their cheese plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since our visit, the story has taken an interesting turn. Both Gallo Farms and another dairy with a digester, Fiscalini Farms, are located in the San Joaquin Valley – an area with some of the worst air quality the country. The air district is consistently considered in “non-attainment” – which means they aren’t meeting the federal limits on air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While both dairies’ digesters are reducing one kind of pollution, greenhouse gases, they’re actually adding to another kind. Generators, like any other combustion engine, produce nitrous oxide pollution – or NOx – which is a component of smog. Given the smog problem in the valley, the local air district decided to put a pollution limit on the dairy digester generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, both dairies have struggled to meet to the limits. Unlike pipeline-quality natural gas, the methane (or biogas) that comes from a digester varies in quality, which affects how much pollution is produced in the generator’s exhaust. John Fiscalini of Fiscalini Farms has spent $200,000 on a pollution control device that reduces NOx pollution. But he says it’s been a challenging process and he’s concerned that other dairies have been discouraged by his experience with regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on Fiscalini’s story and more about the challenges facing dairy digesters, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">check out this week’s radio story\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/27/reporters-notes-cow-power-not-cutting-it/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cow-power-not-cutting-it\">Listen to Cow Power Not Cutting It\u003c/a> radio report online and check out the slideshow below for more on how dairy digesters work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.710486 -121.12798\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising. This, in itself, is not news. The oceans of Earth have been slowly, steadily rising for hundreds of years. But it’s about to get a lot higher a lot faster, and millions of people - and billions of dollars of infrastructure - are suddenly finding themselves at risk for flooding, storm surge damage, and possible relocation. How could something that has been a known factor surprise us, unprepared?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Sea Level Rise, the new poster child for climate change. There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were just starting research for this story, I attended the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayplanningcoalition.org/2010/dmc-2010-resource-guide/\">SF Bay Decision Maker’s Conference on Sea Level Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThere was one idea that permeated the entire day’s discussions:\n\u003cli>You can’t engineer for an unknown amount.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developers are aware of sea level rise, but do not know how to approach the issue. “Tell how much it will rise, and by when, and we can plan for it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s just not that straightforward. The science behind the estimates seems to be uncertain, providing ranges from as little as 12 inches by 2050, to as much as 80 inches by 2100. There is a consensus that the rate of sea level rise has increased in conjunction with the rise of global surface temperatures. 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In addition, these are global estimates, which are averages and will not represent the exact numbers for specific locations. How much the sea level rises here in San Francisco Bay will not look the same as it will in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing scientists do agree on, however, is that sea level rise up to 2 meters (78 inches) is not out of the question, but certainly a high estimate. \"Although increases of up to two metres this century can't be ruled out, this does not mean that they are inevitable or even likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so we return to the question, “What should we do about it?” The truth is, we just aren’t sure yet. What we \u003cem>do\u003c/em> know are the factors that contribute to the acceleration of sea level rise. Most scientists will tell you that, before we can fix the problem, we first need to stop the cause. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising. This, in itself, is not news. The oceans of Earth have been slowly, steadily rising for hundreds of years. But it’s about to get a lot higher a lot faster, and millions of people - and billions of dollars of infrastructure - are suddenly finding themselves at risk for flooding, storm surge damage, and possible relocation. How could something that has been a known factor surprise us, unprepared?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Sea Level Rise, the new poster child for climate change. There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were just starting research for this story, I attended the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayplanningcoalition.org/2010/dmc-2010-resource-guide/\">SF Bay Decision Maker’s Conference on Sea Level Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThere was one idea that permeated the entire day’s discussions:\n\u003cli>You can’t engineer for an unknown amount.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developers are aware of sea level rise, but do not know how to approach the issue. “Tell how much it will rise, and by when, and we can plan for it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s just not that straightforward. The science behind the estimates seems to be uncertain, providing ranges from as little as 12 inches by 2050, to as much as 80 inches by 2100. There is a consensus that the rate of sea level rise has increased in conjunction with the rise of global surface temperatures. The point of uncertainty is what the rate of sea level rise will be in the future. In 2007, German scientist Stefan Rahmstorf developed an empirical method for predicting future sea level rise using the relationship between sea level rise and global mean surface temperature. His estimates of global sea level rise by 2100 range from 10 inches (50 cm) to 55 inches (140 cm) respectively. Research estimates done for the Governor of California state that sea level will increase between 12 and 17 inches (30 and 45 cm) by 2050 and between 20 and 55 inches (50 and 140 cm) by 2099.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists. In California, they house numerous fish species, including the California killifish, bay goby, striped bass, topsmelt and starry flounder. In addition, insects such as the salt marsh water boatman, wandering skipper, and numerous species of beetles and flies reside in this rich habitat. The state's coastal wetlands are also home to the infamous salt marsh harvest mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, these habitats are the marshes, sand beaches, mudflats and the shallow waters of our rivers and creeks whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally; such areas may also be covered partially or completely by shallow pools of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also nature’s best defense against climate change and subsequent sea-level rise, because of two important functions they perform: they help reduce the concentrations of greenhouse gases through their ability to sink carbon; and store and regulate water. In other words, they act as sponges absorbing any overflow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government came to understand how biologically productive wetlands are and in 1977 enacted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/cwa/\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, the primary federal law in the US governing water pollution and limiting wetlands destruction. The law also created requirements that if a wetland had to be drained, developers at least had to offset the loss by creating artificial wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands have historically been the victim of large-scale draining efforts for real estate development, flooding them for use as recreational lakes or agriculture. Ironically, wetlands absorb and protect the surrounding ecosystem from the polluted run-off coming from the agricultural lands that displaced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, more than 300 wetland restoration projects have been commissioned, varying in size from the 0.7-acre large \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawetlands.net/tracker/ba/view/1364\">12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Reconstruction Project in Alameda County\u003c/a> to more than 13,000 acres being restored as a part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> in San Mateo County. However, the collective size of the projects (58,889.5 acres across California) is dwarfed when you consider that the state has lost 95 percent of its wetland habitat in the past 125 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, it is estimated that by 1993 half of the Earth’s wetlands had been drained, according to a report published in the \u003cem>New Scientist\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below you’ll find a map detailing the restoration projects taking place in the San Francisco Bay Area that shows information of their size, location and construction status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&source=embed&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&z=9&source=embed\">Wetland Restoration Projects--Northern California\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/18/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ghost-fleet-on-the-move\">Listen to The Changing Bay\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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