Fishing for the ongoing coverage about salmon? Take a look at our extensive collection of stories on this native species.
The Good and Not-So-Good News About California Salmon
Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams
The Salmon are Back! (But Why?)
Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival
Web Extra: Restoration of the San Joaquin River Slideshow
Restoration of the San Joaquin River
Exploring the Lower Russian River
Saving Coho
California's Lost Salmon
Saving California's Salmon
Exploring Muir Woods National Monument
A fishy odyssey through the delta
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"headTitle": "California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37679\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37679\" title=\"Chinook salmon\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg\" alt=\"Chinook salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon, Feather River Hatchery, Oroville. Credit: Dan Brekke\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of dire tidings, the news this year about California's chinook salmon all sounds good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal fisheries biologists have predicted big numbers of Sacramento River fall run chinook--the state's biggest, most commercially important salmon fishery--and the biggest population of Klamath River fall-run fish in memory. The California Salmon Council, a commercial fishermen's group, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2012/05/california-salmon-start-their-comeback.html\">forecasts a harvest\u003c/a> of 3 million pounds this year. That's triple last year's take and represents a comeback from the Great Salmon Crash of '08-'09, when the sudden collapse of the Sacramento fall run forced state and federal officials to shut down salmon fishing two years in a row. Salmon fishermen who barely hung on through the crash, along with those who sell them gear and supplies and process and market their catch, can look forward to something like a prosperous season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the rest of us, the civilian salmon lovers? Victor Gonella, who heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/2012/03/08/ggsa-announcement-welcome-2012-salmon-season/\">promised in March\u003c/a> that \"consumers can look forward to some of the best food on earth--wild salmon, coming to a dinner plate near them soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that all sounds good. But here's the rest of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37714\" title=\"Salmon2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Salmon21-287x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A declining catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start with that commercial harvest number. We won't really know until later this year how the season turns out, but that 3 million-pound catch is only impressive next to the recent string of disastrous salmon years. The forecast for this year is nearly one-third lower than the average yearly harvest for the decade before the crash. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> data shows the catch has been slowly dwindling since 1950, with a more rapid decline starting in the late 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing prepared fishing communities, scientists, or interested onlookers for the population crash that took place in 2008. Everyone would still like to know why it happened. Scientists have studied factors from water pollution to a big bridge project in the Carquinez Strait--did construction noise harm out-migrating juvenile salmon?--without identifying a single factor. The consensus is that circumstances ranging from poor ocean feeding conditions to water diversions from the Delta played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a mystery with an answer hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From abundance to scarcity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, salmon returned by the millions each year to the Bay, the Delta, and the rivers and streams in the Central Valley. Napa Valley pioneer George C. Yount recalled the region between San Pablo Bay and Sutter's Fort (in present-day Sacramento) as one where \"the Rivers were literally crouded [sic] with salmon.\" And there's plenty of pioneer testimony that echoes that description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What changed? Just everything, starting with the Gold Rush, which brought forth fabulous wealth and wrought unimaginable environmental destruction to salmon streams. And then dams, cities, farms, and industry. In a word: Us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37728\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37728\" title=\"SALMON3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even some efforts to preserve commercial chinook salmon populations may be hurting rather than helping the fish. When the Sacramento River fall-run chinook population collapsed a few years ago, it happened despite a long and aggressive effort to use hatcheries to replace spawning streams destroyed by dams, logging, and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heroic effort to improve on nature—even trucking baby hatchery fish downriver so they can avoid predators, polluted water, and Delta pumps—could be exacting a toll on the long-term fate of the run. Some biologists believe that the combination of habitat loss and hatchery production has essentially wiped out the last truly wild Sacramento Valley fall-run chinook. Worse, the surviving hatchery stock lacks the genetic variety of wild fish and could be more vulnerable to changes in ocean conditions or disease--and thus more prone to collapses like the crash of '08-'09.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The outlook\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there anything hopeful about the salmon's story in California? There is. Over the past twenty years, government and resource managers have taken the first steps to restoring both water and habitat for chinook salmon. One of the most publicized actions—a limit on pumping from the Delta at certain times of year to protect threatened salmon and other species. That action was prompted by an environmental lawsuit, and it prompted a wave of lawsuits from farm and city water users south of the Delta. Outside of court, both the state and federal governments are working on plans that are supposed to restore the Delta and its species while delivering the water that farms and cities expect. Doing that will take a lot of money and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chinook can't help with the cash, but they may provide a lesson about persistence. As a species, they are the product of millions of years of evolution. The few wild fish still out there have been doing what they do, sometimes climbing thousands of vertical feet out of the Central Valley to their home streams, for a very long time. They are engineered to deal with disasters on their home streams and famine at sea. Given half a chance, they not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Given half a chance, salmon can not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37679\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37679\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37679\" title=\"Chinook salmon\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg\" alt=\"Chinook salmon\" width=\"640\" height=\"363\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON-400x227.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon, Feather River Hatchery, Oroville. Credit: Dan Brekke\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After years of dire tidings, the news this year about California's chinook salmon all sounds good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal fisheries biologists have predicted big numbers of Sacramento River fall run chinook--the state's biggest, most commercially important salmon fishery--and the biggest population of Klamath River fall-run fish in memory. The California Salmon Council, a commercial fishermen's group, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/dailydish/2012/05/california-salmon-start-their-comeback.html\">forecasts a harvest\u003c/a> of 3 million pounds this year. That's triple last year's take and represents a comeback from the Great Salmon Crash of '08-'09, when the sudden collapse of the Sacramento fall run forced state and federal officials to shut down salmon fishing two years in a row. Salmon fishermen who barely hung on through the crash, along with those who sell them gear and supplies and process and market their catch, can look forward to something like a prosperous season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for the rest of us, the civilian salmon lovers? Victor Gonella, who heads the Golden Gate Salmon Association, \u003ca href=\"http://goldengatesalmonassociation.com/2012/03/08/ggsa-announcement-welcome-2012-salmon-season/\">promised in March\u003c/a> that \"consumers can look forward to some of the best food on earth--wild salmon, coming to a dinner plate near them soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, that all sounds good. But here's the rest of the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37714\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-37714\" title=\"Salmon2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Salmon21-287x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A declining catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's start with that commercial harvest number. We won't really know until later this year how the season turns out, but that 3 million-pound catch is only impressive next to the recent string of disastrous salmon years. The forecast for this year is nearly one-third lower than the average yearly harvest for the decade before the crash. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html\">National Marine Fisheries Service\u003c/a> data shows the catch has been slowly dwindling since 1950, with a more rapid decline starting in the late 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nothing prepared fishing communities, scientists, or interested onlookers for the population crash that took place in 2008. Everyone would still like to know why it happened. Scientists have studied factors from water pollution to a big bridge project in the Carquinez Strait--did construction noise harm out-migrating juvenile salmon?--without identifying a single factor. The consensus is that circumstances ranging from poor ocean feeding conditions to water diversions from the Delta played a role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is a mystery with an answer hiding in plain sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From abundance to scarcity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once, salmon returned by the millions each year to the Bay, the Delta, and the rivers and streams in the Central Valley. Napa Valley pioneer George C. Yount recalled the region between San Pablo Bay and Sutter's Fort (in present-day Sacramento) as one where \"the Rivers were literally crouded [sic] with salmon.\" And there's plenty of pioneer testimony that echoes that description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What changed? Just everything, starting with the Gold Rush, which brought forth fabulous wealth and wrought unimaginable environmental destruction to salmon streams. And then dams, cities, farms, and industry. In a word: Us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37728\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/11/the-good-news-and-not-so-good-about-california-salmon/salmon3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-37728\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-37728\" title=\"SALMON3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/SALMON3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Feather River Hatchery\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even some efforts to preserve commercial chinook salmon populations may be hurting rather than helping the fish. When the Sacramento River fall-run chinook population collapsed a few years ago, it happened despite a long and aggressive effort to use hatcheries to replace spawning streams destroyed by dams, logging, and development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the heroic effort to improve on nature—even trucking baby hatchery fish downriver so they can avoid predators, polluted water, and Delta pumps—could be exacting a toll on the long-term fate of the run. Some biologists believe that the combination of habitat loss and hatchery production has essentially wiped out the last truly wild Sacramento Valley fall-run chinook. Worse, the surviving hatchery stock lacks the genetic variety of wild fish and could be more vulnerable to changes in ocean conditions or disease--and thus more prone to collapses like the crash of '08-'09.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The outlook\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there anything hopeful about the salmon's story in California? There is. Over the past twenty years, government and resource managers have taken the first steps to restoring both water and habitat for chinook salmon. One of the most publicized actions—a limit on pumping from the Delta at certain times of year to protect threatened salmon and other species. That action was prompted by an environmental lawsuit, and it prompted a wave of lawsuits from farm and city water users south of the Delta. Outside of court, both the state and federal governments are working on plans that are supposed to restore the Delta and its species while delivering the water that farms and cities expect. Doing that will take a lot of money and determination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chinook can't help with the cash, but they may provide a lesson about persistence. As a species, they are the product of millions of years of evolution. The few wild fish still out there have been doing what they do, sometimes climbing thousands of vertical feet out of the Central Valley to their home streams, for a very long time. They are engineered to deal with disasters on their home streams and famine at sea. Given half a chance, they not only survive, but thrive. Fortunately or unfortunately for them, they now depend on us for that chance.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Salmon Runs, Grizzly Bear Dreams ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Using grizzly bears in the Pacific Northwest as a proxy for the benefits salmon deliver to ecological communities, a new study argues that letting more salmon migrate into coastal streams will lead to downstream improvements for the ecosystem and eventually the offshore salmon catch. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35562\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/grizzly_bear640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35562\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/Grizzly_bear640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Grizzly_bear \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-35562\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear in British Columbia. Its California cousin, Ursus horribilis californicus, is long extinct. (Photo: Charlesjsharp)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, California’s beleaguered salmon fishing industry finally got a break. After the catastrophic collapse of Central Valley’s fall Chinook run in 2008-2009, hundreds of thousands of fish may be on their way back to Sacramento riverbeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a forecast of 820,000 Chinook now at sea, commercial salmon boats, rendered irrelevant for two straight seasons and set loose for just eight days in 2010, can return to business as usual this summer. And though the apparent rebound is good news for salmon, the fall Chinook’s future is far from secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disheartening run of 2008 followed a lean spawning year (which biologists call “escapement,” after the number of fish that elude fishermen to reproduce), with just under 88,000 survivors returning to streams or hatcheries in 2007. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has four seasonal salmon runs, each with distinct behavioral and genetic traits. Conservation biologists like to compare genetic diversity to a diversified stock portfolio. More diversity means a better chance of weathering tough times. (See, for example, \"Irish potato famine.\") And while the National Marine Fisheries Service cited poor ocean conditions as the “proximate cause” for the dismal runs (because freshwater habitat, though degraded, was no worse than usual), the agency also noted several other factors, including heavy reliance on hatchery fish, which homogenized the fall Chinook’s historically diverse genetic portfolio. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall Chinook once thrived in every major river in the Central Valley. Biologists suspect the runs rivaled the storied San Joaquin spring runs. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sjrdotmdl.org/concept_model/phys-chem_model/documents/300001740.pdf\">Documents from 1870 unearthed by historian Paul Vandor\u003c/a> described salmon returning in “such shoals” that “restful sleep was disturbed because myriads of them can be heard nightly splashing over the sand bars in the river opposite town.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35567\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/chinook/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35567\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/chinook-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"chinook\" title=\"chinook\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35567\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook Salmon on the Lower Stanislaus River. (Photo: USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spring run Chinook are long gone from the San Joaquin watershed. Just 3,802 fish made the Sacramento run in 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific fisheries managers monitor Chinook take to allow 122,000-180,000 fish to escape capture and swim upriver. In 2008, just 66,000 fish made it back. Fewer than 40,000 returned in 2009 (close to 54,000 counting hatchery fish), the worst run on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The runs in 2010 barely made it above the minimum target, with close to 40,000 returning to hatcheries and about 86,000 returning to wild streams.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season’s good news notwithstanding, the grim returns of the past few years didn’t affect just fishermen and salmon consumers. Biologists have long known that ecosystems suffer when managers value economics over ecosystems and allow overfishing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But cutting back on harvests to let more salmon spawn in rivers and creeks will not only help safeguard their ecological role, argues a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HIs8gx\">study published last week in PLoS Biology\u003c/a>, but will help commercial fishers and consumers by ensuring a future for salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When salmon thrive, so does everything else, says Taal Levi, a PhD candidate in environmental studies at UC Santa Cruz, who led the study. “Abundance matters in ecosystems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study supports a growing literature linking abundant salmon to positive ecological effects, Levi says. “It suggests we should be letting more salmon into rivers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35572\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/griz-with-salmon/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35572\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/griz-with-salmon-250x253.png\" alt=\"grizzly with salmon\" title=\"grizzly with salmon\" width=\"250\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-35572\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Letting more salmon return to coastal streams to spawn will benefit bears, ecosystems, and eventually the offshore salmon catch. (Photo: Jennifer Allen)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Salmon are the ultimate mobile nutrient-delivery system. They spread the wealth wherever they go, from streams to sea and back again. Healthy salmon runs boost primary productivity in coastal lakes (by providing nutrients for algae), fuel vegetative growth along streams, creating better habitat for salmon hatchlings and leading to higher densities of \u003ca href=\"http://www.springerlink.com/content/u4183m54576wq127/fulltext.html\">diverse insects\u003c/a> and songbirds. They also feed all manner of predators and scavengers, from orcas to raptors and—in the places they still exist—grizzly bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of thousands of salmon once injected massive seasonal pulses of nutrients from the sea to Pacific coastal and riparian ecosystems. Commercial harvests deprive ecosystems of this historic recharge. But restricting harvests cuts into fishery profits. Levi and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HAGkMV\">developed a model\u003c/a> to help fishery managers weigh the costs and benefits to commercial fishers and ecosystems of allowing more spawning, using grizzly bears as a proxy for salmon’s ecosystem benefits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/IkmX7A\">spawning and dead salmon are the single most important fall resource\u003c/a> to grizzlies preparing for hibernation and cub-rearing on Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. In this study, the authors show that grizzlies are good indicators of salmon’s ecosystem services because bear densities are so closely tied to salmon abundance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors used fishing records to model increased escapement across various management options for six sockeye salmon stocks in Alaska and British Columbia to determine how bear numbers and income from fishing change with the number of fish harvested. For each stock, more spawning meant more bears. And for sockeye stocks that breed in streams alongside other salmon species, both long-term fishing yields and bears benefited from higher escapement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation and economic interests conflicted only where grizzlies are threatened and eat primarily sockeye, because reducing harvests would cut into profits. But the tradeoffs would be clear, and managers could estimate the costs of protecting salmon runs and endangered bears. It’s conceivable that managers could even find ways to help fisheries recoup their losses in the name of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishing industry in California doesn’t dominate the state economy as it does in Alaska. But Levi argues that having more salmon in streams would also have economic benefits from better wildlife viewing opportunities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increased salmon abundance would surely help California’s bald eagles. “We don’t have abundant bald eagle populations anymore but we have a nesting pair at Pinto Lake in Watsonville,” Levi says. (There’s another pair in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sequoia-audubon.org/\">San Mateo\u003c/a> now.) More salmon would be a boon to the state’s recovering eagle population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More salmon would also increase black bear populations, he says, which is good for both hunters and wildlife observers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black bears often move in when grizzlies go extinct, serving a similar ecological role. In fact, biologists say, black bears eat more salmon than grizzlies because they’re more widely distributed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s no reason that restoring California’s salmon runs couldn’t go hand in hand with restoring the state’s grizzly population, Levi says: California and Oregon have millions of acres of contiguous protected land, more than enough to support grizzlies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, grizzlies survived on only 4 million acres in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, he points out. Protected areas in six national forests from Klamath to Mendocino provide nearly 9 million acres of contiguous habitat, not counting available habitat along the coast range from Humboldt down to Point Reyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_35652\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/18/salmon-runs-grizzly-dreams/salmon_grizz-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-35652\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/salmon_grizz1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear\" title=\"Grizzly bear\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-35652\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grizzly bear (Photo: Eric Sambol/www.raincoast.org)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzlies once inhabited nearly every part of the state. In the 1800s, there were so many in the Santa Cruz Mountains where Levi lives that a Spanish missionary said they prowled about “in herds like hogs on a farm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as late as the 1850s, grizzlies roamed San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. By the 1870s, they were gone because, as legendary naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote, “Great numbers of people…have been alert to seize any and every opportunity to \u003cem>kill\u003c/em> bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levi admits the prospect for reintroducing grizzlies could be “politically insurmountable,” but adds wistfully, “this would be ambitious wildlife conservation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not at all crazy to think that grizzlies could have a viable population in California,\" he says. \"The question is just whether we want them back.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Salmon are Back! (But Why?) ",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento Chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
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"description": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring the Lower Russian River",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/lower-russian-river-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"We go to the river's edge for comfort, spiritual renewal, meditation, solitude; we go to the river to feel and know the continuance of life.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>- Henry David Thoreau\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River has been a favorite destination for generations of San Franciscans looking to get away from the rolling chill of the seasonal fog. It’s also a popular get-away for inland Bay Area residents looking for a watery escape from the summer heat. But for people more familiar with the middle stretches of the river, venturing into the lower Russian River might offer a surprise or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploring the lower Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner by the Sea, you are just as likely to meet animals such as North American River Otters, Harbor Seals or Pacific Pond Turtles as you are to see another person on the river. Bird lovers marvel as Barn Swallows zip by overhead, Osprey call from their nests and Great Blue Heron fish in the shallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also an excellent place to study the river’s ecology. Since all the runoff in the watershed, from pristine wilderness to agriculture and developed areas such as Santa Rosa, makes its way to and through this one spot, scientists can use the river as a living laboratory for how our human activities affect the water quality of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is an extraordinarily wild place in the backyard of the bustling Bay Area that we encourage you to explore. Leave nothing, take only photos and, as they say up the river, \"Memories that linger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Location and Directions to Duncans Mills & Jenner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>From Hwy 101 at Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Take River Road Exit west to Russian River Resort Areas and Guerneville (go approx. 18 miles to Guerneville). At Guerneville continue straight on River Road / Hwy 116 for another 8 miles, past Monte Rio to Duncans Mills. (Jenner and the Pacific Coast is another 5 miles down river.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions From Pacific Coast Hwy 1\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Traveling North on Hwy 1, Cross the Russian River at Bridgehaven, make right onto Hwy 116 toward Russian River Resort Areas and continue upriver 4 miles to Duncans Mills. To get to Jenner, make a left after the bridge and travel up Coast Hwy 1 for one mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Boat Put-in & Take-out Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Public access to the Russian River is surprisingly limited. 95 percent of the entire watershed is private property. Professional river guides and outfitters can make arrangements for the start and finish your trek and can supply shuttle, and portage for your boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explore the lower Russian River on your own, probably the most convenient place to put in your boat is at the Casini Ranch Family Campground, just across and up river from Duncans Mills. There is a $3 day-use fee. For more information contact: 1 (800) 451-8400 or E-mail: reservations@casiniranch.com\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take-out is at the Jenner boat launch near the Visitor Center in Jenner, CA, at the mouth of the Russian River, off HWY 1. There is no fee and ample parking is available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is doing our Exploration in reverse by putting in at the Jenner boat launch, and paddling up river to Duncans Mills. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River Guides and Boat Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>WaterTreks EcoTours & Jenner Kayak Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Toll Free:1-888-865-2249\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.watertreks.com/\">http://www.watertreks.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were guided on our Exploration by Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours in Jenner, CA. Suki is a local guide, naturalist and kayak instructor whose roots in the area go back generations to her Native American ancestors. She has been working with the public in outdoor recreation, education and safety on The Russian River since 1979. WaterTreks provided us with kayaks and gear, as well as safety, expertise and fun company on the river. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Russian River Outfitters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>1-877-775-2925\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com/\">http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nKayak and Canoe rentals at Duncan’s Mills, CA. Russian River Outfitters can also provide experienced river guides and instruction, as well as a shuttle service and boat portage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clothing and Outfitting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you don't have your own gear, your professional river guide or outfitter can supply boats, paddles, life vests, dry bags and other equipment you will need. You should plan to supply your own enthusiasm, curiosity and sense of adventure. The Russian River is classified as class 1 waterway, meaning it is mild. However winds, tide, and currents can be unpredictable. Kayaking is not without risk, it is highly recommended that everyone wear a personal flotation device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the summertime, the wind can come up and the fog will roll in on the coast. The lower Russian River can turn quite chilly, even when it is warm inland. You will get wet. It is recommended to wear layers and a waterproof outer shell. Cotton clothing is not recommended as it tends to hold water and pull heat from your body when soaked. Water wicking fleece or other material is best for warmth. Shoes, such as sport sandals, that won’t get waterlogged are suggested. Bring sun protection. And a good tip is to have a warm set of clothes to change into after your day on The River.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Food and Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Keeping yourself fueled and hydrated is important You will be on the river for a few hours without access to resources. Bring water and some snacks packed in watertight bags or a small cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Communications\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cell phone coverage is spotty at best in this section of the Russian River but it is still recommended that you keep a cell phone handy in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Long sandy beaches below rugged headlands, a craggy coastline with natural arches and secluded coves are features that make \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\" target=\"_blank\">Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/a> one of California's most scenic attractions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of The River from Jenner, is Sonoma Coast State Park. Mostly known for its beaches, one of the highlights for those who love the outdoors is Pomo Canyon. A former Pomo-Miwok trade route, this 3 mile hike takes you from the redwood glens near Willow Creek, up and over the grassy hillside and down to the coast at Shell Beach. It's considered by many to be one of the prettiest hikes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The serene, majestic beauty of this Grove is a living reminder of the magnificent primeval redwood forest that covered much of this area before logging operations began during the 19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 800 acres of magnificent Sequoia sempervirens, commonly known as the Coast Redwood are preserved near Guerneville, CA. Armstrong Grove is a favorite place to escape the heat of summer and bask in the shade of an old growth forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Coast Redwood is the tallest living thing in the world. Some coast redwoods are more than 2000 years old and tower over 350 feet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=450\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/a> offers self-guided nature trails, a visitor's center and a variety of picnic facilities. The tallest tree you’ll encounter in the park is called the \"Parson Jones Tree\" measuring more than 310 feet in height. The oldest tree here is the stately \"Colonel Armstrong Tree,\" estimated to be over 1400 years old. It is named after a benevolent lumberman who chose to preserve this portion of the park in the 1870's. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a trail map, see:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\">http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special thanks to Jenny Donovan and Rich Lawton of the California State Parks, Jessica Martini-Lamb of the Sonoma County Water Agency, as well as Michele Luna and Annie Cresswell from the Stewards of the Coast and Redwoods for assisting us on this project. And a special thanks to our guide, Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours, for taking us on this wonderful paddle and showing us all that the Lower Russian River has to offer!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cruising Down The River: A Paddle Exploration of the Lower Russian River\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172849/\" title=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4030/4667172849_bbb74055e5_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day.\"- A. A. Milne, Pooh's Little Instruction Book. Photo provided by George Scott Zastrow Photography\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River begins its ramblings in the northern California redwood forests of Mendocino County, gently flowing south through Sonoma County, past lush vineyards and the towns of Geyserville, Healdsburg and Guerneville, before turning and winding its way to the Pacific Ocean. The river is a popular summertime destination for Bay Area residents and is also home to a vibrant and diverse wildlife community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is near its mouth where the river meets the sea. Here at the estuary the waters widen and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. We have explored estuary environments before, discovering their beauty, learning about the fluctuating environment, the impact of human interaction and the challenges of restoration. But for this Quest Exploration we trade in our walking sticks for kayak paddles. The only way to be fully immersed in the river environment is to take to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A young steelhead jumps at a dragonfly, an Osprey lands in its nest above, a family of river otters frolics along the riverbanks. The river is a verdant but fragile part of California's natural heritage. Exploring the lower stretch of the Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner, provides a micro-climate glimpse of the varied river terrain; winding from the warm inland mountains and forests, past breezy oaks, willows and grasslands, to fog-draped Tule marshes and coastal dunes. And as we slowly drift down the river, the aquatic ecosystems are changing too, from fresh to salty brackish water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172551/\" title=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4047/4667172551_2cdcba2541_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Russian River Tule Perch, (Hysterocarpus traskii pomo), is the only genetically endemic (biologically native) fish in the Russian River.\u003c/em> When we think of rivers we usually just think of the main stem, the stream we see flowing in the waterway. But rivers begin at the tops of mountains. The whole area of land that drains into a river is called the watershed. The Russian River watershed encompasses 1485 square miles of mountains and valleys, forests and agriculture, cities and towns, 95 percent of which is private property. All of the water running off this land makes its way into and down the 110 mile stretch of the main stem before finally meeting the Pacific Ocean at Jenner, California. The river supplies drinking water for over a half million people in Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin counties while during the summer it is also one of the most heavily used rivers for canoeing and kayaking in the nation. The river provides critical habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as many species of fish including three endangered salmonid species and the endemic Russian River Tule Perch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area of the river that we are exploring is located within the coastal fog belt of the outer North Coast Ranges. Here cool, moist, maritime conditions contrast the warmer dryer continental climate of the inland watershed. Tree species such as Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific Madrone (A. menziesii) dominate the forested landscape. The south-facing slopes and ridgelines are quilted with upland Coastal Prairie that serves as a reminder of the once vast and diverse grassland that stretched along the northern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-timers tell tales of the Russian River at a time when the redwood trees growing along the riverbanks were so huge, their branches stretched across the entire river, touching in the middle, and creating a shaded tunnel that the cool water gently flowed through. Today most of the big trees are long gone, but the second and third-growth timbers still provide homes for waterfowl, eagles, owls, osprey, heron and a host of other birdlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native riparian plant communities support a high level of biological diversity and are particularly important to the life cycle of fish such as endangered salmon. The native vegetation also helps control erosion during the winter flood stages and can mitigate over-sedimentation of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our paddle we glided past an osprey and great blue heron roosting site that is testament to a thriving river environment. In one 50-yard stretch we could see at least four large osprey nests, each with a courting pair calling out to one another as they were busy rearing this year's young brood. The success of these fish-eating raptors, at the top of the river food chain, is encouraging, showing a thriving food-web of fish and invertebrates in the aquatic ecosystem below the nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we enter the estuary and approach historic Penny Island, The river begins a transformation both readily seen and unseen. Scientists from the Sonoma County Water Agency and National Marine Fisheries Service are now actively studying this region. 12 data collection stations have been installed in the estuary, taking readings of the salinity and water temperature and measuring the levels of bacteria and oxygen in the river. The scientists are also working with the USGS to test for pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and wastewater residue in the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River estuary has an incredibly rich biodiversity. Over 50 species of fish have been identified in the lagoon, including Chinook Salmon, Tule Perch, Starry Flounder, American Shad and Bay Pipefish. The estuary is a nursery and particularly important for fish such as young steelhead who use this area to grow and adapt to saltwater before entering the ocean. It's this mixing of two distinct ecosystems that makes the estuary environment so vibrant; a confluence of life where an upriver animal such as the Northern River Otter, might interact with an ocean species such as a harbor seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tale \"The Wind in the Willows\" Rat said of the river, \"It's my world, and I don't want any other. What it hasn't got is not worth having, and what it doesn't know is not worth knowing. Lord! The times we've had together!\" Ever changing, ever moving, always full of surprises, maybe the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus said it best, \"you never set foot in the same river twice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1408535@N24\">Lower Russian River photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriverwatershed.net/\">Russian River Watershed Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2009/around-the-bend\">Bay Nature: Paddling the Russian River's Middle Reach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stewardsofthecoastandredwoods.org/\">Stewards of the Coast Redwoods\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Russian River originates in the redwood forests of Mendocino County and winds its way gently south thorough Sonoma County. One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is towards the end, near its mouth. Here the waters widen, fresh water mixing with the tidal flows of the ocean, and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/lower-russian-river-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"We go to the river's edge for comfort, spiritual renewal, meditation, solitude; we go to the river to feel and know the continuance of life.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>- Henry David Thoreau\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River has been a favorite destination for generations of San Franciscans looking to get away from the rolling chill of the seasonal fog. It’s also a popular get-away for inland Bay Area residents looking for a watery escape from the summer heat. But for people more familiar with the middle stretches of the river, venturing into the lower Russian River might offer a surprise or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploring the lower Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner by the Sea, you are just as likely to meet animals such as North American River Otters, Harbor Seals or Pacific Pond Turtles as you are to see another person on the river. Bird lovers marvel as Barn Swallows zip by overhead, Osprey call from their nests and Great Blue Heron fish in the shallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also an excellent place to study the river’s ecology. Since all the runoff in the watershed, from pristine wilderness to agriculture and developed areas such as Santa Rosa, makes its way to and through this one spot, scientists can use the river as a living laboratory for how our human activities affect the water quality of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is an extraordinarily wild place in the backyard of the bustling Bay Area that we encourage you to explore. Leave nothing, take only photos and, as they say up the river, \"Memories that linger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Location and Directions to Duncans Mills & Jenner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>From Hwy 101 at Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Take River Road Exit west to Russian River Resort Areas and Guerneville (go approx. 18 miles to Guerneville). At Guerneville continue straight on River Road / Hwy 116 for another 8 miles, past Monte Rio to Duncans Mills. (Jenner and the Pacific Coast is another 5 miles down river.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions From Pacific Coast Hwy 1\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Traveling North on Hwy 1, Cross the Russian River at Bridgehaven, make right onto Hwy 116 toward Russian River Resort Areas and continue upriver 4 miles to Duncans Mills. To get to Jenner, make a left after the bridge and travel up Coast Hwy 1 for one mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Boat Put-in & Take-out Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Public access to the Russian River is surprisingly limited. 95 percent of the entire watershed is private property. Professional river guides and outfitters can make arrangements for the start and finish your trek and can supply shuttle, and portage for your boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explore the lower Russian River on your own, probably the most convenient place to put in your boat is at the Casini Ranch Family Campground, just across and up river from Duncans Mills. There is a $3 day-use fee. For more information contact: 1 (800) 451-8400 or E-mail: reservations@casiniranch.com\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take-out is at the Jenner boat launch near the Visitor Center in Jenner, CA, at the mouth of the Russian River, off HWY 1. There is no fee and ample parking is available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is doing our Exploration in reverse by putting in at the Jenner boat launch, and paddling up river to Duncans Mills. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River Guides and Boat Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>WaterTreks EcoTours & Jenner Kayak Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Toll Free:1-888-865-2249\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.watertreks.com/\">http://www.watertreks.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were guided on our Exploration by Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours in Jenner, CA. Suki is a local guide, naturalist and kayak instructor whose roots in the area go back generations to her Native American ancestors. She has been working with the public in outdoor recreation, education and safety on The Russian River since 1979. WaterTreks provided us with kayaks and gear, as well as safety, expertise and fun company on the river. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Russian River Outfitters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>1-877-775-2925\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com/\">http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nKayak and Canoe rentals at Duncan’s Mills, CA. Russian River Outfitters can also provide experienced river guides and instruction, as well as a shuttle service and boat portage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clothing and Outfitting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you don't have your own gear, your professional river guide or outfitter can supply boats, paddles, life vests, dry bags and other equipment you will need. You should plan to supply your own enthusiasm, curiosity and sense of adventure. The Russian River is classified as class 1 waterway, meaning it is mild. However winds, tide, and currents can be unpredictable. Kayaking is not without risk, it is highly recommended that everyone wear a personal flotation device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the summertime, the wind can come up and the fog will roll in on the coast. The lower Russian River can turn quite chilly, even when it is warm inland. You will get wet. It is recommended to wear layers and a waterproof outer shell. Cotton clothing is not recommended as it tends to hold water and pull heat from your body when soaked. Water wicking fleece or other material is best for warmth. Shoes, such as sport sandals, that won’t get waterlogged are suggested. Bring sun protection. And a good tip is to have a warm set of clothes to change into after your day on The River.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Food and Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Keeping yourself fueled and hydrated is important You will be on the river for a few hours without access to resources. Bring water and some snacks packed in watertight bags or a small cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Communications\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cell phone coverage is spotty at best in this section of the Russian River but it is still recommended that you keep a cell phone handy in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Long sandy beaches below rugged headlands, a craggy coastline with natural arches and secluded coves are features that make \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\" target=\"_blank\">Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/a> one of California's most scenic attractions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of The River from Jenner, is Sonoma Coast State Park. Mostly known for its beaches, one of the highlights for those who love the outdoors is Pomo Canyon. A former Pomo-Miwok trade route, this 3 mile hike takes you from the redwood glens near Willow Creek, up and over the grassy hillside and down to the coast at Shell Beach. It's considered by many to be one of the prettiest hikes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The serene, majestic beauty of this Grove is a living reminder of the magnificent primeval redwood forest that covered much of this area before logging operations began during the 19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 800 acres of magnificent Sequoia sempervirens, commonly known as the Coast Redwood are preserved near Guerneville, CA. Armstrong Grove is a favorite place to escape the heat of summer and bask in the shade of an old growth forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Coast Redwood is the tallest living thing in the world. Some coast redwoods are more than 2000 years old and tower over 350 feet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=450\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/a> offers self-guided nature trails, a visitor's center and a variety of picnic facilities. The tallest tree you’ll encounter in the park is called the \"Parson Jones Tree\" measuring more than 310 feet in height. The oldest tree here is the stately \"Colonel Armstrong Tree,\" estimated to be over 1400 years old. It is named after a benevolent lumberman who chose to preserve this portion of the park in the 1870's. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a trail map, see:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\">http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special thanks to Jenny Donovan and Rich Lawton of the California State Parks, Jessica Martini-Lamb of the Sonoma County Water Agency, as well as Michele Luna and Annie Cresswell from the Stewards of the Coast and Redwoods for assisting us on this project. And a special thanks to our guide, Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours, for taking us on this wonderful paddle and showing us all that the Lower Russian River has to offer!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cruising Down The River: A Paddle Exploration of the Lower Russian River\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172849/\" title=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4030/4667172849_bbb74055e5_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day.\"- A. A. Milne, Pooh's Little Instruction Book. Photo provided by George Scott Zastrow Photography\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River begins its ramblings in the northern California redwood forests of Mendocino County, gently flowing south through Sonoma County, past lush vineyards and the towns of Geyserville, Healdsburg and Guerneville, before turning and winding its way to the Pacific Ocean. The river is a popular summertime destination for Bay Area residents and is also home to a vibrant and diverse wildlife community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is near its mouth where the river meets the sea. Here at the estuary the waters widen and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. We have explored estuary environments before, discovering their beauty, learning about the fluctuating environment, the impact of human interaction and the challenges of restoration. But for this Quest Exploration we trade in our walking sticks for kayak paddles. The only way to be fully immersed in the river environment is to take to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A young steelhead jumps at a dragonfly, an Osprey lands in its nest above, a family of river otters frolics along the riverbanks. The river is a verdant but fragile part of California's natural heritage. Exploring the lower stretch of the Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner, provides a micro-climate glimpse of the varied river terrain; winding from the warm inland mountains and forests, past breezy oaks, willows and grasslands, to fog-draped Tule marshes and coastal dunes. And as we slowly drift down the river, the aquatic ecosystems are changing too, from fresh to salty brackish water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172551/\" title=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4047/4667172551_2cdcba2541_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Russian River Tule Perch, (Hysterocarpus traskii pomo), is the only genetically endemic (biologically native) fish in the Russian River.\u003c/em> When we think of rivers we usually just think of the main stem, the stream we see flowing in the waterway. But rivers begin at the tops of mountains. The whole area of land that drains into a river is called the watershed. The Russian River watershed encompasses 1485 square miles of mountains and valleys, forests and agriculture, cities and towns, 95 percent of which is private property. All of the water running off this land makes its way into and down the 110 mile stretch of the main stem before finally meeting the Pacific Ocean at Jenner, California. The river supplies drinking water for over a half million people in Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin counties while during the summer it is also one of the most heavily used rivers for canoeing and kayaking in the nation. The river provides critical habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as many species of fish including three endangered salmonid species and the endemic Russian River Tule Perch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area of the river that we are exploring is located within the coastal fog belt of the outer North Coast Ranges. Here cool, moist, maritime conditions contrast the warmer dryer continental climate of the inland watershed. Tree species such as Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific Madrone (A. menziesii) dominate the forested landscape. The south-facing slopes and ridgelines are quilted with upland Coastal Prairie that serves as a reminder of the once vast and diverse grassland that stretched along the northern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-timers tell tales of the Russian River at a time when the redwood trees growing along the riverbanks were so huge, their branches stretched across the entire river, touching in the middle, and creating a shaded tunnel that the cool water gently flowed through. Today most of the big trees are long gone, but the second and third-growth timbers still provide homes for waterfowl, eagles, owls, osprey, heron and a host of other birdlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native riparian plant communities support a high level of biological diversity and are particularly important to the life cycle of fish such as endangered salmon. The native vegetation also helps control erosion during the winter flood stages and can mitigate over-sedimentation of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our paddle we glided past an osprey and great blue heron roosting site that is testament to a thriving river environment. In one 50-yard stretch we could see at least four large osprey nests, each with a courting pair calling out to one another as they were busy rearing this year's young brood. The success of these fish-eating raptors, at the top of the river food chain, is encouraging, showing a thriving food-web of fish and invertebrates in the aquatic ecosystem below the nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we enter the estuary and approach historic Penny Island, The river begins a transformation both readily seen and unseen. Scientists from the Sonoma County Water Agency and National Marine Fisheries Service are now actively studying this region. 12 data collection stations have been installed in the estuary, taking readings of the salinity and water temperature and measuring the levels of bacteria and oxygen in the river. The scientists are also working with the USGS to test for pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and wastewater residue in the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River estuary has an incredibly rich biodiversity. Over 50 species of fish have been identified in the lagoon, including Chinook Salmon, Tule Perch, Starry Flounder, American Shad and Bay Pipefish. The estuary is a nursery and particularly important for fish such as young steelhead who use this area to grow and adapt to saltwater before entering the ocean. It's this mixing of two distinct ecosystems that makes the estuary environment so vibrant; a confluence of life where an upriver animal such as the Northern River Otter, might interact with an ocean species such as a harbor seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tale \"The Wind in the Willows\" Rat said of the river, \"It's my world, and I don't want any other. What it hasn't got is not worth having, and what it doesn't know is not worth knowing. Lord! The times we've had together!\" Ever changing, ever moving, always full of surprises, maybe the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus said it best, \"you never set foot in the same river twice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1408535@N24\">Lower Russian River photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriverwatershed.net/\">Russian River Watershed Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2009/around-the-bend\">Bay Nature: Paddling the Russian River's Middle Reach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stewardsofthecoastandredwoods.org/\">Stewards of the Coast Redwoods\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/muir-woods-national-monument-exploration/map?%20embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Plan Your Visit\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>You may not think of salmon when visiting the redwoods in Muir Woods, but it’s home to a population of Coho Salmon. Redwood forests provide ideal salmon habitat, providing woody debris to protect young salmon in the creeks and keeping them shaded and cool. But the Coho in Muir Wood’s Redwood Creek are endangered, and local biologists and volunteers are working to protect the salmon and restore their habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a map, driving directions and satellite views of this park from \u003cstrong>Google™ Maps\u003c/strong>, \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=muir+woods+national+monument&sll=37.906283,-122.474213&sspn=0.321271,0.506058&ie=UTF8&om=1&ll=37.896395,-122.584848&spn=0.039216,0.054331&t=h&z=14\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Address: Muir Woods Road, Building MW-020\u003cbr>\nMill Valley, CA 94941\u003cbr>\nPhone:(415) 388-2595\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California's Coho\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/307a_salmon300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nSalmon are one of the iconic species of the West, but today it's a species in trouble. Coho Salmon, also known as silver salmon, are listed as an endangered species. In the 1940s, California's population was estimated at 200,000 to 500,000. In just 50 years, that population has declined about 90 per cent. California's Chinook Salmon are also in trouble. The commercial fishery has been closed for the past two seasons, due to record low numbers of salmon returning to spawn in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho range from California all the way to Alaska. As Muir Woods Biologist Michael Reichmuth explained, the Coho Salmon in Redwood Creek have been known as the southernmost stable population – but now that stability is questionable. Fish surveys have shown lower numbers of returning salmon every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>If you see someone snorkeling in Redwood Creek as you walk through Muir Woods, don’t be alarmed. Reichmuth conducts fish surveys throughout the year, and sometimes searching for juvenile salmon requires a mask and snorkel. These surveys are critical for assessing the health of the Coho population. The Park Service relies on volunteers to help with this effort, who walk the length of the creek looking for spawning salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Life Cycle\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Salmon are built to spend their lives in two different worlds – in streams and rivers and the open ocean – and they can face pressures in both places. Coho return to reproduce the streams and creeks they were born in, so many of the populations are genetically distinct from each other. After reproducing, female Coho lay their eggs in redds – nests they dig out of gravel in river beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After hatching, juvenile salmon stay in the creeks and streams for about 16 months, eating insect larvae and growing to five to six inches. They then migrate to the open ocean, where they live until they’re three years old. This is the end of their life cycle, when they swim back to into the creeks in December and January after winter rains to spawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Habitat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/creek.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nAs Muir Woods Nursery Manager Chris Friedel says, if you see a perfectly straight creek, then it’s not natural. Redwood Creek has been molded by human forces for the past century. Local farmers straightened the creek to help with flood control and in the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps undertook several projects remaking Muir Woods, including restructuring Redwood Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists are learning, that flooding is key for the survival of salmon. When creek level rises, young salmon are able to reach a new food supply. They need woody debris like fallen redwoods for shelter, especially during the rainy season when water flow speeds up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Replacing the fallen trees and restoring the meandering course of the creek has been a major focus of the restoration. Today, there’s a volunteer effort lead by the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy and the National Park Service to restore Redwood Creek both in and outside Muir Woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Latest Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1059386@N25\">Muir Woods National Monument photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/learning-center/explore/\">Save the Redwoods Education Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Talk about a wild ride.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/louversystem1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Every year, millions of fish make a strange and harrowing detour through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.publicaffairs.water.ca.gov/swp/future.cfm\">Skinner Fish Facility\u003c/a>, part of the State Water Project's facilities in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my last post, I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/05/where-water-runs-uphill/\">my visit to the Banks Pumping Plant\u003c/a>, whose giant pumps slurp water from the Delta to help quench California's thirst. As the volumes of water are sucked up, both resident and migrating fish come along for the ride. The Skinner Facility, in operation since 1968, was built to protect fish from being killed at the pumps--an effort that sadly is not as successful as one would hope (more on that below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was amazed to learn there is a whole art and science to fish screens, which range from physical barriers--called \u003cem>positive barriers\u003c/em>--like perforated plates or wire mesh, to \u003cem>behavioral barriers\u003c/em> like sound, light, or other stimuli aimed at keeping fish away. Well-designed screens minimize both \u003cem>entrainment\u003c/em> (fish being pulled into the pump or diversion) and \u003cem>impingement\u003c/em> (fish being trapped or injured against the screen itself due to water velocity).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both physical and behavioral barriers are used at the Skinner Facility. Fish being pulled toward the pumps first encounter a trash rack that diverts many bigger fish, along with floating debris. Next, fish encounter a large, v-shaped array of metal louvers. The louvers create turbulence that functions as a behavioral signal, encouraging the fish to swim away into bypass pipes that function, as our tour guide put it, like \"a big vacuum system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/07/holdingtank1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>From the bypass pipes fish travel to another set of louvers and pipes, concentrating them into a smaller volume of water, and then into holding tanks in a nearby warehouse. Giant, suspended cone-shaped buckets are used to periodically sample the fish, which are identified, counted, and measured. Some 90 species turn up in the facility, including \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon\">Chinook salmon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhead\">steelhead\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_sturgeon\">white sturgeon\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/05/little-fish-big-crisis/\">delta smelt\u003c/a>. (I asked our guide if delta smelt really do smell like cucumbers. He confirmed it. In fact, when a school of smelt comes through--an event that has become rare--the warehouse smells \"like a salad.\") When enough fish have been collected, they are loaded into trucks and driven back to the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the rub. Many fish caught in the pull of the pumps are lost to predation before even reaching the screening facility. Then, the facility does not effectively screen fish smaller than about 1.5 inches, meaning that littler, less powerful species and juveniles are still vulnerable to the pumps. For the fish that make it to the holding tanks, the process is such a trauma--with big and little fish squashed together in the tanks, buckets, and trucks--it's no surprise there are casualties; in fact, the delicate delta smelt often do not survive. And even for fish that make it through the entire process and out the other end, there's a final, fatal hurdle: the trunks routinely dump salvaged fish at the same locations, where more predators have learned to cluster for a free lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists agree that the loss of fish at the huge state pumps--and other pumps and intake pipes throughout the Delta--is a major contributor to plummeting populations. How much water we use makes a difference: The higher the export rates, the more fish are entrained. There also is broad consensus that more state-of-the-art fish screening facilities are needed. That could come with a hefty price tag. But with our fish disappearing, can we afford \u003cem>not\u003c/em> to invest in their survival?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.825718 -121.596422\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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