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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_keck.jpg\">\u003cem>Half hour exposure of star trails\u003cbr>\nabove the Keck Telescopes taken by yours truly\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/09/why-does-it-matter/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter that I discussed in my last post\u003c/a> is quite bizarre, but makes up only a small fraction of the universe. The dominant material in the universe actually appears to be some kind of \"\u003ca href=\"http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/5/7\" target=\"_blank\">dark energy\u003c/a>\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since no one has any idea what dark energy actually is, I can't really write a whole lot about it. All I can say is that something is out there, and it’s really weird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark energy presents itself to us as a mysterious force, counteracting gravity over enormous cosmological distances. The effects of this force were first observed through observations of very distant \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova\" target=\"_blank\">supernovae\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the right conditions (any idea what these conditions may be?), an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf\">old star can explode\u003c/a> as a supernova. The explosion is so bright that it can be seen from across the universe. All of these explosions are very similar, enabling us to estimate the distance to the supernova from its apparent brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of supernovae are used to measure the rate at which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/kenny/papers/cosmo.html\" target=\"_blank\">space is expanding\u003c/a>. Measurements show that supernovae are much fainter than expected. It appears that there must be a new force at work, caused by a previously unknown material. We call this material dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_cosmo.jpg\">\u003cem>As this NASA chart indicates,\u003cbr> the dominant material in the universe is \"dark energy\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This week I’m actually observing supernovae (and dark energy) using the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Observatory\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gohawaii.com/big_island/\" target=\"_blank\">Hawai’i\u003c/a>. We discovered a little over 30 of these supernovae in the last year using the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. We use large ground-based telescopes to measure the speed at which they are moving away from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining the brightness from the Hubble data with the speed from the Keck data, we get a measure of this dark energy. But it’s not all fun and games there in the beautiful Hawaiian islands-- I get to spend 16 hours a day in front of a computer screen watching data come while my girlfriend scuba dives nearby with a pod of dolphins. Well, you can't \u003ca href=\"http://www.poico.com/artman/publish/cat_index_27.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">have your poi and eat it too\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_keck.jpg\">\u003cem>Half hour exposure of star trails\u003cbr>\nabove the Keck Telescopes taken by yours truly\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/09/why-does-it-matter/\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter that I discussed in my last post\u003c/a> is quite bizarre, but makes up only a small fraction of the universe. The dominant material in the universe actually appears to be some kind of \"\u003ca href=\"http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/17/5/7\" target=\"_blank\">dark energy\u003c/a>\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since no one has any idea what dark energy actually is, I can't really write a whole lot about it. All I can say is that something is out there, and it’s really weird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dark energy presents itself to us as a mysterious force, counteracting gravity over enormous cosmological distances. The effects of this force were first observed through observations of very distant \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova\" target=\"_blank\">supernovae\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the right conditions (any idea what these conditions may be?), an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf\">old star can explode\u003c/a> as a supernova. The explosion is so bright that it can be seen from across the universe. All of these explosions are very similar, enabling us to estimate the distance to the supernova from its apparent brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Observations of supernovae are used to measure the rate at which \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/kenny/papers/cosmo.html\" target=\"_blank\">space is expanding\u003c/a>. Measurements show that supernovae are much fainter than expected. It appears that there must be a new force at work, caused by a previously unknown material. We call this material dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_cosmo.jpg\">\u003cem>As this NASA chart indicates,\u003cbr> the dominant material in the universe is \"dark energy\"\u003c/em>\u003c/span>This week I’m actually observing supernovae (and dark energy) using the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Observatory\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.gohawaii.com/big_island/\" target=\"_blank\">Hawai’i\u003c/a>. We discovered a little over 30 of these supernovae in the last year using the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>. We use large ground-based telescopes to measure the speed at which they are moving away from us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Combining the brightness from the Hubble data with the speed from the Keck data, we get a measure of this dark energy. But it’s not all fun and games there in the beautiful Hawaiian islands-- I get to spend 16 hours a day in front of a computer screen watching data come while my girlfriend scuba dives nearby with a pod of dolphins. Well, you can't \u003ca href=\"http://www.poico.com/artman/publish/cat_index_27.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">have your poi and eat it too\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_darkmatter2.jpg\">\u003cem> A work for SFMOMA?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Standing on Earth and looking out into space, it’s easy to assume that you have it figured out. There are stars, gases, metals-- all 'normal matter' that we can see, made up of electrons and protons. From this vantage point, there is no reason to believe that there is anything else out there. At least this is what astronomers used to believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's begin by reviewing the hierarchy of objects that are found in the universe. On the small end are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/02/26/my-very-eager-mother-just-served-us-nachos/\">solar systems\u003c/a>, with a series of planets orbiting around a central star. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/13/galaxies-all-that-and-a-can-of-spam/\">Galaxies like the Milky Way\u003c/a> define the second level. At the highest level are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\">galaxy clusters\u003c/a> which are a collection of thousands of galaxies much like a galaxy is made up of billions of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping back to 1933, an astronomer from the California Institute of Technology named Fritz Zwicki was observing the motion of galaxies in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/coma-sc.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Coma Cluster\u003c/a>. Coma is one of our nearest neighbor galaxy clusters, being only 100 million light years away and containing more than 1,000 galaxies. Zwicki observed that the galaxies in the Coma Cluster were moving much faster than predicted. When counting up all the light from the galaxies, he saw that there is not nearly enough mass to create the gravitational attraction responsible for the speed of these galaxies. To account for the missing mass, he postulated the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter\u003c/a>, which would be invisible to us here on Earth. \u003cem>Invisible matter???\u003c/em> He was ridiculed for his ideas that defied common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not much else was said about this invisible matter until the 1970's when Vera Rubin, an astronomer from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ociw.edu\" target=\"_blank\">Carnegie Institution of Washington\u003c/a>, started to observe the rotation of nearby galaxies (see figure below*). Much like Zwicki and the Coma Cluster, she saw that the mass from all of the stars did not account for nearly the gravity required to describe the speed at which the galaxies were spinning. To account for the missing matter, she again invoked the dark matter scenario, and again, no one believed her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, technology has finally caught up to the intuition of Rubin and Zwicki. Astronomers now routinely see indirect evidence of this invisible matter at work. It is now generally accepted that dark matter exists, and actually dominates the composition of galaxies. We now believe the universe to be only 4 percent normal matter and 22 percent dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for those of you who are keeping score, you probably noticed that I only accounted for 26 percent of the materials that make up the universe. Where are the other 74 percent? I hate to keep you on the edge of your seat, but \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9906463\" target=\"_blank\">here’s a hint\u003c/a>. Stay tuned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cstrong>Figure 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_rotation.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Rotation curve of an average galaxy. The X-axis represents distance from the center of the galaxy while the Y-axis represents the speed at which the galaxy is spinning. Curve \"A\"shows the expected rotation curve for a galaxy which is composed solely of it luminous matter. Curve \"B\" is what is actually observed. The presence of dark matter is currently the best explanation for the difference between the two curves.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_darkmatter2.jpg\">\u003cem> A work for SFMOMA?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Standing on Earth and looking out into space, it’s easy to assume that you have it figured out. There are stars, gases, metals-- all 'normal matter' that we can see, made up of electrons and protons. From this vantage point, there is no reason to believe that there is anything else out there. At least this is what astronomers used to believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's begin by reviewing the hierarchy of objects that are found in the universe. On the small end are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/02/26/my-very-eager-mother-just-served-us-nachos/\">solar systems\u003c/a>, with a series of planets orbiting around a central star. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/13/galaxies-all-that-and-a-can-of-spam/\">Galaxies like the Milky Way\u003c/a> define the second level. At the highest level are \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/26/a-summer-at-the-south-pole/\">galaxy clusters\u003c/a> which are a collection of thousands of galaxies much like a galaxy is made up of billions of stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stepping back to 1933, an astronomer from the California Institute of Technology named Fritz Zwicki was observing the motion of galaxies in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/coma-sc.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Coma Cluster\u003c/a>. Coma is one of our nearest neighbor galaxy clusters, being only 100 million light years away and containing more than 1,000 galaxies. Zwicki observed that the galaxies in the Coma Cluster were moving much faster than predicted. When counting up all the light from the galaxies, he saw that there is not nearly enough mass to create the gravitational attraction responsible for the speed of these galaxies. To account for the missing mass, he postulated the idea of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter\u003c/a>, which would be invisible to us here on Earth. \u003cem>Invisible matter???\u003c/em> He was ridiculed for his ideas that defied common sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not much else was said about this invisible matter until the 1970's when Vera Rubin, an astronomer from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ociw.edu\" target=\"_blank\">Carnegie Institution of Washington\u003c/a>, started to observe the rotation of nearby galaxies (see figure below*). Much like Zwicki and the Coma Cluster, she saw that the mass from all of the stars did not account for nearly the gravity required to describe the speed at which the galaxies were spinning. To account for the missing matter, she again invoked the dark matter scenario, and again, no one believed her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, technology has finally caught up to the intuition of Rubin and Zwicki. Astronomers now routinely see indirect evidence of this invisible matter at work. It is now generally accepted that dark matter exists, and actually dominates the composition of galaxies. We now believe the universe to be only 4 percent normal matter and 22 percent dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, for those of you who are keeping score, you probably noticed that I only accounted for 26 percent of the materials that make up the universe. Where are the other 74 percent? I hate to keep you on the edge of your seat, but \u003ca href=\"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9906463\" target=\"_blank\">here’s a hint\u003c/a>. Stay tuned...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cstrong>Figure 1\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_rotation.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Rotation curve of an average galaxy. The X-axis represents distance from the center of the galaxy while the Y-axis represents the speed at which the galaxy is spinning. Curve \"A\"shows the expected rotation curve for a galaxy which is composed solely of it luminous matter. Curve \"B\" is what is actually observed. The presence of dark matter is currently the best explanation for the difference between the two curves.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_color_night.jpg\">\u003cem>Double star Albireo, at the head of Cygnus the Swan.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Conrad Jung, through Chabot’s 8-inch telescope, Leah.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I occasionally get an email or a phone call from someone wanting to know what that strange, dazzling light was they saw in the sky that looked too unusual to be a star, or a planet, and was certainly not an airplane...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever this happens, I think back to a night in my youth when the same sort of thing happened to me. I was in my early teens, living under the relatively \"dark\" skies of Alamo, in the shadow of Las Trampas Regional Park. I walked outside and looked up to the sky to see a dazzling light, one that I swore I’d never seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its sheer brightness was enough to make me do a double take, but the way it flickered and flashed in every color or the rainbow-- red, blue, green, maybe a glint of yellow-- made me wonder if I were seeing a supernova, and if I should run inside and report it to someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, it was the star Sirius, in the constellation Canis Major, to the left of Orion-- and though it’s a member of a winter constellation, you can still see it, low in the southwestern sky after dusk. Sirius is the brightest star in our sky--after the Sun of course-- with enough intensity in its light for the color-sensing \"cone\" cells in our eyes' retinas to register. The prismatic flashing of different colors you can see in Sirius is caused by its light being refracted in Earth's atmosphere and the various colors being split apart, like light passing through a prism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though there are some other stars bright enough to show their true colors to our human eyes-- such as \"red giant\" stars like Antares, Betelgeuse, and Arcturas-- most stars are only detected by our more sensitive \"rod\" cells, which paint pictures in our brains in shades of gray. The fact of the matter is that the night sky is full of color-- it's just too subtle for our eyes to perceive.\u003cbr>\nTelescopes, even small ones, can bring out the colors in objects in space, collecting enough light to stimulate our color vision or to allow a camera to capture a color image. The subtle colors of the night sky begin to reveal themselves, from the blue-whites and yellows and oranges of stars to the pinks of clouds of hydrogen gas (nebulas) to the soft blue-greens in distant planets like Uranus and Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out our colorful universe as seen though Chabot Space & Science Center’s large telescopes at http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/observatory/astrophotos.asp, or come up on a public viewing night on Friday or Saturday to look through the telescopes with your own eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a whole universe waiting to be noticed every time you step outside at night. It was Sirius that got me hooked on star gazing--after the surprise of its brightness and the colors in its light had passed. Before it disappears into the twilight of spring and summer, take a look to the southwest after dusk and see what you think...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hdf.jpg\">\u003cem>Deep image from the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nknown as the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/07/\" target=\"_blank\">Hubble Deep Field\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\nA few bright round objects, i.e. the bright white object\u003cbr>\nleft of center, are stars. All other objects are galaxies,\u003cbr>\nsome as far as 12 billion light years away.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>To be perfectly honest, although my last posting focused on stars and extrasolar planets, as a cosmologist I find these to be quite mundane. On the one hand, Venus does seem impossibly far away when you think about how long it takes to fly smushed in coach class all the way to Rio de Janeiro. On these scales, Pluto, sitting out near the edge of our solar system, seems to be the edge of time and space. On the other hand, if you want to go out and study the universe, our solar system doesn’t even register as a tick on your yardstick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To continue with this complex analogy, I’d say the first ticks on your yardstick are galaxies like \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/messier/more/mw.html\" target=\"_blank\">our very own Milky Way\u003c/a>. All of those extrasolar planets I talked about before have been discovered in our very small, local neighborhood of the Milky Way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Milky Way is only one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html\" target=\"_blank\">many galaxies in the universe\u003c/a>. There are so many that Bill Gates wouldn’t be able to buy all of them if the universe were holding a liquidation sale, even at the bargain price of $1.00 each. If you want to find extrasolar planets in other galaxies, forget about it. Individual stars are extremely difficult to observe outside of the Milky Way, not to mention the planets around those stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the Land Down Under, I am intrigued by university lecturer Glen Mackie, who took the time to estimate the \u003ca href=\"http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html\" target=\"_blank\">total number of galaxies in the universe\u003c/a>, and the stars in those galaxies. He compares the total number of stars in the universe to the total number of grains of sand on Earth and finds the sand is outscored by 20 to 1. It is quite humbling to think that the Sun, which is central to our very existence, is as unique to the universe as a single grain of sand is unique to our Earth. There are many other such analogies - let me know some of your favorites in a response to this post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With such a large number of galaxies in the universe, there’s a lot that we don’t yet understand. One project working to gain some insight into the various populations of galaxies is the \u003ca href=\"http://deep.berkeley.edu/\">DEEP \u003c/a>survey. They are using the \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckobservatory.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Observatory\u003c/a>, found in one of my favorite destinations, the Big Island of Hawaii. Hawaii is not only a great place for snorkeling and SPAM, but also a phenomenal place to observe very distant galaxies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from UC Santa Cruz, UC Berkeley, UC Davis, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, as well as researchers from the Universities of Arizona, Maryland, Virginia, and Hawaii are all working as part of the DEEP team to study distant galaxies. Over the course of five years, they identified and observed 60,000 galaxies in four small patches of sky, each barely larger than the moon. Using this extensive data set, they hope to gain a better understanding of how distant galaxies have aged compared to older, nearby galaxies. For those of you data-crunchers like me, take a look at some of \u003ca href=\"http://deep.berkeley.edu/gallery/\" target=\"_blank\">DEEP's images\u003c/a>. I know it’s not as exciting as watching the proceedings of the Anna Nicole Smith case, but I suspect Larry King will pick up on DEEP soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_solar300.jpg\">\u003c/span>Whenever I talk about my astronomy research, I realize that for most people, the fascination begins with star-gazing. I can't say that I know much about the constellations (I do recognize the Big Dipper and Orion, and that’s about it) but it is a constant reminder of how little most people know what they are missing with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really understand where our small planet fits in, it’s helpful to look at the hierarchy of systems that are found in the universe. I think of this hierarchy in terms of size, running from small to enormous collections of objects. On the small end are solar systems, where a series of planets orbits around a central star. Galaxies like the Milky Way define the mid-range. Galaxy clusters, which are collections of thousands of galaxies, are the largest in this hierarchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nineplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">solar system everyone recognizes\u003c/a> is our own, with nine... I mean eight... planets orbiting around the Sun. When I was in elementary school, they taught us “My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles” as a reminder of the planets in our solar system. With the \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060824_planet_definition.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent demotion of Pluto\u003c/a>, I guess it's now \"My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it turns out that we are not alone, or at least our solar system is not alone. There are now over 200 known solar systems in the Milky Way. These solar systems are very hard to find, since the planets that make the system do not emit light or \"shine.\" Typically, these solar systems are identified through very careful observations of the central star. A central star, analogous to the Sun, displays a subtle wiggle or change in brightness with the passing of large planets in its system. These planets are known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planets\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One person in the Bay Area community who is making serious headway in this research is Geoff Marcy at UC-Berkeley as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org\" target=\"_blank\">California and Carnegie Planet Search\u003c/a>. Their team has discovered more than 100 extrasolar planets around nearby stars. No one really knows how many of these planets are out there. For all we know, every sun-sized star has its own solar system. It’s just going to take some time to find them all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting back to the hierarchy, these solar systems are just a small component of our own galaxy, the Milky Way. The Milky Way is just one of many hundreds of millions of known galaxies, many of which lie in even larger systems called galaxy clusters. I'll come back to these topics in later posts as I build the backbone essential to understanding the principles of current cosmology and astrophysics research happening in the Bay Area. In the meanwhile, please tell your friends and family that Pluto really never was a planet. I swear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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