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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_donna.jpg\">\u003c/span>How does an elephant know to avoid a hungry lion pride to the west from miles and miles away? They have friends who call them with the 411, dialing direct to their feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to expert Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell, Elephants use their voices to create sounds, which transfer into waves through the ground. The elephants receive the information through vibration sensitive cells in their feet, particularly in the toes, heels and even the trunk. According to one acoustic specialist, an elephant foot resembles a satellite disc (or perhaps the other way around). The waves, or vibrations, travel up the leg bone of another elephant, through the shoulder and to the middle ear bones, where they are processed in the auditory cortex region of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When trying to receive a vibration, elephants put their weight on their two front feet, flatten their ears at their side and lay their trunks on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephants also seem to recognize who the message comes from. If it is from a reliable source, like a trustworthy friend, they listen and respond. A warning call elicits protective behavior, such as moving together or leaving the area. If it is just random rumblings, the call is ignored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ms. O'Connell-Rodwell and Oakland Zoo animal curator Colleen Kinzley have been studying elephant vibrations in Namibia. The study will appear in the Journal of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.asa.aip.org\" target=\"_blank\">Acoustical Society of America\u003c/a> in August. Seismic testing also takes place at the zoo with our own resident sound expert, our elephant Donna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The on-site research goes like this: Donna touches the center post when she is ready to begin. The scientists then either send a seismic signal (vibration) to the force plate she is standing on or not. Donna touches the positive sign post to her right if she felt a vibration or the negative sign post to the left is she doesn't feel it. When she is correct she gets favorite food treats like banana, apple, etc. When she is wrong, the process just start again. Donna typically does ten tests in a row. When she passes a session the vibration is reduced to the next lower level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It truly amazes me what we are still learning about animals. As we tell the student that come to ZooSchool, grow up and study animals, there is still so much to know! The Oakland Zoo supports this research as well as other. Find out more at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\">www.oaklandzoo.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amyg.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Gotliffe\u003c/strong> is Conservation Manager at \u003ca href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"The Oakland Zoo\">The Oakland Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_balloon.jpg\">\u003cem>Some forces, like the electromagnetic force,\u003cbr>\nare very easy to detect using small children\u003cbr>\nin the laboratory. Others aren't so easy.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I finished off \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/05/21/astronomy-in-the-news/\">my last post\u003c/a> with mention of some \u003ca href=\"http://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html\" target=\"_blank\">recent dark matter press coverage\u003c/a>. I'm going to take this opportunity to delve into this subject with a little more detail. I realize I've addressed this in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/09/why-does-it-matter/\">a previous post\u003c/a>, but I have to harp on it, the nature of this material remains one of the most intriguing questions in cosmology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I mentioned a couple months ago, no one has ever actually \u003cem>observed \u003c/em>dark matter, after all, it is dark. What do I mean by dark??? To answer this question, I have to explain the opposite of dark matter, we'll call it \"bright\" matter. The \"bright\" matter we're most familiar with is made up of electrons and protons. Electrons and protons interact through a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction\" target=\"_blank\">variety of forces\u003c/a>. The two forces most familiar to us are \u003cstrong>gravity \u003c/strong>and \u003cstrong>the electromagnetic force\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html\" target=\"_blank\">Gravity \u003c/a>of course is responsible for everything from the apple falling on Newton's head to the Earth's revolution around the sun. We typically associate this force with very large masses and very large distances. In the case of Newton's apple, we give credit to the mass of the Earth for pulling the fruit from the tree. We blame the mass of the sun for our yearly winters caused by the Earth's revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the most obvious of its contributions, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_force\" target=\"_blank\">the electromagnetic force\u003c/a> gives us electricity for our houses and for lightning strikes. More subtly, electromagnetism provides the force required to keep the particles together in the chair you're sitting in. The electromagnetic force also causes the interaction between photons and normal matter, which is how we see light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's compare these two forces for a second. We can see the effects of gravity when we have something as massive as the Earth, or a star, but it’s very hard to see the effects of gravity when looking at much smaller objects. However, it's very easy to see the electromagnetic force: I can move electrons around on the surface of a balloon by rubbing it on the floor and it will stick right to the wall. Imagine trying to measure the gravitational force in that same experiment, it's nearly impossible. This is because the electromagnetic force is many billions of billions of times stronger than gravity. A penny makes a bigger dent in our national debt than the effects of gravity make compared to electromagnetism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now what does this have to do with dark matter? Well, while we see clumping normal matter primarily through the electromagnetic force, we do not have this option with dark matter. This matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force. It therefore does not emit light, it doesn't stick together in the form of chairs or planets, and it doesn't carry an electromagnetic charge. This makes individual dark matter particles very hard to detect, much harder than detecting an electron or proton. Next time, I'll describe some of the techniques for actually observing this invisible material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_humpback.jpg\">\u003cem>Humpback in Sacramento River. Image source:\u003cbr>\nU.S. Coast Guard\u003c/em>\u003c/span>For the past 12 days, residents of the Bay Area have been following the day-to-day \u003ca href=\"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/05/24/BAGEUQ0RNU4.DTL\" target=\"_blank\">saga of two humpback whales\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Megaptera novaeangliae\u003c/em>) swimming far up to Sacramento River delta. Of course, we don't expect fully ocean-going, marine mammals to wander this far up a freshwater river system, and there's no good explanation for why these whales swam up to Sacramento in the first place. If you've been following the news, officials have adopted a new tactic in this \"rescue,\" which entails banging metal pipes below water with the idea that it'll make the whales feel like they've been locked in a room full of jackhammers with no ear plugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds matter to whales because hearing is a primary sense underwater. The marvelously sophisticated \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/news/svp2006.php\" target=\"_blank\">biosonar system\u003c/a> used by toothed whales (like bottlenose dolphins and orcas) has been well known for almost 50 years. Baleen whales are much more of an enigma: we know that some, like humpbacks, emit low frequency sounds for long periods of time-- \u003ca href=\"http://www.whalesong.net/\" target=\"_blank\">whalesong\u003c/a>-- but we don't know how they do it, nor do we understand how they hear it. Low-frequency sound travels far underwater, and humpbacks in particular seem to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~emiii/JAS03004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">selective about the depth at which they sing\u003c/a>, suggesting that humpbacks use unique differences in the density of ocean water at certain depths that provide communication conduits-- much like the tin can and string telephones that kids use – allowing humpbacks in California to talk with those in Hawaii. Given the long-range migrations that humpbacks undertake, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050223140605.htm\" target=\"_blank\">communication across ocean basins\u003c/a> isn't such a funny idea, and the evidence to support this idea continues to accumulate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manipulating the acoustic environment in the Sacramento River may help the two humpbacks make it back to sea, but, in general, human impacts on the acoustic environment of the oceans has made it a \u003ca href=\"http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=10564&page=1\" target=\"_blank\">much harder place for whales to communicate\u003c/a>. As ambient levels of sound increase with more shipping vessels, the louder whales need to sing to communicate over the din. Not all forms of pollution are material, and the more we learn about the oceans-- using all of our senses – the more we discover that there's so much more to learn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_nickp.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Nick Pyenson\u003c/strong> is a PhD candidate at the University of California, Berkeley, in the department of integrative biology and the museum of paleontology.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/320\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/radio17_nuclear300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Not long ago, nuclear power was unthinkable among environmentalists, particularly in California, where a moratorium on new power plants has put a lid on the industry for thirty years. But that sentiment may be changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/320\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/320\">listen to the \"Reconsidering Nuclear Power\" Radio report\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_red_dwarf.jpg\">\u003cem>An artists conception of a planet orbiting a red dwarf star\u003c/em>\u003c/span> Is it just me, or have we seen a ton of astronomy news coverage in the last month? Lately, it seems like every time I check my inbox, there is a new question from my parents about some great new discovery with a link to the news article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest burst of astronomy activity began with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/science/space/25planet.html?ex=1193284800&en=295f38ac6130ee08&ei=5087&excamp=GGGNgliese581\" target=\"_blank\">discovery of a possible earth-like and earth-sized planet\u003c/a>. This discovery came as part of one of those planet searches that both my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/16/planets-by-the-hundreds/\">fellow blogger Ben Burress\u003c/a> and I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/02/26/my-very-eager-mother-just-served-us-nachos/\">have written about\u003c/a>. Just like most of the 200 or so planets that have been discovered, this planet was found by observing the wobble of the central star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the star was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.emse.fr/~yukna/researchers/reddwarf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">red dwarf\u003c/a>, a kind of star cooler and less massive than our Sun. The planet orbiting the star was much smaller than most known extrasolar planets, only about 5 times the size of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small size of the star actually makes it easier to detect smaller planets. Each passing orbit of the planet causes a relatively large tug on the star compared to the effect of that planet on a much larger star. It’s like watching a \u003ca href=\"http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/7435\" target=\"_blank\">4-yr old swing Nick Swisher's baseball bat\u003c/a>. The aspect of this discovery that warrants an article in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> is the fact that the surface temperatures of this newly discovered planet may be quite similar to those on Earth, making it a possible environment for life. No other known extrasolar plant seems to fit this bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My parents' next astro-email was a couple of weeks later, following the discovery of \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=22600\" target=\"_blank\">the brightest supernova ever observed\u003c/a>. Now, I haven't quite covered the realm of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova\" target=\"_blank\">supernovae\u003c/a>, but I hinted at it in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/05/07/gamma-rays-and-monsters/\">my last post\u003c/a>. There are several kinds of supernovae, each kind exploding for a different reason, and each kind exploding with a different brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular supernova, discovered by a team of astronomers from UC-Berkeley and University of Texas, is believed to be one of the rarest breeds. Brighter than any other of the supernova types, this supernova is believed to be the result of the collapse of a star 150 times as massive as our Sun. These stars are also extremely rare, there may only be a dozen or so in the entire Milky Way. This is exciting because one such star in our galaxy is \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae\" target=\"_blank\">eta Carinae\u003c/a>, merely 7500 light years away. We're all hoping that someday soon this star too will explode for the ultimate fireworks display, bright enough to be seen in the middle of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest news came with the observations of the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/news/2007/0515_Invisible_Ring_of_Dark_Matter.html\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter around a massive galaxy cluster\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/09/why-does-it-matter/\">Dark matter\u003c/a> is another area of astronomy research that I covered in an earlier post. This is a topic that really fascinates me, so I will come back to it in more detail next time. In the meanwhile, I'll just have keep my fingers crossed that the New York Times will decide to do a piece on MY research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_red_dwarf.jpg\">\u003cem>An artists conception of a planet orbiting a red dwarf star\u003c/em>\u003c/span> Is it just me, or have we seen a ton of astronomy news coverage in the last month? Lately, it seems like every time I check my inbox, there is a new question from my parents about some great new discovery with a link to the news article.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest burst of astronomy activity began with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/25/science/space/25planet.html?ex=1193284800&en=295f38ac6130ee08&ei=5087&excamp=GGGNgliese581\" target=\"_blank\">discovery of a possible earth-like and earth-sized planet\u003c/a>. This discovery came as part of one of those planet searches that both my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/03/16/planets-by-the-hundreds/\">fellow blogger Ben Burress\u003c/a> and I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/02/26/my-very-eager-mother-just-served-us-nachos/\">have written about\u003c/a>. Just like most of the 200 or so planets that have been discovered, this planet was found by observing the wobble of the central star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this case, the star was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.emse.fr/~yukna/researchers/reddwarf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">red dwarf\u003c/a>, a kind of star cooler and less massive than our Sun. The planet orbiting the star was much smaller than most known extrasolar planets, only about 5 times the size of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small size of the star actually makes it easier to detect smaller planets. Each passing orbit of the planet causes a relatively large tug on the star compared to the effect of that planet on a much larger star. It’s like watching a \u003ca href=\"http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/7435\" target=\"_blank\">4-yr old swing Nick Swisher's baseball bat\u003c/a>. The aspect of this discovery that warrants an article in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times\u003c/a> is the fact that the surface temperatures of this newly discovered planet may be quite similar to those on Earth, making it a possible environment for life. No other known extrasolar plant seems to fit this bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My parents' next astro-email was a couple of weeks later, following the discovery of \u003ca href=\"http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=22600\" target=\"_blank\">the brightest supernova ever observed\u003c/a>. Now, I haven't quite covered the realm of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova\" target=\"_blank\">supernovae\u003c/a>, but I hinted at it in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/05/07/gamma-rays-and-monsters/\">my last post\u003c/a>. There are several kinds of supernovae, each kind exploding for a different reason, and each kind exploding with a different brightness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This particular supernova, discovered by a team of astronomers from UC-Berkeley and University of Texas, is believed to be one of the rarest breeds. Brighter than any other of the supernova types, this supernova is believed to be the result of the collapse of a star 150 times as massive as our Sun. These stars are also extremely rare, there may only be a dozen or so in the entire Milky Way. This is exciting because one such star in our galaxy is \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae\" target=\"_blank\">eta Carinae\u003c/a>, merely 7500 light years away. We're all hoping that someday soon this star too will explode for the ultimate fireworks display, bright enough to be seen in the middle of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest news came with the observations of the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/news/2007/0515_Invisible_Ring_of_Dark_Matter.html\" target=\"_blank\">dark matter around a massive galaxy cluster\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/09/why-does-it-matter/\">Dark matter\u003c/a> is another area of astronomy research that I covered in an earlier post. This is a topic that really fascinates me, so I will come back to it in more detail next time. In the meanwhile, I'll just have keep my fingers crossed that the New York Times will decide to do a piece on MY research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and\u003cbr>\ndevelopment of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_flare.jpg\">\u003cem>Sunspot 930 (dark area) and associated\u003cbr>\nX-class solar flare of 12/13/06 (bright).\u003cbr>\nImage Credit: Hinode, Japan Aerospace Exploration\u003cbr>\nAgency (JAXA).\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Sun doesn't usually make the headlines--not even something like, \"Flash! Nuclear explosion as powerful as a billion H-bombs sighted only 93 million miles from Earth!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's face it, things like that just don’t seem relevant to our everyday lives. The Sun may be the nearest star, but it still lies at a distance that would take you well over 3000 years to walk, if you could. What happens on the Sun, stays on the Sun, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Sunspot 930 as an example. Last December, this prominent spot came into view and moved across the Sun's face, carried by the Sun's rotation and marking the location of intense magnetic activity, of which sunspots are a side-effect.\u003cbr>\nThe sunspot itself was equivalent in size to two or three Earths--which is not unusual; the Sun is a big object, and just about everything that goes on there is done in big fashion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the magnetic fields twisted and turned, energy built up in them, similar to how tension builds up in a rubber band when you twist it tighter and tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point, all that wound up magnetic energy reached a sort of breaking point, and things simply \"snapped.\" Enormous quantities of energy that had been held in the magnetic field was released into the surrounding gases of the solar atmosphere, causing a rapid and unimaginably violent explosion of heat and radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar flare was unleashed--and in this event, back on December 13, 2006, one of the most powerful types: an \"X-class\" flare. More details and animations of this event can be found at this link:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/hinode/discovery/highlights/2006-1213-flare.asp\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/hinode/discovery/highlights/2006-1213-flare.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Sunspot 930 produced three powerful X-class flares in December: one on December 5th, then the December 13th flare, and finally one on the 14th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gases of the flare were heated to 20 million degrees or more, and a burst of intense gamma rays and X-rays flashed out across the solar system, reaching Earth only 8 minutes later. In the picture above, the bright, slinky-shaped structure below the sunspot is the flare and its impelling magnetic fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the X-rays and gamma rays were blocked from reaching the ground by our atmosphere, our planet doesn't go completely unscathed by solar outbursts. Both solar flares and another type of eruption called a coronal mass ejection can affect Earth in a number of interesting ways, including the production of spectacular aurora displays in the polar regions, radiation storms in the spaces around the Earth that can pose a threat to astronauts and Earth-orbiting satellites, and geomagnetic storms—disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field that can deflect compass needles and induce blackouts in electrical power grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the current and recent conditions of \"space weather\" caused by the Sun at \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Spaceweather.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the Sun is in the middle of a \"quiet\" period of a cycle of magnetic activity it undergoes every 11 years. As we move away from the bottom of this cycle, however, look for reports of solar activity—sunspots, solar flares, geomagnetic storms, and the like—to be on the rise, reaching a crescendo sometime around 2012 or 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_flare.jpg\">\u003cem>Sunspot 930 (dark area) and associated\u003cbr>\nX-class solar flare of 12/13/06 (bright).\u003cbr>\nImage Credit: Hinode, Japan Aerospace Exploration\u003cbr>\nAgency (JAXA).\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Sun doesn't usually make the headlines--not even something like, \"Flash! Nuclear explosion as powerful as a billion H-bombs sighted only 93 million miles from Earth!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's face it, things like that just don’t seem relevant to our everyday lives. The Sun may be the nearest star, but it still lies at a distance that would take you well over 3000 years to walk, if you could. What happens on the Sun, stays on the Sun, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Sunspot 930 as an example. Last December, this prominent spot came into view and moved across the Sun's face, carried by the Sun's rotation and marking the location of intense magnetic activity, of which sunspots are a side-effect.\u003cbr>\nThe sunspot itself was equivalent in size to two or three Earths--which is not unusual; the Sun is a big object, and just about everything that goes on there is done in big fashion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the magnetic fields twisted and turned, energy built up in them, similar to how tension builds up in a rubber band when you twist it tighter and tighter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At some point, all that wound up magnetic energy reached a sort of breaking point, and things simply \"snapped.\" Enormous quantities of energy that had been held in the magnetic field was released into the surrounding gases of the solar atmosphere, causing a rapid and unimaginably violent explosion of heat and radiation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A solar flare was unleashed--and in this event, back on December 13, 2006, one of the most powerful types: an \"X-class\" flare. More details and animations of this event can be found at this link:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/hinode/discovery/highlights/2006-1213-flare.asp\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/hinode/discovery/highlights/2006-1213-flare.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, Sunspot 930 produced three powerful X-class flares in December: one on December 5th, then the December 13th flare, and finally one on the 14th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gases of the flare were heated to 20 million degrees or more, and a burst of intense gamma rays and X-rays flashed out across the solar system, reaching Earth only 8 minutes later. In the picture above, the bright, slinky-shaped structure below the sunspot is the flare and its impelling magnetic fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the X-rays and gamma rays were blocked from reaching the ground by our atmosphere, our planet doesn't go completely unscathed by solar outbursts. Both solar flares and another type of eruption called a coronal mass ejection can affect Earth in a number of interesting ways, including the production of spectacular aurora displays in the polar regions, radiation storms in the spaces around the Earth that can pose a threat to astronauts and Earth-orbiting satellites, and geomagnetic storms—disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field that can deflect compass needles and induce blackouts in electrical power grids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can check out the current and recent conditions of \"space weather\" caused by the Sun at \u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Spaceweather.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, the Sun is in the middle of a \"quiet\" period of a cycle of magnetic activity it undergoes every 11 years. As we move away from the bottom of this cycle, however, look for reports of solar activity—sunspots, solar flares, geomagnetic storms, and the like—to be on the rise, reaching a crescendo sometime around 2012 or 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_benb.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> is a staff astronomer at The \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a> in Oakland, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/radio15_indoor300.jpg\">\u003c/span>Most people think of their house as a sanctuary from toxic air. And yet, according to a 2005 State study, Californians spend $45 billion a year on the health effects of indoor air pollution. California lawmakers have failed to pass legislation that would tighten controls on residential air quality, though laws targeting specific pollutants -- like a recent phase-out of formaldehyde from particle board -- have been more successful. QUEST brought a team of commercial air monitors to a San Francisco home to sniff out some common indoor air pollutants, and explain what can be done about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/305\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/305\">listen to the \"Indoor Air Pollution\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources. Also \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157600202090129/\">see additional photos\u003c/a> for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/radio15_indoor300.jpg\">\u003c/span>Most people think of their house as a sanctuary from toxic air. And yet, according to a 2005 State study, Californians spend $45 billion a year on the health effects of indoor air pollution. California lawmakers have failed to pass legislation that would tighten controls on residential air quality, though laws targeting specific pollutants -- like a recent phase-out of formaldehyde from particle board -- have been more successful. QUEST brought a team of commercial air monitors to a San Francisco home to sniff out some common indoor air pollutants, and explain what can be done about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/305\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/305\">listen to the \"Indoor Air Pollution\" Radio report\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources. Also \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/sets/72157600202090129/\">see additional photos\u003c/a> for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gamma Rays and Monsters",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hulk.jpg\">\u003cem>Most of us are killed after receiving\u003cbr>\na large dose of gamma rays. For a select few,\u003cbr>\nthe exposure can unleash our inner demons.\u003cbr>\nImage courtesy of\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.hulkmovie.com/navigation/multimedia.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.hulkmovie.com/navigation/multimedia.htm\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Continuing on the theme of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">Supernovae \u003c/a>from my last posting, I’ll take this opportunity to address an earlier question that was asked by one of my loyal readers: “Perhaps your thoughts on the controversial topic of the effect of Gamma Rays on humans?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being a Berkeleyite and working at the home (\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.lbl.gov\u003c/a>) of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/isns/reports/2003/066.html\" target=\"_blank\">Gammasphere\u003c/a>, I can’t help thinking of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(comics)\" target=\"_blank\">Incredible Hulk\u003c/a> when I read this question. In Marvel Comics, the Incredible Hulk was born when a brilliant but emotionally repressed Berkeley Physicist was exposed to an enormous dose of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray\" target=\"_blank\">gamma radiation\u003c/a> from his failed experiment. The genetic mutations from the exposure released his dark, hidden emotions in the persona of a savage dark green monster - a superhero with little wit or self-control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like visible light, gamma radiation is carried by photons. However, each photon in the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">gamma region of the electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a> has millions of times more energy than a red or blue photon that we see with our eyes. With so much energy, a gamma photon is capable of doing great damage by knocking the electrons around in living tissue like a pinball machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hst.jpg\">\u003cem>The Veil supernova remnant.Credit: J. J. Hester (Arizona State University),\u003cbr>\nWFPC, HST, NASA*\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest source of gamma radiation is believed to be short, but intense \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/introduction/bursts.html\" target=\"_blank\">gamma ray bursts\u003c/a>. We are unsure of the exact nature of gamma ray bursts, but we suspect they may be the associated with supernovae. The intensity of a gamma ray burst implies that some energy from a supernova blast is focused like a laser beam. If this assumption is correct, then only a small fraction of supernova blasts will direct that beam of gamma rays at Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All gamma ray bursts that have been detected are well outside our galaxy, often billions of light years away. For a supernova or gamma ray burst to do any damage, it has to be well within the Milky Way. For more information on X-ray and gamma ray exposure from a nearby supernova, \u003ca href=\"http://stupendous.rit.edu/richmond/answers/snrisks.txt\" target=\"_blank\">check out some rough calculations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are fortunate that supernova blasts are rare, occurring once every few hundred years in the Milky Way. Gamma ray blasts in the Milky Way are much rarer. Some scientists suspect that there may have been at most a few such \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/gammaray_bursts_010522-1.html\" target=\"_blank\">explosions\u003c/a> in the Earth’s four billion-year history. If so, it’s only a matter of time before we get hit again. I know it’s not particularly good news, but at least we know the Hulk will rise again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_kdawson.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Kyle S. Dawson\u003c/strong> is engaged in post-doctorate studies of distant supernovae and development of a proposed space-based telescope at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>Remains of a supernova located 2600 light years away. This supernova is believed to have exploded about 15,000 years ago and should not have posed any threats to a human population that was patiently awaiting the end of the most recent ice age.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hulk.jpg\">\u003cem>Most of us are killed after receiving\u003cbr>\na large dose of gamma rays. For a select few,\u003cbr>\nthe exposure can unleash our inner demons.\u003cbr>\nImage courtesy of\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.hulkmovie.com/navigation/multimedia.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http://www.hulkmovie.com/navigation/multimedia.htm\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Continuing on the theme of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/04/23/why-does-it-matter-part-ii/\">Supernovae \u003c/a>from my last posting, I’ll take this opportunity to address an earlier question that was asked by one of my loyal readers: “Perhaps your thoughts on the controversial topic of the effect of Gamma Rays on humans?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being a Berkeleyite and working at the home (\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.lbl.gov\u003c/a>) of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aip.org/isns/reports/2003/066.html\" target=\"_blank\">Gammasphere\u003c/a>, I can’t help thinking of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(comics)\" target=\"_blank\">Incredible Hulk\u003c/a> when I read this question. In Marvel Comics, the Incredible Hulk was born when a brilliant but emotionally repressed Berkeley Physicist was exposed to an enormous dose of \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray\" target=\"_blank\">gamma radiation\u003c/a> from his failed experiment. The genetic mutations from the exposure released his dark, hidden emotions in the persona of a savage dark green monster - a superhero with little wit or self-control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like visible light, gamma radiation is carried by photons. However, each photon in the \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/emspectrum.html\" target=\"_blank\">gamma region of the electromagnetic spectrum\u003c/a> has millions of times more energy than a red or blue photon that we see with our eyes. With so much energy, a gamma photon is capable of doing great damage by knocking the electrons around in living tissue like a pinball machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_hst.jpg\">\u003cem>The Veil supernova remnant.Credit: J. J. Hester (Arizona State University),\u003cbr>\nWFPC, HST, NASA*\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest source of gamma radiation is believed to be short, but intense \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/introduction/bursts.html\" target=\"_blank\">gamma ray bursts\u003c/a>. We are unsure of the exact nature of gamma ray bursts, but we suspect they may be the associated with supernovae. The intensity of a gamma ray burst implies that some energy from a supernova blast is focused like a laser beam. If this assumption is correct, then only a small fraction of supernova blasts will direct that beam of gamma rays at Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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