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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_six_mil.jpg\">\u003c/span>\"We can rebuild him. We have the technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember that opening line from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man\">Six Million Dollar Man\u003c/a>? Soon we'll be able to genetically rebuild people. Or at least add some cool new features...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say we wanted to make an athlete stronger or able to run for a longer amount of time. One way we might do it is to add a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">certain version of the EPO receptor gene\u003c/a> to build up his or her endurance. Or a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">certain version of the myostatin gene\u003c/a> to make the athlete stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How would we add these genes? Most likely with something called \u003cstrong>viral-mediated gene therapy\u003c/strong>. The first thing we'd need to do is find a virus that naturally inserts itself into DNA. There are lots of these around so that's pretty easy. Next we'd need to take out any viral genes that make the virus dangerous and replace them with the gene(s) we're interested in (EPO receptor and/or myostatin). Then we'd infect the athlete with the engineered virus and voila, a rebuilt athlete!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_gene_therapy.jpg\">\u003c/span>Sounds simple enough. But of course, reality is much more complicated. Just sticking a gene into a virus won't work. We'd need to put something called a promoter in front of the gene(s). A promoter is a DNA sequence that tells a cell that a gene is here so please make a copy of it into RNA. (The RNA is then translated into a protein that does something like make extra red blood cells or bigger muscles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd also want the gene read only in the right cells. We can accomplish this by either infecting only the cell type we want or by using a promoter that works only in a certain cell type. The best bet for the EPO receptor is to remove bone marrow cells, infect them with the virus and put them back. Viruses with the myostatin gene would probably need to be injected directly into the muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd also need a lot of the right kind of cells to get the gene. One way to do this is to add a lot of virus. But this can be dangerous and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/08/gene_therapy\">even killed people\u003c/a>. Another way is to put some sort of selectable marker on the virus. This would work best for the EPO receptor. The idea would be to include something that would just be on the cells that got infected. Then we would put only the selected cells back into the athlete. Now we have bone marrow all making the right EPO receptor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big danger with viral mediated gene therapy is we can't control where the virus lands. Sometimes when a virus lands near a gene, it'll turn that gene on. And if that gene shouldn’t be on, bad things can happen. Like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exact thing happened in gene therapy's best “success” story. \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2660571.stm\">Ten kids in France were cured of a \"bubble boy\"-like disease using gene therapy\u003c/a>. Unfortunately, two of the children developed leukemia. Both responded well to treatment and are doing fine but leukemia is pretty scary. Especially when we just want to hit a ball farther!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have sometimes made gene therapy work but I don't yet know of an unqualified success story. But athletes are willing to risk the side effects of steroid use, so I suppose they'll risk this as well. Next blog I'll talk about whether or not we could catch them. Or at least whether it'll be harder or easier to spot than designer steroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml\">More about gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_six_mil.jpg\">\u003c/span>\"We can rebuild him. We have the technology.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember that opening line from the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Six_Million_Dollar_Man\">Six Million Dollar Man\u003c/a>? Soon we'll be able to genetically rebuild people. Or at least add some cool new features...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let’s say we wanted to make an athlete stronger or able to run for a longer amount of time. One way we might do it is to add a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">certain version of the EPO receptor gene\u003c/a> to build up his or her endurance. Or a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">certain version of the myostatin gene\u003c/a> to make the athlete stronger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How would we add these genes? Most likely with something called \u003cstrong>viral-mediated gene therapy\u003c/strong>. The first thing we'd need to do is find a virus that naturally inserts itself into DNA. There are lots of these around so that's pretty easy. Next we'd need to take out any viral genes that make the virus dangerous and replace them with the gene(s) we're interested in (EPO receptor and/or myostatin). Then we'd infect the athlete with the engineered virus and voila, a rebuilt athlete!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_gene_therapy.jpg\">\u003c/span>Sounds simple enough. But of course, reality is much more complicated. Just sticking a gene into a virus won't work. We'd need to put something called a promoter in front of the gene(s). A promoter is a DNA sequence that tells a cell that a gene is here so please make a copy of it into RNA. (The RNA is then translated into a protein that does something like make extra red blood cells or bigger muscles.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd also want the gene read only in the right cells. We can accomplish this by either infecting only the cell type we want or by using a promoter that works only in a certain cell type. The best bet for the EPO receptor is to remove bone marrow cells, infect them with the virus and put them back. Viruses with the myostatin gene would probably need to be injected directly into the muscle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd also need a lot of the right kind of cells to get the gene. One way to do this is to add a lot of virus. But this can be dangerous and has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/medtech/genetics/news/2007/08/gene_therapy\">even killed people\u003c/a>. Another way is to put some sort of selectable marker on the virus. This would work best for the EPO receptor. The idea would be to include something that would just be on the cells that got infected. Then we would put only the selected cells back into the athlete. Now we have bone marrow all making the right EPO receptor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big danger with viral mediated gene therapy is we can't control where the virus lands. Sometimes when a virus lands near a gene, it'll turn that gene on. And if that gene shouldn’t be on, bad things can happen. Like cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This exact thing happened in gene therapy's best “success” story. \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2660571.stm\">Ten kids in France were cured of a \"bubble boy\"-like disease using gene therapy\u003c/a>. Unfortunately, two of the children developed leukemia. Both responded well to treatment and are doing fine but leukemia is pretty scary. Especially when we just want to hit a ball farther!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have sometimes made gene therapy work but I don't yet know of an unqualified success story. But athletes are willing to risk the side effects of steroid use, so I suppose they'll risk this as well. Next blog I'll talk about whether or not we could catch them. Or at least whether it'll be harder or easier to spot than designer steroids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml\">More about gene therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/569\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/118a_longevity300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Have we found the fountain of youth? Scientists are discovering ways to make animals live dramatically longer through calorie restriction – a diet that requires eating at least 30 percent fewer calories than normal. While the technique has attracted a small, but devout following, skepticism abounds. QUEST investigates why we age and what the societal costs are for living well beyond 100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/569\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/tv_icon_light.gif\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>You may \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/569\">view the \"Eat Less, Live Longer?\"\u003c/a> TV story online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_rraney.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Rachel Raney\u003c/strong> is a Segment Producer for QUEST on KQED Television.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_pumped.jpg\">\u003c/span>Someday genes may \"pump you up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of athletes are using performance enhancing drugs to, well, enhance their performance. Examples include steroids to increase strength and EPO to increase endurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course these methods have their drawbacks (even beyond the murky ethical ones). They're dangerous and the penalties can be pretty severe if the athlete is caught. As a way around these problems, some folks are starting to talk about gene doping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind gene doping is to change an athlete's DNA to mimic the effects of some of the drugs they're taking. By doing this, an athlete can have more endurance or be stronger in a more permanent and, hopefully, less dangerous and detectable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing what I know, the idea of changing my DNA seems wildly dangerous. And I am not sure how undetectable the change would be, especially with the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/06/25/whats-in-your-dna/\">cost of DNA sequencing coming down\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I thought I'd do over the next few blogs is talk about how a scientist might go about changing your DNA to make you stronger and/or have more endurance. I'll talk about what the very real risks are and how gaming authorities might be able to detect these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make my points, I'll be discussing two of the genes I talked about in my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">last blog\u003c/a>. One is a version of the EPO receptor gene that gives people more endurance naturally. And the other is a version of the myostatin gene that can make you stronger. Of these two, the most likely to show up soon in an athlete near you is the EPO receptor one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first point I want to bring up is that these are not separate genes that certain people have. Everyone has two copies of the EPO receptor and myostatin genes. Some people just have different versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second point is that a scientist can't simply tinker with your DNA and turn your EPO receptor gene into the version that gives you more endurance. DNA is way too tangled a mess for any scientist to make these sorts of precise changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People tend to portray DNA as long strings of four different letters. This makes it sound simple to deal with-- just Control-F and then edit. Reality is much more complicated.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_genes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Our DNA comes in pieces called chromosomes (most people have 46 of them). A chromosome is an inches long, invisibly thin molecule with hundreds of millions of letters that we can't see. The DNA is wrapped around millions of little spools all trapped inside the nucleus of the cell. When a scientist tries to make a change in your DNA, he or she can't unravel it and splice in new letters like type setting or old fashioned film editing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist needs to break whichever chromosome the gene is on in the right place without affecting any other chromosomes. This needs to happen inside the nucleus without being able to see the letters. And it has to happen in lots of different cells all at once. Then the scientist needs to put it all back together again. Scientists just don't have the technology or the know-how to do this in people yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists can do, though, is something called gene therapy. In gene therapy, a scientist adds a gene to your DNA so that you now have three (or more) copies of a gene instead of the usual two. What this means is that when you get the extra gene(s), you'll still have your normal versions too. And, depending on the specific gene version, this can sometimes be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There wouldn't be any trouble with the EPO receptor version we've been talking about. This version has the instructions for making an EPO receptor that is always on. So if a scientist puts this version into your cells, your normal versions won't matter. This version of the EPO receptor is dominant-- it'll always be on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But myostatin is a different story. The myostatin gene version that gives bigger muscles has the instructions for a \u003cem>broken\u003c/em> myostatin protein. What do you think would happen if a scientist adds a broken version of a gene to normal versions? That's right, nothing. Unless the scientist can come up with a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=227\">dominant negative\u003c/a> gene version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dominant negative version of a gene makes a protein that can keep any good versions from being able to work. Scientists are working on finding useful dominant negative versions of the myostatin gene as we speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step to making you stronger and giving you more endurance will be to put these two gene versions into your cells with gene therapy. I'll talk about some of the ways to do this in my next blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What I thought I'd do over the next few blogs is talk about how a scientist might go about changing your DNA to make you stronger and/or have more endurance. I'll talk about what the very real risks are and how gaming authorities might be able to detect these changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make my points, I'll be discussing two of the genes I talked about in my \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/08/20/a-level-playing-field/\">last blog\u003c/a>. One is a version of the EPO receptor gene that gives people more endurance naturally. And the other is a version of the myostatin gene that can make you stronger. Of these two, the most likely to show up soon in an athlete near you is the EPO receptor one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first point I want to bring up is that these are not separate genes that certain people have. Everyone has two copies of the EPO receptor and myostatin genes. Some people just have different versions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second point is that a scientist can't simply tinker with your DNA and turn your EPO receptor gene into the version that gives you more endurance. DNA is way too tangled a mess for any scientist to make these sorts of precise changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People tend to portray DNA as long strings of four different letters. This makes it sound simple to deal with-- just Control-F and then edit. Reality is much more complicated.\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_genes.jpg\">\u003c/span>Our DNA comes in pieces called chromosomes (most people have 46 of them). A chromosome is an inches long, invisibly thin molecule with hundreds of millions of letters that we can't see. The DNA is wrapped around millions of little spools all trapped inside the nucleus of the cell. When a scientist tries to make a change in your DNA, he or she can't unravel it and splice in new letters like type setting or old fashioned film editing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist needs to break whichever chromosome the gene is on in the right place without affecting any other chromosomes. This needs to happen inside the nucleus without being able to see the letters. And it has to happen in lots of different cells all at once. Then the scientist needs to put it all back together again. Scientists just don't have the technology or the know-how to do this in people yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What scientists can do, though, is something called gene therapy. In gene therapy, a scientist adds a gene to your DNA so that you now have three (or more) copies of a gene instead of the usual two. What this means is that when you get the extra gene(s), you'll still have your normal versions too. And, depending on the specific gene version, this can sometimes be a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There wouldn't be any trouble with the EPO receptor version we've been talking about. This version has the instructions for making an EPO receptor that is always on. So if a scientist puts this version into your cells, your normal versions won't matter. This version of the EPO receptor is dominant-- it'll always be on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But myostatin is a different story. The myostatin gene version that gives bigger muscles has the instructions for a \u003cem>broken\u003c/em> myostatin protein. What do you think would happen if a scientist adds a broken version of a gene to normal versions? That's right, nothing. Unless the scientist can come up with a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=227\">dominant negative\u003c/a> gene version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dominant negative version of a gene makes a protein that can keep any good versions from being able to work. Scientists are working on finding useful dominant negative versions of the myostatin gene as we speak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step to making you stronger and giving you more endurance will be to put these two gene versions into your cells with gene therapy. I'll talk about some of the ways to do this in my next blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_barryx2.jpg\">\u003c/span>Living in the bay area with two school-aged sons, you'd think the news that Barry Bonds broke the all-time home run record would have been a big deal in our house. It wasn't. My kids focused on the steroids instead of home run number 755.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This got me to thinking about fair and unfair advantages in sports. Very few people would argue that Barry Bonds was playing fair if he really took steroids so he could hit the ball farther. Or that bike riders in the Tour de France were playing fair by blood doping. But what if someone has bigger muscles or is blood doped naturally? What would be fair or unfair then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I got to thinking about this was that there actually was a case in sports of natural blood doping. The idea behind blood doping is that you can increase your endurance by increasing your number of red blood cells. One way to do this is to get a blood transfusion. Another way is by taking the hormone EPO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPO is a natural hormone that tells blood stem cells to make more red blood cells. EPO does this through a protein called the EPO receptor. And like any protein, the instructions for making the EPO receptor are found in a gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1964 Winter Olympics, there was a Finnish cross-country skier named Eero Mantyranta. Eero won two gold medals so easily that people thought he must be cheating. But he wasn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eero had more red blood cells than the average person because of a small change in his EPO receptor gene. His version of the EPO receptor thought that EPO was always around so his body kept cranking out new red blood cells. He was genetically blood doped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that Eero is a bike rider in the Tour de France. He would have naturally higher levels of red blood cells and so would be like those bike riders who were blood doping using EPO. Except the judges couldn't disqualify Eero for EPO use because he wasn't using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_belgian_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Now imagine a ball player with a certain version of the myostatin gene. When this gene isn't working right lots of animals including mice, dogs, cows, and people all develop large muscles. Should this myostatin-challenged player be allowed to compete? Or should other players be able to take steroids to level the playing field?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this takes us down a slippery slope. Many athletes have versions of genes that make them run faster, gain more muscle mass, have better endurance. Should those of us not lucky enough to get these genes be able to compensate by taking the right medicines? Or using gene therapy to get the same genes? Is sports competition more about working hard, drive, and determination or the luck of the genetic draw? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_barryx2.jpg\">\u003c/span>Living in the bay area with two school-aged sons, you'd think the news that Barry Bonds broke the all-time home run record would have been a big deal in our house. It wasn't. My kids focused on the steroids instead of home run number 755.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This got me to thinking about fair and unfair advantages in sports. Very few people would argue that Barry Bonds was playing fair if he really took steroids so he could hit the ball farther. Or that bike riders in the Tour de France were playing fair by blood doping. But what if someone has bigger muscles or is blood doped naturally? What would be fair or unfair then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I got to thinking about this was that there actually was a case in sports of natural blood doping. The idea behind blood doping is that you can increase your endurance by increasing your number of red blood cells. One way to do this is to get a blood transfusion. Another way is by taking the hormone EPO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EPO is a natural hormone that tells blood stem cells to make more red blood cells. EPO does this through a protein called the EPO receptor. And like any protein, the instructions for making the EPO receptor are found in a gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1964 Winter Olympics, there was a Finnish cross-country skier named Eero Mantyranta. Eero won two gold medals so easily that people thought he must be cheating. But he wasn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eero had more red blood cells than the average person because of a small change in his EPO receptor gene. His version of the EPO receptor thought that EPO was always around so his body kept cranking out new red blood cells. He was genetically blood doped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine that Eero is a bike rider in the Tour de France. He would have naturally higher levels of red blood cells and so would be like those bike riders who were blood doping using EPO. Except the judges couldn't disqualify Eero for EPO use because he wasn't using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_belgian_blue.jpg\">\u003c/span>Now imagine a ball player with a certain version of the myostatin gene. When this gene isn't working right lots of animals including mice, dogs, cows, and people all develop large muscles. Should this myostatin-challenged player be allowed to compete? Or should other players be able to take steroids to level the playing field?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this takes us down a slippery slope. Many athletes have versions of genes that make them run faster, gain more muscle mass, have better endurance. Should those of us not lucky enough to get these genes be able to compensate by taking the right medicines? Or using gene therapy to get the same genes? Is sports competition more about working hard, drive, and determination or the luck of the genetic draw? Or both?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_cardshand.JPG\">\u003cem>There is no perfect genetic tell.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In poker, a tell is something you do that gives away the fact that you're bluffing. Maybe you itch your nose every time you have a bad hand. So now when you make a big bet and itch your nose, you'll lose to the players who have caught on. Your nose itching is your tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.menshealth.com/cda/article.do?site=MensHealth&channel=guy.wisdom&category=family.guy&conitem=8a37302052421110VgnVCM10000013281eac____\" title=\"men's health\" target=\"_blank\">an article\u003c/a> about the 4 percent of men who are raising someone else's kid, Men's Health lists what it calls genetic tells. Instead of nose itching, these tells are traits to look for in a child who might not be yours. The idea is that in a simple genetic world, some traits are impossible for certain parents to pass on. So dad is supposed to use these traits as a tell to uncover mom's bluff about paternity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem, though, is that none of these traits are a sure way to exclude paternity. In fact, most of the traits they list can be safely ignored. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=39\" title=\"Hair genetics\" target=\"_blank\">Light haired \u003c/a>parents can and do have darker haired children. Parents without a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\" title=\"Cleft chin genetics\" target=\"_blank\">cleft chin\u003c/a> can have a child with one. Parents with attached earlobes have kids with unattached ones. And \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\" title=\"tongue rolling genetics\" target=\"_blank\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> seems to hardly be genetic at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these exceptions are actually pretty common. The one trait they discuss that has some validity is blood type and even this one isn't bulletproof. For example, in Japan, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=181\" target=\"_blank\">an AB man had an AB child with an O wife\u003c/a>, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=199\" target=\"_blank\">conventional genetics\u003c/a> says is impossible. But the dad really was the dad. To understand how this happened, we'll need to quickly go over blood type.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are three versions of the ABO gene -- A, B, and O. All of the blood types come from mixing and matching any two of these versions. Normally, we pass just one version of each of our genes to our kids. So an AB parent can usually pass only an A or a B, not both. And an O parent can only pass O -- she or he has two O versions. So only A or B children should be possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened in our exception was that the dad's DNA changed so that his A and B versions fused together. His sperm now contains either AB or O so that he will have an AB child with an O wife half the time. And the equally \"impossible\" O child the rest of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't want you to think this sort of thing is common with blood type. It isn't. But these kinds of exceptions do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the other tells they happen a lot. It is pretty common, for example, for tongue rolling to not follow any particular pattern in a family. Many people can even learn to do it! So if your son can roll his tongue and you and your spouse can't, it is nothing to worry about. Tongue rolling is a terrible genetic tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember too that even a tell in poker is not absolute. Maybe the player just happened to itch her nose a couple of times during the game and they happened to be when she had a bad hand. Now when you try to use the information about her tell against her, it doesn't work. You lose. Just like your own child might lose if you take these traits too seriously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academic article about parental discrepancy:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/9/749\">http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/9/749\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_barry.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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