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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction",
"title": "A Record of the East Bay’s Past Revealed During Caldecott Tunnel Construction",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Geologic map of Caldecott Tunnel area (credit: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">USGS\u003c/a> ) Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map2.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland — perhaps you are too familiar with the tunnel as you sit in the bottleneck traffic waiting to enter it. What you may not be familiar with, however, is the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed. There are currently three separate tunnels, or bores, that make up Caldecott Tunnel. Construction for a fourth bore is now underway an is already yielding \u003ca href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/top-stories/ci_15533976?nclick_check=1\">interesting geologic results\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.caldecott-tunnel.org/\">Caldecott Fourth Bore Project website\u003c/a> contains a wealth of information about the entire project — from funding to logistics to tunneling methods and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of excavating a tunnel produces a lot of rock and, in this case, it is sedimentary rock that is known to contain abundant fossils. The geologic map shown above depicts the distribution of distinct rock types and ages in this area. The part of the ridge that Caldecott Tunnel cuts through is made up three formations — each of which has their own color: The Orinda Formation is the orange unit at the east portal, the Claremont Chert in yellow, and an unnamed mudstone in brown at the west portal. The tectonic forces that created these hills also caused the layered sedimentary rocks to be tilted at high angles and, in many areas, the layers are standing up vertical. The rocks are older from east to west so, in this case, excavation of the tunnel from east to west is similar to drilling down into older layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_7237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orinda Formation along Hwy 24 near east portal of Caldecott Tunnel (credit: Jeff Weiss, public information officer for Fourth Bore Project)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The rocks are lithified sediments that were deposited in the Miocene period, which ranged from 23 to 5 million years ago. The Orinda Formation (the orange unit by east portal in map above) is approximately 10 million years old and is known to contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/888\">abundant mammal and plant fossils\u003c/a> in nearby areas. The Orinda Formation is characterized by a wide variety of sedimentary rocks including mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate that were deposited in streams in creeks (see some photos of the rocks near the tunnel \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop30overview.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal fossils found in the Orinda Formation include*:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Gomphotherium\u003c/em> (a primitive type of elephant)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Hipparion\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nannipus\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Pliohippus\u003c/em> (primitive horses)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Barbourofelis\u003c/em> (member of primitive cat family)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Cranioceras\u003c/em> (deer-like mammal)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Ticholeptus\u003c/em> (member of extinct group of pig-like animals)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Desmostylus\u003c/em> (exctinct sea cow similar to a hippopotamus)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miocene was the peak of mammal diversity and thought to be linked to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Miocene/Miocene.htm\">development of grassland ecosystems\u003c/a>. So, next time you’re stuck in traffic leading up to the tunnel remember that you’re driving through the geologic evidence of a past Bay Area environment. Excavation of the fourth bore is really just getting started so stay tuned for more in the coming months. I will do my best to find out what I can and blog about it here for QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">List of mammal fossils from \u003ca href=\"http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Museum of Paleontology database\u003c/a>. If you want to learn more about specific species, you can learn a lot by simply googling the italicized names in the list above.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.85822548033667 -122.21365928999148\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland, but do you know about the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Geologic map of Caldecott Tunnel area (credit: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">USGS\u003c/a> ) Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/caldecott-geol-map2.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger version. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you use Highway 24 as part of your daily commute you are already familiar with the Caldecott Tunnel, which connects Orinda and Oakland — perhaps you are too familiar with the tunnel as you sit in the bottleneck traffic waiting to enter it. What you may not be familiar with, however, is the geology of the hills through which the tunnel was constructed. There are currently three separate tunnels, or bores, that make up Caldecott Tunnel. Construction for a fourth bore is now underway an is already yielding \u003ca href=\"http://www.contracostatimes.com/top-stories/ci_15533976?nclick_check=1\">interesting geologic results\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.caldecott-tunnel.org/\">Caldecott Fourth Bore Project website\u003c/a> contains a wealth of information about the entire project — from funding to logistics to tunneling methods and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process of excavating a tunnel produces a lot of rock and, in this case, it is sedimentary rock that is known to contain abundant fossils. The geologic map shown above depicts the distribution of distinct rock types and ages in this area. The part of the ridge that Caldecott Tunnel cuts through is made up three formations — each of which has their own color: The Orinda Formation is the orange unit at the east portal, the Claremont Chert in yellow, and an unnamed mudstone in brown at the west portal. The tectonic forces that created these hills also caused the layered sedimentary rocks to be tilted at high angles and, in many areas, the layers are standing up vertical. The rocks are older from east to west so, in this case, excavation of the tunnel from east to west is similar to drilling down into older layers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_7237\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 510px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7237\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Orinda-Formation.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"392\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orinda Formation along Hwy 24 near east portal of Caldecott Tunnel (credit: Jeff Weiss, public information officer for Fourth Bore Project)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The rocks are lithified sediments that were deposited in the Miocene period, which ranged from 23 to 5 million years ago. The Orinda Formation (the orange unit by east portal in map above) is approximately 10 million years old and is known to contain \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/888\">abundant mammal and plant fossils\u003c/a> in nearby areas. The Orinda Formation is characterized by a wide variety of sedimentary rocks including mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate that were deposited in streams in creeks (see some photos of the rocks near the tunnel \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/geophoto_tours/ig/CAtransecttrip/stop30overview.htm\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some mammal fossils found in the Orinda Formation include*:\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Gomphotherium\u003c/em> (a primitive type of elephant)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Hipparion\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Nannipus\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Pliohippus\u003c/em> (primitive horses)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Barbourofelis\u003c/em> (member of primitive cat family)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Cranioceras\u003c/em> (deer-like mammal)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Ticholeptus\u003c/em> (member of extinct group of pig-like animals)\u003cbr>\n• \u003cem>Desmostylus\u003c/em> (exctinct sea cow similar to a hippopotamus)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miocene was the peak of mammal diversity and thought to be linked to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Miocene/Miocene.htm\">development of grassland ecosystems\u003c/a>. So, next time you’re stuck in traffic leading up to the tunnel remember that you’re driving through the geologic evidence of a past Bay Area environment. Excavation of the fourth bore is really just getting started so stay tuned for more in the coming months. I will do my best to find out what I can and blog about it here for QUEST.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"color: #333333\">List of mammal fossils from \u003ca href=\"http://ucmpdb.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Museum of Paleontology database\u003c/a>. If you want to learn more about specific species, you can learn a lot by simply googling the italicized names in the list above.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.85822548033667 -122.21365928999148\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Home Sweet Serpentine",
"title": "Home Sweet Serpentine",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/flower.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Tamalpais Manzanita, Mount Tamalpais State Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/randomtruth/4484842885/in/set-72157623633650549/\">randomtruth\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine, California’s state rock, is feeling some pressure—and not just because it’s a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock\">metamorphic\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>rock! The California Legislature is considering a bill that would strip serpentine of its state rock status; geology blogger Brian Romans explained the details in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/05/learn-the-facts-about-serpentinite-before-its-removed-as-californias-state-rock/\">this recent QUEST blog\u003c/a>. Basically, proponents of the bill say that because asbestos is made from serpentine rock, and asbestos causes cancer, serpentine should not be the state rock. Never mind that serpentine does not cause cancer. In fact, many organisms thrive on serpentine soils. And that is what today’s post is about—the unique plants and animals that call serpentine soil home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soil is a tough environment: the soil is coarse, so water runs right through it, making it very dry. It is often dark in color, so it heats up in the sun. And its chemical makeup is challenging to plant life, to say the least. The soil has high concentrations of heavy metals, like nickel, iron, and chromium, and low concentrations of nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. It is also really high in magnesium, which makes it hard for plants’ roots to take up those already-scarce nutrients. And it is low in calcium, which causes ion balance problems for plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With nutrients scarce, serpentine inhabitants tend to be small in stature—it’s hard to grow big without much food. And, with low water availability, serpentine plants are drought-tolerant. They often have tough little leaves, which don’t lose much water. Some examples are the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=563\">Tamalpais manzanita\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos montana\u003c/em>), and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6992\">Leather Oak\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Quercus durata\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants on serpentine soils also have to deal with those heavy metals, which can interfere with metabolic processes. Some plants, like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7858\">Milkwort Jewelflower\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Strepthanus polygaloides\u003c/em>), have a really high tolerance for heavy metals. Milkwort Jelweflower is a nickel hyperaccumulator—it can take up lots of nickel from the soil, with no ill effects. In fact, some serpentine plants are used in bioremediation; people plant them in contaminated soil, where they pull the heavy metals out of the ground and sequester them in their tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to many endemic species—species that live in a particular habitat type, and nowhere else. Sometimes plants or animals are limited to one habitat because they can’t survive the physical conditions of other habitat types. But in the case of serpentine endemics, many can live in other habitats’ nutrient-rich soils, but are total weaklings when it comes to competition with other plants. They can’t live in other habitats simply because they are out-competed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentine soils are home to more than just plants—there are butterflies, too, like the beautiful \u003ca href=\"http://butterfly.ucdavis.edu/butterfly/Pontia/sisymbrii\">California White\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Pontia sisymbrii\u003c/em>). Some, like a rare variant of the Edith’s checkerspot butterfly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/euphydryas_editha_luestherae.htm\">\u003cem>Euphydryas editha luestherae\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, are serpentine endemics, because they lay their eggs exclusively on plants living on serpentine soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://geoblogs.stratigraphy.net/\">Geoblogosphere\u003c/a> is buzzing with commentary about California’s serpentine bill. If you feel passionate about keeping serpentine as the state rock, by all means write your state representative—but also visit some serpentine habitat! There are lots of places in the Bay Area where you can check out serpentine soils and their inhabitants. There are serpentine outcroppings on Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo (be sure to check out QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/mt-diablo-state-park-exploration\">Mount Diablo State Park Exploration\u003c/a>!), and in the Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/the-crestmont-serpentine-patch/\">Oakland hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries drain a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the southern half of California’s Central valley. The San Joaquin River, along with its northern sibling, the Sacramento River, terminate at the delta of the same name. Significant human influence on the course and flow of the river started in the late 1800s to help divert water to developing agricultural regions in the Central Valley and continues to this day. The biggest river restoration project in California’s history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River (watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river\">this segment\u003c/a> from a recent episode of QUEST to learn more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_6760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-6760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"594\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Geologic map of central part of California (credit: California Geological Survey)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This brief post is meant to introduce some of the basic and fundamental geologic context for the river. The geologic map above, which shows a simplified distribution of the types and ages of rock at the surface, nicely illustrates the juxtaposition of the river with California’s geology. The full version of the map and an explanation of the colors can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/Pages/EdResCenter.aspx\">Educational Resources Center page of the California Geological Survey website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River traverses two geologic provinces in California that could not be more different — the high mountains and exposed granitic rock of the southern Sierra Nevada (the red and blue areas on the map above) and the topographically flat and sediment-filled Central Valley (the light yellow area in the map above). The headwaters for the San Joaquin River and it’s tributaries to the north are lined up along the 9,000-14,000 ft high spine of the Sierra cutting canyons and gorges from east to west across the mountains (including the Merced River in Yosemite Valley).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of the combination of high elevations, eroding granite, and rivers is a lot of sediment. Over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, the erosion and transport of sediment from the high country is balanced by deposition of that sediment in the adjacent low and flat Central Valley. In fact, the Central Valley is flat because of these processes. When the rivers naturally flood they overspill their banks and fine, muddy sediment is deposited across broad areas. Over geologic time, the rivers move around incrementally building up sediment and covering the entire valley. The result of these processes is a vast and soil-rich valley that is now one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Ranges on the western side of the Central Valley essentially force the San Joaquin and its tributaries to take a right-angle turn to the north towards the next available outlet to the sea — the San Francisco Bay. A somewhat similar pattern occurs in the north for the Sacramento River. The two rivers meet at sea level to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas. Some of the water and sediment carried by the San Joaquin River ultimately makes it way into the Pacific Ocean through the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months my blogging here at QUEST will explore more of the geologic background and history of the greater Bay Area. I will also be writing about some of the local “geo-attractions” where you can go see the rocks for yourself and learn more about the fascinating geologic stories of this region firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0939 -118.738723\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The San Joaquin River and its tributaries drain a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the southern half of California’s Central valley. The San Joaquin River, along with its northern sibling, the Sacramento River, terminate at the delta of the same name. Significant human influence on the course and flow of the river started in the late 1800s to help divert water to developing agricultural regions in the Central Valley and continues to this day. The biggest river restoration project in California’s history, however, is now underway for the San Joaquin River (watch \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/restoration-of-the-san-joaquin-river\">this segment\u003c/a> from a recent episode of QUEST to learn more).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_6760\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"width: 604px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-6760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/CA-geol-map-central.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"594\" height=\"530\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Geologic map of central part of California (credit: California Geological Survey)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This brief post is meant to introduce some of the basic and fundamental geologic context for the river. The geologic map above, which shows a simplified distribution of the types and ages of rock at the surface, nicely illustrates the juxtaposition of the river with California’s geology. The full version of the map and an explanation of the colors can be found on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/Pages/EdResCenter.aspx\">Educational Resources Center page of the California Geological Survey website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin River traverses two geologic provinces in California that could not be more different — the high mountains and exposed granitic rock of the southern Sierra Nevada (the red and blue areas on the map above) and the topographically flat and sediment-filled Central Valley (the light yellow area in the map above). The headwaters for the San Joaquin River and it’s tributaries to the north are lined up along the 9,000-14,000 ft high spine of the Sierra cutting canyons and gorges from east to west across the mountains (including the Merced River in Yosemite Valley).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result of the combination of high elevations, eroding granite, and rivers is a lot of sediment. Over hundreds of thousands to millions of years, the erosion and transport of sediment from the high country is balanced by deposition of that sediment in the adjacent low and flat Central Valley. In fact, the Central Valley is flat because of these processes. When the rivers naturally flood they overspill their banks and fine, muddy sediment is deposited across broad areas. Over geologic time, the rivers move around incrementally building up sediment and covering the entire valley. The result of these processes is a vast and soil-rich valley that is now one of the world’s most productive agricultural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Ranges on the western side of the Central Valley essentially force the San Joaquin and its tributaries to take a right-angle turn to the north towards the next available outlet to the sea — the San Francisco Bay. A somewhat similar pattern occurs in the north for the Sacramento River. The two rivers meet at sea level to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas. Some of the water and sediment carried by the San Joaquin River ultimately makes it way into the Pacific Ocean through the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the coming months my blogging here at QUEST will explore more of the geologic background and history of the greater Bay Area. I will also be writing about some of the local “geo-attractions” where you can go see the rocks for yourself and learn more about the fascinating geologic stories of this region firsthand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.0939 -118.738723\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock",
"title": "Learn the Facts About Serpentinite Before It's Removed as California's State Rock",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/serpentinite300.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> Serpentinite from the Klamath Mountains, California (sample courtesy of Hannah Scherer; photo from Brian Romans)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/us/14rock.html\">bill introduced by California State Senator Gloria Romero\u003c/a> in February 2009, the language of which was completely gutted and then amended in April of this year, would “remove \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite\">serpentine\u003c/a> as the state rock and lithologic emblem and would leave the state rock unspecified.” Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock? The primary reason, as stated in the bill, is because “serpentine contains the deadly mineral chyrsotile asbestos, a known carcinogen, exposure to which increases the risk of cancer mesothelioma.” Supporters of the bill include cancer awareness groups and other groups representing those dealing with mesothelioma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are all entitled to our own opinions, we are not entitled to our own facts. In that spirit, I think some basic geologic facts are in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Firstly, “serpentine” refers to a group of minerals, not a rock. The term “serpentinite” is the proper term for the rock that is mostly made up of one or more of the serpentine group minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite is a metamorphosed version of rocks that make up oceanic crust after they are incorporated into subduction zones (plate boundaries where oceanic plates are thrust under continental plates). The recognition and study of serpentinite in California contributed to the understanding of modern plate tectonic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite has a unique association with California for many reasons including: its association with gold deposits and the resulting California Gold Rush history, many plants unique to California grow on serpentinite-rich soils, the fact that serpentinite is thought to promote slow (and less hazardous) ‘creep’ along faults, and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• There is no such mineral as “chrysotile asbestos”; there is a mineral “chrysotile” that crystallizes into a fibrous material referred to as asbestos but not all varieties of serpentinite contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The term “asbestos” does not have a unique mineralogical association; it is derived from the term that describes the fibrous nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Varieties of asbestos from a completely separate group of minerals, called the amphibole group, are considered to be the most dangerous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The health danger of asbestos is when people breathe the powdered form into their lungs — and not just once or twice, but chronically over many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bottom line: walking on, being near, handling, or even eating a piece of serpentinite rock is NOT harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one blogger put it, the only way a piece of serpentinite might be harmful is if someone hurled a piece at you. To reiterate, one must inhale the powdered version into their lungs for it to be harmful. The wording of the bill is such that it’s not surprising there is some confusion and misunderstanding. Some of the mainstream reporting about this bill has failed to communicate that exposure to the rock serpentinite is distinct from exposure to the powdered form of a component mineral that might be in the rock. This is an important distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of this bill argue that having a rock with an association with harmful derivative materials is inappropriate for a state symbol. One of the more interesting bits of history I’ve learned following this story is that the original 1965 proclamation of serpentinite as the state rock was motivated by a desire to highlight its economic and commercial importance as a source of mined asbestos. However, the connection between the mining process and harmful effects were discovered thereafter and asbestos mining was banned in California in the 1970s. So, why is the issue coming up now? It’s unclear to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final point I’ll make about this issue, which is something many other geologists have made as well, is that what’s most important here isn’t to maintain serpentinite as the state rock at all costs. What’s important is that the proposal deserves a fair and open debate. If the state assembly feels that spending the time and resources to do that isn’t in California’s best interests at this time, then simply table the bill and deal with it at a later date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_624_bill_20100519_amended_asm_v97.pdf\">PDF of Senate Bill No. 624\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the information presented in this post comes from the educating and advocacy about this issue by geoscience educator Garry Hayes at his blog \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/\">\u003cem>Geotripper\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Bay Area science writer Andrew Alden at geology.about.com, and environmental historian Jon Christensen from the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/serpentinite300.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem> Serpentinite from the Klamath Mountains, California (sample courtesy of Hannah Scherer; photo from Brian Romans)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/14/us/14rock.html\">bill introduced by California State Senator Gloria Romero\u003c/a> in February 2009, the language of which was completely gutted and then amended in April of this year, would “remove \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentinite\">serpentine\u003c/a> as the state rock and lithologic emblem and would leave the state rock unspecified.” Why introduce a bill to the state assembly devoted to removing the state rock? The primary reason, as stated in the bill, is because “serpentine contains the deadly mineral chyrsotile asbestos, a known carcinogen, exposure to which increases the risk of cancer mesothelioma.” Supporters of the bill include cancer awareness groups and other groups representing those dealing with mesothelioma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we are all entitled to our own opinions, we are not entitled to our own facts. In that spirit, I think some basic geologic facts are in order:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Firstly, “serpentine” refers to a group of minerals, not a rock. The term “serpentinite” is the proper term for the rock that is mostly made up of one or more of the serpentine group minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite is a metamorphosed version of rocks that make up oceanic crust after they are incorporated into subduction zones (plate boundaries where oceanic plates are thrust under continental plates). The recognition and study of serpentinite in California contributed to the understanding of modern plate tectonic theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Serpentinite has a unique association with California for many reasons including: its association with gold deposits and the resulting California Gold Rush history, many plants unique to California grow on serpentinite-rich soils, the fact that serpentinite is thought to promote slow (and less hazardous) ‘creep’ along faults, and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• There is no such mineral as “chrysotile asbestos”; there is a mineral “chrysotile” that crystallizes into a fibrous material referred to as asbestos but not all varieties of serpentinite contain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The term “asbestos” does not have a unique mineralogical association; it is derived from the term that describes the fibrous nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Varieties of asbestos from a completely separate group of minerals, called the amphibole group, are considered to be the most dangerous form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• The health danger of asbestos is when people breathe the powdered form into their lungs — and not just once or twice, but chronically over many years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bottom line: walking on, being near, handling, or even eating a piece of serpentinite rock is NOT harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one blogger put it, the only way a piece of serpentinite might be harmful is if someone hurled a piece at you. To reiterate, one must inhale the powdered version into their lungs for it to be harmful. The wording of the bill is such that it’s not surprising there is some confusion and misunderstanding. Some of the mainstream reporting about this bill has failed to communicate that exposure to the rock serpentinite is distinct from exposure to the powdered form of a component mineral that might be in the rock. This is an important distinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of this bill argue that having a rock with an association with harmful derivative materials is inappropriate for a state symbol. One of the more interesting bits of history I’ve learned following this story is that the original 1965 proclamation of serpentinite as the state rock was motivated by a desire to highlight its economic and commercial importance as a source of mined asbestos. However, the connection between the mining process and harmful effects were discovered thereafter and asbestos mining was banned in California in the 1970s. So, why is the issue coming up now? It’s unclear to me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final point I’ll make about this issue, which is something many other geologists have made as well, is that what’s most important here isn’t to maintain serpentinite as the state rock at all costs. What’s important is that the proposal deserves a fair and open debate. If the state assembly feels that spending the time and resources to do that isn’t in California’s best interests at this time, then simply table the bill and deal with it at a later date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0601-0650/sb_624_bill_20100519_amended_asm_v97.pdf\">PDF of Senate Bill No. 624\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the information presented in this post comes from the educating and advocacy about this issue by geoscience educator Garry Hayes at his blog \u003ca href=\"http://geotripper.blogspot.com/\">\u003cem>Geotripper\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Bay Area science writer Andrew Alden at geology.about.com, and environmental historian Jon Christensen from the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\">Bill Lane Center for the American West\u003c/a> at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring the Lower Russian River",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/lower-russian-river-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"We go to the river's edge for comfort, spiritual renewal, meditation, solitude; we go to the river to feel and know the continuance of life.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>- Henry David Thoreau\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River has been a favorite destination for generations of San Franciscans looking to get away from the rolling chill of the seasonal fog. It’s also a popular get-away for inland Bay Area residents looking for a watery escape from the summer heat. But for people more familiar with the middle stretches of the river, venturing into the lower Russian River might offer a surprise or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploring the lower Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner by the Sea, you are just as likely to meet animals such as North American River Otters, Harbor Seals or Pacific Pond Turtles as you are to see another person on the river. Bird lovers marvel as Barn Swallows zip by overhead, Osprey call from their nests and Great Blue Heron fish in the shallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also an excellent place to study the river’s ecology. Since all the runoff in the watershed, from pristine wilderness to agriculture and developed areas such as Santa Rosa, makes its way to and through this one spot, scientists can use the river as a living laboratory for how our human activities affect the water quality of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is an extraordinarily wild place in the backyard of the bustling Bay Area that we encourage you to explore. Leave nothing, take only photos and, as they say up the river, \"Memories that linger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Location and Directions to Duncans Mills & Jenner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>From Hwy 101 at Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Take River Road Exit west to Russian River Resort Areas and Guerneville (go approx. 18 miles to Guerneville). At Guerneville continue straight on River Road / Hwy 116 for another 8 miles, past Monte Rio to Duncans Mills. (Jenner and the Pacific Coast is another 5 miles down river.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions From Pacific Coast Hwy 1\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Traveling North on Hwy 1, Cross the Russian River at Bridgehaven, make right onto Hwy 116 toward Russian River Resort Areas and continue upriver 4 miles to Duncans Mills. To get to Jenner, make a left after the bridge and travel up Coast Hwy 1 for one mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Boat Put-in & Take-out Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Public access to the Russian River is surprisingly limited. 95 percent of the entire watershed is private property. Professional river guides and outfitters can make arrangements for the start and finish your trek and can supply shuttle, and portage for your boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explore the lower Russian River on your own, probably the most convenient place to put in your boat is at the Casini Ranch Family Campground, just across and up river from Duncans Mills. There is a $3 day-use fee. For more information contact: 1 (800) 451-8400 or E-mail: reservations@casiniranch.com\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take-out is at the Jenner boat launch near the Visitor Center in Jenner, CA, at the mouth of the Russian River, off HWY 1. There is no fee and ample parking is available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is doing our Exploration in reverse by putting in at the Jenner boat launch, and paddling up river to Duncans Mills. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River Guides and Boat Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>WaterTreks EcoTours & Jenner Kayak Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Toll Free:1-888-865-2249\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.watertreks.com/\">http://www.watertreks.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were guided on our Exploration by Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours in Jenner, CA. Suki is a local guide, naturalist and kayak instructor whose roots in the area go back generations to her Native American ancestors. She has been working with the public in outdoor recreation, education and safety on The Russian River since 1979. WaterTreks provided us with kayaks and gear, as well as safety, expertise and fun company on the river. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Russian River Outfitters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>1-877-775-2925\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com/\">http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nKayak and Canoe rentals at Duncan’s Mills, CA. Russian River Outfitters can also provide experienced river guides and instruction, as well as a shuttle service and boat portage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clothing and Outfitting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you don't have your own gear, your professional river guide or outfitter can supply boats, paddles, life vests, dry bags and other equipment you will need. You should plan to supply your own enthusiasm, curiosity and sense of adventure. The Russian River is classified as class 1 waterway, meaning it is mild. However winds, tide, and currents can be unpredictable. Kayaking is not without risk, it is highly recommended that everyone wear a personal flotation device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the summertime, the wind can come up and the fog will roll in on the coast. The lower Russian River can turn quite chilly, even when it is warm inland. You will get wet. It is recommended to wear layers and a waterproof outer shell. Cotton clothing is not recommended as it tends to hold water and pull heat from your body when soaked. Water wicking fleece or other material is best for warmth. Shoes, such as sport sandals, that won’t get waterlogged are suggested. Bring sun protection. And a good tip is to have a warm set of clothes to change into after your day on The River.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Food and Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Keeping yourself fueled and hydrated is important You will be on the river for a few hours without access to resources. Bring water and some snacks packed in watertight bags or a small cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Communications\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cell phone coverage is spotty at best in this section of the Russian River but it is still recommended that you keep a cell phone handy in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Long sandy beaches below rugged headlands, a craggy coastline with natural arches and secluded coves are features that make \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\" target=\"_blank\">Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/a> one of California's most scenic attractions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of The River from Jenner, is Sonoma Coast State Park. Mostly known for its beaches, one of the highlights for those who love the outdoors is Pomo Canyon. A former Pomo-Miwok trade route, this 3 mile hike takes you from the redwood glens near Willow Creek, up and over the grassy hillside and down to the coast at Shell Beach. It's considered by many to be one of the prettiest hikes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The serene, majestic beauty of this Grove is a living reminder of the magnificent primeval redwood forest that covered much of this area before logging operations began during the 19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 800 acres of magnificent Sequoia sempervirens, commonly known as the Coast Redwood are preserved near Guerneville, CA. Armstrong Grove is a favorite place to escape the heat of summer and bask in the shade of an old growth forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Coast Redwood is the tallest living thing in the world. Some coast redwoods are more than 2000 years old and tower over 350 feet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=450\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/a> offers self-guided nature trails, a visitor's center and a variety of picnic facilities. The tallest tree you’ll encounter in the park is called the \"Parson Jones Tree\" measuring more than 310 feet in height. The oldest tree here is the stately \"Colonel Armstrong Tree,\" estimated to be over 1400 years old. It is named after a benevolent lumberman who chose to preserve this portion of the park in the 1870's. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a trail map, see:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\">http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special thanks to Jenny Donovan and Rich Lawton of the California State Parks, Jessica Martini-Lamb of the Sonoma County Water Agency, as well as Michele Luna and Annie Cresswell from the Stewards of the Coast and Redwoods for assisting us on this project. And a special thanks to our guide, Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours, for taking us on this wonderful paddle and showing us all that the Lower Russian River has to offer!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cruising Down The River: A Paddle Exploration of the Lower Russian River\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172849/\" title=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4030/4667172849_bbb74055e5_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day.\"- A. A. Milne, Pooh's Little Instruction Book. Photo provided by George Scott Zastrow Photography\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River begins its ramblings in the northern California redwood forests of Mendocino County, gently flowing south through Sonoma County, past lush vineyards and the towns of Geyserville, Healdsburg and Guerneville, before turning and winding its way to the Pacific Ocean. The river is a popular summertime destination for Bay Area residents and is also home to a vibrant and diverse wildlife community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is near its mouth where the river meets the sea. Here at the estuary the waters widen and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. We have explored estuary environments before, discovering their beauty, learning about the fluctuating environment, the impact of human interaction and the challenges of restoration. But for this Quest Exploration we trade in our walking sticks for kayak paddles. The only way to be fully immersed in the river environment is to take to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A young steelhead jumps at a dragonfly, an Osprey lands in its nest above, a family of river otters frolics along the riverbanks. The river is a verdant but fragile part of California's natural heritage. Exploring the lower stretch of the Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner, provides a micro-climate glimpse of the varied river terrain; winding from the warm inland mountains and forests, past breezy oaks, willows and grasslands, to fog-draped Tule marshes and coastal dunes. And as we slowly drift down the river, the aquatic ecosystems are changing too, from fresh to salty brackish water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172551/\" title=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4047/4667172551_2cdcba2541_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Russian River Tule Perch, (Hysterocarpus traskii pomo), is the only genetically endemic (biologically native) fish in the Russian River.\u003c/em> When we think of rivers we usually just think of the main stem, the stream we see flowing in the waterway. But rivers begin at the tops of mountains. The whole area of land that drains into a river is called the watershed. The Russian River watershed encompasses 1485 square miles of mountains and valleys, forests and agriculture, cities and towns, 95 percent of which is private property. All of the water running off this land makes its way into and down the 110 mile stretch of the main stem before finally meeting the Pacific Ocean at Jenner, California. The river supplies drinking water for over a half million people in Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin counties while during the summer it is also one of the most heavily used rivers for canoeing and kayaking in the nation. The river provides critical habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as many species of fish including three endangered salmonid species and the endemic Russian River Tule Perch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area of the river that we are exploring is located within the coastal fog belt of the outer North Coast Ranges. Here cool, moist, maritime conditions contrast the warmer dryer continental climate of the inland watershed. Tree species such as Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific Madrone (A. menziesii) dominate the forested landscape. The south-facing slopes and ridgelines are quilted with upland Coastal Prairie that serves as a reminder of the once vast and diverse grassland that stretched along the northern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-timers tell tales of the Russian River at a time when the redwood trees growing along the riverbanks were so huge, their branches stretched across the entire river, touching in the middle, and creating a shaded tunnel that the cool water gently flowed through. Today most of the big trees are long gone, but the second and third-growth timbers still provide homes for waterfowl, eagles, owls, osprey, heron and a host of other birdlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native riparian plant communities support a high level of biological diversity and are particularly important to the life cycle of fish such as endangered salmon. The native vegetation also helps control erosion during the winter flood stages and can mitigate over-sedimentation of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our paddle we glided past an osprey and great blue heron roosting site that is testament to a thriving river environment. In one 50-yard stretch we could see at least four large osprey nests, each with a courting pair calling out to one another as they were busy rearing this year's young brood. The success of these fish-eating raptors, at the top of the river food chain, is encouraging, showing a thriving food-web of fish and invertebrates in the aquatic ecosystem below the nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we enter the estuary and approach historic Penny Island, The river begins a transformation both readily seen and unseen. Scientists from the Sonoma County Water Agency and National Marine Fisheries Service are now actively studying this region. 12 data collection stations have been installed in the estuary, taking readings of the salinity and water temperature and measuring the levels of bacteria and oxygen in the river. The scientists are also working with the USGS to test for pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and wastewater residue in the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River estuary has an incredibly rich biodiversity. Over 50 species of fish have been identified in the lagoon, including Chinook Salmon, Tule Perch, Starry Flounder, American Shad and Bay Pipefish. The estuary is a nursery and particularly important for fish such as young steelhead who use this area to grow and adapt to saltwater before entering the ocean. It's this mixing of two distinct ecosystems that makes the estuary environment so vibrant; a confluence of life where an upriver animal such as the Northern River Otter, might interact with an ocean species such as a harbor seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tale \"The Wind in the Willows\" Rat said of the river, \"It's my world, and I don't want any other. What it hasn't got is not worth having, and what it doesn't know is not worth knowing. Lord! The times we've had together!\" Ever changing, ever moving, always full of surprises, maybe the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus said it best, \"you never set foot in the same river twice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1408535@N24\">Lower Russian River photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriverwatershed.net/\">Russian River Watershed Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2009/around-the-bend\">Bay Nature: Paddling the Russian River's Middle Reach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stewardsofthecoastandredwoods.org/\">Stewards of the Coast Redwoods\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Russian River originates in the redwood forests of Mendocino County and winds its way gently south thorough Sonoma County. One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is towards the end, near its mouth. Here the waters widen, fresh water mixing with the tidal flows of the ocean, and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/lower-russian-river-exploration/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"We go to the river's edge for comfort, spiritual renewal, meditation, solitude; we go to the river to feel and know the continuance of life.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>- Henry David Thoreau\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River has been a favorite destination for generations of San Franciscans looking to get away from the rolling chill of the seasonal fog. It’s also a popular get-away for inland Bay Area residents looking for a watery escape from the summer heat. But for people more familiar with the middle stretches of the river, venturing into the lower Russian River might offer a surprise or two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exploring the lower Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner by the Sea, you are just as likely to meet animals such as North American River Otters, Harbor Seals or Pacific Pond Turtles as you are to see another person on the river. Bird lovers marvel as Barn Swallows zip by overhead, Osprey call from their nests and Great Blue Heron fish in the shallows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is also an excellent place to study the river’s ecology. Since all the runoff in the watershed, from pristine wilderness to agriculture and developed areas such as Santa Rosa, makes its way to and through this one spot, scientists can use the river as a living laboratory for how our human activities affect the water quality of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is an extraordinarily wild place in the backyard of the bustling Bay Area that we encourage you to explore. Leave nothing, take only photos and, as they say up the river, \"Memories that linger.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Location and Directions to Duncans Mills & Jenner.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>From Hwy 101 at Santa Rosa, CA\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Take River Road Exit west to Russian River Resort Areas and Guerneville (go approx. 18 miles to Guerneville). At Guerneville continue straight on River Road / Hwy 116 for another 8 miles, past Monte Rio to Duncans Mills. (Jenner and the Pacific Coast is another 5 miles down river.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Directions From Pacific Coast Hwy 1\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Traveling North on Hwy 1, Cross the Russian River at Bridgehaven, make right onto Hwy 116 toward Russian River Resort Areas and continue upriver 4 miles to Duncans Mills. To get to Jenner, make a left after the bridge and travel up Coast Hwy 1 for one mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Boat Put-in & Take-out Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Public access to the Russian River is surprisingly limited. 95 percent of the entire watershed is private property. Professional river guides and outfitters can make arrangements for the start and finish your trek and can supply shuttle, and portage for your boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explore the lower Russian River on your own, probably the most convenient place to put in your boat is at the Casini Ranch Family Campground, just across and up river from Duncans Mills. There is a $3 day-use fee. For more information contact: 1 (800) 451-8400 or E-mail: reservations@casiniranch.com\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take-out is at the Jenner boat launch near the Visitor Center in Jenner, CA, at the mouth of the Russian River, off HWY 1. There is no fee and ample parking is available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option is doing our Exploration in reverse by putting in at the Jenner boat launch, and paddling up river to Duncans Mills. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>River Guides and Boat Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>WaterTreks EcoTours & Jenner Kayak Rentals\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Toll Free:1-888-865-2249\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.watertreks.com/\">http://www.watertreks.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We were guided on our Exploration by Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours in Jenner, CA. Suki is a local guide, naturalist and kayak instructor whose roots in the area go back generations to her Native American ancestors. She has been working with the public in outdoor recreation, education and safety on The Russian River since 1979. WaterTreks provided us with kayaks and gear, as well as safety, expertise and fun company on the river. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Russian River Outfitters\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>1-877-775-2925\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com/\">http://www.russianriveroutfitters.com\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nKayak and Canoe rentals at Duncan’s Mills, CA. Russian River Outfitters can also provide experienced river guides and instruction, as well as a shuttle service and boat portage.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Clothing and Outfitting\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you don't have your own gear, your professional river guide or outfitter can supply boats, paddles, life vests, dry bags and other equipment you will need. You should plan to supply your own enthusiasm, curiosity and sense of adventure. The Russian River is classified as class 1 waterway, meaning it is mild. However winds, tide, and currents can be unpredictable. Kayaking is not without risk, it is highly recommended that everyone wear a personal flotation device.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even in the summertime, the wind can come up and the fog will roll in on the coast. The lower Russian River can turn quite chilly, even when it is warm inland. You will get wet. It is recommended to wear layers and a waterproof outer shell. Cotton clothing is not recommended as it tends to hold water and pull heat from your body when soaked. Water wicking fleece or other material is best for warmth. Shoes, such as sport sandals, that won’t get waterlogged are suggested. Bring sun protection. And a good tip is to have a warm set of clothes to change into after your day on The River.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Food and Water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Keeping yourself fueled and hydrated is important You will be on the river for a few hours without access to resources. Bring water and some snacks packed in watertight bags or a small cooler.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Communications\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cell phone coverage is spotty at best in this section of the Russian River but it is still recommended that you keep a cell phone handy in case of emergencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"Long sandy beaches below rugged headlands, a craggy coastline with natural arches and secluded coves are features that make \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=451\" target=\"_blank\">Sonoma Coast State Park\u003c/a> one of California's most scenic attractions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other side of The River from Jenner, is Sonoma Coast State Park. Mostly known for its beaches, one of the highlights for those who love the outdoors is Pomo Canyon. A former Pomo-Miwok trade route, this 3 mile hike takes you from the redwood glens near Willow Creek, up and over the grassy hillside and down to the coast at Shell Beach. It's considered by many to be one of the prettiest hikes in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\"The serene, majestic beauty of this Grove is a living reminder of the magnificent primeval redwood forest that covered much of this area before logging operations began during the 19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 800 acres of magnificent Sequoia sempervirens, commonly known as the Coast Redwood are preserved near Guerneville, CA. Armstrong Grove is a favorite place to escape the heat of summer and bask in the shade of an old growth forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient Coast Redwood is the tallest living thing in the world. Some coast redwoods are more than 2000 years old and tower over 350 feet. \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=450\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve\u003c/a> offers self-guided nature trails, a visitor's center and a variety of picnic facilities. The tallest tree you’ll encounter in the park is called the \"Parson Jones Tree\" measuring more than 310 feet in height. The oldest tree here is the stately \"Colonel Armstrong Tree,\" estimated to be over 1400 years old. It is named after a benevolent lumberman who chose to preserve this portion of the park in the 1870's. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a trail map, see:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\">http://www.russianrivertravel.com/assets/parks/armstrongmap1.gif\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special thanks to Jenny Donovan and Rich Lawton of the California State Parks, Jessica Martini-Lamb of the Sonoma County Water Agency, as well as Michele Luna and Annie Cresswell from the Stewards of the Coast and Redwoods for assisting us on this project. And a special thanks to our guide, Suki Waters of WaterTreks EcoTours, for taking us on this wonderful paddle and showing us all that the Lower Russian River has to offer!\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cruising Down The River: A Paddle Exploration of the Lower Russian River\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172849/\" title=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4030/4667172849_bbb74055e5_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"160\" alt=\"7f. Sunset Paddle on the Russian River\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>\"Rivers know this: there is no hurry. We shall get there some day.\"- A. A. Milne, Pooh's Little Instruction Book. Photo provided by George Scott Zastrow Photography\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River begins its ramblings in the northern California redwood forests of Mendocino County, gently flowing south through Sonoma County, past lush vineyards and the towns of Geyserville, Healdsburg and Guerneville, before turning and winding its way to the Pacific Ocean. The river is a popular summertime destination for Bay Area residents and is also home to a vibrant and diverse wildlife community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the wildest spots on the main stem of the Russian River is near its mouth where the river meets the sea. Here at the estuary the waters widen and the influences of two dynamic ecosystems merge. We have explored estuary environments before, discovering their beauty, learning about the fluctuating environment, the impact of human interaction and the challenges of restoration. But for this Quest Exploration we trade in our walking sticks for kayak paddles. The only way to be fully immersed in the river environment is to take to the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A young steelhead jumps at a dragonfly, an Osprey lands in its nest above, a family of river otters frolics along the riverbanks. The river is a verdant but fragile part of California's natural heritage. Exploring the lower stretch of the Russian River, from Duncans Mills to Jenner, provides a micro-climate glimpse of the varied river terrain; winding from the warm inland mountains and forests, past breezy oaks, willows and grasslands, to fog-draped Tule marshes and coastal dunes. And as we slowly drift down the river, the aquatic ecosystems are changing too, from fresh to salty brackish water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/4667172551/\" title=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch by kqedquest, on Flickr\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4047/4667172551_2cdcba2541_m.jpg\" width=\"240\" height=\"180\" alt=\"5c. Russian River Tule Perch\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Russian River Tule Perch, (Hysterocarpus traskii pomo), is the only genetically endemic (biologically native) fish in the Russian River.\u003c/em> When we think of rivers we usually just think of the main stem, the stream we see flowing in the waterway. But rivers begin at the tops of mountains. The whole area of land that drains into a river is called the watershed. The Russian River watershed encompasses 1485 square miles of mountains and valleys, forests and agriculture, cities and towns, 95 percent of which is private property. All of the water running off this land makes its way into and down the 110 mile stretch of the main stem before finally meeting the Pacific Ocean at Jenner, California. The river supplies drinking water for over a half million people in Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin counties while during the summer it is also one of the most heavily used rivers for canoeing and kayaking in the nation. The river provides critical habitat for birds and other wildlife, as well as many species of fish including three endangered salmonid species and the endemic Russian River Tule Perch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area of the river that we are exploring is located within the coastal fog belt of the outer North Coast Ranges. Here cool, moist, maritime conditions contrast the warmer dryer continental climate of the inland watershed. Tree species such as Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific Madrone (A. menziesii) dominate the forested landscape. The south-facing slopes and ridgelines are quilted with upland Coastal Prairie that serves as a reminder of the once vast and diverse grassland that stretched along the northern California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Old-timers tell tales of the Russian River at a time when the redwood trees growing along the riverbanks were so huge, their branches stretched across the entire river, touching in the middle, and creating a shaded tunnel that the cool water gently flowed through. Today most of the big trees are long gone, but the second and third-growth timbers still provide homes for waterfowl, eagles, owls, osprey, heron and a host of other birdlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native riparian plant communities support a high level of biological diversity and are particularly important to the life cycle of fish such as endangered salmon. The native vegetation also helps control erosion during the winter flood stages and can mitigate over-sedimentation of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our paddle we glided past an osprey and great blue heron roosting site that is testament to a thriving river environment. In one 50-yard stretch we could see at least four large osprey nests, each with a courting pair calling out to one another as they were busy rearing this year's young brood. The success of these fish-eating raptors, at the top of the river food chain, is encouraging, showing a thriving food-web of fish and invertebrates in the aquatic ecosystem below the nests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we enter the estuary and approach historic Penny Island, The river begins a transformation both readily seen and unseen. Scientists from the Sonoma County Water Agency and National Marine Fisheries Service are now actively studying this region. 12 data collection stations have been installed in the estuary, taking readings of the salinity and water temperature and measuring the levels of bacteria and oxygen in the river. The scientists are also working with the USGS to test for pharmaceuticals, heavy metals and wastewater residue in the estuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Russian River estuary has an incredibly rich biodiversity. Over 50 species of fish have been identified in the lagoon, including Chinook Salmon, Tule Perch, Starry Flounder, American Shad and Bay Pipefish. The estuary is a nursery and particularly important for fish such as young steelhead who use this area to grow and adapt to saltwater before entering the ocean. It's this mixing of two distinct ecosystems that makes the estuary environment so vibrant; a confluence of life where an upriver animal such as the Northern River Otter, might interact with an ocean species such as a harbor seal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tale \"The Wind in the Willows\" Rat said of the river, \"It's my world, and I don't want any other. What it hasn't got is not worth having, and what it doesn't know is not worth knowing. Lord! The times we've had together!\" Ever changing, ever moving, always full of surprises, maybe the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus said it best, \"you never set foot in the same river twice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1408535@N24\">Lower Russian River photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.russianriverwatershed.net/\">Russian River Watershed Council\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/jul-sep-2009/around-the-bend\">Bay Nature: Paddling the Russian River's Middle Reach\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scwa.ca.gov/\">Sonoma County Water Agency\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.stewardsofthecoastandredwoods.org/\">Stewards of the Coast Redwoods\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lessons-from-chile\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/bridge300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Just how well-built are our buildings and bridges?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next big one. Many of us are trying to avoid even thinking about it. But the reality is it is going to happen. California has hundreds of fault lines. In fact, the Hayward fault, which runs under the east bay, is labeled one of the most dangerous faults in the country because it runs right under some of the busiest hospitals, freeways and Bart lines in the Bay Area. Just how well-built are our buildings and bridges? Well, when a big quake happens somewhere else, like the massive 8.8 magnitude quake in Chile last month, it offers a chance to find out. Chile, a highly prone quake region, has built many of their modern mid-rises and high-rises to U.S. building standards. So when February's big quake and tsunami hit, engineers and geoscientists rushed down before the evidence could get cold. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eqclearinghouse.org/20100227-chile/\">Earthquake Engineering Research Institute\u003c/a> (EERI), construction following U.S. building codes held up well - it was the buildings where contractors took short cuts that didn't do so well. Chile's standards for strengthening bridges has not been adequate and many bridges collapsed in the quake, especially older ones. A new highway system is being planned in Chile including many bridges and many of those new bridges will follow the American Association of State Highway guidelines. Passive energy dissipation devices, friction bearings and other cutting edge bridge technologies are being considered. There was also bad news for Chilean vintners which could offer lessons for the Northern California wine industry. Standard racks, used to stack wine barrels, collapsed and rivers of wine drained away. Some vintners lost an entire year of production. This is a big hit to an important sector of Chile's economy and the value of good Chilean wine worldwide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is lagging on a 2013 deadline to retrofit hospitals and many owners are asking the state to postpone that deadline. Chile's quake was a lesson for us about what happens when hospitals are not retrofitted. Twenty hospitals had to be evacuated in Chile after the quake and ten were severely damaged. U.S. engineers visiting Chile were also reminded of the deadly potential of non-structural hazards, such as pipes, water heaters, furniture and bookshelves that can become violently unleashed in a massive quake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley Civil Environmental Engineering professor Jack Moehle, with EERI, says one of the biggest things California needs to do is get serious about it's retrofitting of old housing stock. Nearly 80-percent, he says, doesn't conform to standards. Older wood frame, multi family homes with a parking garage, or some kind of open space on the first floor, are vulnerable as are apartment buildings built over ground level parking and mid-rise buildings made from old concrete standards. We have not seen a really big earthquake here that tests our infrastructure. Many seismologists say it is not only inevitable, it is overdue. Are you ready? Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seismic.ca.gov/\">California Seismic Safety Commission site\u003c/a> as well as the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/\">USGS Earthquake Hazard Program Website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/26/reporters-notes-lessons-from-chile/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lessons-from-chile\">Listen to The Lessons From Chile\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.87241 -122.259616\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/haiti.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It was the poorly constructed, mostly concrete buildings that killed most of the victims of the earthquake in Haiti.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of people, I’ve been thinking about the devastation from the earthquake in Haiti, seeing images of collapsed buildings and dead people on the news and in the newspapers. I wonder why less than a hundred people in the Bay Area died in the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and perhaps as many as 200,000 have died from the earthquake last month in Haiti. The Transamerica Building in downtown San Francisco swayed about one foot at the top during the Loma Prieta earthquake, but the building was not damaged. We’ve all seen pictures of what happened to Haiti’s Presidential Palace in Port au Prince.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did an Internet search and discovered the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://peer.berkeley.edu/\" href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER)\u003c/a> at Cal Berkeley. PEER is an interdisciplinary organization that studies the effect of earthquakes on structures and how to build safe structures in earthquake zones. PEER asked a structural engineer, Eduardo Fierro, P.E., of Bfp Engineers in Berkeley, to travel to Haiti and make a preliminary report on the damage there. This is Fierro’s two-hour presentation at Cal Berkeley from the PEER Web site. Fierro knows his stuff when it comes to structures, but in the video he shows that, for him, it is a matter of the heart as well as the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not a structural engineer, but I remember enough from my mechanical engineering courses to understand the basics of building in an earthquake zone, and the PEER video was like a two-hour refresher course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that in order for a concrete building to handle its own weight (compression), as well as lateral forces (tension), the concrete must be reinforced with steel bars. The steel can handle the tension while the concrete can handle the compression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do know that it was the poorly constructed, mostly concrete buildings that killed most of the victims of the earthquake in Haiti. Buildings slid off their foundations if they were not bolted to the foundation, floors collapsed because of shear stress and the lack of sheer walls, and poorly reinforced concrete pillars holding up buildings collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no enforced building codes in Haiti. The concrete quality used in buildings in Haiti is poor, and the installation of concrete is done poorly. The concrete is brittle, and the steel bars used to reinforce it are too thin; there are not enough of them; and when a concrete pier comes together with the concrete floor of a second story, for example, the vertical reinforcing bars in the pillars are often not connected to the horizontal bars in the floor, meaning that the building has no integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few buildings near the epicenter of the earthquake held up well, but this is not because of the quality of the construction. The intact buildings are built on solid rock, so that the rock absorbed the shock of the quake, so the building didn’t have to. Within loose soil, an earthquake causes a phenomenon called liquefaction. The soil becomes like liquid, and passes most of the force of the earthquake into the building above the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the saddest thing that Fierro reported was the fact that, already, people are picking up the pieces of broken buildings, and building structures in the same old way. It’s a poor country with a history of conflict and oppression. It may be the best the Haitian people can do, without the help of wealthier nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring the Pulgas Water Temple Area",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/pulgas-water-temple-area-exploration/?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, \"I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,\" a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Peninsula Watershed, managed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and opportunities to enjoy ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple is located about one-half mile south of the Cañada Road trailhead. To get there, take Interstate 280 to the Edgewood Road exit. Proceed west on Edgewood Road to Cañada Road, then north on Cañada Road approximately two miles to the temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hours and Parking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple and its parking lot are open to the public on weekdays, Monday through Friday, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. That said, \u003cstrong>parking is limited to 30 minutes\u003c/strong> so if you wish to hike out from there, you'll probably want to have someone drop you off, ride your bike to the temple, or park at the intersection of Edgewood and La Cañada roads, about 1.7 miles down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking lot is closed on weekends, except for permitted events. To obtain a permit for your wedding or group event, call the SFPUC at 650-872-5900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The newly-opened portion of the SFPUC Peninsula Watershed’s Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail, accessible through guided tours, starts at Skyline Quarry on Highway 92 and extends northward to the watershed boundary at the Portola Ridge Gate, where it connects with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area trail system and the Sweeney Ridge section of the Bay Area Ridge Trail. For tour reservations, see trail.sfwater.org or call 650-652-3203.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Sawyer Camp Trail-once a segment of the main route between San Francisco and Half Moon Bay-winds approximately six miles through SFPUC Watershed land from Crystal Springs Reservoir to San Andreas Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs.\u003c/em> Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/em>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1327110@N23\">Pulgas Water Temple Area photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/mto_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/177/MTO_ID/308\">Pulgas Water Temple\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/pulgas-water-temple-area-exploration/?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, \"I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,\" a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Peninsula Watershed, managed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and opportunities to enjoy ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple is located about one-half mile south of the Cañada Road trailhead. To get there, take Interstate 280 to the Edgewood Road exit. Proceed west on Edgewood Road to Cañada Road, then north on Cañada Road approximately two miles to the temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hours and Parking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple and its parking lot are open to the public on weekdays, Monday through Friday, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. That said, \u003cstrong>parking is limited to 30 minutes\u003c/strong> so if you wish to hike out from there, you'll probably want to have someone drop you off, ride your bike to the temple, or park at the intersection of Edgewood and La Cañada roads, about 1.7 miles down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking lot is closed on weekends, except for permitted events. To obtain a permit for your wedding or group event, call the SFPUC at 650-872-5900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The newly-opened portion of the SFPUC Peninsula Watershed’s Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail, accessible through guided tours, starts at Skyline Quarry on Highway 92 and extends northward to the watershed boundary at the Portola Ridge Gate, where it connects with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area trail system and the Sweeney Ridge section of the Bay Area Ridge Trail. For tour reservations, see trail.sfwater.org or call 650-652-3203.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Sawyer Camp Trail-once a segment of the main route between San Francisco and Half Moon Bay-winds approximately six miles through SFPUC Watershed land from Crystal Springs Reservoir to San Andreas Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs.\u003c/em> Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/em>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1327110@N23\">Pulgas Water Temple Area photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/mto_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/177/MTO_ID/308\">Pulgas Water Temple\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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