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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Saving Our Seeds\" was produced by Quest Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andysoth/\">Andy Soth.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cicero believed that all you really need in life is a garden and a library. He would have really liked a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacrosselibrary.org/seed-library\">program\u003c/a> at the public library in La Crosse, Wisconsin: heirloom seeds available for checkout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The La Crosse Public Library has joined a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/garden/07seed.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">libraries\u003c/a> around the country in a quiet rebellion against a rising tide of genetic homogeneity in our food. Instead of grabbing an anonymous green pepper in the grocery store, the library’s members borrow seeds of old, storied varieties to plant in their own gardens. 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Saving seeds this way helps ensure that heirloom varieties will still be around in case we need them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts from Seed Savers drove the hour northeast to La Crosse to teach aspiring seed library users \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Education/Seed-Saving-Resources/\">how to harvest their seeds\u003c/a>. Picking tiny seeds out of pods, cleaning them off, drying them, painstakingly packaging them up -- it all sounds absurdly tedious to people used to just buying a few cheap packets of tomato and pepper seeds every year at the local home-and-garden warehouse. But saving seeds this way used to be routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the process of carefully saving seeds from their best-performing plants allowed farmers to select for the traits they wanted. Everyone developed their own varieties, guided by their own preferences and the local growing conditions. Biodiversity expanded as a result. Historical seed company records show that in \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/food-variety-graphic\">1903 there were 544 varieties of cabbage\u003c/a> alone. Today you’d be lucky to find anything more exotic than “red” and “green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened to all that diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seed saving and the multiplicity of varieties it produces don’t fit into the prevailing model of industrial-scale agriculture. As farming has become increasingly mechanized, farmers operating on an ever-larger scale have increasingly relied on large, predictable, homogeneous yields of a single crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend toward uniformity was made possible by progress in genetic technology. Reliable, uniform, hybrid varieties and, most recently, genetically modified commodity crops make farming more profitable for big operations. But these changes in economics and advances in science combined to spell the death of the local seed company and the farmer’s box of family varieties stored each winter in the root cellar. Thousands of these species have already disappeared. Some estimates say that we’ve lost 90 percent of our agricultural biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is losing biodiversity necessarily a bad thing? \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24seeds.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">Modern hybrid\u003c/a> and genetically modified varieties have been bred to resist diseases and herbicides, stay fresh in stores, and are sometimes even beefed up with extra nutrients, a benefit that’s especially important in developing countries with rampant malnutrition. If we have these exquisitely designed species, why worry if thousands of less perfect ones go extinct?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69345 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"1280px-GEM_corn\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety-six percent of the corn varieties in the United States have disappeared in the last century.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We should worry because \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36564#.U0LNChYhuUQ\">without genetic diversity\u003c/a>, an unexpected disease, tough growing season, or invasive pest can easily devastate a whole species. If that happens to be one of the handful of species on which our national food supply currently depends, the results could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irish potato famine, which killed one million people between 1845 and 1852, is a grim demonstration of the risk caused by leaning too heavily on a single variety of a staple crop. Grant Olson, Seed Savers’ education coordinator, explained that “one of the main contributors to that famine was that everyone in Ireland was growing one variety of potato. Potato blight found a niche in those plants, and because each plant was genetically identical, blight had a whole country's worth of plants that it could devastate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to a recent study, a homogeneous agricultural landscape \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/low-crop-diversity/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter\">isn’t so good for our health\u003c/a> either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, by contrast, if every farm grew a different variety of potato or corn or sugar beets. Even if one of those varieties got wiped out, thousands of others would remain, short-circuiting a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recognition that tough growing seasons will become more common as the climate changes has prompted the establishment of seed banks all over the world, storing the genetic material from thousands of plant varieties in case we need them again one day. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">one seed bank\u003c/a> on a remote island in the Arctic Circle, more than two thousand seed varieties slumber peacefully in cold storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More and more communities, including La Crosse, have found a local solution. “Seed libraries have really been taking off,” said Olson. “They're great places to teach people how to save their own seeds and also a place to build this network of people in a community that can be a little bit independent with their seed source and with their food access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food security and biodiversity are \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text\">global problems\u003c/a>, but if you live in La Crosse, all you need is a sunny spot, a green thumb, and a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To find out if there is a seed lending library near you, check out this growing \u003ca href=\"http://www.richmondgrowsseeds.org/sister-libraries.html\">list of national locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Saving Our Seeds\" was produced by Quest Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andysoth/\">Andy Soth.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cicero believed that all you really need in life is a garden and a library. He would have really liked a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacrosselibrary.org/seed-library\">program\u003c/a> at the public library in La Crosse, Wisconsin: heirloom seeds available for checkout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The La Crosse Public Library has joined a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/garden/07seed.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">libraries\u003c/a> around the country in a quiet rebellion against a rising tide of genetic homogeneity in our food. Instead of grabbing an anonymous green pepper in the grocery store, the library’s members borrow seeds of old, storied varieties to plant in their own gardens. After the harvest, they save some of those plants’ seeds and return them to the library, perpetuating the seed collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Crosse librarian Cindy Mischnick, who began the program with her colleague Kelly Becker, was motivated to start it when she grew concerned that “people have gone away from having small gardens or thinking about where their seeds come from.” As a librarian, she thought she might be able to do something about it. “We’re the kind of people that collect things, catalog things, have things available to check out,” she said. “Seeds are just another kind of item for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startup capital for this venture was genetic: boxes of seeds from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org\">Seed Savers Exchange\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving heirloom varieties and promoting their cultivation. Their 890-acre farm in eastern Iowa, seen in the video above, is like a living library of heirloom plants -- old varieties that have been passed down through generations of gardeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69343 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato seeding\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A horticulturalist at the Seed Savers Exchange harvests tomato seeds to plant for next year's crop. Saving seeds this way helps ensure that heirloom varieties will still be around in case we need them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts from Seed Savers drove the hour northeast to La Crosse to teach aspiring seed library users \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Education/Seed-Saving-Resources/\">how to harvest their seeds\u003c/a>. Picking tiny seeds out of pods, cleaning them off, drying them, painstakingly packaging them up -- it all sounds absurdly tedious to people used to just buying a few cheap packets of tomato and pepper seeds every year at the local home-and-garden warehouse. But saving seeds this way used to be routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the process of carefully saving seeds from their best-performing plants allowed farmers to select for the traits they wanted. Everyone developed their own varieties, guided by their own preferences and the local growing conditions. Biodiversity expanded as a result. Historical seed company records show that in \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/food-variety-graphic\">1903 there were 544 varieties of cabbage\u003c/a> alone. Today you’d be lucky to find anything more exotic than “red” and “green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened to all that diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seed saving and the multiplicity of varieties it produces don’t fit into the prevailing model of industrial-scale agriculture. As farming has become increasingly mechanized, farmers operating on an ever-larger scale have increasingly relied on large, predictable, homogeneous yields of a single crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend toward uniformity was made possible by progress in genetic technology. Reliable, uniform, hybrid varieties and, most recently, genetically modified commodity crops make farming more profitable for big operations. But these changes in economics and advances in science combined to spell the death of the local seed company and the farmer’s box of family varieties stored each winter in the root cellar. Thousands of these species have already disappeared. Some estimates say that we’ve lost 90 percent of our agricultural biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is losing biodiversity necessarily a bad thing? \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24seeds.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">Modern hybrid\u003c/a> and genetically modified varieties have been bred to resist diseases and herbicides, stay fresh in stores, and are sometimes even beefed up with extra nutrients, a benefit that’s especially important in developing countries with rampant malnutrition. If we have these exquisitely designed species, why worry if thousands of less perfect ones go extinct?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69345 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"1280px-GEM_corn\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety-six percent of the corn varieties in the United States have disappeared in the last century.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We should worry because \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36564#.U0LNChYhuUQ\">without genetic diversity\u003c/a>, an unexpected disease, tough growing season, or invasive pest can easily devastate a whole species. If that happens to be one of the handful of species on which our national food supply currently depends, the results could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irish potato famine, which killed one million people between 1845 and 1852, is a grim demonstration of the risk caused by leaning too heavily on a single variety of a staple crop. Grant Olson, Seed Savers’ education coordinator, explained that “one of the main contributors to that famine was that everyone in Ireland was growing one variety of potato. Potato blight found a niche in those plants, and because each plant was genetically identical, blight had a whole country's worth of plants that it could devastate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to a recent study, a homogeneous agricultural landscape \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/low-crop-diversity/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter\">isn’t so good for our health\u003c/a> either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, by contrast, if every farm grew a different variety of potato or corn or sugar beets. Even if one of those varieties got wiped out, thousands of others would remain, short-circuiting a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recognition that tough growing seasons will become more common as the climate changes has prompted the establishment of seed banks all over the world, storing the genetic material from thousands of plant varieties in case we need them again one day. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">one seed bank\u003c/a> on a remote island in the Arctic Circle, more than two thousand seed varieties slumber peacefully in cold storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More and more communities, including La Crosse, have found a local solution. “Seed libraries have really been taking off,” said Olson. “They're great places to teach people how to save their own seeds and also a place to build this network of people in a community that can be a little bit independent with their seed source and with their food access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food security and biodiversity are \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text\">global problems\u003c/a>, but if you live in La Crosse, all you need is a sunny spot, a green thumb, and a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/tSvNdXO7qaTHNUzA5hpM7A==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the global population flew past seven billion people. It is now on pace to reach eight billion by 2024. The rapid pace of our population growth underlines the need for healthy and productive farmland. Yet as our population increases, the amount of arable land on the planet is decreasing. Human activity and climate change are degrading once-productive farmland, decreasing the amount of food that can be grown. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification estimates that 3 to 5 percent of the world’s agricultural yield is lost due to land degradation every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can we feed more and more people on less land? International experts agree with urban farmer Will Allen. He knows that soil is the key to stopping land degradation and increasing productivity. In this QUEST video, Will Allen explains how increasing soil fertility will ensure our future food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How much land did it take to grow your breakfast today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between productive land and degraded land?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What causes land to degrade?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is farmland being lost today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is soil fertility important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can leftover food and waste be converted to soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do your actions contribute to land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How could your actions reduce land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can you convert food waste into soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore the soil profile in your community using the USDA’s map. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Compare and contrast how the land has changed over time. What might have caused these changes? Using the data from the map, predict changes that may occur in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.growingpower.org\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Growing Power, Inc.\u003c/strong>See how Will Allen’s organization is empowering communities to grow their own food.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ifpri.org\" href=\"http://www.ifpri.org/node/8441\" target=\"_blank\">Land Degradation\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Institutional Food Policy Research Institute\u003c/strong>Learn about the potential of integrated soil fertility management to slow land degradation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.worldometers.info\" href=\"http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/\" target=\"_blank\">Real Time Population Statistics\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Worldometers\u003c/strong>See world population data in real time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.unccd.int\" href=\"http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Partnerships/partnership%2024_01_14%20low%20res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Food Security\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification\u003c/strong>Read the 2014 report on food and land security from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on the chances of individuals and species to survive and reproduce. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-8\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the number of organisms and populations they support. These limits result from such factors as the availability of living and nonliving resources and from challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size were it not for the fact that environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension affects the abundance (number of individuals) of species in any given ecosystem. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-A\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/tSvNdXO7qaTHNUzA5hpM7A==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the global population flew past seven billion people. It is now on pace to reach eight billion by 2024. The rapid pace of our population growth underlines the need for healthy and productive farmland. Yet as our population increases, the amount of arable land on the planet is decreasing. Human activity and climate change are degrading once-productive farmland, decreasing the amount of food that can be grown. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification estimates that 3 to 5 percent of the world’s agricultural yield is lost due to land degradation every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can we feed more and more people on less land? International experts agree with urban farmer Will Allen. He knows that soil is the key to stopping land degradation and increasing productivity. In this QUEST video, Will Allen explains how increasing soil fertility will ensure our future food security.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How much land did it take to grow your breakfast today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the difference between productive land and degraded land?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What causes land to degrade?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is farmland being lost today?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is soil fertility important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can leftover food and waste be converted to soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How do your actions contribute to land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How could your actions reduce land degradation?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How can you convert food waste into soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore the soil profile in your community using the USDA’s map. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Compare and contrast how the land has changed over time. What might have caused these changes? Using the data from the map, predict changes that may occur in the future.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.growingpower.org\" href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Growing Power, Inc.\u003c/strong>See how Will Allen’s organization is empowering communities to grow their own food.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ifpri.org\" href=\"http://www.ifpri.org/node/8441\" target=\"_blank\">Land Degradation\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Institutional Food Policy Research Institute\u003c/strong>Learn about the potential of integrated soil fertility management to slow land degradation.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.worldometers.info\" href=\"http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/\" target=\"_blank\">Real Time Population Statistics\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Worldometers\u003c/strong>See world population data in real time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.unccd.int\" href=\"http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Partnerships/partnership%2024_01_14%20low%20res.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Food Security\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification\u003c/strong>Read the 2014 report on food and land security from the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on the chances of individuals and species to survive and reproduce. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-8\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Ecosystems have carrying capacities, which are limits to the number of organisms and populations they support. These limits result from such factors as the availability of living and nonliving resources and from challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size were it not for the fact that environments and resources are finite. This fundamental tension affects the abundance (number of individuals) of species in any given ecosystem. \u003cstrong>HS-LS2-A\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: The significance of a phenomenon is dependent on the scale, proportion, and quantity at which it occurs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Will Allen, pioneering urban farmer and founder of Growing Power, Inc., believes that access to healthy food is the key to sustaining a healthy urban community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people can grow safe, healthy, affordable food, if they have access to land and clean water, this is transformative on every level in a community,” said Allen. “I believe we cannot have healthy communities without a healthy food system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, advances in agricultural technology have radically changed our relationship with food. Farms became exponentially larger and more productive, dropping the price and increasing the availability of agricultural products. A smaller percentage of people could grow enough food to feed the rest of the population. Most Americans no longer needed to know how to grow their own food, and many moved to cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the infrastructure of our modern food system does not serve everyone equally, and in some urban communities it has eroded away. Communities need to have the economic resources to establish and maintain markets and eateries with diverse food options, and in economically depressed neighborhoods it can be extremely difficult to find safe, healthy food. Markets selling fresh fruit and vegetables are far away and difficult to access via public transport. Local residents, many of whom have limited mobility, are left with processed food from corner stores as their only option for groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some urban residents are following leaders like Will Allen and trying to grow food in their own communities. But growing food in a city presents unique challenges. How can residents find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How will they know the location is safe and accessible to the community? Who might they consult to find these answers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This QUEST classroom activity guides students through the process of finding a location for a community garden. Using the map and community expert cards provided, students will come to understand the physical and social factors required to create a successful urban agricultural space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activity Instructions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is intended to encourage students to consider the issues involved in growing food in an urban environment and prompt discussion about urban food production in their own community. There is no clear best choice in this activity; each location has benefits and drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Provide students with the map and community expert cards. Students may work individually or in small groups of up to five students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students research each of three potential locations for a community garden. Their goal is to choose the location that will have the most positive effects for the community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students first “consult” experts by looking at the five community expert cards. Each card contains a description of the expert’s role in the community and information about each of the four potential garden locations based on his or her expertise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask students to carefully consider the differences between each garden location. If students are working individually, they can take notes about each location. If they are working in groups, they can debate their choices, each student taking the role of one of the experts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students must explain and justify their choices, either in writing or through discussion, using facts found in the activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you couldn’t get food at the grocery store, where would you find it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What resources are needed for food production? How can those resources be accessed in a city?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What pertinent information can you infer from the map?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does each community expert say about each location?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare and contrast the advice from each community expert.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of factors (physical, economic, political) do these experts take into consideration?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is one factor (such as soil condition or access to water) more important than the others? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are important factors to consider that were not mentioned by the experts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the neighborhood depicted on the map similar to or different from your own neighborhood?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Would a community garden be viable in your community? What hurdles might you encounter?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who would you consult to start a garden in your own community?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Where would you start a garden in your community? What would each of the experts think of your chosen location?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Community Expert Cards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69155\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69155\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\" alt=\"Community expert card: City Council Member\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community expert card: City Council Member\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Local Resident\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Local Resident\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69212\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: District Police Department\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: District Police Department\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69152\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org\" href=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org/role-community-gardens-sustaining-healthy-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Community Gardens and Public Health \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Designing Healthy Communities\u003c/strong>See the effects of community gardens on the health and well-being of Australian city dwellers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com\" href=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com/Agric/The_Agricultural_Revolution_of_the_20th_Century__0813804094.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Iowa State University Press\u003c/strong>Read an in-depth chronicle of the advancements in agriculture and society in the 20th century.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.urbanfarming.org\" href=\"http://www.urbanfarming.org/videos.html?ma_id=4\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming Tips\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Urbanfarming.org\u003c/strong>Learn how to start growing food in your community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.kccg.org\" href=\"http://www.kccg.org/canning-and-freezing\" target=\"_blank\">Soil Test \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Kansas City Community Gardens\u003c/strong>Learn how to ensure that your soil is ready to produce food.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.\u003cstrong>HS-LS2-7\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Group behavior has evolved because membership can increase the chances of survival for individuals and their genetic relatives. \u003cstrong>LS2.D Social Interactions and Group Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Engaging in argument from evidence: Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you needed to grow food in your city, where would you do it? How do you find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How do you know the space is safe, affordable, and accessible to the community? This QUEST classroom activity shows you how.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Will Allen, pioneering urban farmer and founder of Growing Power, Inc., believes that access to healthy food is the key to sustaining a healthy urban community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If people can grow safe, healthy, affordable food, if they have access to land and clean water, this is transformative on every level in a community,” said Allen. “I believe we cannot have healthy communities without a healthy food system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last century, advances in agricultural technology have radically changed our relationship with food. Farms became exponentially larger and more productive, dropping the price and increasing the availability of agricultural products. A smaller percentage of people could grow enough food to feed the rest of the population. Most Americans no longer needed to know how to grow their own food, and many moved to cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the infrastructure of our modern food system does not serve everyone equally, and in some urban communities it has eroded away. Communities need to have the economic resources to establish and maintain markets and eateries with diverse food options, and in economically depressed neighborhoods it can be extremely difficult to find safe, healthy food. Markets selling fresh fruit and vegetables are far away and difficult to access via public transport. Local residents, many of whom have limited mobility, are left with processed food from corner stores as their only option for groceries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now some urban residents are following leaders like Will Allen and trying to grow food in their own communities. But growing food in a city presents unique challenges. How can residents find space with healthy soil, safe water, and adequate sunlight? How will they know the location is safe and accessible to the community? Who might they consult to find these answers?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This QUEST classroom activity guides students through the process of finding a location for a community garden. Using the map and community expert cards provided, students will come to understand the physical and social factors required to create a successful urban agricultural space.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Activity Instructions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This activity is intended to encourage students to consider the issues involved in growing food in an urban environment and prompt discussion about urban food production in their own community. There is no clear best choice in this activity; each location has benefits and drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Provide students with the map and community expert cards. Students may work individually or in small groups of up to five students.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students research each of three potential locations for a community garden. Their goal is to choose the location that will have the most positive effects for the community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students first “consult” experts by looking at the five community expert cards. Each card contains a description of the expert’s role in the community and information about each of the four potential garden locations based on his or her expertise.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ask students to carefully consider the differences between each garden location. If students are working individually, they can take notes about each location. If they are working in groups, they can debate their choices, each student taking the role of one of the experts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Students must explain and justify their choices, either in writing or through discussion, using facts found in the activity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you couldn’t get food at the grocery store, where would you find it?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What resources are needed for food production? How can those resources be accessed in a city?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What pertinent information can you infer from the map?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does each community expert say about each location?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare and contrast the advice from each community expert.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of factors (physical, economic, political) do these experts take into consideration?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Is one factor (such as soil condition or access to water) more important than the others? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are important factors to consider that were not mentioned by the experts?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is the neighborhood depicted on the map similar to or different from your own neighborhood?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Would a community garden be viable in your community? What hurdles might you encounter?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who would you consult to start a garden in your own community?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Where would you start a garden in your community? What would each of the experts think of your chosen location?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Community Expert Cards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69155\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69155\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg\" alt=\"Community expert card: City Council Member\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_6-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community expert card: City Council Member\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Local Resident\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_2-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Local Resident\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69212\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69212\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_4-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Urban Farmer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69154\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69154\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: District Police Department\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_5-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: District Police Department\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69152\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-69152\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy.jpg 1280w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-400x314.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-800x629.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-1180x927.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/urban-gardens-final_Page_3-copy-960x755.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Community Expert Card: Department of Public Utilities\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org\" href=\"http://designinghealthycommunities.org/role-community-gardens-sustaining-healthy-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Community Gardens and Public Health \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Designing Healthy Communities\u003c/strong>See the effects of community gardens on the health and well-being of Australian city dwellers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com\" href=\"http://fcebichivirtuallibrary.com/Agric/The_Agricultural_Revolution_of_the_20th_Century__0813804094.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">The Agricultural Revolution of the 20th Century \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Iowa State University Press\u003c/strong>Read an in-depth chronicle of the advancements in agriculture and society in the 20th century.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.urbanfarming.org\" href=\"http://www.urbanfarming.org/videos.html?ma_id=4\" target=\"_blank\">Urban Farming Tips\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Urbanfarming.org\u003c/strong>Learn how to start growing food in your community.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.kccg.org\" href=\"http://www.kccg.org/canning-and-freezing\" target=\"_blank\">Soil Test \u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Kansas City Community Gardens\u003c/strong>Learn how to ensure that your soil is ready to produce food.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Next Generation Science Standards\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.\u003cstrong>HS-LS2-7\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Group behavior has evolved because membership can increase the chances of survival for individuals and their genetic relatives. \u003cstrong>LS2.D Social Interactions and Group Behavior\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong>Scale, proportion, and quantity: Using the concept of orders of magnitude allows one to understand how a model at one scale relates to a model at another scale.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Engaging in argument from evidence: Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind currently accepted explanations or solutions to determine the merits of arguments.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Let Them Eat Flies",
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"content": "\u003cp>Yellow Springs, Ohio, has been known for its counter-culture vibe since the 1960s, but the day the bug farm arrived its eccentricity rating went up a notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consisting of a few tidy buildings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/\">EnviroFlight\u003c/a> sits across from a hip brewpub in an unassuming industrial park. It houses millions of bugs, but you wouldn’t know it from the outside -- or from the inside for that matter. The “production room” is so bright and clean it could be an industrial bakery. But look closely inside one of the dozens of stainless steel vats and you’ll see writhing insect larvae, happily munching on cookie and cracker crumbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larvae are those of the \u003ca href=\"https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg226.html\">black soldier fly\u003c/a>, a native, nonpathogenic insect. The larva’s size increases by 5,000 times in the span of just a few weeks. Their fast growth is key to the operation, but so is their food: mostly pre-consumer waste, aka the scraps from big food manufacturing facilities. Chicken-nugget breading is often on the menu, but sometimes it’s broken cookies or spent grains from the adjacent brewpub -- whatever is cheap and available. “They’ll eat anything,” said Glen Courtright, the man at the helm of the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68621\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright shows off one of his millions black soldier flies. He believes these insects are the key to sustainable animal feed. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a bug farmer in a hippy town, Glen Courtright isn’t what you’d expect. An ex-Naval Intelligence Officer and engineer, he’s now an entrepreneur on the ground floor of what he believes is the next big thing in agriculture. He’s spent years tinkering with the most efficient way to grow his bugs. “The goal here is to grow bugs in a safe and responsible manner to get a safe product into our food chain,” said Courtright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Mating Soldier Flies\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black soldier flies mate in the part of the facility that Glen refers to as \"The Love Shack\" -- a structure specifically designed to get the insects to mate. Photo by Anne Glausser\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But where on the food chain will Courtright’s bugs reside? Although his “bug protein” can certainly be used as an alternative protein source for humans, Courtright is very clear that he doesn’t think bugs will be crawling onto our plates anytime soon. Instead, he sees his bugs, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/our-process/\">other things,\u003c/a> as a feed augmentation for farmed fish. The appeal to fish is simple. “Fish normally eat bugs in the wild,” said Courtright, referring to the fact that aquatic bugs make up a significant portion of most wild fish diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68622 \" title=\"Drying Larva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\" alt=\"Drying Larva\" width=\"602\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtright removes a sample batch of dried larva from his test oven. From here, the larva is ground up and added in place of fishmeal. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmed fish generally eat a combination of corn and soy fillers paired with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">fish meal\u003c/a>, made of ground up small fish like anchovies and sardines. Corn and soy are cheap and plentiful sources of protein and fat, but the most popular farmed fish (salmon, trout, perch, tilapia) are carnivorous and not inclined to eat food that doesn’t contain fish meal. According to Dr. Tony Forshey, chief of animal health for the Ohio Department of Agriculture, it’s a matter of taste. “Fish meal tastes good for the fish,” he said, “so in order to get them to eat it, they have to like it and they have to like the taste of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that the small fish that are used to make fish meal are \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/issues/aquaculture_wildfish.aspx\">wild caught\u003c/a>, and with a growing population of seafood lovers across the world, the threat of overfishing these forage fish is \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/fts/fishmeal/index.html\">very real\u003c/a>. According to Wooster-based fish farmer Tom Machamer, the threat extends to people’s pocketbooks. “We’re harvesting more from the ocean,” he said, “so the cost of fish meal has increased drastically in the last three or four years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68619\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Farmer Tom Machamer\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish farmer Tom Machamer gathers up some bass at his farm in Wooster, OH. He currently uses traditional fish meal-based feed, but is interested in the prospect of a more affordable and sustainable feed. Photo by Hannah Weinberger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is where EnviroFlight comes in. According to Courtright’s tests, larger carnivorous fish crave his “insect meal” the same way they do fish meal. And because Courtright is able to grow an abundant, steady supply of insect meal, he thinks he has created a more affordable and sustainable way to feed farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting the growing human population, the overfished oceans, and widespread wasteful food practices, Courtright says his bug engineering could help on many fronts. “We have the technology that can solve two problems,” he noted. “We can solve a food problem, and we can solve a waste problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All with the help of some very hungry flies.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Yellow Springs, Ohio, has been known for its counter-culture vibe since the 1960s, but the day the bug farm arrived its eccentricity rating went up a notch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consisting of a few tidy buildings, \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/\">EnviroFlight\u003c/a> sits across from a hip brewpub in an unassuming industrial park. It houses millions of bugs, but you wouldn’t know it from the outside -- or from the inside for that matter. The “production room” is so bright and clean it could be an industrial bakery. But look closely inside one of the dozens of stainless steel vats and you’ll see writhing insect larvae, happily munching on cookie and cracker crumbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larvae are those of the \u003ca href=\"https://insects.tamu.edu/fieldguide/cimg226.html\">black soldier fly\u003c/a>, a native, nonpathogenic insect. The larva’s size increases by 5,000 times in the span of just a few weeks. Their fast growth is key to the operation, but so is their food: mostly pre-consumer waste, aka the scraps from big food manufacturing facilities. Chicken-nugget breading is often on the menu, but sometimes it’s broken cookies or spent grains from the adjacent brewpub -- whatever is cheap and available. “They’ll eat anything,” said Glen Courtright, the man at the helm of the operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68621\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68621\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-084-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">EnviroFlight founder Glen Courtright shows off one of his millions black soldier flies. He believes these insects are the key to sustainable animal feed. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a bug farmer in a hippy town, Glen Courtright isn’t what you’d expect. An ex-Naval Intelligence Officer and engineer, he’s now an entrepreneur on the ground floor of what he believes is the next big thing in agriculture. He’s spent years tinkering with the most efficient way to grow his bugs. “The goal here is to grow bugs in a safe and responsible manner to get a safe product into our food chain,” said Courtright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68620\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68620\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-083-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Mating Soldier Flies\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Black soldier flies mate in the part of the facility that Glen refers to as \"The Love Shack\" -- a structure specifically designed to get the insects to mate. Photo by Anne Glausser\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But where on the food chain will Courtright’s bugs reside? Although his “bug protein” can certainly be used as an alternative protein source for humans, Courtright is very clear that he doesn’t think bugs will be crawling onto our plates anytime soon. Instead, he sees his bugs, among \u003ca href=\"http://www.enviroflight.net/our-process/\">other things,\u003c/a> as a feed augmentation for farmed fish. The appeal to fish is simple. “Fish normally eat bugs in the wild,” said Courtright, referring to the fact that aquatic bugs make up a significant portion of most wild fish diets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68622\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 602px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68622 \" title=\"Drying Larva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg\" alt=\"Drying Larva\" width=\"602\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-800x449.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Enviroflight-097-960x539.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtright removes a sample batch of dried larva from his test oven. From here, the larva is ground up and added in place of fishmeal. Photo by Anne Glausser.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmed fish generally eat a combination of corn and soy fillers paired with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">fish meal\u003c/a>, made of ground up small fish like anchovies and sardines. Corn and soy are cheap and plentiful sources of protein and fat, but the most popular farmed fish (salmon, trout, perch, tilapia) are carnivorous and not inclined to eat food that doesn’t contain fish meal. According to Dr. Tony Forshey, chief of animal health for the Ohio Department of Agriculture, it’s a matter of taste. “Fish meal tastes good for the fish,” he said, “so in order to get them to eat it, they have to like it and they have to like the taste of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem is that the small fish that are used to make fish meal are \u003ca href=\"http://www.seafoodwatch.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/issues/aquaculture_wildfish.aspx\">wild caught\u003c/a>, and with a growing population of seafood lovers across the world, the threat of overfishing these forage fish is \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/emptyoceans/fts/fishmeal/index.html\">very real\u003c/a>. According to Wooster-based fish farmer Tom Machamer, the threat extends to people’s pocketbooks. “We’re harvesting more from the ocean,” he said, “so the cost of fish meal has increased drastically in the last three or four years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68619\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-68619\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/aquaculture-38-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Farmer Tom Machamer\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish farmer Tom Machamer gathers up some bass at his farm in Wooster, OH. He currently uses traditional fish meal-based feed, but is interested in the prospect of a more affordable and sustainable feed. Photo by Hannah Weinberger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is where EnviroFlight comes in. According to Courtright’s tests, larger carnivorous fish crave his “insect meal” the same way they do fish meal. And because Courtright is able to grow an abundant, steady supply of insect meal, he thinks he has created a more affordable and sustainable way to feed farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noting the growing human population, the overfished oceans, and widespread wasteful food practices, Courtright says his bug engineering could help on many fronts. “We have the technology that can solve two problems,” he noted. “We can solve a food problem, and we can solve a waste problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All with the help of some very hungry flies.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Farm Waste Fashionistas",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the near future, when you reach for your favorite shirt or sweater – textile scientist Yiqi Yang wants you to thank CORN – not cotton – for that soft, comfortable feel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn? Yup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang thinks part of the world’s most abundant grain may one day rival cotton as the future of textiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang develops sustainable bio-based textile fibers as a biochemical engineer at the University of Nebraska’s Department of Textiles, Merchandising and Fashion Design. “All clothing is created from fibers,” says Yang. Some are natural, from plants and animals, like cotton, linen, and wool. Others are manufactured from oil-based synthetics, including polyester, spandex, and nylon. The clothing we wear is determined by the supply and demand of natural and synthetic fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A radical change in global fibers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68428\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 930px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68428 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph1\" width=\"930\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11.jpg 1897w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-400x175.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-800x350.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1440x629.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-1180x516.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph11-960x420.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The source of textile fibers - natural vs. synthetics - has shifted dramatically in the past 50 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For more than 50 years, a radical shift has been taking place in the worldwide source of fibers. In the 1960s, 80% of fibers were natural, while 20% were oil-based synthetics. Today, synthetics dominate the market because petro-based fibers have been cheap and durable, while natural fibers require higher investments in land and water to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 303px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68390 \" style=\"border: 0.5px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/QuestTextileGraph3.jpg\" alt=\"QuestTextileGraph3\" width=\"303\" height=\"256\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Worldwide consumption of textile fibers has doubled in the past 15 years. It will double again in the next 10-15 years. Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But our changing world is impacting the textile supply. An oil shortage is causing petroleum prices to rise, increasing the cost of synthetics. And soaring global populations are competing for space traditionally used to grow crops and cotton – creating a critical need to both feed and clothe the spiraling masses with less available land. Yang fears a crisis is brewing that could create an uncertain future – one that pits growing food vs. clothing fibers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the world’s annual demand for textile fibers is 85 million tons. Just 15 years ago, it was about \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">half\u003c/span> that figure. Yang cautions, “The consumption will double \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">again\u003c/span> in the next 10-15 years. So everyone in the fiber industry worries how we can get that much fiber for the unlimited demands of humankind?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corn tops Yang’s list of new fiber options. “If you look at history, textiles are agriculture. And Nebraska is the place we have lots of corn,” says Yang. Corn is also grown worldwide. Most of that crop is used to feed people and animals – with some serving as a fuel additive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it’s not the corn kernels that interest Yang. It’s their husks he’s after – part of the farm waste left behind in the harvesting process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can farm waste become fiber?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68482\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68482\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SuperdomeHighway1-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"SuperdomeHighway\" width=\"231\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos: Superdome interior - Scott Walker.\u003cbr>Superdome exterior - Photos.com.\u003cbr>Graphic design: Scott Beachler/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the annual farm waste from corn is enormous, a whopping 400 million tons. That’s enough to fill 1,000 Superdomes each year! The stalks, leaves and husks are normally diced up during harvesting and left on the fields to decompose as fertilizer to enrich the soil for the next growing season. But where farmers see fodder for soil, Yang sees a new source of renewable natural fibers that could reduce our dependence on oil-based synthetics – and help meet the world’s textile needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how can Yang’s corn husks become textiles? Corn husks, like cotton, contains cellulose, the building blocks of plant’s cell walls. Cotton is almost pure cellulose that is plucked from the plant’s flower. But corn husks, stalks, cobs, and leaves are made of \u003cstrong>lignocellulose\u003c/strong> – complex and woody biopolymers (lignen, cellulose, and hemicellulose) that are distributed throughout the plant. Many of the fibers in the stalks and leaves are too coarse for textiles. But finer fibers are embedded in the husks to protect the kernels throughout a long growing season. To make husks useful for textiles, Yang and his researchers separate the lignocellulose fibers from the husks in a patented biochemical process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Converting husks to fibers in the lab\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68464\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68464\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yangs-LAB_893_8069_01.new_-228x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yang's LAB_893_8069_01.new\" width=\"228\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yang's graduate students operate a test lab to extract fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yang’s team designed a custom-built test lab for the process. “We use common, non-toxic chemicals in a mechanical and biochemical process to extract the fibers,” he says. Yang’s graduate students empty a trash can of husks into a stainless steel tumbling reactor and add a solution of simple chemicals (acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, surfactants, and softeners). Piping in hot water, the reactor rotates continuously for half an hour as the solution breaks down the rigid husk material, leaving behind clumps of coarse fibers. The fibers are then washed with water, and dried. Finally, another biochemical treatment reduces the diameter of the coarse fibers to make finer strands. Once the fine fibers are bleached, they can be spun into yarns and colored with common cotton dyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68469\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/ECU-Husk-Fibers-2_893_8069_01.new_.01-193x169.jpg\" alt=\"ECU Husk Fibers 2_893_8069_01.new.01\" width=\"193\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lignocellulose fibers from corn husks. Photo: Gary Hochman/NET Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although the husk fibers look similar to common textile fibers, Yang says they have different properties than cotton or linen. “Fibers from corn husks have much better stretchability compared to any other natural cellulose fibers. That makes it compatible to be spun together with synthetic fibers, like polyester, that are usually mixed with cotton in making textiles,” he explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has proved that husk fibers can be made on a small scale. So far, Yang’s team has made one prototype, a red sweater from a yarn mixed from corn husks and polyester fibers. By touch, it’s softer than linen, but similar to cotton. But making one sweater requires a single trash can of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can corn husks find a market?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get the process to work on an industrial scale will require massive volumes of husks. That’s no easy task. “Right now, it’s a challenge because there’s not a market for husks,” laments Yang. For the most part, the farming industry is set up to harvest corn for its kernels. Conventional harvesters shell the corn grain, but aren’t designed to separate the rest of the corn plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68486\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68486\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/AK-4_MVI_0010.MP4-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A&K 4_MVI_0010.MP4\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">High speed corn husking equipment designed by A&K Development Company separates husks from whole corn cobs at a sweet corn manufacturing plant. Courtesy: Sergio Holm/A&K Development Co.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consulting industry experts, Yang found two exceptions – seed corn and sweet corn manufacturers. Both harvest full cobs, complete with husks. A&K Development Company in Eugene, Oregon manufactures high-speed automated corn husking assemblies that shred the husks off in the blink of an eye before shelling the kernels for seed or sweet corn. Most of these husks are sold to livestock breeders as feed for cattle. In time, these growers and manufacturers might become a source for husks. But it would take complex distribution to make it work – and transportation costs might make it unaffordable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68496\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68496\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Dux-students-4_Cropped-258x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dux students 4_Cropped\" width=\"258\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mead High School teacher Thomas Dux and his student 4-H members harvest corn husks by hand\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a while, it looked like the Yang might have to rely upon a century old solution – picking husks by hand. To help, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln enlisted the help of 4-H, the nation’s youth agricultural organization. Thomas Dux, Mead High School science teacher and 4-H leader, organized a class project to help Yang by having his students collect husks in trash bags. “Someday, we hope corn husks will be a commodity,” says Dux, as he bags a fistful of husks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But collecting husks by hand is impractical. A single barrel weighs under 10 pounds. Yang’s team needs 1,000 pounds to run a larger scale test to convince farmers, implement manufacturers and textile mill operators that husks are worth harvesting on an industrial scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dux hopes his class project inspires students to think about sustainable agriculture and new uses for crops. “Maybe one of our students will be the person who creates a part of a combine that actually separates the husk and stores them in a bin,” he adds hopefully.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68517\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 366px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68517\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Jay-and-Ty-2_Cropped-366x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jay and Ty 2_Cropped\" width=\"366\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">FarMax agricultural engineers Jay and Ty Stukenholz are designing innovations in harvesting equipment that may create a commodity for corn husks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Unbeknownst to the class, 40 miles away, two enterprising twins, Ty and Jay Stukenholtz, are closing in on a solution. The Stukenholz brothers are agricultural engineers who farm near Nebraska City. During the past 10 years, they’ve designed and custom-built three combines and formed a company, FarmMax, to create sustainable harvesting equipment. They began with a prototype harvester that separates cobs as a source for biochemicals and biofuels. “Over the years, we figured ways to clean the waste stream from a combine,” says Ty Stukenholtz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68794\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-68794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FarmMax-Farm-Waste-Recovery-Device-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The FarmMax Farm Waste Recovery Device attaches onto existing corn harvesting combines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the Stukenholtz brothers learned of Yang’s plan to harvest husks for textile fibers, they re-designed their harvester to separate kernels and cobs, grind the stalks as mulch for the field, and eject the husks out the back of the combine to collect in a bobcat. “There is literally no combine in the world that can do what this machine is doing right now,” adds Ty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, they’ve re-engineered a farm waste recovery device that attaches onto existing commercial combines. Jay adds, “We’ve designed it to fit any combine.” Soon, their invention will allow farmers to collect kernels, cobs, and husks in one pass, while unloading them “on-the-go,” rather than pulling a cart or making multiple passes to pick up discarded farm waste. Their single-pass system is a sustainable means of saving time and fuel, while enabling farmers to create additional revenue from corn byproducts. “I think it’s got great potential,” adds Ty. “If harvesting husks brings in a similar price to cotton, farmers would really think about the value of those husks.”\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-68542\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Yiqi-Yang_Corn-WS-255x169.jpg\" alt=\"Yiqi Yang_Corn WS\" width=\"255\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stukenholtz farm waste recovery system may be a game changer for creating a commodity of husks. And although the market doesn’t yet exist, Yiqi Yang remains optimistic. “We have a strong agricultural industry. We’re using Ag wastes. It’s a perfect fit here in Nebraska, and there’s no reason we cannot develop a fiber industry right here at home,” said Yang.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Getting the Munchies for Hemp",
"title": "Getting the Munchies for Hemp",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Cannabis has been in the news recently, with states like Colorado and Washington \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html\">legalizing\u003c/a> the recreational use of marijuana. But the cannabis plant is surprisingly versatile, and drugs aren’t the only thing produced from it. Paper, fabric, rope, animal bedding, and even building materials can all be made from cannabis that’s bred to have no drug value. This form of cannabis is called hemp, and one industry where it’s gaining a loyal following is food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young entrepreneur Jeremy Koosed has built a business around hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked into a strip mall in Lyndhurst, Ohio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantkingdombakery.com/cleves-snaction-heroes-plant-kingdom-outpost-w-no-whey-vegan-chocolates\">Plant Kingdom Bakery and Snackery\u003c/a> doesn’t sell your typical snacks. Instead, the shelves are lined with items like Coconut Currant Hemp Bar, Lemon-Salted Hemp Seeds, and the popular Goo Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67660 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065-e1392841584864-422x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee Laura B mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream\" width=\"338\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee \u003cspan class=\"irc_su\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">Lauren Berlekamp mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. \u003cbr>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hemp is at the heart of the operation here, and owner Koosed serves it up in baked goods as well as on its own. “We sell hemp seeds and toasted seeds and crunchy seeds, the seed oil and shelled hemp seeds and hemp protein,” said Koosed, who could go on at length about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinterest.com/hippiebutter/hemp-seed-recipes/\">various ways\u003c/a> to make use of hemp, such as on salads or in granola, pudding, dips, and smoothies. Once shelled, he says the seeds are really soft and pleasantly nutty. “It can really fit into any kind of dish -- salads or raw food preparations, or you can…mildly pan toast them with some potato salad, for instance. That’s really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another topic close to Koosed’s heart is the health \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\">benefits\u003c/a> of hemp. He calls them a protein powerhouse. “When the shell's taken off the seeds, it's 33% protein by volume and a source for those good omegas,” he said, referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\">omega-3 fatty acids\u003c/a> present in hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic dietician \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/digestive_diseases/departments-centers/center-human-nutrition/nutrition-therapy.aspx\">Laura Jeffers\u003c/a> agrees. She sees patients with food intolerances like \u003ca href=\"http://celiac.org/\">celiac disease\u003c/a>. With their high protein content, healthy fats, fiber, and anti-inflammatory properties, she says hemp seeds are a good bang for your buck. “They’re a great way to get all that in easily, and there’s not a whole lot of calories or extra things that you have to worry about,” said Jeffers, who now recommends them to her patients with food sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appetite for hemp products is on the rise, and for now foreign countries are filling the demand. The U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.votehemp.com/PDF/RL32725-20130724.pdf\">imported\u003c/a> more than $11 million worth of raw hemp materials -- mostly food -- in 2011, compared to just $2 million in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67659 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074-e1392841796689-552x360.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream.\" width=\"398\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.examiner.com/article/dr-oz-explains-how-hemp-seed-boosts-memory-with-omegas-vegan-granola-recipe\">Dr. Oz\u003c/a> turned his followers on to the power of the hemp seed, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.costcoconnection.com/connection/201301?pg=42#pg42\">Costco\u003c/a> now sells them in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many contend that in addition to their health appeal, there are significant environmental benefits to hemp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very robust crop,” said Jonathan Page, an adjunct professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ubc.ca/\">University of British Columbia\u003c/a> who \u003ca href=\"http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/10/R102\">studies\u003c/a> the cannabis plant. “It has a vitality that allows it to survive in difficult conditions with insects and fungi and other pests,” he said, adding that it’s such a fast-growing crop it can outcompete many weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp dominates an area, said Page, and requires little herbicide or pesticide. It can grow in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2221530/hemp_the_energy_and_industrial_crop_of_the_future.html\"> broad range of climates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how it differs from its drug cousin, Page said they’re the same species -- \u003cstrong>Cannabis sativa\u003c/strong>. “The difference is purely chemical,” he said. Hemp has been bred to have very low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://adai.uw.edu/marijuana/factsheets/potency.htm\">THC\u003c/a>, which is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. So it’s impossible \u003ca href=\"http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA345325\">to get high\u003c/a> from eating hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people stateside are curious to tap into hemp’s potential, though efforts have been stymied by federal laws that prohibit hemp farming. Things are changing, however. The recently passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/01/27/hemp-farm-raised-fish-food-labels-and-food-stamps-whats-in-the-farm-bill/\">farm bill\u003c/a> gives farmers the green light to grow hemp on pilot sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\">states\u003c/a> that already have pro-hemp laws on the books. “Hemp is in a real resurgence, and it’s primarily on the food side,” said Page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67661\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_sativa_plant_%2810%29.JPG , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chmee2\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close look at the cannabis plant. Credit: Petr Brož\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many national farm groups support hemp legislation, including a recent endorsement from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kentucky.com/2014/01/22/3046585/american-farm-bureau-calls-for.html\">American Farm Bureau\u003c/a>. Here in Ohio supporters are hoping to bring the issue to voters as a ballot amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Plant Kingdom, owner Jeremy Koosed would like to source his product locally. He hopes the laws around American hemp production change because he thinks the plant could be useful to so many industries, not just food but textiles, body care, and biofuel. “We want this resource to be the subject of innovation,” said Koosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now his customers are happy to crunch on Canadian seeds in their newfound favorite snacks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cannabis has been in the news recently, with states like Colorado and Washington \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html\">legalizing\u003c/a> the recreational use of marijuana. But the cannabis plant is surprisingly versatile, and drugs aren’t the only thing produced from it. Paper, fabric, rope, animal bedding, and even building materials can all be made from cannabis that’s bred to have no drug value. This form of cannabis is called hemp, and one industry where it’s gaining a loyal following is food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Young entrepreneur Jeremy Koosed has built a business around hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tucked into a strip mall in Lyndhurst, Ohio, \u003ca href=\"https://www.plantkingdombakery.com/cleves-snaction-heroes-plant-kingdom-outpost-w-no-whey-vegan-chocolates\">Plant Kingdom Bakery and Snackery\u003c/a> doesn’t sell your typical snacks. Instead, the shelves are lined with items like Coconut Currant Hemp Bar, Lemon-Salted Hemp Seeds, and the popular Goo Ball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67660\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67660 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-065-e1392841584864-422x360.jpg\" alt=\"Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee Laura B mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream\" width=\"338\" height=\"288\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Kingdom owner Jeremy Koosed and employee \u003cspan class=\"irc_su\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">Lauren Berlekamp mix ingredients for hemp-based baked goods. \u003cbr>\u003c/span>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hemp is at the heart of the operation here, and owner Koosed serves it up in baked goods as well as on its own. “We sell hemp seeds and toasted seeds and crunchy seeds, the seed oil and shelled hemp seeds and hemp protein,” said Koosed, who could go on at length about the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pinterest.com/hippiebutter/hemp-seed-recipes/\">various ways\u003c/a> to make use of hemp, such as on salads or in granola, pudding, dips, and smoothies. Once shelled, he says the seeds are really soft and pleasantly nutty. “It can really fit into any kind of dish -- salads or raw food preparations, or you can…mildly pan toast them with some potato salad, for instance. That’s really good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another topic close to Koosed’s heart is the health \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868018/\">benefits\u003c/a> of hemp. He calls them a protein powerhouse. “When the shell's taken off the seeds, it's 33% protein by volume and a source for those good omegas,” he said, referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/omega-3/\">omega-3 fatty acids\u003c/a> present in hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cleveland Clinic dietician \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/digestive_diseases/departments-centers/center-human-nutrition/nutrition-therapy.aspx\">Laura Jeffers\u003c/a> agrees. She sees patients with food intolerances like \u003ca href=\"http://celiac.org/\">celiac disease\u003c/a>. With their high protein content, healthy fats, fiber, and anti-inflammatory properties, she says hemp seeds are a good bang for your buck. “They’re a great way to get all that in easily, and there’s not a whole lot of calories or extra things that you have to worry about,” said Jeffers, who now recommends them to her patients with food sensitivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appetite for hemp products is on the rise, and for now foreign countries are filling the demand. The U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.votehemp.com/PDF/RL32725-20130724.pdf\">imported\u003c/a> more than $11 million worth of raw hemp materials -- mostly food -- in 2011, compared to just $2 million in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67659\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67659 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Hemp-074-e1392841796689-552x360.jpg\" alt=\"An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks. Credit: Anne Glausser, ideastream.\" width=\"398\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An assortment of Plant Kingdom snacks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.examiner.com/article/dr-oz-explains-how-hemp-seed-boosts-memory-with-omegas-vegan-granola-recipe\">Dr. Oz\u003c/a> turned his followers on to the power of the hemp seed, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.costcoconnection.com/connection/201301?pg=42#pg42\">Costco\u003c/a> now sells them in bulk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many contend that in addition to their health appeal, there are significant environmental benefits to hemp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very robust crop,” said Jonathan Page, an adjunct professor at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ubc.ca/\">University of British Columbia\u003c/a> who \u003ca href=\"http://genomebiology.com/2011/12/10/R102\">studies\u003c/a> the cannabis plant. “It has a vitality that allows it to survive in difficult conditions with insects and fungi and other pests,” he said, adding that it’s such a fast-growing crop it can outcompete many weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hemp dominates an area, said Page, and requires little herbicide or pesticide. It can grow in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2221530/hemp_the_energy_and_industrial_crop_of_the_future.html\"> broad range of climates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to how it differs from its drug cousin, Page said they’re the same species -- \u003cstrong>Cannabis sativa\u003c/strong>. “The difference is purely chemical,” he said. Hemp has been bred to have very low levels of \u003ca href=\"http://adai.uw.edu/marijuana/factsheets/potency.htm\">THC\u003c/a>, which is the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. So it’s impossible \u003ca href=\"http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA345325\">to get high\u003c/a> from eating hemp seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More people stateside are curious to tap into hemp’s potential, though efforts have been stymied by federal laws that prohibit hemp farming. Things are changing, however. The recently passed \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2014/01/27/hemp-farm-raised-fish-food-labels-and-food-stamps-whats-in-the-farm-bill/\">farm bill\u003c/a> gives farmers the green light to grow hemp on pilot sites in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx\">states\u003c/a> that already have pro-hemp laws on the books. “Hemp is in a real resurgence, and it’s primarily on the food side,” said Page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67661\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 389px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67661 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Cannabis_sativa_plant_10-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cannabis_sativa_plant_%2810%29.JPG , http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Chmee2\" width=\"389\" height=\"259\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A close look at the cannabis plant. Credit: Petr Brož\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many national farm groups support hemp legislation, including a recent endorsement from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kentucky.com/2014/01/22/3046585/american-farm-bureau-calls-for.html\">American Farm Bureau\u003c/a>. Here in Ohio supporters are hoping to bring the issue to voters as a ballot amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Plant Kingdom, owner Jeremy Koosed would like to source his product locally. He hopes the laws around American hemp production change because he thinks the plant could be useful to so many industries, not just food but textiles, body care, and biofuel. “We want this resource to be the subject of innovation,” said Koosed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now his customers are happy to crunch on Canadian seeds in their newfound favorite snacks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less",
"title": "Lessons from a Global Garden: Growing More Food with Less",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Farmers and community gardeners from around the world gather in Mendocino, California to explore a method for growing more food on less land -- that reduces the need for precious resources.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the curtain of fog began to part, a ray of sunlight struck the small patch of earth where Sanjana Silva was replanting dozens of bright green barley seedlings. Silva lives and works in Sri Lanka, the tropical island nation that dangles from India’s southernmost tip. As part of his job as an officer with Sri Lanka’s Department of Agriculture, he searches for better ways to feed his country’s growing population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is Silva doing \u003cem>here\u003c/em>, digging holes in a garden in Mendocino, California, on this chilly morning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very cold here…but I can deal with it,” he said with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63312 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA1-e1386283868409-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sri Lankan agricultural official Sanjana Silva plants barley seedlings at a test plot in Mendocino, CA. Click to enlarge. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Luckily, he’s not here for the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silva is part of a group of international farmers and gardeners from countries as far flung as Senegal, Nepal, and Argentina who journey every year to a network of research gardens on the northern California coast. They come to participate in six- to twelve-month training programs where they are schooled in the art of biointensive growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The programs are offered through a nonprofit organization based in Willits, California called \u003ca title=\"Ecology Action\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/about_main.html\">Ecology Action\u003c/a>, dedicated to teaching people around the globe how to grow food in a sustainable way. The method they teach -- referred to as \u003ca title=\"Grow Biointensive\" href=\"http://www.growbiointensive.org/\">GROW BIOINTENSIVE\u003c/a> -- is the brainchild of Yale graduate and agricultural researcher \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnjeavons.info\">John Jeavons\u003c/a>, who since 1972 has been studying the results of small-scale, biologically intensive farming. The technique is largely based on the work of \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/history/farm-garden-projects\">Alan Chadwick\u003c/a>, the British Master Gardener who pioneered organic farming methods at the University of California-Santa Cruz in the 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The goal of Jeavon’s trademarked method is to help farmers increase food yields using less land, less water, and without the chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in conventional farming techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Worldwide we have a critical situation on our hands…,” Jeavons explained. “According to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/waterfor%20lifedecade/scarcity.shtml\">UN [FAO] report\u003c/a>, 75 percent of the world’s people will be at risk because they may not have enough water to grow an adequate diet. Also, so much of our agricultural land is no longer viable because farming has depleted the soil. So this method is designed -- based on millennia-old practices -- to enable people everywhere in the world to meet their own food needs and ‘grow’ their own soil using a fraction of the resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 347px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/kale3-347x253.jpg\" alt=\"Kale and other leafy greens grow in raised beds with soil loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"347\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raised beds allow soil to be loosened two feet down to support moisture retention and minimize erosion -- one of the key biointensive growing techniques. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So, what’s the magic formula? It’s a combination of soil that is continuously cultivated with a carbon-rich organic compost to maximize fertility, and seeds that are planted in a certain way. For example, crops are planted much closer together than usual so that more can be grown in a small space. Bunching the plants together also creates a leafy umbrella that shades the soil, which in turn reduces the need for water. It’s a recipe that can be used to grow seasonal foods year-round -- from winter squashes to summer berries -- outdoors or in greenhouses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>International trainees like Sanjana Silva spend their days engaged in hands-on fieldwork, classroom learning, and informal brainstorming sessions between farmers from different countries, all of whom face distinct challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64648\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64648 \" title=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Click to enlarge. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/SS-2women-DSC04798-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teaching community gardeners in Sri Lanka about biointensive growing methods. Image courtesy of Sanjana Silva\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Silva enrolled in the program because he is searching for ways to support his government’s initiative to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. “Sri Lanka is 70 percent rural, which means that they are basically all farming their own food. But the use of nationally subsidized chemical fertilizers caused the soil quality to become poor, making it harder to grow food.” Silva added that the shift away from chemical fertilizers was also spurred by their suspected \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/systems/feature/conflicting-reports-highlight-scientific-data-gaps-in-sri-lanka-s-chronic-kidney.html\">link to the chronic kidney disease\u003c/a> that plagues many Sri Lankans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this brand of biointensive farming holds great promise for small community farms like those in Sri Lanka, questions remain about its scalability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For small-scale plots this method has proven to produce high yields,\" according to Christof Bernau, an instructor at the \u003ca href=\"http://casfs.ucsc.edu/about/index.html\">Center for Agroecology at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>,\" but if you amplify it out to the multi-acre, tractor-scale model, it may require inputs of knowledge, labor, and resources that aren’t economically sustainable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around the globe scientists are \u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/food-security/editorials/investing-in-people-and-evidence-for-sustainable-farming.html\">studying the effectiveness of a variety of innovative farming methods\u003c/a> aimed at addressing issues related to food security and dwindling resources, particularly in developing nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's no one-size-fits-all method, acknowledged Ecology Action garden manager, Matt Drewno. Growing techniques have to be adjusted to account for variations in weather, topography, and other factors. “But we provide an adaptable toolkit and a framework,” explained Drewn, “so that no matter the climate, crop availability, and other specific local considerations, you can make it work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64302\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64302 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Kenya2-337x253.jpg\" alt='During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, people learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons' width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a workshop near Mzuzu, Malawi, community members learn how to \"grow\" more fertile soil. Photo courtesy of John Jeavons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Besides two people from Sri Lanka, this year’s group of 10 international participants (stationed at one of three California training sites) also included an emissary from a Mexican government agency working to improve and expand the capacity of floating farms on the outskirts of Mexico City, and a Kenyan who has set his sights on repairing the soil damage wrought by industrial tea farming, with the hope of restoring the farmers’ ability to nourish themselves from their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of these people really want to educate other people -- and that’s why they are coming here,” said Jeavons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the foggy Mendocino research garden, many crops are transformed into meals served at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ravensrestaurant.com/\">Ravens’ Restaurant\u003c/a>, a gourmet vegan eatery. The proprietors of the restaurant and \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanfordinn.com\">adjoining eco-resort\u003c/a> offer free use of their land for the research, as well as food and lodging for training program participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63311\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 296px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-63311 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Silva-EA-quinoa-e1386285537989-296x253.jpg\" alt=\"Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\" width=\"296\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protein-packed quinoa plants are cultivated and harvested at Ecology Action's research garden in Mendocino, CA. Image by Lisa Landers\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trainees also get down in the dirt to help answer a question that has been motivating Jeavons for more than 40 years: what is the smallest amount of land on which a complete and balanced diet can be grown? This year’s test plot is filled with calorically and nutritionally dense crops, such as fava beans, potatoes, and towering quinoa plants, whose protein-packed clusters of ruby red seeds glisten in the misty morning light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the year the results from this experimental garden will be collected, analyzed, and posted online, where they can be accessed by farmers, scientists, and the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Silva and the other international participants complete their training, they will take what they learn back to their own communities, along with the hope of planting the seeds for a more sustainable farming future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I’ve taught workshops in places like East Africa and I tell them about the challenging situation we face, it doesn’t freak them out,” Jeavons recounted. “They say, ‘let’s do this’ and ‘if we don’t do this, our children are going to be toast.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related links for further exploration:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/en/sustainablefuture/food.shtml\">United Nations: sustainable farming stories & stats from around the globet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scidev.net/global/agriculture/farming/\">SciDev \"Spotlight\" Series: Science for Sustainable Food\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://commongroundgarden.org\">Common Ground Garden (Ecology Action Bay Area Tours & Classes)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish",
"title": "The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Most anchovies and sardines don’t end up on pizzas. Instead, they go to processing plants where they are turned into pellets to feed farmed fish. Now scientists and entrepreneurs are finding ways to create vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. As a result, fish farming is booming. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of seafood worldwide will be farm-raised, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/\">World Bank report\u003c/a> issued last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the environmental perspective, that is creating a major problem: millions of tons of wild fish like anchovies, sardines and mackerel are being caught in the ocean to feed farm-raised fish like salmon. In many cases, it can take three pounds of wild fish to grow one pound of farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re depleting the world’s oceans to make a cheap protein,” said Kenny Belov, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/\">TwoXsea\u003c/a>, a sustainable sea food company in San Francisco. “The question is whether we’re catching fish that will be extinct in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\" alt=\"Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\" width=\"354\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TwoXsea supplies rainbow trout to \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/clients/\">grocery stores and restaurants \u003c/a>in the Bay Area and is the only seafood distributor in the country to raise carnivorous farmed fish on an entirely vegetarian diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 90 percent of tiny harvested forage fish from the oceans go into pet food, poultry feed and fishmeal, never destined for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, filter feeding fish were traditionally used because they were inexpensive. But as wild fish stocks diminish, the cost of these forage fish increases. Meanwhile, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm\">price for plants like corn and soy\u003c/a> has decreased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid using wild fish in farmed fish diets, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> has spent the past ten years researching alternative diets that include plants, animal processing products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">insects\u003c/a> and single-cell organisms like yeast, bacteria, and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA has proven that eight species of carnivorous fish – white sea bass, walleye, rainbow trout, cobia, arctic char, yellowtail, Atlantic salmon and coho salmon – can get enough nutrients from these alternative sources without eating other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If widely adopted by the aquaculture industry, this plant-based diet could significantly reduce the amount of wild fish that are harvested and turned into fish meal pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research comes at a pivotal time when a growing population will mean an increased demand for seafood. Americans consumed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2013/10/30_10_fus2012.html\">4.5 billion pounds of seafood\u003c/a> in 2012 and to meet that demand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/farmed_seafood/outside_the_us.htm\">91 percent of it was imported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without increased aquaculture production, the world will face a seafood shortage of 50 to 80 million tons by 2030, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/home/en/\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that production needs to be sustainable by decreasing the use of wild fish according to the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=35087\">Rick Barrows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish don’t require fishmeal, in fact, it made fish nutritionists lazy,” said Barrows, a Research Physiologist for the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving them fishmeal was easy and we didn’t have to understand the nutrient requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Can farmed fish go vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg\" alt=\"By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? Click on the infographic above to learn more.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"1\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">Click on the infographic\u003c/a> above to view a full-size image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Barrows said that fish, like people, don’t need specific foods but rather specific nutrients in order to stay healthy. In fact, all animals essentially need the same forty nutrients—a combination of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish get omega-3 fatty acids from their diets, usually from fish oil in the pellets they eat. While fish oil is a source of heart health fatty acids, for both fish and humans, fish can get the same omega-3s from plants like algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this in mind Belov started TwoxSea. He was approached by Netscape co-founder William Foss who was disturbed by the collapse of the sardine fishery off the California coast in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean has more or less been treated as an unlimited source of seafood and it’s not,” Foss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foss wanted to see if farmed fish could be raised on a sustainable diet. He called Belov who was working for \u003ca href=\"http://www.salmonaid.org/\">SalmonAid\u003c/a>, a non-profit promoting wild salmon conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started TwoxSea after looking for aquaculture facilities that would replace fishmeal with alternative feeds like corn, soy and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started cold calling people from the California aquaculture list and called literally every farm and no one was willing to say yes,” said Foss. People were uneasy with testing a new diet and didn’t see the benefit if the sustainable feed cost more than fishmeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David McFarland was the only one who said yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFarland runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilovebluesea.com/mcfarland-springs-california-trout\">McFarland Springs Trout\u003c/a> farm, based in Susanville, California. He was raising trout to stock rivers and lakes. The idea piqued his interest and after two years of testing the diet on a small scale and tweaking the ingredients he started feeding it to the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought if we’re not doing it, who will?” McFarland said. He admits there are drawbacks to using an alternative diet, namely the cost. His pellets cost 90 cents more than traditional fishmeal, which can add up since feed is the largest fixed cost in aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Barrows, a fish physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\" width=\"345\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil-400x260.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Barrows, a research physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including the flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not losing money but we’re not in this to get rich,” said McFarland. The trout farmer said his company is breaking even since the algae for the feed is more expensive than forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d wanted to feed them spirulina, an algae often sold as a nutritional supplement at health food stores, but said that no company will sell it at a low price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought biofuel companies would want in on the action,” McFarland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels are fuels made from plants that can be used in place of petroleum-based fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another way for [biofuel] companies to market their algae, but no one would take us up on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the price to consumers. Belov says his fish costs more per pound than traditional farmed trout. It’s $1.50 more expensive than rainbow trout sold at grocery chains like Safeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While McFarland Farms Trout is the only commercial aquaculture facility in the country using an entirely vegetarian diet, Barrows said it’s the future of aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is hope that we can have a growing aquaculture industry that is sustainable and we won’t have to rely on the ocean to get our fish” said Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt18mkt1qjc\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. Now scientists are creating vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most anchovies and sardines don’t end up on pizzas. Instead, they go to processing plants where they are turned into pellets to feed farmed fish. Now scientists and entrepreneurs are finding ways to create vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. As a result, fish farming is booming. By 2030 nearly two-thirds of seafood worldwide will be farm-raised, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/12/18882045/\">World Bank report\u003c/a> issued last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the environmental perspective, that is creating a major problem: millions of tons of wild fish like anchovies, sardines and mackerel are being caught in the ocean to feed farm-raised fish like salmon. In many cases, it can take three pounds of wild fish to grow one pound of farmed fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re depleting the world’s oceans to make a cheap protein,” said Kenny Belov, co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/\">TwoXsea\u003c/a>, a sustainable sea food company in San Francisco. “The question is whether we’re catching fish that will be extinct in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67044\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-67044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg\" alt=\"Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\" width=\"354\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Fillets-of-rainbow-trout-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fillets of TwoXsea's rainbow trout ready for San Francisco restaurants and grocery stores. Lindsey Hoshaw/QUEST.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>TwoXsea supplies rainbow trout to \u003ca href=\"http://twoxsea.com/clients/\">grocery stores and restaurants \u003c/a>in the Bay Area and is the only seafood distributor in the country to raise carnivorous farmed fish on an entirely vegetarian diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to 90 percent of tiny harvested forage fish from the oceans go into pet food, poultry feed and fishmeal, never destined for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, filter feeding fish were traditionally used because they were inexpensive. But as wild fish stocks diminish, the cost of these forage fish increases. Meanwhile, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm\">price for plants like corn and soy\u003c/a> has decreased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To avoid using wild fish in farmed fish diets, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> has spent the past ten years researching alternative diets that include plants, animal processing products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/let-them-eat-flies/\">insects\u003c/a> and single-cell organisms like yeast, bacteria, and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USDA has proven that eight species of carnivorous fish – white sea bass, walleye, rainbow trout, cobia, arctic char, yellowtail, Atlantic salmon and coho salmon – can get enough nutrients from these alternative sources without eating other fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If widely adopted by the aquaculture industry, this plant-based diet could significantly reduce the amount of wild fish that are harvested and turned into fish meal pellets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research comes at a pivotal time when a growing population will mean an increased demand for seafood. Americans consumed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2013/10/30_10_fus2012.html\">4.5 billion pounds of seafood\u003c/a> in 2012 and to meet that demand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fishwatch.gov/farmed_seafood/outside_the_us.htm\">91 percent of it was imported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Without increased aquaculture production, the world will face a seafood shortage of 50 to 80 million tons by 2030, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/home/en/\">United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that production needs to be sustainable by decreasing the use of wild fish according to the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=35087\">Rick Barrows\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fish don’t require fishmeal, in fact, it made fish nutritionists lazy,” said Barrows, a Research Physiologist for the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Giving them fishmeal was easy and we didn’t have to understand the nutrient requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Infographic: Can farmed fish go vegetarian?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67282\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67282\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg\" alt=\"By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? Click on the infographic above to learn more.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" border=\"1\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/fish-feed-graphic-medium-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By giving carnivorous farmed fish barley, yeast and soy can we get them to go vegetarian? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/infographic-can-farmed-fish-go-vegetarian\">Click on the infographic\u003c/a> above to view a full-size image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Barrows said that fish, like people, don’t need specific foods but rather specific nutrients in order to stay healthy. In fact, all animals essentially need the same forty nutrients—a combination of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish get omega-3 fatty acids from their diets, usually from fish oil in the pellets they eat. While fish oil is a source of heart health fatty acids, for both fish and humans, fish can get the same omega-3s from plants like algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this in mind Belov started TwoxSea. He was approached by Netscape co-founder William Foss who was disturbed by the collapse of the sardine fishery off the California coast in the 1950s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean has more or less been treated as an unlimited source of seafood and it’s not,” Foss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foss wanted to see if farmed fish could be raised on a sustainable diet. He called Belov who was working for \u003ca href=\"http://www.salmonaid.org/\">SalmonAid\u003c/a>, a non-profit promoting wild salmon conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They started TwoxSea after looking for aquaculture facilities that would replace fishmeal with alternative feeds like corn, soy and algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started cold calling people from the California aquaculture list and called literally every farm and no one was willing to say yes,” said Foss. People were uneasy with testing a new diet and didn’t see the benefit if the sustainable feed cost more than fishmeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“David McFarland was the only one who said yes,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFarland runs \u003ca href=\"http://www.ilovebluesea.com/mcfarland-springs-california-trout\">McFarland Springs Trout\u003c/a> farm, based in Susanville, California. He was raising trout to stock rivers and lakes. The idea piqued his interest and after two years of testing the diet on a small scale and tweaking the ingredients he started feeding it to the fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought if we’re not doing it, who will?” McFarland said. He admits there are drawbacks to using an alternative diet, namely the cost. His pellets cost 90 cents more than traditional fishmeal, which can add up since feed is the largest fixed cost in aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_67021\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-67021 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Barrows, a fish physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\" width=\"345\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil.jpg 575w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Rick-Barrows-USDA-Flax-oil-400x260.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 345px) 100vw, 345px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Barrows, a research physiologist with the USDA, has tested more than 120 ingredients for fish pellets including the flax seed oil seen here. Photo courtesy USDA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re not losing money but we’re not in this to get rich,” said McFarland. The trout farmer said his company is breaking even since the algae for the feed is more expensive than forage fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’d wanted to feed them spirulina, an algae often sold as a nutritional supplement at health food stores, but said that no company will sell it at a low price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought biofuel companies would want in on the action,” McFarland said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biofuels are fuels made from plants that can be used in place of petroleum-based fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s another way for [biofuel] companies to market their algae, but no one would take us up on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the price to consumers. Belov says his fish costs more per pound than traditional farmed trout. It’s $1.50 more expensive than rainbow trout sold at grocery chains like Safeway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While McFarland Farms Trout is the only commercial aquaculture facility in the country using an entirely vegetarian diet, Barrows said it’s the future of aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is hope that we can have a growing aquaculture industry that is sustainable and we won’t have to rely on the ocean to get our fish” said Barrows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>World demand for seafood is rising, but many of the world’s oceans are already overfished. Now scientists are creating vegetarian diets for species like trout, which may lessen the strain on over-fished oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more in the original article, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/02/13/vegetarian-farmed-fish-may-be-key-to-sustainable-aquaculture/\">The Key to Sustainable Fish Farming? Vegetarian Fish\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(click on the image below for the \u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" title=\"original graphic - (12M)\" href=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/11/FFF.png\">original 12M poster file\u003c/a>)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" title=\"original graphic - (12M)\" href=\"http://u.s.kqed.net/2014/02/11/FFF.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-67328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640.png\" alt=\"FFF-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"1834\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/FFF-640-400x1146.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield",
"title": "From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. Any visitors had to earn their keep by doing farm chores. And on May 21, 1945, Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of long-time friend Humphrey Bogart to Lauren Bacall, with Louis Bromfield serving as best man -- a star-studded event for Happy Valley!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm Website\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0HsYOutHmI\">Our Ohio video on Malabar Farm\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.ohioana-authors.org/bromfield/highlights.php\">WOSU: Ohioana Authors – Louis Bromfield \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bookthink.com/0078/78lb1.htm\">Louis Bromfield: The Man Behind the Farm\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">EWG Report: \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">\u003cem> WASHOUT: Spring Storms Batter Poorly Protected Soil and Streams\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. 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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"order": 19
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
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"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 3
},
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}
},
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
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},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
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