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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. 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"content": "\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda",
"title": "Drought Risk Atlas Uses Past to Predict Future: A Q&A with Climatologist Mark Svoboda",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. The models that the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) released in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/\">its report\u003c/a> still show the continuing trend of a hotter atmosphere, which exacerbates drought, but also a moister atmosphere. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say, the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> So it depends on the timing of these rains, how many days in between these rains. But in general, it’s not as easy as it was to look at the past and say the climate of the past is going to equal the climate of the future. The bars have changed. And if that shift continues long enough -- say, a couple decades -- that would mean more of a climate shift to the climate regime of a region. We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">This interview has been condensed and edited. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/MarkSvoboda_web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70443\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 540px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70443 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/LiedBridge_20120807_Forsberg_491-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\" width=\"540\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Platte River in Nebraska in 2012, one of the hottest and driest years on record. (Photo credit Michael Forsberg, Platte Basin Timelapse)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A new tool called the Drought Risk Atlas promises to help decision-makers and the public better understand and prepare for future drought. The Atlas was developed and launched by the \u003ca href=\"http://drought.unl.edu/\">National Drought Mitigation Center \u003c/a>at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, which offers a variety of tools and data related to drought, including reports on precipitation, water supply, vegetation, climate, and drought indices. A climatologist with the Center, Mark Svoboda, explained how their latest innovation will help inform our understanding of drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70340 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtriskatlas-e1399334774136-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"droughtriskatlas\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you explain the Drought Risk Atlas and what it’s going to be used for?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the questions we always get from the newspapers and radio and TV and people in general is, how does this drought compare to the Dust Bowl years or the ’70s or '88? Everyone seems to have a drought they remember. The\u003ca href=\"http://droughtatlas.unl.edu/\"> Drought Risk Atlas\u003c/a> was built with the idea that for the best climate stations out there that have really nice, long-term histories and not a lot of missing data, we can go back and look at the drought history. We’ve built a nice visual interface for that. People that want to download the raw data can get it, but it’s also a nice way to come in and look at the spatial behavior of drought, the intensity of drought. How large of an area, how long did it last, how often does that sort of drought come around? That was the motivation in building this tool, to help decision makers, citizens, and the media. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We’re going to generate more than 500,000 maps of drought for each week of every year back to the early 1900s.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">For a citizen, what can they expect to see and draw from this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can search and hopefully find your station in the town you live in. If that doesn't exist or doesn't have a long history, there will be a station close to you. We've clumped these stations into clusters that have similar drought behavior. You can find your location, then look at drought and how it's behaved over time in your region with a variety of maps, time series, and all sorts of neat visualization tools on the interface. And that's all free and available to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70354\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 224px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/droughtmonitor.jpg\" alt=\"droughtmonitor\" width=\"224\" height=\"136\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Drought Monitor releases weekly reports on drought conditions across the country. You can find more at droughtmonitor.unl.edu\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70354 size-full\">Why is this needed or useful?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s to give people a better sense of how they might need to adapt, preparing to get a different mindset about droughts, that they’re a normal part of our climate. We’ve seen [droughts] in the past and we’ll see them in the future with a changing climate. Are these droughts changing in their frequency? Are we seeing them become more intense but more short-lived, are they long-lived but of just a moderate intensity? Knowing how that impacts you and your operation, whether you’re a farmer or rancher or whoever it might be, may help us look to what we should expect from droughts in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70340 size-thumbnail\">Do you think our ability to predict and prepare for drought is improving or has improved during the last few decades?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This can help folks better hedge their bets... What sort of operational decisions they'll make could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I think it's improved, but it has an awful long way to go. Especially in this part of the country, we're sort of landlocked. When you hear about El Niño and La Niña, things that are in the news quite often, they have a much stronger relationship to driving weather along the coastal areas of the country, or the Gulf Coast region, for example. In Nebraska it's not quite as strong, but there are indicators out there that if the ocean's in a certain state, whether abnormally warm or cold, you might expect to have a better chance of seeing drought. This can help folks better hedge their bets. Maybe what sort of operational decisions they'll make, depending on their business, could be driven by knowing something a few months to half a year in advance. But the forecast skill depends on a strong oceanic state, and the problem we've had the last two winters -- it's been neutral, not abnormally warm or cool in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/enso-tech.php\">ENSO \u003c/a>(El Niño-Southern Oscillation) region of the equatorial Pacific. So the forecast hasn't been very skillful. So, in those times you want to always be prepared for drought as if it will occur any year, not just when there's a forecast to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 179px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/022806_svoboda037a-179x253.jpg\" alt=\"022806_svoboda037a\" width=\"179\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mark Svoboda has been with the National Drought Mitigation Center since it formed in 1995. As the NDMC’s Monitoring Program Area Leader, his duties include overseeing the center’s operational drought monitoring activities and providing expertise on climate and water management issues. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">Will the Drought Risk Atlas help predict drought and prepare for drought in the future, knowing the historical record?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where I think this tool will be useful is if you see a forecast for drought, or if you’re in a certain stage of drought, you can go back in the Atlas and look at other periods of drought that behaved the same way and maybe you’ll have a better anticipation of what impacts might be coming if this drought continues, if it gets more intense. If it covers a larger area, will this affect my water supply? Everyone will have a different question they want answered, but our goal was to provide some of the visualization tools that can answer several questions, and most questions we've anticipated. And if it doesn't, we've encouraged people to contact us and let us know what they'd like to see in the Atlas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some irrigators in Nebraska have talked about the “new normal” -- meaning they’re getting used to operating with less water year after year. Do you think the same concept applies to drought, in the sense that we’re in these longer phases of drought or maybe we’re entering a longer dry period?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-70437 size-medium\">That’s the kicker question. The million-dollar question is, is this an interlude? We may go back into wetter times. 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We would call that more arid, or aridity, which is a permanent feature of the climate, versus drought, which is a temporary departure from the normal of a region’s climate. So, droughts are going to then be the departure from that new, drier regime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Letting Bears Roam: Q&A with Ecologist Chris Morgan",
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"content": "\u003cp>British-born ecologist, educator, and filmmaker Chris Morgan is often described as \"the bear guy.” For the past 25 years Morgan has traveled to every continent where bears live as a researcher, wildlife guide and educator. He founded \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernwildlife.org/\">Western Wildlife Outreach\u003c/a>, an organization working to educate and engage rural communities in discussions about bears and the environment. Currently, Morgan is creating a feature-length documentary titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifemedia.org/\">BEARTREK\u003c/a> that highlights the urgent need for bear conservation around the world. We talked with Morgan about why he thinks bears are so important and how they can help preserve open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why bears?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I am asked so often, ‘why bears?’ Bears are charismatic and appealing, cute as cubs and impressive as adults, strong and spiritual, and intelligent and motivated. All these qualities we, as humans, really respect in each other or in creatures. I think that bears offer the opportunity for so many big-picture solutions to some of the problems that our planet faces. Protecting bears gives us the chance to protect clean air, fresh water, and intact forests -- all the things we need as a species. I think they are just a great symbol for so many of those needs, and they inspire people in the right directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"68185,68183,68181,68189,68188,68184,68186,68187,68182,68190,68191,68192\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You have worked with bears around the world. What makes bears in the Pacific Northwest special?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>We have a tiny number of grizzly bears walking the knife edge of potential extinction in Washington State and the Cascade Mountains. There is just enough wilderness for the bears, and just enough time for us to shake ourselves awake. If we protect those bears and what they need, we will be protecting giant areas of land. What bears need, countless other species need, making them an “umbrella species” -- all encompassing. We can use bears as the icons. We’ve still got them in the Pacific Northwest… let’s make sure that’s the case years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"68211,68212,68213,68214,68215,68216,68217,68218,68219,68220,68221\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.coasttocascades.org\" target=\"_blank\">COASTtoCASCADES.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are wildlife corridors and how are they important?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>We live in a habitat jigsaw puzzle world that has been taken apart. Reconnecting the pieces of the puzzle is critical for all of us. A “\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationcorridor.org/corridor-science/\">wildlife corridor\u003c/a>” is the concept of enabling a bear to move from one portion of an ecosystem to another. In the Canadian Rockies they have used wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://digitalnomad.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/23/the-alberta-story-wildlife-crossing-in-banff/\">overpasses and underpasses\u003c/a>. These overpasses look like a forested bridge that crosses the Alaska/Canada highway. Bears, wolves, moose, and cougars use them actively and increasingly over time. So how does the grizzly bear get across the road? It uses overpasses and underpasses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we could create a wildlife corridor that connected North Cascades grizzly bears to bears in Canada, then the Cascades population would be doubled, possibly tripled. Bears are perfect representatives of what can benefit from wildlife corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How else can we help bears?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some of it is physical. Overpasses, underpasses, and wildlife corridors combined with protected areas protect these forests so they can remain an intact habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the psychological element, our relationship with nature. How do people in grizzly bear country come to terms with having bears in their backyard? How dangerous are they? How can they bring positive things to these struggling rural economies? Getting people’s heads around what a grizzly bear is, what bears need, and how that relates to habitat connectivity is just as important as setting up reserves and corridors. There are all kinds of things that we can do to help bears. Starting small but dreaming big. Unfortunately, time is not often on our side when it comes to tiny numbers of bears, but there are definitely things you can do [to move] in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you were a bear, what kind of bear would you be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>One of my best friends in England, every time I give him a hug and say goodbye his passing words are, “Chris, remember, if you’re going to be a bear, be a grizzly.” He knows me well. I would want to be a grizzly for sure. They’re my favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are eight bear species and all of them are fascinating -- like pandas in Asia, spectacle bears in South America, or sun bears in Borneo. Each of them has their own habitat and their own specialties. They’re a family of cousins, but they’re all completely individualistic. But I’m a wilderness man, I love the wilderness. There’s nothing more wild to me than grizzlies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://vimeo.com/65780506\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This film is for teachers, scientists, non-profits and people interested in bears and preserving wild spaces. This film was made possible by an anonymous donation and was produced in partnership with Wildlife Media. What's good for bears is good for people and the planet. \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/65780506\">WHY BEARS?\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/trifilm\">Trifilm, Inc.\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>British-born ecologist, educator, and filmmaker Chris Morgan is often described as \"the bear guy.” For the past 25 years Morgan has traveled to every continent where bears live as a researcher, wildlife guide and educator. He founded \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernwildlife.org/\">Western Wildlife Outreach\u003c/a>, an organization working to educate and engage rural communities in discussions about bears and the environment. Currently, Morgan is creating a feature-length documentary titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlifemedia.org/\">BEARTREK\u003c/a> that highlights the urgent need for bear conservation around the world. We talked with Morgan about why he thinks bears are so important and how they can help preserve open spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why bears?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>I am asked so often, ‘why bears?’ Bears are charismatic and appealing, cute as cubs and impressive as adults, strong and spiritual, and intelligent and motivated. All these qualities we, as humans, really respect in each other or in creatures. I think that bears offer the opportunity for so many big-picture solutions to some of the problems that our planet faces. Protecting bears gives us the chance to protect clean air, fresh water, and intact forests -- all the things we need as a species. I think they are just a great symbol for so many of those needs, and they inspire people in the right directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You have worked with bears around the world. What makes bears in the Pacific Northwest special?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>We have a tiny number of grizzly bears walking the knife edge of potential extinction in Washington State and the Cascade Mountains. There is just enough wilderness for the bears, and just enough time for us to shake ourselves awake. If we protect those bears and what they need, we will be protecting giant areas of land. What bears need, countless other species need, making them an “umbrella species” -- all encompassing. We can use bears as the icons. We’ve still got them in the Pacific Northwest… let’s make sure that’s the case years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.coasttocascades.org\" target=\"_blank\">COASTtoCASCADES.org\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are wildlife corridors and how are they important?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>We live in a habitat jigsaw puzzle world that has been taken apart. Reconnecting the pieces of the puzzle is critical for all of us. A “\u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationcorridor.org/corridor-science/\">wildlife corridor\u003c/a>” is the concept of enabling a bear to move from one portion of an ecosystem to another. In the Canadian Rockies they have used wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://digitalnomad.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/23/the-alberta-story-wildlife-crossing-in-banff/\">overpasses and underpasses\u003c/a>. These overpasses look like a forested bridge that crosses the Alaska/Canada highway. Bears, wolves, moose, and cougars use them actively and increasingly over time. So how does the grizzly bear get across the road? It uses overpasses and underpasses!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we could create a wildlife corridor that connected North Cascades grizzly bears to bears in Canada, then the Cascades population would be doubled, possibly tripled. Bears are perfect representatives of what can benefit from wildlife corridors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How else can we help bears?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>Some of it is physical. Overpasses, underpasses, and wildlife corridors combined with protected areas protect these forests so they can remain an intact habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the psychological element, our relationship with nature. How do people in grizzly bear country come to terms with having bears in their backyard? How dangerous are they? How can they bring positive things to these struggling rural economies? Getting people’s heads around what a grizzly bear is, what bears need, and how that relates to habitat connectivity is just as important as setting up reserves and corridors. There are all kinds of things that we can do to help bears. Starting small but dreaming big. Unfortunately, time is not often on our side when it comes to tiny numbers of bears, but there are definitely things you can do [to move] in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>If you were a bear, what kind of bear would you be?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>One of my best friends in England, every time I give him a hug and say goodbye his passing words are, “Chris, remember, if you’re going to be a bear, be a grizzly.” He knows me well. I would want to be a grizzly for sure. They’re my favorite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are eight bear species and all of them are fascinating -- like pandas in Asia, spectacle bears in South America, or sun bears in Borneo. Each of them has their own habitat and their own specialties. They’re a family of cousins, but they’re all completely individualistic. But I’m a wilderness man, I love the wilderness. There’s nothing more wild to me than grizzlies.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This film is for teachers, scientists, non-profits and people interested in bears and preserving wild spaces. This film was made possible by an anonymous donation and was produced in partnership with Wildlife Media. What's good for bears is good for people and the planet. \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/65780506\">WHY BEARS?\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/trifilm\">Trifilm, Inc.\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in college I went to visit my older sister in Austin, Texas, and she laughed when I asked about a compost bin. She grabbed my sleeve and led me out to the tiny balcony of her second-story apartment, then plucked the apple core from my palm and chucked it off the side of the building. “That’s my compost,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That scene has stayed with me. Over the years I’ve come to a greater appreciation for my sister’s reluctance to take on proper backyard composting while she juggled work and city life. Nowadays, I’m just not that motivated to compost. I know I should. But the reality is I don’t. And I am not alone in composting resistance: in 2012, only \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/\">5 percent\u003c/a> of the nearly 40 million tons of food waste generated in the United States was composted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70366\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/garbage-disposal-flickr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put it in the trash. Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether or not it makes sense to send food scraps down the garbage disposal really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal than to put them in the trash.\u003cbr>Photo Credit: capl@washjeff.edu / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So what I wanted to figure out on behalf of all compost-challenged urbanites is what the next best option is for disposing of food scraps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I called up Martin Heller, a researcher at the University of Michigan’s Center for Sustainable Systems, who specializes in life cycle analysis of food, to help me sort this out. If I’m standing at my kitchen sink with a handful of kale stems, I asked, should I toss them in the trash or grind them down the garbage disposal?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, he reaffirmed that I should in fact be composting them for the most environmentally friendly disposal (yeah, yeah). Composting is best because it breaks down food scraps and returns their nutrients to the soil, which improves soil health. When those scraps are instead left to rot in the landfill (through anaerobic decomposition, which occurs in the absence of oxygen), they release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. According to Heller’s calculations, which will appear in a forthcoming publication, U.S. food waste in 2010 contributed roughly the same amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere as 33 million cars on the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if I’m not going to compost, should I bother with the disposal or just throw my food waste in the trash?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s the short answer according to Heller: \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22922048\">It’s probably a wash\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The long answer is that it really depends on your city’s infrastructure. If your city puts that organic waste to good use, then it may be better to send the scraps down the garbage disposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 338px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70364\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Cooking-with-food-scraps-my-shot-wasnt-tasty-338x253.jpg\" alt=\"Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\" width=\"338\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people advocate for cooking with food scraps, like onion skins. This is a shot of the author's attempt at making a stock from food scraps. It wasn't tasty.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s why: When you grind your carrot peels down the disposal, this carrot mash ends up in the same waste stream as city sewage. “Your food waste goes to the same place as the water you flush down your toilet,” said Michael Keleman, manager of environmental engineering at the garbage disposal company \u003ca href=\"http://www.insinkerator.com/en-us/Pages/default.aspx\">InSinkErator.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wastewater treatment plant will separate out the solids, and this sludge, once treated and stabilized, is known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.biosolids.com/faq.html\">biosolids.” \u003c/a>Biosolids are handled differently in different locales, but about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">60 percent\u003c/a> of biosolids are put to beneficial use; the rest are either landfilled or incinerated. Beneficial use largely means that the biosolids are applied to agricultural land, forests, or urban parks. In this way the nutrients from the organic matter are returned to the soil, albeit with significant water and energy requirements to make that journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as greenhouse gas emissions, some wastewater treatment plants \u003cstrong>capture \u003c/strong>the gases released from the sludge as it is anaerobically digested. The methane from this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html\">biogas\u003c/a>” mixture can be used to produce heat and electricity. There are about 1,240 U.S. wastewater treatment plants that produce biogas, and about 270 of them provide electricity to the grid, according to data from the website \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/\">biogasdata.org. \u003c/a> This is out of a total of about \u003ca href=\"http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS04-14.pdf\">21,594\u003c/a> publicly owned U.S. wastewater treatment facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to find out whether your wastewater treatment plant produces biogas, check the searchable biogasdata.org \u003ca href=\"http://biogasdata.org/facilities/search\">database. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70363\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Compost_bin_cutaway_by_Bruce_McAdam-via-flickr-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cutaway view of an outdoor compost bin. Photo Credit: Bruce McAdam / Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some cities offer a middle ground in this dilemma: curbside composting. About \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/gov-curbside-composting-added-to-major-city.html\">100 cities\u003c/a> have compost collection programs, including San Francisco, Boulder, and Seattle. Data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf\">2012 survey of municipal waste\u003c/a> indicate there are more than 3,000 community composting programs in place across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a doable thing,\" said Heller, comparing it to citywide recycling, which wasn't the norm during his childhood but is now standard in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it’s not just municipalities that are offering the service; entrepreneurs are, too. \"We have a 12-year-old kid in Traverse City, Michigan, who has started up quite a little business collecting food scraps from folks on his bike,” he said. Even Cleveland will soon be home to a start-up \u003ca href=\"http://www.crowdrise.com/ClevelandBikeComposting/fundraiser/RBGCleveland\">composting company\u003c/a> that will gladly cycle over to pick up your food scraps, for a fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Heller, taking a more upstream approach to food-waste reduction is fundamental to this discussion about consumer actions around food waste. That is, we need to get consumers to buy only the food they will actually eat. “From the cradle-to-grave perspective, the biggest impacts are on the food\u003cstrong> production\u003c/strong> side,” said Heller, so reducing consumer demand would help reduce the amount of food produced and thus the amount of environmental impacts all around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heller’s advice? Don’t “binge-shop.” Instead, go to the store more frequently so you don’t have food spoiling in your fridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the next time that giant vat of raspberries calls to me from the produce aisle of Costco, perhaps I’ll think twice about whether I can really eat my way through all those berries without tuckering out. Either that or I suppose I’ll have to suck it up and compost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Coal to Canvas: An Artist Turns Toxic Runoff into Palette-Worthy Paints",
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"content": "\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": " In this video from QUEST Ohio, discover how an artist is repurposing runoff from coalmines to create a variety of rich paint pigments—and draw attention to the state’s polluted waterways.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,\" says Sabraw.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>John Sabraw grew up making time machines from toasters and old alarm clocks. He built a helicopter from fence pickets and broom handles for liftoff from the military base where he spent his childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever he could lay his hands on Sabraw would turn into craft and sculpture. These days he brings that same principle of salvage and innovation to \u003ca href=\"http://www.johnsabraw.com/#/home?i=299\">his work\u003c/a> as a professional artist. Inspired by science and the natural world, his goal is to produce artwork using sustainable materials and methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57305\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Photo_20110308_114717-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rain washes heavy metals from old Ohio coal mines into streams and lakes, acidifying the ecosystem. Engineers figured out how to remove the metals and turn them into paint. Photo courtesy of the Ohio Dept of Natural Resources.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rain washes heavy metals from old coal mines into waterways, acidifying the ecosystem. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ohiodnr.com/mineral/acid/tabid/10421/Default.aspx\">Ohio Dept of Natural Resources\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That goal is made easier by his collegiate surroundings. Partnering with Ohio University engineer \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.edu/ohiocoal/people/riefler.cfm\">Dr. Guy Riefler\u003c/a>, they developed an entirely new type of paint made of the runoff from Ohio’s old coal mines. “This is an area where we have massive coal mines left abandoned,” says Sabraw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iron ore and other heavy metals wash out of those old mines. They acidify streams, kill fish, and damage ecosystems. “You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“You look at these streams and they are absolutely orange or a really acidic yellow -- sort of a vomit yellow,” says Sabraw, “and you know it’s dead.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Riefler and Sabraw found a way to extract those metals from the streams and put them to work as pigments. Iron ore (ferrous oxide) is the basis of commercial red and yellow paints, but according to Sabraw a lot of it comes from China. “They take rusted old metals and put them in giant tanks and use chemicals to get it to do what our streams are doing naturally here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a heavy glass mortar, Sabraw demonstrates how he blends the pigments with oil to create a rich mahogany hue. “You can get a range of shades. It can go anywhere from a super-deep brown, something like 80 percent dark chocolate, all the way up to something that’s going to look like a terra-cotta tile,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sabraw's ultimate goal is to commercialize the paint and put the profits toward the cleanup of runoff-damaged Ohio streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70110\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70110 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg\" alt=\"Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Anne2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist John Sabraw checks the paint on one of his works in progress. The brown pigment is sourced from coal mine runoff.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTIST TOOLBOX | \u003c/strong> Check out some of the other methods and materials used by artist John Sabraw:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Paint:\u003c/strong> Sabraw uses water and \u003ca href=\"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/209841/flax\">linseed\u003c/a>-oil-based paints, carefully sourced \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ny-Pi/Pigments.html\">pigments\u003c/a>, and low-VOC, reusable \u003ca href=\"http://www.paintquality.com/going-green/paint-types/solvent.html\">solvents\u003c/a> to clean his brushes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Canvas:\u003c/strong> Instead of canvas, Sabraw paints on linen, recycled wood, and scrap aluminum from old commercial signage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delivery:\u003c/strong> All his shipping crates are reusable. Foam and other packing materials are also reused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studio:\u003c/strong> Sabraw wakes up early to beat the summer heat. His southern Ohio studio isn't air-conditioned. He relies on natural and CFL lighting. When he leaves the studio, it is by bike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Credits:\u003c/strong> All of Sabraw’s works are carbon neutral because he purchases carbon offset credits. He even developed an \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/calculator_details.html\">algorithm\u003c/a> for artists to determine their carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Classroom:\u003c/strong> Sabraw is a teacher at Ohio University, where he asks students to consider ideas of sustainability within their craft. He started a website called \u003ca title='\"Green World Art\"' href=\"http://www.greenworldart.org/home.html\" target=\"_blank\">Green World Art\u003c/a> to spark and share best practices within the artist community. And he doesn’t stop at adults. He’s helping build sustainability into the curriculum of the New York-based \u003ca href=\"https://scribbleartworkshop.com/\">Scribble Art Workshop\u003c/a>, a kids’ art program created by one of his former students.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Keeping Cows Cool as Temps Heat Up",
"title": "Keeping Cows Cool as Temps Heat Up",
"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science- Web series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/movingcows-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a warm summer day the lines for ice cream at the Daily Scoop on the University of Wisconsin- Madison campus are frustratingly long. Everyone is herded together, waiting their turn to order a cone filled with creamy, cold ice cream -- anything to take the edge off that overheated feeling. But securing a steady supply of this refreshing treat depends on keeping cows cool, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface-334x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"334\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cows create a lot of body heat and use a large amount of energy in the process of producing milk. “When you are comfortable, a cow is warm; when you are hot, a cow is miserable; and when you are cold, a cow is probably fine,” explained Dr. Lou Armentano, a professor in the Department of Dairy Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. On those hot summer days, cows immediately respond to the high temperature with decreased milk production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cows produce the most milk and are \u003ca title=\"Mesonet Cattle Comfort Index\" href=\"http://www.mesonet.org/images/site/Mesonet%20Cattle%20Comfort%20Advisor%20Description.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most comfortable \u003c/a>when the temperature is between 15 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. When the temperature increases to the 85- to 105-degree range, milk production is decreased by 20 percent, or more. Once it gets above 105 degrees it can be fatal. At that point, up to 5 percent of the herd can be expected to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue for all the farmers we work with is risk. Extreme weather is adding uncertainty to this already uncertain profession,” according to Michelle Miller, associate director of the UW-Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year Madison would expect 13 days above 90 degrees, but in the summer of 2012 there were 39 days when the temperature surpassed that mark. And scientists expect more hot summers like that in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065-425x360.png\" alt=\"The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\" width=\"425\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts\" href=\"http://www.wicci.wisc.edu/climate-change.phphttp://\" target=\"_blank\">Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts \u003c/a>(WICCI) predicts that summer days and nights in Wisconsin will become increasingly warmer. Climate models point toward an average temperature increase of as much as 3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit in Wisconsin by mid-century. By 2055 Madison may be seeing an average of 37 days above 90 degrees and 4 above 100 degrees. Many cows are confined to barns with some measure of temperature control, so for them, extreme weather is not a major concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Various techniques are used in the barns to keep the cows cool. Open-stall barns have curtains that can be opened in the summer to allow natural breezes to blow through. Temperatures can also be held at bay by building the barn so that it’s in the shade during the hottest part of the day. And some farms have installed evaporating systems that mist and fan the cows on hot days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Victor Cabrera, UW-Madison dairy science professor and extension specialist, “The trend is that milk production increases year to year because of genetics and/or better management practices, regardless of climate changes” for the cows that are kept indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all cows spend their time in the barn. The cows at Rick Adamski’s Full Circle Farm, in Seymour, graze outdoors in the pastures. Shade trees are scattered throughout the pasture and provide shelter from the heat of the summer at this organic farm. Still, Adamski finds that his cows are vulnerable to heat stress once the temperature gets above 90 degrees. When it gets that hot, the cows wait to eat until the temperatures have cooled down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’re ready to graze, “A good permanent pasture shades the soil to keep the soils cooler during the heat of summer,” according to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70207\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adamski. He maintains permanent pastures consisting of dense grasses and clovers in about 85 percent of his 220-acre farm. The thick ground covering of these perennial plants retains moisture and provides additional hydration for the cows. And the diversity of the plants creates a natural insurance for the fluctuations in weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adamski believes that grazing is integral in maintaining this perennial system. “If we manage for both production of the pasture and the livestock, both can be productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For organic operations committed to an outdoor grazing regimen, perennial agricultural systems with soil and herd management may help to meet milk production demands even if hotter summers become the norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic or not, all dairy farmers and ice cream lovers stand to reap the benefits of farming practices that help cows stay cool.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70203\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70203\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/movingcows-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cows grazing in the field on a summer day. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a warm summer day the lines for ice cream at the Daily Scoop on the University of Wisconsin- Madison campus are frustratingly long. Everyone is herded together, waiting their turn to order a cone filled with creamy, cold ice cream -- anything to take the edge off that overheated feeling. But securing a steady supply of this refreshing treat depends on keeping cows cool, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70200\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 334px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70200\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/jerseyface-334x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"334\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cows create a lot of body heat and use a large amount of energy in the process of producing milk. “When you are comfortable, a cow is warm; when you are hot, a cow is miserable; and when you are cold, a cow is probably fine,” explained Dr. Lou Armentano, a professor in the Department of Dairy Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. On those hot summer days, cows immediately respond to the high temperature with decreased milk production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cows produce the most milk and are \u003ca title=\"Mesonet Cattle Comfort Index\" href=\"http://www.mesonet.org/images/site/Mesonet%20Cattle%20Comfort%20Advisor%20Description.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">most comfortable \u003c/a>when the temperature is between 15 and 85 degrees Fahrenheit. When the temperature increases to the 85- to 105-degree range, milk production is decreased by 20 percent, or more. Once it gets above 105 degrees it can be fatal. At that point, up to 5 percent of the herd can be expected to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The big issue for all the farmers we work with is risk. Extreme weather is adding uncertainty to this already uncertain profession,” according to Michelle Miller, associate director of the UW-Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an average year Madison would expect 13 days above 90 degrees, but in the summer of 2012 there were 39 days when the temperature surpassed that mark. And scientists expect more hot summers like that in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70188\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 425px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-70188\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Midwest_DaysGT90F_sresa1b_2046_2065-425x360.png\" alt=\"The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\" width=\"425\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The projected change in number of days above 90° is based on the 2000 greenhouse gas emissions study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenario (SRES). Source: Center for Climatic Research, Nelson Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca title=\"Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts\" href=\"http://www.wicci.wisc.edu/climate-change.phphttp://\" target=\"_blank\">Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts \u003c/a>(WICCI) predicts that summer days and nights in Wisconsin will become increasingly warmer. Climate models point toward an average temperature increase of as much as 3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit in Wisconsin by mid-century. By 2055 Madison may be seeing an average of 37 days above 90 degrees and 4 above 100 degrees. Many cows are confined to barns with some measure of temperature control, so for them, extreme weather is not a major concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70205\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Marshfield_heifer_facility-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barn with side curtains open for ventilation at the Marshfield Agricultural Research Station. Photo courtesy: UW-Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Various techniques are used in the barns to keep the cows cool. Open-stall barns have curtains that can be opened in the summer to allow natural breezes to blow through. Temperatures can also be held at bay by building the barn so that it’s in the shade during the hottest part of the day. And some farms have installed evaporating systems that mist and fan the cows on hot days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Dr. Victor Cabrera, UW-Madison dairy science professor and extension specialist, “The trend is that milk production increases year to year because of genetics and/or better management practices, regardless of climate changes” for the cows that are kept indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all cows spend their time in the barn. The cows at Rick Adamski’s Full Circle Farm, in Seymour, graze outdoors in the pastures. Shade trees are scattered throughout the pasture and provide shelter from the heat of the summer at this organic farm. Still, Adamski finds that his cows are vulnerable to heat stress once the temperature gets above 90 degrees. When it gets that hot, the cows wait to eat until the temperatures have cooled down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they’re ready to graze, “A good permanent pasture shades the soil to keep the soils cooler during the heat of summer,” according to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70207\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/holsteinsonpasture-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grazing in the pasture. Photo courtesy of UW-Madison Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems. Photographer: Ruth McNair\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adamski. He maintains permanent pastures consisting of dense grasses and clovers in about 85 percent of his 220-acre farm. The thick ground covering of these perennial plants retains moisture and provides additional hydration for the cows. And the diversity of the plants creates a natural insurance for the fluctuations in weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adamski believes that grazing is integral in maintaining this perennial system. “If we manage for both production of the pasture and the livestock, both can be productive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For organic operations committed to an outdoor grazing regimen, perennial agricultural systems with soil and herd management may help to meet milk production demands even if hotter summers become the norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Organic or not, all dairy farmers and ice cream lovers stand to reap the benefits of farming practices that help cows stay cool.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Roots of the Carbon Cycle",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://wimedialab.org/questsoil/\" width=\"820\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Play this interactive to learn how changes to soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003cbr>\n“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of a three-part educational series on \u003ca title=\"QUEST Special Series - Soil\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/soil-sustainability/\" target=\"_blank\">soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does soil have to do with climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do human actions affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is carbon transferred into and out of soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the importance of soil structure and how does it affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing temperatures in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing moisture levels in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What conditions tend to cause soil to accumulate lots of carbon? What conditions tend to cause soil to emit carbon to the atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What might happen if more permafrost starts to thaw?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Describe how human interactions with soil could affect the carbon cycle. Then describe how your actions as an individual affect soil and the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Youtube - Crash Course Ecology\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA&index=9&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Cycles and Ecology\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Crash Course Ecology - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.carboncyclescience.gov\" href=\"http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Federal Carbon Cycle Research\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United States Science Carbon Cycle Program - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ciesin.columbia.edu\" href=\"http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html\" target=\"_blank\">Desertification\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Physics of Desertification - \u003c/strong>Learn about desertification and what is being done to slow it across the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://e360.yale.edu\" href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_uses_of_biochar_expand_climate_benefits_still_uncertain/2730/\" target=\"_blank\">Biochar\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Yale Environment 360 - \u003c/strong>Biochar removes carbon from the atmosphere and stores it underground, where it does not contribute to global warming. It may play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12057679\" target=\"_blank\">Bioreporters\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>US National Library of Medicine, NIH - \u003c/strong>Bioreporters are microbial cells that have been genetically modified to recognize chemicals. Scientists are using them to test for pollutants in soil without disrupting the surrounding environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.HS-LS2-5\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological and biological processes. LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Energy and Matter - Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems. Systems and System Models - Models (e.g. Physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to simulate systems and interactions - including energy, matter, and information flows - within and between systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Developing and Using Models\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Project Partners\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Balster\u003c/strong> is an Associate Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His lab, “Collaborations in Ecosystem Science and Environmental Education,” is constantly seeking innovative ways to combine research, teaching, and outreach both in education and the physical sciences. A longtime advocate of teaching and learning, Dr. Balster collaborates with many, including QUEST since 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Kohn\u003c/strong> teaches Agriscience at Waterford Union High School. Kohn has degrees from UW-Madison in Agriscience and Education and is licensed to teach Biology, Agriculture, and Environmental Science. Kohn has developed a nationally-recognized agricultural education program that seeks to maximize student preparation through rigorous and relevant education and meaningful inquiry-based learning.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "The Roots of the Carbon Cycle",
"datePublished": "2014-04-29T10:45:32-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://wimedialab.org/questsoil/\" width=\"820\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Play this interactive to learn how changes to soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003cbr>\n“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of a three-part educational series on \u003ca title=\"QUEST Special Series - Soil\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/soil-sustainability/\" target=\"_blank\">soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does soil have to do with climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do human actions affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is carbon transferred into and out of soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the importance of soil structure and how does it affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing temperatures in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing moisture levels in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What conditions tend to cause soil to accumulate lots of carbon? What conditions tend to cause soil to emit carbon to the atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What might happen if more permafrost starts to thaw?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Describe how human interactions with soil could affect the carbon cycle. Then describe how your actions as an individual affect soil and the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Youtube - Crash Course Ecology\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA&index=9&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Cycles and Ecology\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Crash Course Ecology - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.carboncyclescience.gov\" href=\"http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Federal Carbon Cycle Research\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United States Science Carbon Cycle Program - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ciesin.columbia.edu\" href=\"http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html\" target=\"_blank\">Desertification\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Physics of Desertification - \u003c/strong>Learn about desertification and what is being done to slow it across the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://e360.yale.edu\" href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_uses_of_biochar_expand_climate_benefits_still_uncertain/2730/\" target=\"_blank\">Biochar\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Yale Environment 360 - \u003c/strong>Biochar removes carbon from the atmosphere and stores it underground, where it does not contribute to global warming. It may play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12057679\" target=\"_blank\">Bioreporters\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>US National Library of Medicine, NIH - \u003c/strong>Bioreporters are microbial cells that have been genetically modified to recognize chemicals. Scientists are using them to test for pollutants in soil without disrupting the surrounding environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.HS-LS2-5\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological and biological processes. LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Energy and Matter - Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems. Systems and System Models - Models (e.g. Physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to simulate systems and interactions - including energy, matter, and information flows - within and between systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Developing and Using Models\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Project Partners\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Balster\u003c/strong> is an Associate Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His lab, “Collaborations in Ecosystem Science and Environmental Education,” is constantly seeking innovative ways to combine research, teaching, and outreach both in education and the physical sciences. A longtime advocate of teaching and learning, Dr. Balster collaborates with many, including QUEST since 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Kohn\u003c/strong> teaches Agriscience at Waterford Union High School. Kohn has degrees from UW-Madison in Agriscience and Education and is licensed to teach Biology, Agriculture, and Environmental Science. Kohn has developed a nationally-recognized agricultural education program that seeks to maximize student preparation through rigorous and relevant education and meaningful inquiry-based learning.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Beyond Plain Sight",
"title": "Beyond Plain Sight",
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"content": "\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Explore unexpected imagery of the Great Plains and see how photographer Michael Forsberg is using timelapse cameras to reveal unprecedented views of how watersheds work.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think the Great Plains is no more than a flat, endless landscape, often called “flyover country”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69919\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 231px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69919 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Forsberg\" width=\"231\" height=\"130\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/C0028.new_.03-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 231px) 100vw, 231px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Think again. Through the lens of native Nebraskan photographer and author \u003ca title=\"Michael Forsberg\" href=\"http://www.michaelforsberg.com/projects/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Forsberg\u003c/a>, the Great Plains is far from “plain.” For 20 years, Forsberg has been documenting the habitats of his home turf. For him, the Great Plains is an extraordinary, immense, and unanticipated wonderland of species and habitats, including an essential flyway for millions of migratory birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depicting the true nature and meaning of the plains has become a personal mission. Forsberg has a degree in geography, and he uses photography to generate a discussion about the world. “Geography is a perspective that emphasizes space and place and ecology -- and how everything connects with everything else,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69913 alignnone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg\" alt=\"Great Plains map and landscape\" width=\"658\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-400x144.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-1180x424.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Great-Plains-map-and-landscape-Copy1-960x345.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 658px) 100vw, 658px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The 12 states that make up the Great Plains account for an astonishing one-quarter of the U.S., covering one million square miles that are anything but flat. If it was its own country, the Great Plains would be the tenth largest in the world by area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">But only 30 percent of the Great Plains would be considered flat. For example, Nebraska topography is like an inclined tabletop. If you took off from Omaha (elevation 1,090 feet) and flew west across the undulating terrain at a steady elevation of 2,000 feet, you would crash into the ground 450 miles away at Scottsbluff, Nebraska (elevation 3,891 ft).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69934\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 182px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg\" alt=\"Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas\" width=\"182\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-672x372.jpg 672w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Rainbow-and-milkweed-prairie1-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow and butterfly milkweed, Konza Prairie, Kansas [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This land is a place where grass rules over trees,” said Forsberg. “It’s a place so immense you feel very small. It’s not the mountains. It’s not the Grand Canyon. But it’s every bit as remarkable -- a really diverse landscape. It’s a place where the more you linger, the more beauty you’ll see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unexpected natural beauty that Forsberg captures on film fills a book he authored, \u003ca href=\"http://shop.michaelforsberg.com/collections/great-plains-americas-lingering-wild\">\u003cstrong>Great Plains: America’s Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, and many of these images appear in an NET Television documentary by the same name broadcast on PBS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 228px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69970 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg\" alt=\"Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana\" width=\"228\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-960x540.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/MTL_092307_103_2.MOV.new_-1038x576.jpg 1038w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 228px) 100vw, 228px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They include a lone bison roaming the sun-swept prairie, a dazzling rainbow framing colorful milkweed in a prairie meadow, a solitary cougar prowling the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota at night, majestic cliffs rising over a river in Montana, a burrowing owl with outstretched wings and a laser-piercing stare, and a frolicking Sandhill crane leaping for joy in a courtship dance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 904px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69884 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg\" alt=\"Sandhill Cranes\" width=\"904\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/2-sandhills-cranes-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During breeding season, Sandhill Cranes display elaborate dancing rituals to attract a mate. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>America's Lingering Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg cautions that this bounty of natural wonder is a gift that needs to be protected, now and for the future. A century ago much of the Great Plains was wide-open territory, a broad expanse of natural prairie, wetlands, and rivers. But today only a patchwork of these environments remains because of widespread development. Forsberg refers to these pockets of refuge as “America’s lingering wild,” where species and habitats are literally hanging on for survival. And some of his most striking images, seen from the air, point to a vast ecosystem at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69986\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69986 \" title=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota\" width=\"263\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011.jpg 1560w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-400x258.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1440x930.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-1180x762.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_062206_031.mov.new_.011-960x620.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, pothole wetlands, North Dakota. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a territory where half of our nation’s ducks breed annually, only the remains of tiny green patches of irregular wetlands are seen from the air in North Dakota, dwarfed by crop fields of wheat and canola. In the past 50 years, nesting waterfowl have declined dramatically as areas cultivated for high commodity crops, including corn for ethanol production, have overrun these duck-nesting habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69885\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69885 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg\" alt=\"Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming\" width=\"270\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Aerial_gas-and-oil-fields-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 270px) 100vw, 270px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aerial, gas and oil fields, Wyoming. Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elsewhere, the once rugged and wild Wyoming landscape is scarred and dissected by networks of roads for oil and natural gas development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the arid, fragile plains of Texas contain whitish, ghostly rings of former shallow, circular wetlands called playas, now replaced by dried fields cultivated by center-pivot irrigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-69991 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland).\" width=\"266\" height=\"176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1.jpg 1541w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-400x265.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-800x530.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1440x953.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-1180x781.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/AGL_042606_009_161-596-master-3-13-09.mov.new_1-960x635.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghostly rings of a Texas playa (wetland). Photo: Michael Forsberg. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forsberg laments that the Great Plains, like most temperate grasslands of the world, includes the most endangered habitats on the planet because they’ve been drastically altered from their natural state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s all been plowed up for agriculture,” said Forsberg. “The Great Plains is the world’s breadbasket. It’s increasingly being asked to be our energy pump. And it sits on the Holy Grail of the High Plains: the Ogallala Aquifer.” This aquifer is the largest underground system of water-saturated sediments in the country, what Forsberg refers to as “the Saudi Arabia of water.” The Ogallala Aquifer sits beneath the expansive prairie that runs from the Dakotas to Texas. It is the ecological underpinning of all life in the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is little wonder that water figures prominently in Forsberg’s imagery. Geography is at the core of his work, and water is central to the Plains. And with a changing climate and reoccurring drought, Forsberg realizes that his imagery is becoming even more important to showcase the fragile nature of nature itself. “If you don’t have water, you don’t have life. We need to know where our water comes from,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To the Water Source\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg is convinced that most people give little thought to the source of their water. It’s just pervasive, at the tip of our fingertips. Need water? Turn on a faucet. Where does it come from? Who knows?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg explained, “In Nebraska we get our water from the snowpack in the Rockies as snow melt. We get it from the Ogallala Aquifer as groundwater. And we also get water from our weather and climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In most places across the country the answer would be similar: water originates in a watershed or water basin. These are geographical features of all landscapes nationwide. A terrain’s basin acts like a funnel, draining all surface water from its highest elevation to its lowest point. In Nebraska, the Platte River Basin is enormous. It takes up most of Nebraska and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69936\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69936 \" title=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Timelapse camera and Missouri River\" width=\"337\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Timelapse-camera-and-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At select locations throughout the Platte River Basin, automated timelapse cameras record the daily ebb and flow of the watershed. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Depicting the vast watershed at work in pictures is a challenge. Forsberg knows it couldn’t be done with a single camera. But what if there were many? And not just any camera. Forsberg partnered with NET Television colleague Mike Farrell and technology expert Jeff Dale of \u003ca title=\"TRLcam\" href=\"http://www.trlcam.com\" target=\"_blank\">TRLcam\u003c/a>, to custom design a series of weatherproof automated time-lapse cameras. “We thought, what if we took a watershed and put time-lapse cameras throughout the entire water basin? And then followed that water hundreds of miles until it came to the mouth of where it empties into the Missouri River,” stated Forsberg. And so, \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">Platte Basin Timelapse\u003c/a>(PBT) was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69933\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 289px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69933 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg\" alt=\"Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project.\" width=\"289\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1.jpg 1673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Map-of-PBT-over-Missouri-River1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 289px) 100vw, 289px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of cameras for the Platte Basin Timelapse project. [Click to enlarge]\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The PBT team then selected 45 locations, from the headwaters at Lake Agnes, Colorado, throughout the Platte River, and ending at the convergence of the Platte and Missouri Rivers. At each location a time-lapse camera is programmed to take one photo every hour, every day, year-round. They’ve now recorded an unprecedented three-year visual database of the watershed. By summer, there will be over a million photos!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the PBT team began, they hoped to record the ebb and flow of the watershed through time, including normal water cycles, flooding, and drought. Unexpectedly, they hit the jackpot right away. In 2011, parts of the Great Plains experienced double the average snow melt and runoff from the Rocky Mountains, heavy rains, and massive flooding. A year later, in 2012, a historic drought created bone-dry conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month the PBT team posts time-lapse sequences on the Platte Basin Timelapse \u003ca title=\"Platte Basin Timelapse\" href=\"http://www.plattebasintimelapse.com\" target=\"_blank\">website \u003c/a>for the public to view and learn the water cycles and how a watershed functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forsberg believes that the PBT Project will act as a template that can be applied to watersheds around the world. “I want people to understand a little bit more about the world in which they live and the natural processes that they rely on to care for the landscape we call home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>EDUCATORS\u003c/strong>: Check out the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST digital learning objects\u003c/a> on \u003ca title=\"Surface Water\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/surface-water-2/\" target=\"_blank\">watersheds \u003c/a>and \u003ca title=\"Water Flows\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/water-flows/\" target=\"_blank\">aquifers\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Secrets of the Global Seed Vault: A Conversation with Scientist Luigi Guarino",
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"content": "\u003cp>On a remote island near the North Pole, a disaster-proof underground vault holds millions of frozen seeds. Like something out of a James Bond movie, this high-security seed bank in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago was built to help ensure the survival of something incredibly precious: food diversity. If this seems extreme, consider that the U.S. has likely lost over \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecobooks.com/books/shatter.htm\">90 percent of fruit tree and vegetable varieties\u003c/a> since 1900 and India has lost an estimated 90 percent of its \u003ca href=\"http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://agro.biodiver.se/2009/11/tracking-down-rice-genetic-erosion-numbers/\">rice varieties\u003c/a>, largely as a result of industrialization. If the trend continues and climate change compounds the toll, some of our favorite foods could disappear, and important staples like rice, wheat, and corn may become endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This stuff is precious and unique, and you don’t want to take any risks with it. Once it’s gone, it’s gone forever... [Luigi Guarino]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To understand why this loss of crop diversity matters and explore the inner workings of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">Global Seed Vault\u003c/a>, QUEST TV host \u003ca href=\"http://simransethi.com\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a> talks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/technical-team\">Luigi Guarino\u003c/a>, a scientist with the\u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/\"> Global Crop Diversity Trust\u003c/a>, an organization that helped establish this Arctic seed bank. During the interview Guarino answers questions about how seeds are acquired and stored, whether the vault accepts genetically modified seeds, and who owns and manages the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sethi herself has a particular interest and growing expertise in the subject of seeds, which was the focus of her \u003ca href=\"http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Seeds-The-Buried-Beginnings-of\">TEDx talk\u003c/a> in 2013. Sethi first met Guarino while conducting research for a book she is writing about the loss of biodiversity. She credits Guarino for reminding her -- and her book editor -- that seeds are not only sexy; they \u003cstrong>are\u003c/strong> sex. Watch their long-distance Google Hangout below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmn8fQKg1YE\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>*See some footage of the Global Seed Vault \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/saving-our-seeds/\">in this QUEST television segment\u003c/a> about efforts to preserve seed diversity in America’s Midwest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a remote island near the North Pole, a disaster-proof underground vault holds millions of frozen seeds. Like something out of a James Bond movie, this high-security seed bank in Norway’s Svalbard archipelago was built to help ensure the survival of something incredibly precious: food diversity. If this seems extreme, consider that the U.S. has likely lost over \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecobooks.com/books/shatter.htm\">90 percent of fruit tree and vegetable varieties\u003c/a> since 1900 and India has lost an estimated 90 percent of its \u003ca href=\"http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://agro.biodiver.se/2009/11/tracking-down-rice-genetic-erosion-numbers/\">rice varieties\u003c/a>, largely as a result of industrialization. If the trend continues and climate change compounds the toll, some of our favorite foods could disappear, and important staples like rice, wheat, and corn may become endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This stuff is precious and unique, and you don’t want to take any risks with it. Once it’s gone, it’s gone forever... [Luigi Guarino]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To understand why this loss of crop diversity matters and explore the inner workings of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">Global Seed Vault\u003c/a>, QUEST TV host \u003ca href=\"http://simransethi.com\">Simran Sethi\u003c/a> talks to \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/technical-team\">Luigi Guarino\u003c/a>, a scientist with the\u003ca href=\"http://www.croptrust.org/\"> Global Crop Diversity Trust\u003c/a>, an organization that helped establish this Arctic seed bank. During the interview Guarino answers questions about how seeds are acquired and stored, whether the vault accepts genetically modified seeds, and who owns and manages the collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sethi herself has a particular interest and growing expertise in the subject of seeds, which was the focus of her \u003ca href=\"http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Seeds-The-Buried-Beginnings-of\">TEDx talk\u003c/a> in 2013. Sethi first met Guarino while conducting research for a book she is writing about the loss of biodiversity. She credits Guarino for reminding her -- and her book editor -- that seeds are not only sexy; they \u003cstrong>are\u003c/strong> sex. Watch their long-distance Google Hangout below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmn8fQKg1YE\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>*See some footage of the Global Seed Vault \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/saving-our-seeds/\">in this QUEST television segment\u003c/a> about efforts to preserve seed diversity in America’s Midwest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/Nativeagriculture.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000023-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ancestors of the Ho-Chunk Nation survived off the land in western Wisconsin for thousands of years. With modern farming techniques and high-tech distractions, however, some tribal members are losing their connection to the native plants. Efforts are now underway to reintroduce indigenous plants to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ho-Chunk member Bill Greendeer spoke to me as he made his way through a patch of cattails on his land. Soon the tops of the plants will be green and edible. And like many of the plants growing here, cattails have more than one use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dig down into here,” Greendeer said. “There's medicine that grows in the root of this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer is surrounded by food. A few feet away there is a cluster of watercress growing on top of a bubbling, cold-water stream. There's sumac in the distance, and milkweed and mint will soon be popping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It's just amazing the foods that are out there and nobody has any idea about it,” Greendeer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer's knowledge of native plants was part of his upbringing. He and his siblings would join their mother to collect ferns, flowers, and aronia berries in the forest. His father was a healer who taught him about the medicinal and spiritual qualities of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Greendeer wants to pass on his knowledge of the indigenous plants to others. He wants to use his property as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to try to teach people that you can actually survive out there without having to turn your fields over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They talk about so many people starving on this side of the earth. If we actually got smart and learned what's out there, what we're walking in, we'd be able to provide a lot of food for people,” Greendeer continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000030-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juliee de la Terre is helping Greendeer develop a plan for his land. Near the top of the to-do list is getting people to reconsider what they deem to be weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the seed of the wild carrot, this is what it looks like,” de la Terre said, sifting through seeds. “Some people call it Queen Anne's lace and they say it's a pretty nasty weed and they hate it, but you can eat it. It's a pretty strong tasting little white carrot, but it's edible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre, who is non-Native, and Greendeer are not alone in their efforts. Other members of the Ho-Chunk Nation are working to make sure the knowledge of indigenous plants and the act of gathering them are not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Quackenbush is a tribal historic preservation officer for the Ho-Chunk Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The gathering of plants is] still alive and well,” Quackenbush said, “but to a lesser degree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the knowledge of the native plants is not being passed down to youth as much as it was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[They have] the convenience of going to the grocery store and working 40 hours a week and then buying canned goods,” he said. “This process here is what's being taught to our children nowadays, so the assimilation process takes place a little bit more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quackenbush says the historic loss of the Ho-Chunk land has also restricted tribal members from accessing indigenous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 142px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024-142x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"142\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPRenous plants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Ho-Chunk Nation is taking steps to reintroduce the plants on the land it does own. For example, restoration work on its \u003cstrong>Šanak Ska, or White Otter, property\u003c/strong> brought back diverse native edibles. The land is used as an educational tool and also gives the tribal community a place to collect plants. Another similar project is in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre says non-Native people have a lot to learn from the Ho-Chunk, and she is seeing those efforts evolve in their own ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [are] a lot of people trying to reconnect,” she said. “Bill's idea on his land is one of millions of people trying to do it. There's a bunch of people trying to grow gardens in their backyard -- that's their idea of reconnecting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer says bringing back the native plants is just good for the environment, and the effort is going to take all cultures working together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's up to everybody to take care of [the plants],” he said, “not just me or not just the Natives. We all have to learn to walk lightly and look around and see what we have.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Bill Greendeer has been letting indigenous plants return to his farm in southwest Wisconsin. The native plants are abundant and edible.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/Nativeagriculture.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000023-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">While Bill Greendeer embraces the return of indigenous plants on his land, he also welcomes the native species. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ancestors of the Ho-Chunk Nation survived off the land in western Wisconsin for thousands of years. With modern farming techniques and high-tech distractions, however, some tribal members are losing their connection to the native plants. Efforts are now underway to reintroduce indigenous plants to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ho-Chunk member Bill Greendeer spoke to me as he made his way through a patch of cattails on his land. Soon the tops of the plants will be green and edible. And like many of the plants growing here, cattails have more than one use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dig down into here,” Greendeer said. “There's medicine that grows in the root of this one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer is surrounded by food. A few feet away there is a cluster of watercress growing on top of a bubbling, cold-water stream. There's sumac in the distance, and milkweed and mint will soon be popping up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer peers into one of the freshwater springs on his land. Beds of hearty watercress grow on the water’s surface. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It's just amazing the foods that are out there and nobody has any idea about it,” Greendeer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greendeer's knowledge of native plants was part of his upbringing. He and his siblings would join their mother to collect ferns, flowers, and aronia berries in the forest. His father was a healer who taught him about the medicinal and spiritual qualities of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Greendeer wants to pass on his knowledge of the indigenous plants to others. He wants to use his property as a teaching tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to try to teach people that you can actually survive out there without having to turn your fields over,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They talk about so many people starving on this side of the earth. If we actually got smart and learned what's out there, what we're walking in, we'd be able to provide a lot of food for people,” Greendeer continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000030-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer and Juliee de la Terre are passionate about rewilding, or bringing back the native plants and animals, on not just Bill's land, but elsewhere throughout the area. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Juliee de la Terre is helping Greendeer develop a plan for his land. Near the top of the to-do list is getting people to reconsider what they deem to be weeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the seed of the wild carrot, this is what it looks like,” de la Terre said, sifting through seeds. “Some people call it Queen Anne's lace and they say it's a pretty nasty weed and they hate it, but you can eat it. It's a pretty strong tasting little white carrot, but it's edible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>De la Terre, who is non-Native, and Greendeer are not alone in their efforts. Other members of the Ho-Chunk Nation are working to make sure the knowledge of indigenous plants and the act of gathering them are not lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Quackenbush is a tribal historic preservation officer for the Ho-Chunk Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The gathering of plants is] still alive and well,” Quackenbush said, “but to a lesser degree.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the knowledge of the native plants is not being passed down to youth as much as it was in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[They have] the convenience of going to the grocery store and working 40 hours a week and then buying canned goods,” he said. “This process here is what's being taught to our children nowadays, so the assimilation process takes place a little bit more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quackenbush says the historic loss of the Ho-Chunk land has also restricted tribal members from accessing indigenous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69866\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 142px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/P1000024-142x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPR\" width=\"142\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Greendeer holds a dam support stick carved by the beavers while standing on one of the many beaver dams on his land in Vernon County. Photo credit: Maureen McCollum/WPRenous plants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Ho-Chunk Nation is taking steps to reintroduce the plants on the land it does own. For example, restoration work on its \u003cstrong>Šanak Ska, or White Otter, property\u003c/strong> brought back diverse native edibles. The land is used as an educational tool and also gives the tribal community a place to collect plants. 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"disqusTitle": "Repairing the Land After Frac Sand is Removed",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just beneath the green, rolling hills of western Wisconsin lies a key ingredient feeding the energy boom across America: sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The durable sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before, causing concern about what the land will look like after the rush ends. Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just beneath the green, rolling hills of western Wisconsin lies a key ingredient feeding the energy boom across America: sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The durable sand that’s perfect for hydraulic fracturing is being mined faster than ever before, causing concern about what the land will look like after the rush ends. Now, researchers in a small western Wisconsin county are looking for the best ways to repair the land before the companies leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69937\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 604px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg\" alt=\"Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\" width=\"604\" height=\"453\" class=\"size-full wp-image-69937\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand.jpg 604w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Sand-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sand particles being mined for use during hydraulic fracking. Photo credit: Aden (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At wells across the country, Wisconsin sand is mixed with water and chemicals and forced into rock formations at intense pressures. The process releases valuable oil and natural gas, in a process commonly known as “fracking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin law requires frac sand companies to show local governments how they’ll fill in their mines in a way that will avoid future soil erosion and runoff at the site – what the industry calls “reclamation.” Exactly how they do that is basically up to companies, leaving unanswered questions about how the soil is impacted by mining and how healthy it may be after a company moves out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to answer those questions, a first-of-its-kind study is underway in Chippewa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re basically removing the soil, we’re stockpiling it, we’re mining out material that’s below the soil and now we’re putting that soil back on the surface,” said Holly Dolliver, a soil scientist at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls and a lead researcher on the project. “Presumably, there’s going to be some changes that are going to happen to that soil when we scrape it off and stockpile it for a period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69939\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/FracSandConveyor-450x237.jpg\" alt=\"A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND) \" width=\"450\" height=\"237\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A conveyor belt carries sand to a processing center. Photo credit: Carol Mitchell (CC-BY-NC-ND)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To quantify those changes, Dolliver and a group of graduate students will spend this summer measuring soil before it's scraped away for mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll be looking at the physical characteristics of the soil, we’ll be looking at the chemical characteristics, and we’ll be looking at the biological characteristics of the soil in that natural or native setting,” said Dolliver. “And, then with that data, we’re going to be able to look at that soil after it’s been reclaimed and actually be able to quantify what those changes are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dolliver and her team will establish test plots where they’ll add varying levels of nutrients like manure and agricultural lime to see which promotes better biological activity and plant growth. But she says one of the most unique parts of the study will be determining whether fine clays and silts – currently considered waste by frac sand companies – can be used to improve water retention in reclaimed soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To our knowledge, no one has ever attempted to look at using the fines in the reclamation process,” said Dolliver. “Like all waste materials that get generated, we’re trying to find a beneficial use for this material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69940\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-69940\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/SandPile-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pile of frac sand awaits processing. Photo credit: Tegan Wendland/Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While most of the frac sand mines in Wisconsin were built after 2010, Badger Mining Company, based in the city of Berlin, has been mining and reclaiming land for more than 30 years. Marty Lehman, an associate with Badger, says reclamation is a learning process and that he’s excited to see what the Chippewa County study will find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a great opportunity to help develop new techniques,” said Lehman. “They’ll have ideas that maybe we didn’t have. They’ll try things that maybe we didn’t try. We’ll have experience and hands-on examples of what can be done, or what we tried that didn’t work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Masterpole is the director of the Chippewa County Land Conservation and Forest Management Department, which is sponsoring the reclamation study. He says the\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>overall goal is to find best practices that companies across Wisconsin can use to make sure thousands of acres of land slated for mining can become productive again after companies have moved on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Up until now we have very limited experiences, collectively, in reclamation,” said Masterpole. “There have been a couple companies that have a pretty good track record, but for many of us reclamation means just getting a site stabilized. But we think that we need to be able to move beyond that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chippewa County land reclamation study will last five years, with additional soil monitoring expected well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
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