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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/lightbulb1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Say goodbye to an old friend. Photo by WikiMedia. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know which light bulb I mean. It’s the one you’ve burned your hands on when trying to unscrew it too soon after it’s been turned off. It’s the one you put in the lamp in your living room to read by in your comfortable chair; the one you use to light the stairways at night. It’s the 100-watt incandescent that uses practically the same technology put together by Thomas Edison in 1879. It’s a metal filament inside a glass vacuum that gives off light and heat when exposed to an electric current. Say goodbye. It’s out of our hands. It’s a goner. I’m guessing it won’t go quietly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little late to say goodbye in California, where 100-watt incandescents have been effectively banned since January 1. The rest of the country will catch up to us next year, when the popular light bulb will be banned everywhere in the United States. It is not really an outright ban that is clearing the shelves of 100-watt incandescents in 2012, followed by the 75-watt bulb in 2013, and the 60- and 40-watt bulbs beginning in 2014. What’s killing the familiar bulb is an act of Congress that mandated efficiency standards that incandescents cannot meet: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html\">Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007\u003c/a>. As the standard for watts per lumen (a measure of light output) become higher and higher, the familiar bulbs will begin disappearing from store shelves. It will be illegal to manufacture the less efficient bulbs in the United States or import them from abroad. A few special use incandescents will still be allowed, for example 3-way bulbs and appliance bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular incandescents will gradually give way to more efficient halogen, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights, and solid state lighting (SSL) devices like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode\">light emitting diodes (LED)\u003c/a>. The reduction in total energy use and green house gas emissions in the United States will be dramatic. According to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/fact-sheet/eisa-2007-provisions-analysis\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) \u003c/a>the efficient light bulb provisions of the EISA will reduce national energy use by 60 terra-watt hours (terra equals trillion) of energy and reduce national emissions by 12 million metric tons of carbon by the year 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incandescents are already banned in Europe, but according to Ira Eisenstein, writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/forum/topics/say-farewell-to-the-100watt\">Home Energy Pros blog space\u003c/a>, some stores there are selling 100-watt incandescents under the name “100-watt heat source.” Look for the creative American mind and the market to come up with similar workarounds in the United States. But gradually the incandescent bulb will be a thing of memory, while cleaner, more efficient, and longer lasting light sources become much less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for more on the phaseout of the incandescent on the QUEST radio segment airing on Monday, January 24.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/lightbulb1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Say goodbye to an old friend. Photo by WikiMedia. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know which light bulb I mean. It’s the one you’ve burned your hands on when trying to unscrew it too soon after it’s been turned off. It’s the one you put in the lamp in your living room to read by in your comfortable chair; the one you use to light the stairways at night. It’s the 100-watt incandescent that uses practically the same technology put together by Thomas Edison in 1879. It’s a metal filament inside a glass vacuum that gives off light and heat when exposed to an electric current. Say goodbye. It’s out of our hands. It’s a goner. I’m guessing it won’t go quietly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a little late to say goodbye in California, where 100-watt incandescents have been effectively banned since January 1. The rest of the country will catch up to us next year, when the popular light bulb will be banned everywhere in the United States. It is not really an outright ban that is clearing the shelves of 100-watt incandescents in 2012, followed by the 75-watt bulb in 2013, and the 60- and 40-watt bulbs beginning in 2014. What’s killing the familiar bulb is an act of Congress that mandated efficiency standards that incandescents cannot meet: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.1eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html\">Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007\u003c/a>. As the standard for watts per lumen (a measure of light output) become higher and higher, the familiar bulbs will begin disappearing from store shelves. It will be illegal to manufacture the less efficient bulbs in the United States or import them from abroad. A few special use incandescents will still be allowed, for example 3-way bulbs and appliance bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most popular incandescents will gradually give way to more efficient halogen, fluorescent and compact fluorescent lights, and solid state lighting (SSL) devices like \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode\">light emitting diodes (LED)\u003c/a>. The reduction in total energy use and green house gas emissions in the United States will be dramatic. According to an analysis by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/fact-sheet/eisa-2007-provisions-analysis\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) \u003c/a>the efficient light bulb provisions of the EISA will reduce national energy use by 60 terra-watt hours (terra equals trillion) of energy and reduce national emissions by 12 million metric tons of carbon by the year 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incandescents are already banned in Europe, but according to Ira Eisenstein, writing in the \u003ca href=\"http://homeenergypros.lbl.gov/forum/topics/say-farewell-to-the-100watt\">Home Energy Pros blog space\u003c/a>, some stores there are selling 100-watt incandescents under the name “100-watt heat source.” Look for the creative American mind and the market to come up with similar workarounds in the United States. But gradually the incandescent bulb will be a thing of memory, while cleaner, more efficient, and longer lasting light sources become much less expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look for more on the phaseout of the incandescent on the QUEST radio segment airing on Monday, January 24.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/buckwheat21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Mount Diablo buckwheat, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in 2005. Photo: Scott Hein / \u003ca href=\"http://www.savemountdiablo.org/home.htm\">Save Mount Diablo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/07/new-original-science-video-series-from-quest-science-on-the-spot/\">Science on the SPOT\u003c/a> video will feature the \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2010/the-presidios-miracle-manzanita\">Franciscan manzanita\u003c/a>, a plant thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in San Francisco’s Presidio in 2009. The Franciscan manzanita (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos franciscana\u003c/em>) is not the only California plant deemed extinct and then rediscovered. My friend Mike Park, a grad student in Integrative Biology at Berkeley, rediscovered the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/05/24_buckwheat.shtml\">Mount Diablo buckwheat\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Eriogonum truncatum\u003c/em>) while hiking in Mount Diablo State Park in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike was able to identify the plant thanks to its pale pink flowers, which were in full bloom; the species hadn’t been seen since 1936.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php\">Eight additional California plant species\u003c/a>, listed as extinct in 1994, have since been re-found, including the fantastically-named Ventura marsh milk-vetch (\u003cem>Astragalus pycnostachyus\u003c/em> var. \u003cem>lanosissimus\u003c/em>), the northern adder's-tongue (\u003cem>Ophioglossum pusillum\u003c/em>), and the water howellia (\u003cem>Howellia aquatilis\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to determine whether a species is truly extinct. The difference between exceedingly rare and really extinct can rest on the lives of just a few individuals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">The California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> (CNPS) keeps track of plants that are likely extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/\">Online Inventory of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of California\u003c/a>. The list of plants thought to be extinct tells the story of land use change in California over the past 150 years. For each of the 29 plants, the possible reasons for extinction are listed: urbanization, conversion of river banks to agricultural areas, wetland modification, mining. Plants with distributions that were confined to the Channel Islands seem particularly vulnerable to extinction. For some plants, like the lost thistle (\u003cem>Cirsium praeteriens\u003c/em>), it isn’t clear whether they were California species that went extinct soon after they were first described, or recently introduced European plants that failed to establish in the New World. Many plants on the list, like the hairless popcorn flower (\u003cem>Plagiobothrys glaber\u003c/em>), may still be out there in small numbers, but we just don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether the plants on the extinct list are really alive and blooming (and whether the plants on the rare list should be shifted to the extinct list), CNPS has started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/treasurehunt/\">Rare Plant Treasure Hunt\u003c/a>. They match amateur plant hunters with experienced botanists, and provide detailed maps of priority areas and info on plant identification. This is a great project for school clubs, scout groups, and anyone interested in doing some botanizing. And they’re particularly interested in recruiting people with GIS skills (geocaching enthusiasts, that’s you!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because a plant hasn’t been seen in decades doesn’t mean it’s gone forever. It might be growing at your feet; you just need to know what to look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/buckwheat21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Mount Diablo buckwheat, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in 2005. Photo: Scott Hein / \u003ca href=\"http://www.savemountdiablo.org/home.htm\">Save Mount Diablo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/07/new-original-science-video-series-from-quest-science-on-the-spot/\">Science on the SPOT\u003c/a> video will feature the \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2010/the-presidios-miracle-manzanita\">Franciscan manzanita\u003c/a>, a plant thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in San Francisco’s Presidio in 2009. The Franciscan manzanita (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos franciscana\u003c/em>) is not the only California plant deemed extinct and then rediscovered. My friend Mike Park, a grad student in Integrative Biology at Berkeley, rediscovered the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/05/24_buckwheat.shtml\">Mount Diablo buckwheat\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Eriogonum truncatum\u003c/em>) while hiking in Mount Diablo State Park in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike was able to identify the plant thanks to its pale pink flowers, which were in full bloom; the species hadn’t been seen since 1936.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php\">Eight additional California plant species\u003c/a>, listed as extinct in 1994, have since been re-found, including the fantastically-named Ventura marsh milk-vetch (\u003cem>Astragalus pycnostachyus\u003c/em> var. \u003cem>lanosissimus\u003c/em>), the northern adder's-tongue (\u003cem>Ophioglossum pusillum\u003c/em>), and the water howellia (\u003cem>Howellia aquatilis\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to determine whether a species is truly extinct. The difference between exceedingly rare and really extinct can rest on the lives of just a few individuals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">The California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> (CNPS) keeps track of plants that are likely extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/\">Online Inventory of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of California\u003c/a>. The list of plants thought to be extinct tells the story of land use change in California over the past 150 years. For each of the 29 plants, the possible reasons for extinction are listed: urbanization, conversion of river banks to agricultural areas, wetland modification, mining. Plants with distributions that were confined to the Channel Islands seem particularly vulnerable to extinction. For some plants, like the lost thistle (\u003cem>Cirsium praeteriens\u003c/em>), it isn’t clear whether they were California species that went extinct soon after they were first described, or recently introduced European plants that failed to establish in the New World. Many plants on the list, like the hairless popcorn flower (\u003cem>Plagiobothrys glaber\u003c/em>), may still be out there in small numbers, but we just don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio5-14_neighborhood_power3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Marco Sorani lives with his wife and two daughters in a single-story Mediterranean-style house near San Francisco's Lake Merced. While Sorani loves the place, he has some complaints about the way heat moves from one end of the house to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the living room and the bedrooms, he says, “there can be as much as a 15-degree spread. If we’re watching TV late at night, we’ll be so ridiculously bundled up with blanket and sweatshirts that it’s almost comical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Sorani decide to fix this problem -- by insulating his basement, for example, or buying new windows -- he’ll get help doing it from a new state program called Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-10-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">California's Basement Bargains on Home Efficiency\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The way it works is that utilities – in this case, Pacific Gas & Electric -- help pay the costs of insulating customers’ homes, using money collected from ratepayers monthly energy bills. If the Sorani family’s monthly energy bill drops 10 percent, they'll get a thousand dollar rebate. If it drops 40 percent, they’ll get four thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program is designed to give a boost to the state’s building industry, where unemployment rates can be twice as high as other industries. In order to participate, Sorani will have to work with a licensed contractor, one that's been trained specifically to work with Energy Upgrade California. The contractors apply for permits, and complete the paperwork necessary for taking advantage of various rebates and tax credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically the concept that most of us in California live in homes that aren’t well insulated,” says Dian Grueneich, an an appointee of former Governor Schwarzenegger to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, which oversees PG&E and other utilities. She’s one of the people responsible for Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way we’re going to change that is this massive effort, of going into every home in the state, and improving them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project will be voluntary and, as you might expect, expensive. To reach the first 52 thousand homes, utilities throughout the state will spend $113 million, all of it collected from monthly utility bills. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act will provide another $160 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the program succeeds, Grueneich says the utilities -- and by extension, the rest of us -- all save money. “You add it up on a large scale like California, and what they don’t have to do is build power plants and transmission lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, traditionally, building power plants and transmission lines is how utilities make money. From an environmental perspective, energy efficiency makes a lot of sense. But what's in it for the utilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three decades ago, California took a major success toward solving this problem, by designing a system known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/sector/state-policy/california\">decoupling\u003c/a>.” It’s now been replicated in several other states. The idea is that by restructuring the market, the system might incentivize efficiency, so that utilities make more money when they sell less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last five years, efficiency has become a very expensive endeavor. In fact, some critics, such as Cheryl Cox, argue that it’s become much too expensive. Cox is a Policy Adviser with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/dra/\">Division of Ratepayer Advocates\u003c/a>, a group that's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/sim10.htm\"> been critical\u003c/a> of the utility programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since 2006, when utilities began administering these efficiency programs, ratepayers have spent about 7 billion dollars – that will be through 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes out to about $3 dollars a month, from almost every home in the state. Where has all this money gone? Well, perhaps the biggest chunk of has gone to pay for one, single technology: light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2006 utilities have bought well over a hundred million CFL light bulbs, paid for out of our monthly energy bills. Those bulbs were given away for free or sold at steep discount at hardware stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been controversial. On the one hand, CFLs are an easy fix. They use a quarter of the electricity that incandescent bulbs do, and they’re quick to install.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, says Cheryl Cox, the light bulb program has a high degree of what’s called “free-ridership.” A lot of people would have bought the bulbs anyway, even without the subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to be looking at how we can value long-term savings,” says Cox, “not light bulbs that maybe last two years. We need to look at how we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/ee/Long-Term+Energy+Efficiency+Strategic+Plan.htm\">use those ratepayer dollars more cost-effectively\u003c/a> and more strategically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Energy Upgrade California, which targets not specific gadgets, like light bulbs, but a person’s entire house. Compared to what the state has spent on light bulbs, energy upgrade California is still a small slice of the pie, says Cox, but it’s a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grueneich agrees. “What’s amazing,” she says, “is that we didn’t all embark on this ten years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to energy efficiency, Californians have a lot to be proud of, says Devra Wang, of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dwang/cpuc_awards_final_incentive_fo.html\">debate\u003c/a> is really over whether the programs are doing an amazing job, or just a very good job,” says Devra Wang, who directs the California Energy Program for the Natural resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang says that despite bigger houses, more electronics, and more air conditioning, the average Californian \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld_Effect\">uses as much electricity as we did 30 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has kept its per-capita energy consumption flat over the last 30 years, while the rest of the country has increased about 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that Energy Upgrade California will help keep that strong track record in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>To participate in Energy Upgrade California, the first step is to get in touch with \u003ca href=\"http://cbpcapublicutilities.org/find-your-territory/participating-contractors/\">a participating contractor\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/energysavingprograms/euca.shtml\">Rebate amounts\u003c/a> depend on how much efficiency work you do.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you live outside of SMUD, PG&E or SoCalGas service areas, select your county from the pull-down list on the following page to learn about local equivalent energy upgrade programs. \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7634259 -122.4586312\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio5-14_neighborhood_power3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Marco Sorani lives with his wife and two daughters in a single-story Mediterranean-style house near San Francisco's Lake Merced. While Sorani loves the place, he has some complaints about the way heat moves from one end of the house to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the living room and the bedrooms, he says, “there can be as much as a 15-degree spread. If we’re watching TV late at night, we’ll be so ridiculously bundled up with blanket and sweatshirts that it’s almost comical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should Sorani decide to fix this problem -- by insulating his basement, for example, or buying new windows -- he’ll get help doing it from a new state program called Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-10-quest.mp3\" ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">California's Basement Bargains on Home Efficiency\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>The way it works is that utilities – in this case, Pacific Gas & Electric -- help pay the costs of insulating customers’ homes, using money collected from ratepayers monthly energy bills. If the Sorani family’s monthly energy bill drops 10 percent, they'll get a thousand dollar rebate. If it drops 40 percent, they’ll get four thousand dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program is designed to give a boost to the state’s building industry, where unemployment rates can be twice as high as other industries. In order to participate, Sorani will have to work with a licensed contractor, one that's been trained specifically to work with Energy Upgrade California. The contractors apply for permits, and complete the paperwork necessary for taking advantage of various rebates and tax credits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s basically the concept that most of us in California live in homes that aren’t well insulated,” says Dian Grueneich, an an appointee of former Governor Schwarzenegger to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a>, which oversees PG&E and other utilities. She’s one of the people responsible for Energy Upgrade California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way we’re going to change that is this massive effort, of going into every home in the state, and improving them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This project will be voluntary and, as you might expect, expensive. To reach the first 52 thousand homes, utilities throughout the state will spend $113 million, all of it collected from monthly utility bills. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act will provide another $160 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the program succeeds, Grueneich says the utilities -- and by extension, the rest of us -- all save money. “You add it up on a large scale like California, and what they don’t have to do is build power plants and transmission lines.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, traditionally, building power plants and transmission lines is how utilities make money. From an environmental perspective, energy efficiency makes a lot of sense. But what's in it for the utilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three decades ago, California took a major success toward solving this problem, by designing a system known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/sector/state-policy/california\">decoupling\u003c/a>.” It’s now been replicated in several other states. The idea is that by restructuring the market, the system might incentivize efficiency, so that utilities make more money when they sell less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last five years, efficiency has become a very expensive endeavor. In fact, some critics, such as Cheryl Cox, argue that it’s become much too expensive. Cox is a Policy Adviser with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/dra/\">Division of Ratepayer Advocates\u003c/a>, a group that's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dra.ca.gov/DRA/energy/sim10.htm\"> been critical\u003c/a> of the utility programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since 2006, when utilities began administering these efficiency programs, ratepayers have spent about 7 billion dollars – that will be through 2012.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That comes out to about $3 dollars a month, from almost every home in the state. Where has all this money gone? Well, perhaps the biggest chunk of has gone to pay for one, single technology: light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2006 utilities have bought well over a hundred million CFL light bulbs, paid for out of our monthly energy bills. Those bulbs were given away for free or sold at steep discount at hardware stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program has been controversial. On the one hand, CFLs are an easy fix. 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Compared to what the state has spent on light bulbs, energy upgrade California is still a small slice of the pie, says Cox, but it’s a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grueneich agrees. “What’s amazing,” she says, “is that we didn’t all embark on this ten years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to energy efficiency, Californians have a lot to be proud of, says Devra Wang, of the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the \u003ca href=\"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/dwang/cpuc_awards_final_incentive_fo.html\">debate\u003c/a> is really over whether the programs are doing an amazing job, or just a very good job,” says Devra Wang, who directs the California Energy Program for the Natural resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang says that despite bigger houses, more electronics, and more air conditioning, the average Californian \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld_Effect\">uses as much electricity as we did 30 years ago\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has kept its per-capita energy consumption flat over the last 30 years, while the rest of the country has increased about 50 percent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that Energy Upgrade California will help keep that strong track record in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>To participate in Energy Upgrade California, the first step is to get in touch with \u003ca href=\"http://cbpcapublicutilities.org/find-your-territory/participating-contractors/\">a participating contractor\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/saveenergymoney/energysavingprograms/euca.shtml\">Rebate amounts\u003c/a> depend on how much efficiency work you do.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>If you live outside of SMUD, PG&E or SoCalGas service areas, select your county from the pull-down list on the following page to learn about local equivalent energy upgrade programs. \u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Five Environmental Resolutions for the New Year",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/farmersmarket1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Picking up local produce at the farmers’ market—that’s my kind of New Year’s resolution. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mazarines/\">Mazarine\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I’m kind of a sucker for New Year’s resolutions. Every January, I make a list. (Sometimes, I don’t even wait for January—I just like the opportunity for improvement. And I like lists.) Here are my environmental resolutions for 2011. Some of you might think these a bit lazy, but as a person who has made a lot of unrealistic (and unrealized) resolutions over the years, I only want to share the resolutions I know I can keep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Go on an energy diet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA few years ago, I read an article in the New York Times in which the author tries to cut his annual CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions by half a ton—roughly five percent of his yearly carbon “weight.” He makes several easy changes, all of which he accomplishes in under 8 hours. For example, he turns down the thermostat, washes his clothes in cold water, asks retailers to stop sending him catalogs, and swaps out some incandescent bulbs for C.F.L.s. He overshoots his goal of half a ton of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, with minimal effort. This article has really stuck in my mind, because these changes are so easy to make. I’m going to revisit this article, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/garden/05green.html\">The Energy Diet\u003c/a>, and cut some carbon from my waistline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Track my energy usage—and respond accordingly\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPG&E just installed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/customerservice/smartmeter/howitworks/\">SmartMeter\u003c/a> at my home. Once it’s connected to the network (it will take a few months), I’ll be able to track my hourly energy usage. I want to do little experiments to figure out which of my appliances are energetically expensive. I’ll be able to see how much energy I save by turning off my computer at night, rather than putting it to sleep. I can swap out light bulbs and see if the savings are significant. I’m looking forward to doing nerdy energy experiments and seeing my energy usage drop! All PG&E customers should have a SmartMeter by mid-2012. To learn more about SmartMeters, check PG&E’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">website\u003c/a>, and watch QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/climate-watch-unlocking-the-grid\">Climate Watch: Unlocking the Grid\u003c/a>. And for some of the controversy about SmartMeters, take a look at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/06/13/dumbfounded-by-smartmeters/\">this post\u003c/a> on the Climate Watch blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Eat local\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs food is transported across the country (or across the globe), CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is emitted. These \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles\">food miles\u003c/a> can really rack up. This year, I want to buy more food from local farms at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/greengate/guides/markets.asp\">neighborhood farmers’ market\u003c/a>. I might even add a \u003ca href=\"http://www.localharvest.org/csa/\">Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)\u003c/a> box to the mix. This resolution has a few great by-products: supporting the local economy, spending fun mornings at the farmers’ market with friends, and eating many tasty meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Get more informed about the environment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI read the newspaper, and I peruse a handful of blogs; my favorites are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">Climate Watch\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Dot Earth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Green\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/\">treehugger\u003c/a>. But I can always read more! What are your favorite sources for environmental news and commentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Get outside\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis resolution has nothing to do with reducing my carbon footprint. I just want to breathe some fresh air and enjoy the outdoors. I’ll ride my bike, hike some new trails, and eat my lunch outside when it’s sunny. After all this work to preserve the environment—I might as well enjoy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/farmersmarket1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Picking up local produce at the farmers’ market—that’s my kind of New Year’s resolution. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/mazarines/\">Mazarine\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I’m kind of a sucker for New Year’s resolutions. Every January, I make a list. (Sometimes, I don’t even wait for January—I just like the opportunity for improvement. And I like lists.) Here are my environmental resolutions for 2011. Some of you might think these a bit lazy, but as a person who has made a lot of unrealistic (and unrealized) resolutions over the years, I only want to share the resolutions I know I can keep!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Go on an energy diet\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA few years ago, I read an article in the New York Times in which the author tries to cut his annual CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> emissions by half a ton—roughly five percent of his yearly carbon “weight.” He makes several easy changes, all of which he accomplishes in under 8 hours. For example, he turns down the thermostat, washes his clothes in cold water, asks retailers to stop sending him catalogs, and swaps out some incandescent bulbs for C.F.L.s. He overshoots his goal of half a ton of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>, with minimal effort. This article has really stuck in my mind, because these changes are so easy to make. I’m going to revisit this article, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/05/garden/05green.html\">The Energy Diet\u003c/a>, and cut some carbon from my waistline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Track my energy usage—and respond accordingly\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nPG&E just installed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/customerservice/smartmeter/howitworks/\">SmartMeter\u003c/a> at my home. Once it’s connected to the network (it will take a few months), I’ll be able to track my hourly energy usage. I want to do little experiments to figure out which of my appliances are energetically expensive. I’ll be able to see how much energy I save by turning off my computer at night, rather than putting it to sleep. I can swap out light bulbs and see if the savings are significant. I’m looking forward to doing nerdy energy experiments and seeing my energy usage drop! All PG&E customers should have a SmartMeter by mid-2012. To learn more about SmartMeters, check PG&E’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\">website\u003c/a>, and watch QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/climate-watch-unlocking-the-grid\">Climate Watch: Unlocking the Grid\u003c/a>. And for some of the controversy about SmartMeters, take a look at \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/06/13/dumbfounded-by-smartmeters/\">this post\u003c/a> on the Climate Watch blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Eat local\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs food is transported across the country (or across the globe), CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> is emitted. These \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_miles\">food miles\u003c/a> can really rack up. This year, I want to buy more food from local farms at my \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/greengate/guides/markets.asp\">neighborhood farmers’ market\u003c/a>. I might even add a \u003ca href=\"http://www.localharvest.org/csa/\">Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)\u003c/a> box to the mix. This resolution has a few great by-products: supporting the local economy, spending fun mornings at the farmers’ market with friends, and eating many tasty meals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Get more informed about the environment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI read the newspaper, and I peruse a handful of blogs; my favorites are \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">Climate Watch\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Dot Earth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/\">Green\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/\">treehugger\u003c/a>. But I can always read more! What are your favorite sources for environmental news and commentary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Get outside\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis resolution has nothing to do with reducing my carbon footprint. I just want to breathe some fresh air and enjoy the outdoors. I’ll ride my bike, hike some new trails, and eat my lunch outside when it’s sunny. After all this work to preserve the environment—I might as well enjoy it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Redwoods Face Climate Change",
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"content": "\u003cp>After more than a century of logging, California's old-growth redwood forests are only a fraction of what they once were. Today, they \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24723\">remain in a narrow coastal band\u003c/a> that extends from Monterey Bay to the Oregon border. Most ancient redwoods are protected in parks. But now they are facing a new threat -- climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are among the largest living organisms on the planet. Their trunks can grow to 25 feet in diameter. Much of the tree is hidden from our view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From down here, you can tell that they're tall but you can't tell too much about each tree,\" says Steve Sillett, a botany professor at Humboldt State University who has researched these trees for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really study them, Sillett says, you have to go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/12/2010-12-20-quest.mp3|titles=California's Redwoods Face Climate Change]\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/radio/californias-redwoods-face-climate-change\">California's Redwoods Face Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Climbing a 360-foot redwood isn't for the faint of heart. Today, Sillett and his team are climbing one of the tallest trees in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=434\">Montgomery Woods State Reserve\u003c/a> in Mendocino County. It's taller than a 35-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't use spikes or spurs. We don't injure the tree in any way when we're climbing it.\" Sillett and his research partner, Marie Antoine, clip their climbing harnesses onto long ropes that are fixed high in the tree. They pull themselves up with an ascender -- a metal clamp that slides up the rope and provides traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett was one of the first scientists to explore the old-growth redwood canopy. Their treetops are home to an entire ecosystem of animals, fern thickets as big as a bus and even other trees that grow among the redwood branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most freaked out I have ever been was when we found the first salamander up there. And I am 3-hundred feet up in a tree and there is a salamander cruising around,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climbing Giants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sillett and Antoine are measuring the tree in an unprecedented way by doing complete structural inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They start by measuring the trunk. Dangling gracefully from ropes, they stretch a tape measure around the tree. \"Let's do our first wrap at 40, so I'll go to 40,\" Sillett yells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They continue down, measuring at different intervals. \"Three twenty-one point seven. So that's over 10 feet diameter,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll also measure every branch. \"We did have one tree that had 472 branches and 206 segments in it, which took about four days.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett and his team are measuring hundreds of redwoods like this as \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/science/index.shtml\">part of a $2.5 million dollar study\u003c/a> funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. With the data, he generates a 3D model of each tree. Once they measure the trees again in three years, the models will tell him how much the redwoods are growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some years, there's a lot of growth, and some years there's almost no growth. And sometimes there's dieback and recovery,\" says Sillett. \"We suspect that the really tall trees, the tallest trees in the world, are among the most sensitive things to climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tall trees, Sillett says, are already under a great deal of stress. Simply lifting water hundreds of feet from the roots to the tree tops is difficult. And with the temperature and precipitation changes predicted by climate change models, these tall trees may show climate impacts first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren't just looking into future. They're also looking at the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog Key to Redwoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Dawson, a scientist at UC Berkeley, holds a skinny tool that drills into a redwood tree and pulls out a thin core sample. The core shows the tree's growth rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can see there's some very large rings here, so it was clear that when this tree was young, it was putting on a lot of growth every single year,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rings further from the tree's center - the newer rings - look much smaller, though Dawson isn't sure why. \"They respond to changes in rainfall in a wetter year or a dryer year in how much wood they put on. But not only the rainfall or the temperature is important. For the coastal redwoods, it's also the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods get their water from two places: rain and California's notorious coastal fog. Dawson says the trees are giant fog collectors. They actually absorb it through their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fog is a very important water subsidy for these trees, and it's been declining over the last 50, 60, 100 years,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson and others are looking into whether there's a link between a warming climate and \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/uoc--fhd021110.php\">the decline in fog\u003c/a>. \"We're quite concerned about what those declines in fog actually mean for the future growth of the redwoods that grow along the coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's where the tree rings come in. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in the wood, Dawson can tell how much of the tree's water came from fog vs. rain in any given year. That gives him a forensic record of how the climate has affected the tree's growth. Given that some of these trees are thousands of years old, it's a long record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can then put that into models and predict: what are these trees going to respond to in the future? We may lose redwoods permanently at the drier, warmer ends of their range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says if that happens, what they're learning in this soggy forest will help them protect redwoods. That could mean preserving more forests or even planting trees in new locations that one day may become a better environment for redwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/O6KVJCAQOwk\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After more than a century of logging, California's old-growth redwood forests are only a fraction of what they once were. Today, they \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=24723\">remain in a narrow coastal band\u003c/a> that extends from Monterey Bay to the Oregon border. Most ancient redwoods are protected in parks. But now they are facing a new threat -- climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coast redwoods are among the largest living organisms on the planet. Their trunks can grow to 25 feet in diameter. Much of the tree is hidden from our view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From down here, you can tell that they're tall but you can't tell too much about each tree,\" says Steve Sillett, a botany professor at Humboldt State University who has researched these trees for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To really study them, Sillett says, you have to go up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/radio/californias-redwoods-face-climate-change\">California's Redwoods Face Climate Change\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece; height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Climbing a 360-foot redwood isn't for the faint of heart. Today, Sillett and his team are climbing one of the tallest trees in \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=434\">Montgomery Woods State Reserve\u003c/a> in Mendocino County. It's taller than a 35-story building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't use spikes or spurs. We don't injure the tree in any way when we're climbing it.\" Sillett and his research partner, Marie Antoine, clip their climbing harnesses onto long ropes that are fixed high in the tree. They pull themselves up with an ascender -- a metal clamp that slides up the rope and provides traction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett was one of the first scientists to explore the old-growth redwood canopy. Their treetops are home to an entire ecosystem of animals, fern thickets as big as a bus and even other trees that grow among the redwood branches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most freaked out I have ever been was when we found the first salamander up there. And I am 3-hundred feet up in a tree and there is a salamander cruising around,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climbing Giants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Sillett and Antoine are measuring the tree in an unprecedented way by doing complete structural inventory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They start by measuring the trunk. Dangling gracefully from ropes, they stretch a tape measure around the tree. \"Let's do our first wrap at 40, so I'll go to 40,\" Sillett yells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They continue down, measuring at different intervals. \"Three twenty-one point seven. So that's over 10 feet diameter,\" says Sillett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They'll also measure every branch. \"We did have one tree that had 472 branches and 206 segments in it, which took about four days.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sillett and his team are measuring hundreds of redwoods like this as \u003ca href=\"http://rcci.savetheredwoods.org/science/index.shtml\">part of a $2.5 million dollar study\u003c/a> funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.savetheredwoods.org/\">Save the Redwoods League\u003c/a>. With the data, he generates a 3D model of each tree. Once they measure the trees again in three years, the models will tell him how much the redwoods are growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some years, there's a lot of growth, and some years there's almost no growth. And sometimes there's dieback and recovery,\" says Sillett. \"We suspect that the really tall trees, the tallest trees in the world, are among the most sensitive things to climate change.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tall trees, Sillett says, are already under a great deal of stress. Simply lifting water hundreds of feet from the roots to the tree tops is difficult. And with the temperature and precipitation changes predicted by climate change models, these tall trees may show climate impacts first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists aren't just looking into future. They're also looking at the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fog Key to Redwoods\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Todd Dawson, a scientist at UC Berkeley, holds a skinny tool that drills into a redwood tree and pulls out a thin core sample. The core shows the tree's growth rings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can see there's some very large rings here, so it was clear that when this tree was young, it was putting on a lot of growth every single year,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rings further from the tree's center - the newer rings - look much smaller, though Dawson isn't sure why. \"They respond to changes in rainfall in a wetter year or a dryer year in how much wood they put on. But not only the rainfall or the temperature is important. For the coastal redwoods, it's also the fog.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redwoods get their water from two places: rain and California's notorious coastal fog. Dawson says the trees are giant fog collectors. They actually absorb it through their leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fog is a very important water subsidy for these trees, and it's been declining over the last 50, 60, 100 years,\" says Dawson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson and others are looking into whether there's a link between a warming climate and \u003ca href=\"http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-02/uoc--fhd021110.php\">the decline in fog\u003c/a>. \"We're quite concerned about what those declines in fog actually mean for the future growth of the redwoods that grow along the coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's where the tree rings come in. By analyzing oxygen isotopes in the wood, Dawson can tell how much of the tree's water came from fog vs. rain in any given year. That gives him a forensic record of how the climate has affected the tree's growth. Given that some of these trees are thousands of years old, it's a long record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can then put that into models and predict: what are these trees going to respond to in the future? We may lose redwoods permanently at the drier, warmer ends of their range.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson says if that happens, what they're learning in this soggy forest will help them protect redwoods. That could mean preserving more forests or even planting trees in new locations that one day may become a better environment for redwood trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/O6KVJCAQOwk\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/skiing1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Skiing at Tahoe’s Squaw Valley, the resort with the best report card in the country. Photo: Jeff Engerbretson.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning a ski trip this winter? Environmentally minded skiers might want to take a look at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php\">Ski Area Report Card\u003c/a> before making travel plans. The recently released Report Card gives every ski area in the country a score, based on the resort’s greenness. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=how_we_grade\">grading criteria\u003c/a> encompasses everything from recycling the refuse of mid-mountain lunch lodges to using biodiesel to fuel snowmobiles. \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=browse2&state=California\">California’s ski areas\u003c/a> fared well: Tahoe’s Squaw Valley was ranked the greenest in the nation, and Alpine Meadows wasn’t far behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ski industry’s biggest environmental sins is snowmaking, which often involves taking water out of streams, or adding low quality water to the watershed. Other environmental impacts include carbon emissions from ski lifts and erosion of steep slopes. The worst offense is developing undisturbed land to expand ski area terrain and build new parking lots and hotels. This can wreck habitat for threatened and endangered species. However, there wasn’t much new ski area development over the past year, primarily because of the slow economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Ski Area Citizens’ Coalition (the amalgam of skiers and environmental groups that developed the Report Card), 90% of ski areas in the Western US are on public land administered by the Forest Service. In my opinion, environmentally conscientious ski areas are a good use of public land. I think of skiing as a way to be in nature and enjoy the outdoors—although you could argue that there isn’t much that’s natural about the corduroy-like texture of treeless, groomed slopes. But as I carve through fresh powder, look out over mountain vistas, and watch from the chairlift as voles scurry over the snow, I definitely get that small-speck-in-a-big-beautiful-world feeling. I should disclose that I was a ski bum in Alta, Utah (Ski Area Report Card grade: B) before I blew out both my ACLs and limped off to graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re concerned about your ski-related carbon emissions, I suggest you live like a ski town local: live close to the mountain, and ski the backcountry. No need for carbon-spewing chairlifts when you can get yourself up the mountain on your own power—but watch out for \u003ca href=\"http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/12/12/travel/12explorer-avalanche.html\">avalanches\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/skiing1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Skiing at Tahoe’s Squaw Valley, the resort with the best report card in the country. Photo: Jeff Engerbretson.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning a ski trip this winter? Environmentally minded skiers might want to take a look at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php\">Ski Area Report Card\u003c/a> before making travel plans. The recently released Report Card gives every ski area in the country a score, based on the resort’s greenness. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=how_we_grade\">grading criteria\u003c/a> encompasses everything from recycling the refuse of mid-mountain lunch lodges to using biodiesel to fuel snowmobiles. \u003ca href=\"http://www.skiareacitizens.com/index.php?nav=browse2&state=California\">California’s ski areas\u003c/a> fared well: Tahoe’s Squaw Valley was ranked the greenest in the nation, and Alpine Meadows wasn’t far behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ski industry’s biggest environmental sins is snowmaking, which often involves taking water out of streams, or adding low quality water to the watershed. Other environmental impacts include carbon emissions from ski lifts and erosion of steep slopes. The worst offense is developing undisturbed land to expand ski area terrain and build new parking lots and hotels. This can wreck habitat for threatened and endangered species. However, there wasn’t much new ski area development over the past year, primarily because of the slow economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the Ski Area Citizens’ Coalition (the amalgam of skiers and environmental groups that developed the Report Card), 90% of ski areas in the Western US are on public land administered by the Forest Service. In my opinion, environmentally conscientious ski areas are a good use of public land. I think of skiing as a way to be in nature and enjoy the outdoors—although you could argue that there isn’t much that’s natural about the corduroy-like texture of treeless, groomed slopes. But as I carve through fresh powder, look out over mountain vistas, and watch from the chairlift as voles scurry over the snow, I definitely get that small-speck-in-a-big-beautiful-world feeling. I should disclose that I was a ski bum in Alta, Utah (Ski Area Report Card grade: B) before I blew out both my ACLs and limped off to graduate school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Jet Lag Resets the Body Clock",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-jet-lag-resets-the-body-clock\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Hamster30011.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evolutionarily speaking, there is nothing natural about flying 600 miles per hour, crossing entire continents in the space of a day. Case in point, this, from a commercial airline pilot:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are certain moments when you’re flying, and maybe you see the sunset twice in a six-hour period,\" says Patrick Smith, a columnist for Salon and host of askthepilot.com.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I recently flew from LA to Taipei,\" he continues. \"Coming from another part of the country to the time I landed in Taipei, I think I endured 20 something straight hours of darkness.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/12/2010-12-13-quest.mp3]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-jet-lag-resets-the-body-clock\">How Jet Lag Resets the Body Clock\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, some British scientists did an experiment, involving two groups of airline workers. The first were people who worked ticket counters, who stayed on the ground in one city. The second were flight attendants, who frequently changed time zones and were always jet lagged. Each group took a series of basic memory tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ljkriegs/\" target=\"_top\">Lance Kriegfeld\u003c/a> is a professor of neurobiology at the University of California-Berkeley. He says the flight attendants did much worse. \"They had a grossly reduced reaction time and percent correct on a relatively simple task.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, their brains weren’t working as well. And not, says Kriegsfeld, because they were tired. Brain scans revealed that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n6/abs/nn0601_567.html\">brains of the jet-lagged workers were actually smaller\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld was so intrigued by this study that he decided to replicate it, but this time using hamsters. Using artificial light, Kriegsfeld's shifted the hamster's day length by six hours. It was as if, he says, the hamsters had flown to Paris. Only instead, they got dissected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld paper -- published earlier this month in the scientific journal PLoS One -- involves a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is critical for learning and memory. When he looked at this tissue in hamsters, he found that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015267\">jet-lagged hamsters had half as many new brain cells as they should have had\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Czeisler, a sleep expert at Harvard Medical School, says that to understand the ways that jet lag affects humans, it's helpful to look back to an experiment done in 1729, by a French astronomer named Jean Jacques Ortous de Mairan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, says Czeisler, scientists were interested in why certain plants closed their leaves at night, and then opened them up in the day. What aspect of the sun were the plants responding to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, de Marian took what must have then seemed like an odd approach: He put the plants in a dark closet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lo and behold,\" says Czeisler, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html\">the leaves of the plant opened\u003c/a>, even though they had not been exposed to the sun that day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants, it turned out, weren’t following the sun at all. They were following their own internal clocks. It’s called a circadian rhythm, and we humans have them too. Or rather, the clocks, you might say, have US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have daily rhythms in reaction time,\" says UC Berkeley's Lance Kriegsfeld, \"daily rhythms in cognitive function and concentration, daily rhythms in coordination and balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sense of balance, the timing of our digestion, and the rapidity of our reaction time – all these things, says Kriegsfeld, change over the course of the day. Try doing any of them at the wrong time of day, and we just won’t do them as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we upset the apple cart,\" says Czeisler, \"it's like an internal temporal chaos.\" Changing time zones is physically confusing, he says. Some parts of our body think it’s daytime, others think it’s night. Czeisler says it's as if the conductor of an orchestra has disappeared. \"Suddenly, the orchestra sounds like cacophony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physical toll this takes has been documented not just in pilots and flight attendants, who move frequently between time zones, but in people who work night shifts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596307\">Studies put these people at higher risk of breast cancer\u003c/a>, digestion and fertility problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czeisler says there is evidence from animal studies that recurrent shifting of circadian rhythms decreases lifespan in those animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that airlines and other employers could help protect their employees would be to keep them on regular shifts, so that they are always waking and falling asleep at more or less the same time. Or, change shifts gradually, so that workers have time to adjust to a new schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, that’s a luxury Patrick Smith, the pilot, rarely gets. He says he knows the risks, but he loves his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once upon a time it took weeks to cross the ocean in a sailing ship,\" says Smith. \"Now we can do it in a matter of hours -- traveling hundreds of miles per hour above the earth, in almost perfect safety. It’s remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we fly airplanes we are literally transcending the world we evolved to live in. Smith says that's a trade off he's wiling to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8690722 -122.2920557\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-jet-lag-resets-the-body-clock\">How Jet Lag Resets the Body Clock\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, some British scientists did an experiment, involving two groups of airline workers. The first were people who worked ticket counters, who stayed on the ground in one city. The second were flight attendants, who frequently changed time zones and were always jet lagged. Each group took a series of basic memory tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ljkriegs/\" target=\"_top\">Lance Kriegfeld\u003c/a> is a professor of neurobiology at the University of California-Berkeley. He says the flight attendants did much worse. \"They had a grossly reduced reaction time and percent correct on a relatively simple task.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, their brains weren’t working as well. And not, says Kriegsfeld, because they were tired. Brain scans revealed that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n6/abs/nn0601_567.html\">brains of the jet-lagged workers were actually smaller\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld was so intrigued by this study that he decided to replicate it, but this time using hamsters. Using artificial light, Kriegsfeld's shifted the hamster's day length by six hours. It was as if, he says, the hamsters had flown to Paris. Only instead, they got dissected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kriegsfeld paper -- published earlier this month in the scientific journal PLoS One -- involves a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is critical for learning and memory. When he looked at this tissue in hamsters, he found that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015267\">jet-lagged hamsters had half as many new brain cells as they should have had\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Czeisler, a sleep expert at Harvard Medical School, says that to understand the ways that jet lag affects humans, it's helpful to look back to an experiment done in 1729, by a French astronomer named Jean Jacques Ortous de Mairan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, says Czeisler, scientists were interested in why certain plants closed their leaves at night, and then opened them up in the day. What aspect of the sun were the plants responding to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, de Marian took what must have then seemed like an odd approach: He put the plants in a dark closet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Lo and behold,\" says Czeisler, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/museum/exhibit00/02_1.html\">the leaves of the plant opened\u003c/a>, even though they had not been exposed to the sun that day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants, it turned out, weren’t following the sun at all. They were following their own internal clocks. It’s called a circadian rhythm, and we humans have them too. Or rather, the clocks, you might say, have US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have daily rhythms in reaction time,\" says UC Berkeley's Lance Kriegsfeld, \"daily rhythms in cognitive function and concentration, daily rhythms in coordination and balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sense of balance, the timing of our digestion, and the rapidity of our reaction time – all these things, says Kriegsfeld, change over the course of the day. Try doing any of them at the wrong time of day, and we just won’t do them as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to jet lag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we upset the apple cart,\" says Czeisler, \"it's like an internal temporal chaos.\" Changing time zones is physically confusing, he says. Some parts of our body think it’s daytime, others think it’s night. Czeisler says it's as if the conductor of an orchestra has disappeared. \"Suddenly, the orchestra sounds like cacophony.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physical toll this takes has been documented not just in pilots and flight attendants, who move frequently between time zones, but in people who work night shifts. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596307\">Studies put these people at higher risk of breast cancer\u003c/a>, digestion and fertility problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Czeisler says there is evidence from animal studies that recurrent shifting of circadian rhythms decreases lifespan in those animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way that airlines and other employers could help protect their employees would be to keep them on regular shifts, so that they are always waking and falling asleep at more or less the same time. Or, change shifts gradually, so that workers have time to adjust to a new schedule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, that’s a luxury Patrick Smith, the pilot, rarely gets. He says he knows the risks, but he loves his job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once upon a time it took weeks to cross the ocean in a sailing ship,\" says Smith. \"Now we can do it in a matter of hours -- traveling hundreds of miles per hour above the earth, in almost perfect safety. It’s remarkable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we fly airplanes we are literally transcending the world we evolved to live in. Smith says that's a trade off he's wiling to make.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8690722 -122.2920557\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/henry61.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Henry Gifford. Photo by Travis Roozee. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henry Gifford, a mechanical systems designer and principal at \u003ca href=\"http://www.energysavingservices.com\">Gifford Fuel Saving, Inc.\u003c/a> in New York City, is suing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgbc.org\">U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)\u003c/a> for millions of dollars. Gifford, in the class action suit, claims that the USGBC has committed fraud in the selling of its \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Designhttp://\">Leadership in Energy Efficient Design (LEED)\u003c/a> program, and has unfairly kept work away from people like him who are not involved in the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a LEED for New Construction (NC), LEED for Homes, and LEED for Existing Buildings (EB), among other certifications. The rub for Gifford is that LEED is a very popular and widespread program—some municipalities require LEED certification for new city buildings—that makes claims about energy efficiency that it can’t back up. The claims of energy saving attract builders and developers to seek LEED certification, and people in architecture firms, building energy consultants, and others in the building industry have rushed to become LEED approved providers; that means they are able to help builders meet the building requirements and fill out the paperwork needed to apply for certification. Buildings with LEED certification draw higher rents and people with “LEED AP” after their names make money shepherding builders through the certification process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gifford’s case hinges on the claims for energy savings made by USGBC based on a study the group commissioned in 2008. The New Buildings Institute (NBI) study compared buildings that are LEED certified with similar buildings that are not certified. NBI claims that LEED buildings use about 25-30% less energy than conventional buildings. But according to Gifford, who examined the data from the study, LEED buildings actually use about 29% more energy than conventional buildings. Gifford has legitimate concerns about how NBI gathered, sorted, and analyzed the study data. For example, the data on LEED buildings was submitted by a small percentage of LEED building owners; those who take the trouble to keep records and who want to share information on how their building performs. In another example, the mean energy use of one set of buildings is compared to the median energy use of another set, possibly skewing the results in favor of the LEED buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGBC counters that they do not guarantee energy savings, even though the group sells its program partly based on the supposed energy efficiency of LEED buildings. They model energy use in buildings using a software program and only certify that a buildings meets its design specification—sustainable wood, recycled steel, interior building material that doesn’t off-gas noxious chemicals, and so on—with predicted energy efficiency only a part of the requirements for certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gifford has been a thorn in the side of the USGBC for years. His criticism, along with that of others, has pushed the USGBC in the right direction. The LEED EB program requires that buildings actually meet performance requirements and the USGBC is encouraging LEED NC building owners to take part in the LEED EB program; they are also asking LEED NC building owners to submit five years of energy-use data that can be used to a study the effectiveness of the program. But this is not required for LEED NC certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gifford is afraid that in the future someone will do a thorough study of green building performance and use the information to discredit the whole green building movement. “I predict that someday, energy will be so important that we will start to measure it,” writes Gifford in a recent Press Release. “And I predict that when that happens, building energy efficiency will start to be measured by building energy use. At that time, the currently popular systems based on computer predictions of energy use will be shown to be useless, and abandoned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The USGBC counters that they do not guarantee energy savings, even though the group sells its program partly based on the supposed energy efficiency of LEED buildings. They model energy use in buildings using a software program and only certify that a buildings meets its design specification—sustainable wood, recycled steel, interior building material that doesn’t off-gas noxious chemicals, and so on—with predicted energy efficiency only a part of the requirements for certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gifford has been a thorn in the side of the USGBC for years. His criticism, along with that of others, has pushed the USGBC in the right direction. The LEED EB program requires that buildings actually meet performance requirements and the USGBC is encouraging LEED NC building owners to take part in the LEED EB program; they are also asking LEED NC building owners to submit five years of energy-use data that can be used to a study the effectiveness of the program. But this is not required for LEED NC certification.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gifford is afraid that in the future someone will do a thorough study of green building performance and use the information to discredit the whole green building movement. “I predict that someday, energy will be so important that we will start to measure it,” writes Gifford in a recent Press Release. “And I predict that when that happens, building energy efficiency will start to be measured by building energy use. At that time, the currently popular systems based on computer predictions of energy use will be shown to be useless, and abandoned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/MonoLake2.21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mono Lake, the source of the bacteria that can incorporate arsenic, rather than the usual phosphorus, into its DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The world is buzzing about the bacteria from \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/about/\">Mono Lake\u003c/a>. Astrobiologists from NASA discovered in the lab that this strain of bacteria, called GFAJ-1, can incorporate the element arsenic, instead of phosphorus, into the backbone of its DNA. Before \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/arsenic-bacteria/\">this discovery\u003c/a>, we thought all organisms needed phosphorus to live. Now, as QUEST blogger Ben Burress points out, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/#respond\">life is no longer quite as we know it\u003c/a>—and this changes the way we think about the search for life on other planets. But before we go to Mars, let’s explore a very otherworldly place on earth—the place where the bacteria GFAJ-1 and its arsenic came from, Mono Lake.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mono Lake is on the east side of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 300 miles by car from San Francisco. It is an amazing landscape; the lake is set against the backdrop of the snow-capped mountains. There are crispy shrubs nearby, but no trees. Crusty white towers, called tufas, rise up from the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water in the lake is snowmelt and rainwater runoff from the mountains. It enters the lake via streams. But the lake is a closed basin and has no drainage—water can only leave by evaporation. The water evaporates, but the salts and minerals, like arsenic, are left behind. As a result, the lake is very salty—twice as salty as the ocean—and is very alkaline, or basic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That super-salty water may not seem very hospitable, but in fact the lake is full of life. In addition to the now-famous bacteria, the lake is home to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp\">brine shrimp\u003c/a> and the larvae of alkaline flies. During the summer, the brine shrimp number in the trillions. They feed on algae that grow green at the lake’s surface. The brine shrimp are food for the two million migratory birds that stop at Mono Lake to feed each year, and the nesting populations of California Gulls and Snowy Plovers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its cool geology and important role in North American bird ecology, Mono Lake is at the center of a water supply saga. Water levels in the lake were historically much higher. To get an idea of previous water levels, take a look at the tufas. They were formed while underwater. They’re made of calcium carbonate, which precipitated as fresh water bubbled up from the bottom of the lake. Thousands of years ago, the lake was as much as 900 feet deep, perhaps covering parts of Utah and Nevada. In recent history, the lake was about 170 feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in the late 1800s, the freshwater streams that fed the lake were diverted by settlers so they could irrigate their farms. The water level started dropping. In 1941, four of the five streams that flowed into Mono Lake were diverted to the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Supplying the growing city of Los Angeles with water involved intrigue and duplicity and scandal, which were well documented in the book \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Cadillac-Desert-American-Disappearing-Revised/dp/0140178244\">Cadillac Desert\u003c/a>. Between 1941 and 1982, because of the reduced freshwater input, the water level in Mono Lake dropped by 45 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drop in water level was bad for the migratory and resident birds, particularly the California Gulls, which nested on islands in the lake. As water evaporated, some islands become connected to the shore. The birds were no longer protected from roaming coyotes. And, more exposed shoreline meant that the wind kicked up alkaline dust storms. In addition the lake got saltier—at one point it was nearly three times as salty as the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to these changes, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/\">Mono Lake Committee\u003c/a>, the National Audubon Society, and other conservation groups have begun to \u003ca href=\"http://www.monolake.org/mlc/restoration\">restore\u003c/a> Mono Lake. It is now mandated that more water flow into the lake, and the water level has started to rise. The habitats and ecological processes of the lake are recovering. Additional discoveries, like the bacteria that can use arsenic to make its DNA, will hopefully rise out of Mono Lake in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.977925 -119.131172\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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