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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-peregrine-falcons-up-close\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/FalconsStill_300_banner2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>QUEST Science on the SPOT takes a close up look at the Peregrine Falcon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We walk through the Nature Trail near the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/view_homepage.asp?orgkey=1859\">San Francisco Zoo’s \u003c/a>Koret Animal Resource Center. Owls, vultures, hawks and falcons sit perched on a grassy rise, admiring the people who walk by admiring them. The Animal Resource Center, or A.R.C., is home to the zoo’s educational outreach animals. And outside, a teen volunteer is talking to a group of younger kids and their parents about the Great Horned owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo’s youth \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/ViewOrgPageLink.asp?LinkKey=14314&orgkey=1905\">volunteer programs\u003c/a> are training local teens to handle live animals from the educational outreach program and in addition the volunteers help educate zoo visitors about the life history of these animals and the conservation threats they face in the wild. For many of these kids this is a first step to a lifetime of environmental stewardship and a new-found love of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year over 130 local youths go through the zoo’s volunteer programs. The programs are designed to teach kids about conservation but most importantly they train the volunteers to pass on that knowledge. “Teaching city children about nature and the importance of habitat health not only to wild areas but to themselves as well.” said one volunteer program alumni, “I’ll never forget the faces of awe on both children and adults as they got to see, touch and learn about animals such as opossums, chinchillas and ferrets. It felt great to be able to provide such an experience to the visitors of the Nature Trail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessa Barbelay, the zoo’s Education Department Supervisor, got her start here as a teen volunteer. “I had an appreciation for animals,” says Barbelay, “but I wasn’t very interested in science. But just the act of volunteering helped me break out of my shell and after being immersed in it, I realized that I really liked science and I liked sharing the information, which led me to a career in science education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noelle Bidegainberry, the A.R.C. Intern and another former volunteer herself, takes us to meet one of the stars of the educational program, the San Francisco Zoo’s resident Peregrine Falcon, “Bella.” As we step into her aviary, Bella immediately becomes inquisitive, studying the new people who have entered her enclosure. For an animal that can claim to be the fastest in the world, I’m surprised at how calm and comfortable she is being handled. Bella is tasked with going out and representing her species as an ambassador bird. And one gets the sense that she is very good at her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not long ago that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/falcon-fascination-tv\">Peregrine Falcons\u003c/a> were precariously perched at the edge of extinction. The widespread use of the pesticide DDT rippled up and down the food chain. For some raptors such as Bald Eagles and Peregrine Falcons, the results were nearly catastrophic. DDT in their systems led to these birds laying thin shelled eggs. The chicks could not survive to hatching and without new generations replenishing the species, population numbers crashed. The falcon became the one of the first animals placed on the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once DDT was banned in the 1970s, conservationists and bird lovers worked diligently to help save the falcon. And the work continues. Through captive breeding programs and other conservation efforts \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/falcon-fascination-radio\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> numbers have rebounded in California and throughout much of the United States. In one of the great environmental success stories, the Peregrine Falcon was taken off the endangered species list in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of the Peregrine Falcon helps us illustrate how conservation can work and have a direct influence and positive results,” says Bidegainberry, “Bella does a great job as an ambassador bird. Our hope is that when people meet Bella and hear her story, they are inspired to take conservation into their own hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7328068 -122.5020502\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-peregrine-falcons-up-close\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/FalconsStill_300_banner2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>QUEST Science on the SPOT takes a close up look at the Peregrine Falcon.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We walk through the Nature Trail near the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/view_homepage.asp?orgkey=1859\">San Francisco Zoo’s \u003c/a>Koret Animal Resource Center. Owls, vultures, hawks and falcons sit perched on a grassy rise, admiring the people who walk by admiring them. The Animal Resource Center, or A.R.C., is home to the zoo’s educational outreach animals. And outside, a teen volunteer is talking to a group of younger kids and their parents about the Great Horned owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The zoo’s youth \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/ViewOrgPageLink.asp?LinkKey=14314&orgkey=1905\">volunteer programs\u003c/a> are training local teens to handle live animals from the educational outreach program and in addition the volunteers help educate zoo visitors about the life history of these animals and the conservation threats they face in the wild. For many of these kids this is a first step to a lifetime of environmental stewardship and a new-found love of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year over 130 local youths go through the zoo’s volunteer programs. The programs are designed to teach kids about conservation but most importantly they train the volunteers to pass on that knowledge. “Teaching city children about nature and the importance of habitat health not only to wild areas but to themselves as well.” said one volunteer program alumni, “I’ll never forget the faces of awe on both children and adults as they got to see, touch and learn about animals such as opossums, chinchillas and ferrets. It felt great to be able to provide such an experience to the visitors of the Nature Trail.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jessa Barbelay, the zoo’s Education Department Supervisor, got her start here as a teen volunteer. “I had an appreciation for animals,” says Barbelay, “but I wasn’t very interested in science. But just the act of volunteering helped me break out of my shell and after being immersed in it, I realized that I really liked science and I liked sharing the information, which led me to a career in science education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Noelle Bidegainberry, the A.R.C. Intern and another former volunteer herself, takes us to meet one of the stars of the educational program, the San Francisco Zoo’s resident Peregrine Falcon, “Bella.” As we step into her aviary, Bella immediately becomes inquisitive, studying the new people who have entered her enclosure. For an animal that can claim to be the fastest in the world, I’m surprised at how calm and comfortable she is being handled. Bella is tasked with going out and representing her species as an ambassador bird. And one gets the sense that she is very good at her job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was not long ago that \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/falcon-fascination-tv\">Peregrine Falcons\u003c/a> were precariously perched at the edge of extinction. The widespread use of the pesticide DDT rippled up and down the food chain. For some raptors such as Bald Eagles and Peregrine Falcons, the results were nearly catastrophic. DDT in their systems led to these birds laying thin shelled eggs. The chicks could not survive to hatching and without new generations replenishing the species, population numbers crashed. The falcon became the one of the first animals placed on the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once DDT was banned in the 1970s, conservationists and bird lovers worked diligently to help save the falcon. And the work continues. Through captive breeding programs and other conservation efforts \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/falcon-fascination-radio\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> numbers have rebounded in California and throughout much of the United States. In one of the great environmental success stories, the Peregrine Falcon was taken off the endangered species list in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story of the Peregrine Falcon helps us illustrate how conservation can work and have a direct influence and positive results,” says Bidegainberry, “Bella does a great job as an ambassador bird. Our hope is that when people meet Bella and hear her story, they are inspired to take conservation into their own hands.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7328068 -122.5020502\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Falcon_Nevill_lg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Peregrine Falcon. Photo: Glenn Nevill at \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, you may see birds of prey, with their wings outstretched, circling overhead. It is nesting season, and raptors will nest in trees, on cliffs and, in our urban environment, on the ledges of tall buildings. But the shared history of humans and raptors is far older than the concept of urban wildlife. Humans have been practicing falconry—caring for and hunting with raptors—for close to 4000 years.\u003c!--more--> This week’s Science on the SPOT story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-peregrine-falcons-up-close\">Peregrine Falcons Up Close\u003c/a>, is about a falcon named Bella, a retired falconry bird who now lives at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfzoo.org/openrosters/view_homepage.asp?orgkey=1859\">San Francisco Zoo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In falconry, a human cares for a bird of prey, and trains it to hunt. The bird hunts on behalf of the human. This relationship has created some controversy, but first, a bit more about how falconry works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the practice of falconry, I spoke to my friend Rikki Shackleford, an apprentice falconer. Rikki got interested in falconry when he was working at an environmental education school. The school was caring for a \u003ca href=\"http://hawkwatch.org/about-raptors/bird-info-sheets/104?task=view\">Red-tailed Hawk\u003c/a> that had been hit by a car. Unsure of how to care for the bird, Rikki contacted a local falconer. Rikki got hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falconry is tightly regulated at both the state and federal level. To own a bird, you need a license, and you need to apprentice with an experienced falconer for two years. Once you’ve completed your apprenticeship, you can get a general license and own up to three birds, of almost any species. With a master license, you can own up to 5 birds. After you’ve had a master license for 7 years, you can own an eagle. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhawkingclub.org/\">California Hawking Club\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.n-a-f-a.com/\">North American Falconers Association\u003c/a> have more information about the licensing and practice of falconry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Red-tailed_Hawk_Wolf.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Red-tailed Hawk. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rwolf/1465945093/\">Ron Wolf\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rikki has a Red-tailed Hawk, named Nut, which he trapped in the wild last year. There are strict rules about how and when falconers can catch birds. Only passage birds—sexually immature birds less than a year old and on their first migration— can be caught. And falconers can only catch certain species. Many species, including endangered birds, are off-limits. However, falconers can get rare birds, like Peregrine Falcons, from captive breeding programs. Rikki intends to free Nut when she is three years old, when she’s old enough to breed. Because she was caught in the wild, and learned to hunt on her own before she hunted with Rikki, he can return her to the wild. Birds from captive breeding programs cannot be released. When captive-bred birds get old and can no longer hunt effectively, they can go back into captive breeding programs, or be cared for a by a zoo, like Bella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rikki flies Nut every day at a local park, and she hunts a few times a week. Each time Nut catches prey, she brings it back to Rikki. He rewards her with food—most of the time, prey that she has previously caught. The idea that the raptor is hunting for the human is controversial—anyone who is against hunting would probably be against falconry. And the concept that a wild animal is kept in captivity can definitely ruffle some feathers. Rikki counters these arguments: Nut would hunt without him, he says, and would probably hunt more often, because she can’t store the leftovers in the freezer. And Rikki contends that his relationship with Nut is the same as any relationship a human has with an animal—a dog, a cat, a horse—it’s just a little less common. However, Red-tailed Hawks haven’t been domesticated for generations like dogs and cats; Nut was born wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Falcon_Bridge_Nevill.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>A Peregrine Falcon named Gracie flies by the Bay Bridge. Photo: Glenn Nevill at \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many objections to the practice of falconry, the \u003ca href=\"http://hawkwatch.org/about-raptors/bird-info-sheets/103?task=view\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> has falconers to thank for its continued existence. Peregrine Falcons were on the edge of extinction in the 1970s, because the pesticide \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT\">DDT\u003c/a> made their eggshells perilously thin. However, falconers had healthy Peregrine Falcons in captive breeding programs; offspring from these captive-bred falcons were carefully raised without human contact and were introduced to the wild. Because of these efforts and the ban of DDT, Peregrine Falcons were removed from the Endangered Species List in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about falcons in the Science on the SPOT story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-peregrine-falcons-up-close\">Peregrine Falcons Up Close\u003c/a>, and the QUEST story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/467\">Falcon Fascination\u003c/a>. Also, check out the falcon \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ucsc.edu/scpbrg/nestcamSJ.htm\">Nest Cam\u003c/a> at San Jose City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Falconry is tightly regulated at both the state and federal level. To own a bird, you need a license, and you need to apprentice with an experienced falconer for two years. Once you’ve completed your apprenticeship, you can get a general license and own up to three birds, of almost any species. With a master license, you can own up to 5 birds. After you’ve had a master license for 7 years, you can own an eagle. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calhawkingclub.org/\">California Hawking Club\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.n-a-f-a.com/\">North American Falconers Association\u003c/a> have more information about the licensing and practice of falconry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Red-tailed_Hawk_Wolf.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Red-tailed Hawk. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/rwolf/1465945093/\">Ron Wolf\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rikki has a Red-tailed Hawk, named Nut, which he trapped in the wild last year. There are strict rules about how and when falconers can catch birds. Only passage birds—sexually immature birds less than a year old and on their first migration— can be caught. And falconers can only catch certain species. Many species, including endangered birds, are off-limits. However, falconers can get rare birds, like Peregrine Falcons, from captive breeding programs. Rikki intends to free Nut when she is three years old, when she’s old enough to breed. Because she was caught in the wild, and learned to hunt on her own before she hunted with Rikki, he can return her to the wild. Birds from captive breeding programs cannot be released. When captive-bred birds get old and can no longer hunt effectively, they can go back into captive breeding programs, or be cared for a by a zoo, like Bella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rikki flies Nut every day at a local park, and she hunts a few times a week. Each time Nut catches prey, she brings it back to Rikki. He rewards her with food—most of the time, prey that she has previously caught. The idea that the raptor is hunting for the human is controversial—anyone who is against hunting would probably be against falconry. And the concept that a wild animal is kept in captivity can definitely ruffle some feathers. Rikki counters these arguments: Nut would hunt without him, he says, and would probably hunt more often, because she can’t store the leftovers in the freezer. And Rikki contends that his relationship with Nut is the same as any relationship a human has with an animal—a dog, a cat, a horse—it’s just a little less common. However, Red-tailed Hawks haven’t been domesticated for generations like dogs and cats; Nut was born wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/Falcon_Bridge_Nevill.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>A Peregrine Falcon named Gracie flies by the Bay Bridge. Photo: Glenn Nevill at \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kqedquest/\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there are many objections to the practice of falconry, the \u003ca href=\"http://hawkwatch.org/about-raptors/bird-info-sheets/103?task=view\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> has falconers to thank for its continued existence. Peregrine Falcons were on the edge of extinction in the 1970s, because the pesticide \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT\">DDT\u003c/a> made their eggshells perilously thin. However, falconers had healthy Peregrine Falcons in captive breeding programs; offspring from these captive-bred falcons were carefully raised without human contact and were introduced to the wild. Because of these efforts and the ban of DDT, Peregrine Falcons were removed from the Endangered Species List in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about falcons in the Science on the SPOT story, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/science-on-the-spot-peregrine-falcons-up-close\">Peregrine Falcons Up Close\u003c/a>, and the QUEST story \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/467\">Falcon Fascination\u003c/a>. Also, check out the falcon \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ucsc.edu/scpbrg/nestcamSJ.htm\">Nest Cam\u003c/a> at San Jose City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8793 -122.245\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/cool-roof1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Making cool roofs in Philadelphia. Photo by Scott Wagner, Energy Coordinating Agency \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are cool roofs and not so cool roofs, and it has nothing to do with fashion. A cool roof reflects the non-visible part of the sun into space, reducing the atmospheric temperature, and reducing the temperature of whatever is beneath the roof. The same phenomenon is true on a global scale, if you consider the Arctic circle to be the roof of the world. As global average temperature increases, the Arctic becomes warmer, the snow melts, and seawater takes its place. Snow is a great reflector of invisible light; seawater isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of the United States, it has been common to roof buildings with tar and gravel. But the result of that practice is that the summer temperatures in many large cities is up to 5°F higher during the day and 20°F higher at night than in the surrounding suburban and rural areas, where there is more green space. Lately, in cities like Chicago and San Francisco, builders are using white roofs or colored roofs that reflect light in the invisible range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A typical white roof is made using a highly reflective elastomeric covering. But there are colored roofing shingles that look a lot like the traditional composite shingles that you find everywhere on houses. Only the reflective shingles reduce roof temperatures by 50°F to 60°F in the summer, reducing cooling load and air conditioning bills. Scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://coolcolor.lbl.gov\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> helped produce the reflective coatings that allow shingles to be something other than pure white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Florida Solar Energy Center in Cocoa, Florida, does research on cool roofs at its \u003ca href=\"http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/about/facilities/frf.htm\">Flexible Roof Facility\u003c/a>, where they measure the effects on attic temperature and heat flux using various roofing materials. Experiments show that a white metal roof decreases heat flux by 44% compared to traditional black shingles. This translates into 15% less cooling energy use in the house below and a 15% drop in cooling bills. Not a huge amount, but imagine if even one home in ten had a cool roof; the total effect on U.S. energy use in the summer would be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley of California, simulations done by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24/coolroofs\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> predict annual savings of more than 400 kWh for every 1,000 square feet of highly reflective roof surface. Because of the energy and money savings, cool roofs have been a prescriptive requirement in California’s Title 24 building codes since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oil and the Sanctuaries Expansion Bill",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"oilrig\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-11789\">\u003c/a>You can always tell a Goleta surfer by the back smear on the deck of their board. As a kid we were used to tar balls off Carpenteria and a bottle of mineral oil and cotton balls were standard equipment for tarry soles after walks on the beach. Natural seeps have been recorded since the Conquistadores, and although the seeps might have been exacerbated by the oil rigs offshore, it was a way of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when the oil derrick blew off the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Santa_Barbara_oil_spill\">Santa Barbara Coastline in 1969\u003c/a>. Suddenly everything changed. The thick slicks surged shoreward, the beaches closed and the seabirds scattered like dead tar babies on the sand. The rich bird rookeries and marine mammals of the Channel Islands offshore suffered greatly. The loss of tourism hit the region hard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the remaining oil rigs remain as icons off the Santa Barbara Coastline, the constant sludge and thin brown haze reminding us of the costs of offshore drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These islands are now part of the National Marine Sanctuary system but remain exposed to the threat of another large oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for a domestic disaster has been underscored by the Gulf spill. Until the BP Gulf crisis reminded the nation that these accidents can be catastrophic, oil exploration off the Northern Coastline had been under consideration by the Obama Administration. Some prudent political backpedaling quickly shelved that idea, but there is an underlying movement to drill the reserves off the Mendocino and Sonoma coast, as well as expand exploration in Santa Barbara Santa Monica and La Jolla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sanctuaries Expansion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLast month \u003ca href=\"http://woolsey.house.gov/\">Representative Lynn Woolsey \u003c/a>renewed her push to expand the marine sanctuaries and thus permanently ban offshore oil drilling off much of the North Coast. Oil drilling is expressly prohibited in marine sanctuaries, but commercial fishing is allowed. Drilling is currently banned off the coast until 2017, but sanctuary status would make that permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the Monterey, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank Marine \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> protect almost 8,000 square miles of ocean. The Woolsey proposal would expand the sanctuaries up to Point Arena in Mendocino County to permanently protect this important region from oil exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the head of the oil industry's most powerful trade group challenged the Obama administration's decisions last year to preclude oil and gas leases off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released by the American Petroleum Institute estimates that there are 10.5 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves on the Pacific coast. It calls on Congress and the White House to “re-examine and reconsider limits” on drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Outer Continental Shelf off of Northern California is only estimated to hold 5% of the technically recoverable undiscovered oil reserves that are already available for leasing in the Gulf of Mexico. If all these reserves were recovered, it would only amount to about 100 days of US oil consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Major Upwelling Zone\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the Northern coast is so abundant with marine life is the phenomena called upwelling,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Point Arena upwelling occurs at the edge of the Continental Shelf. Cold, nutrient rich water from the deep sea rises, creating plankton blooms which in turn feed fish, birds and whales. This nutrient rich current is carried south along the Sonoma and Marin coastlines creating an abundance of rockfish, crabs and other commercial species. Although less than 1 % of the ocean, over half of fisheries occurs in upwelling regions such as the one north of the Cordell Bank. This natural conveyor belt supports sea life and the lives of fishermen in our communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, commercial fishery landings in Crescent City, Eureka and Fort Bragg totaled $39.8 million dollars. Across California, commercial fishing and associated businesses accounted for almost $10 billion in sales, $5 billion in income and almost 200,000 jobs in 2006. Roughly 1.5 million recreational anglers took 4.5 million fishing trips that year, supporting over 20,000 jobs and accounting for almost $4 billion in sales and $2 billion in value-added services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this upwelling zone form catastrophic damage will protect more than fish: it will protect jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sanctuary Bill Will Protect Fishing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20110105/articles/110109771http://\">Woolsey has called for bipartisan support of the sanctuary measure\u003c/a>, saying it would “help the economy by preserving jobs in the fishing industry and creating new ones in the tourist industry.” It will also protect the sensitive upwelling regions so vital for fish and fishermen. If the area does become a sanctuary, fishing will still be permitted. Fishing advocates like the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen supports the Sanctuary Expansion idea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this source of nutrients and larvae will protect fisheries at the source. Pollution from offshore platforms, the risk of invasive species being introduced by oil rigs brought from overseas, harmful effects of seismic air guns used for exploration, and the possible catastrophic damage from an oil spill are too great of a risk to fisheries and to the nearby National Marine Sanctuaries for the minimal economic benefits of drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar upwelling zone south of Point Conception rows of oil derricks line the Santa Barbara Channel. Forty years after the spill, ships ply back and forth, flares burn in the night sky and a thin film covers the water. A few miles beyond, the Channel Islands break the horizon, an invisible line dividing the Sanctuary from the oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf can happen here. The question is will we allow it or will we act to protect our natural resources and our jobs from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanctuary expansion would be a legacy for our coastline, and ensure future generations the enjoyment of fish and all marine life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for a domestic disaster has been underscored by the Gulf spill. Until the BP Gulf crisis reminded the nation that these accidents can be catastrophic, oil exploration off the Northern Coastline had been under consideration by the Obama Administration. Some prudent political backpedaling quickly shelved that idea, but there is an underlying movement to drill the reserves off the Mendocino and Sonoma coast, as well as expand exploration in Santa Barbara Santa Monica and La Jolla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sanctuaries Expansion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLast month \u003ca href=\"http://woolsey.house.gov/\">Representative Lynn Woolsey \u003c/a>renewed her push to expand the marine sanctuaries and thus permanently ban offshore oil drilling off much of the North Coast. Oil drilling is expressly prohibited in marine sanctuaries, but commercial fishing is allowed. Drilling is currently banned off the coast until 2017, but sanctuary status would make that permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the Monterey, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank Marine \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> protect almost 8,000 square miles of ocean. The Woolsey proposal would expand the sanctuaries up to Point Arena in Mendocino County to permanently protect this important region from oil exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the head of the oil industry's most powerful trade group challenged the Obama administration's decisions last year to preclude oil and gas leases off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released by the American Petroleum Institute estimates that there are 10.5 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves on the Pacific coast. It calls on Congress and the White House to “re-examine and reconsider limits” on drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Outer Continental Shelf off of Northern California is only estimated to hold 5% of the technically recoverable undiscovered oil reserves that are already available for leasing in the Gulf of Mexico. If all these reserves were recovered, it would only amount to about 100 days of US oil consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Major Upwelling Zone\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the Northern coast is so abundant with marine life is the phenomena called upwelling,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Point Arena upwelling occurs at the edge of the Continental Shelf. Cold, nutrient rich water from the deep sea rises, creating plankton blooms which in turn feed fish, birds and whales. This nutrient rich current is carried south along the Sonoma and Marin coastlines creating an abundance of rockfish, crabs and other commercial species. Although less than 1 % of the ocean, over half of fisheries occurs in upwelling regions such as the one north of the Cordell Bank. This natural conveyor belt supports sea life and the lives of fishermen in our communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, commercial fishery landings in Crescent City, Eureka and Fort Bragg totaled $39.8 million dollars. Across California, commercial fishing and associated businesses accounted for almost $10 billion in sales, $5 billion in income and almost 200,000 jobs in 2006. Roughly 1.5 million recreational anglers took 4.5 million fishing trips that year, supporting over 20,000 jobs and accounting for almost $4 billion in sales and $2 billion in value-added services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this upwelling zone form catastrophic damage will protect more than fish: it will protect jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sanctuary Bill Will Protect Fishing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20110105/articles/110109771http://\">Woolsey has called for bipartisan support of the sanctuary measure\u003c/a>, saying it would “help the economy by preserving jobs in the fishing industry and creating new ones in the tourist industry.” It will also protect the sensitive upwelling regions so vital for fish and fishermen. If the area does become a sanctuary, fishing will still be permitted. Fishing advocates like the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen supports the Sanctuary Expansion idea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this source of nutrients and larvae will protect fisheries at the source. Pollution from offshore platforms, the risk of invasive species being introduced by oil rigs brought from overseas, harmful effects of seismic air guns used for exploration, and the possible catastrophic damage from an oil spill are too great of a risk to fisheries and to the nearby National Marine Sanctuaries for the minimal economic benefits of drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar upwelling zone south of Point Conception rows of oil derricks line the Santa Barbara Channel. Forty years after the spill, ships ply back and forth, flares burn in the night sky and a thin film covers the water. A few miles beyond, the Channel Islands break the horizon, an invisible line dividing the Sanctuary from the oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf can happen here. The question is will we allow it or will we act to protect our natural resources and our jobs from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanctuary expansion would be a legacy for our coastline, and ensure future generations the enjoyment of fish and all marine life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\"><img src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/big-whale1.jpg\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray whale near Pacific Grove. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tclifton/\">Tom Clifton\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/graywhl.htm\">gray whale\u003c/a> season. As you gaze out across the Pacific, you may see one. These whales are gray in color (hence their name), and are dotted with white markings—scars from parasitic barnacles that attached themselves to the whales’ skin, and then fell off. As they dive, you won’t see a dorsal fin—gray whales don’t have them—but you might see a series of bumps that extend from the middle of the back towards the tail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray whales we see this time of year are traveling from the Bering and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea\">Chukghi\u003c/a> seas, their summer feeding grounds, to Baja, where they mate and give birth to their calves. \u003c!--more-->These are some big babies—they’re about 4.5 meters (15 feet) long and weigh up to 1,500 pounds! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, gray whales had a wide distribution. There were four populations: the Eastern North Pacific population that we see migrating along our coast, a Western North Pacific population along the coast of Asia, and two populations in the North Atlantic. The Eastern North Atlantic population, along the coast of Europe, went extinct in the 5th century. The Western North Atlantic population, along the east coast of North America, went extinct in the 18th century because of whaling. Today, the North Pacific population close to Asia is critically endangered, with fewer than 200 individuals. The North Pacific population along our coast is doing well, with over 20,000 individuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past summer, a gray whale was \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18883-stray-grey-whale-navigates-the-northwest-passage.html\">spotted in the Mediterranean\u003c/a>—first near Israel, and then near Spain. The Mediterranean may have been a breeding ground for grey whales, before whales in this region died out. It is thought that this lone whale crossed from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage\">Northwest Passage\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, the Northwest Passage has been, well, impassable, clogged with sea ice and impossible to navigate. But because of global warming, the sea ice is melting. In the summertime, it is possible for ships to move through the Northwest Passage, opening a \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/arctic-shipping-gets-boring/\">new trade route through the Arctic\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opening of the Northwest Passage to trade is controversial; countries debate over who controls this new waterway, and the presence of container ships, with their loud noises and polluting fuels, could adversely affect Arctic wildlife. Ships can do major physical damage to whales, as QUEST blogger David McGuire pointed out in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/20/when-a-sanctuary-is-no-longer-a-sanctuary/\">this blog post\u003c/a>. And engine noise travels far underwater, which can interfere with whale communication. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sonar.asp\">Sonar’s effects on marine mammals\u003c/a> can be even worse. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on gray whales, check out this Jean-Michel Cousteau Ocean Adventures \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMFznXz-Uh4\">video\u003c/a>. And find out where you can see gray whales yourself, with this list of \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/whale-resources/\">gray whale resources\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\"><img src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/big-whale1.jpg\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray whale near Pacific Grove. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tclifton/\">Tom Clifton\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/graywhl.htm\">gray whale\u003c/a> season. As you gaze out across the Pacific, you may see one. These whales are gray in color (hence their name), and are dotted with white markings—scars from parasitic barnacles that attached themselves to the whales’ skin, and then fell off. As they dive, you won’t see a dorsal fin—gray whales don’t have them—but you might see a series of bumps that extend from the middle of the back towards the tail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray whales we see this time of year are traveling from the Bering and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea\">Chukghi\u003c/a> seas, their summer feeding grounds, to Baja, where they mate and give birth to their calves. \u003c!--more-->These are some big babies—they’re about 4.5 meters (15 feet) long and weigh up to 1,500 pounds! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/bulb3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The evolution of the light bulb.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California begins its long goodbye to the light bulb – at least the one Thomas Edison helped invent over a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007\">The law\u003c/a>, signed by President George W. Bush back in 2007, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/01/california-100-watt-bulb-new-incandescent-.html\">phases out the old, energy-hogging 100-watt incandescents\u003c/a> in favor of newer bulbs that are just as bright, but use at least 28-percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the rest of the country will follow suit. By 2014, the traditional 75 and 40-watt incandescent bulbs will be gone, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law leaves consumers with several choices. Among them are halogen bulbs, which are an updated and more energy-efficient take on the old incandescent bulbs, and compact fluorescents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFLs are some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB\">most efficient bulbs on the market\u003c/a>. But they’ve long suffered an image problem, according to Michael Siminovich, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/\">California Lighting Technology Center\u003c/a>, at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-24-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">How CFLs Got Their Bad Rap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If you go into a home today in the US, fluorescents are the exception,” Siminovich says. “We should have transformed this marketplace by now, but by and large it’s been a dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? According to Siminovich, there were two big misconceptions and one big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number one: \u003cb>The light from CFLs is ugly and unflattering.\u003c/b> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Siminovich, this is both the oldest complaint in the book and the easiest to resolve. He takes me over to a wall of wooden cubbies, each about a foot square. Installed in each is a different type of bulb, including several CFLs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the first CFL, my hand looks pale and sickly. I tell Siminovich I look like a corpse. “Yep,” he says, “and this is how bad it is in some people’s homes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those people simply bought the wrong type of compact florescent. CFLs with\u003ca href=\"http://www.lightingfacts.com/default.aspx?cp=content/label\"> high K (Kelvin) numbers \u003c/a>–around 5000 — give off a cool, blue-green light. But get one with a lower K number, say 3000, and it’s as warm as any incandescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number two: \u003cb>CFLs aren’t well- made\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siminovich says initially, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">that was true\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bulbs, he says were touted as lasting for five years. “So when you stick this in and then it dies six months later. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">leaves a terrible experience in your mind.\u003c/a>” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to what Siminovich says was the big mistake. It has to do with the reason CFLs became so ubiquitous, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an explanation, I called Max Neubauer, research associate with the American Council on Energy Efficiency, a nonprofit advocacy group in Washington DC. The ACEE evaluates and compares various states’ efficiency programs. (California consistently ranks at the top of the list.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says from a state government standpoint, CFLs are pretty much efficiency 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at any state that’s invested in energy efficiency, chances are they’ve invested in some sort of lighting program, including buying a lot of CFLs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both the state and federal level, government agencies \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704259704576033890595565026.html\">have spent billions\u003c/a> of dollars subsidizing CFLs. Here in California alone, energy utilities, like PG&E, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/energy/energy+efficiency/\">are spending over 500 million ratepayer dollars\u003c/a>, over the course of seven years, on CFLs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when you buy tens of millions of light bulbs at a time, you probably want to get the cheapest ones you can find, says Siminovich. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what did the poor lamp manufacturers do? They compromised some of the color, some of the quality, so we ended up with a lot of compact fluorescent lamps that don’t satisfy people’s preferences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: state and federal agencies bought millions of inexpensive and low-quality CFL bulbs. Many of the bulbs burned out early or made people look corpse-like. That’s how CFLs got their bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, the bulbs have made a difference in energy use, although their exact contribution is hard to quantify. The ACEE’s Max Neubauer believes CFLs aren’t a bad first step for states to take, especially if they follow it up with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/06/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">more sophisticated efficiency programs\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Siminovich, those early investments in CFLs were a missed opportunity to have achieved greater savings, earlier on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more expensive lamp — $5, $4 — a lamp that produces great color, lasts five years, is dimmable,” he says, “we could have transformed the marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it took a while, but today that’s what’s happening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Home Depot in Daly City, there are still some 100-watt bulbs on the shelves, but when they sell out, it’s over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assistant Manager Brian Thomas says when customers ask about the phase-out, he has a very simple response. “We show them our display.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The display is a table with about a dozen lit bulbs of different types, including traditional incandescents, and CFLs. Thomas points to the CFL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at this and you can’t tell me that’s less bright than a normal incandescent, right? And it’s dimmable. I mean it’s not only better for the environment, but it’s going to save them money down the long run. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.551087 -121.716295\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "CFLs -- maligned for their industrial color and low-quality manufacturing -- deserve better.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/bulb3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The evolution of the light bulb.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month, California begins its long goodbye to the light bulb – at least the one Thomas Edison helped invent over a century ago. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007\">The law\u003c/a>, signed by President George W. Bush back in 2007, \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2011/01/california-100-watt-bulb-new-incandescent-.html\">phases out the old, energy-hogging 100-watt incandescents\u003c/a> in favor of newer bulbs that are just as bright, but use at least 28-percent less energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, the rest of the country will follow suit. By 2014, the traditional 75 and 40-watt incandescent bulbs will be gone, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law leaves consumers with several choices. Among them are halogen bulbs, which are an updated and more energy-efficient take on the old incandescent bulbs, and compact fluorescents. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CFLs are some of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB\">most efficient bulbs on the market\u003c/a>. But they’ve long suffered an image problem, according to Michael Siminovich, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://cltc.ucdavis.edu/\">California Lighting Technology Center\u003c/a>, at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-24-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/how-cfls-got-their-bad-rap\">How CFLs Got Their Bad Rap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If you go into a home today in the US, fluorescents are the exception,” Siminovich says. “We should have transformed this marketplace by now, but by and large it’s been a dismal failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? According to Siminovich, there were two big misconceptions and one big mistake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number one: \u003cb>The light from CFLs is ugly and unflattering.\u003c/b> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Siminovich, this is both the oldest complaint in the book and the easiest to resolve. He takes me over to a wall of wooden cubbies, each about a foot square. Installed in each is a different type of bulb, including several CFLs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the first CFL, my hand looks pale and sickly. I tell Siminovich I look like a corpse. “Yep,” he says, “and this is how bad it is in some people’s homes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those people simply bought the wrong type of compact florescent. CFLs with\u003ca href=\"http://www.lightingfacts.com/default.aspx?cp=content/label\"> high K (Kelvin) numbers \u003c/a>–around 5000 — give off a cool, blue-green light. But get one with a lower K number, say 3000, and it’s as warm as any incandescent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Misperception number two: \u003cb>CFLs aren’t well- made\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siminovich says initially, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">that was true\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many bulbs, he says were touted as lasting for five years. “So when you stick this in and then it dies six months later. That \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/28/business/energy-environment/28bulbs.html?th&emc=th\">leaves a terrible experience in your mind.\u003c/a>” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to what Siminovich says was the big mistake. It has to do with the reason CFLs became so ubiquitous, in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an explanation, I called Max Neubauer, research associate with the American Council on Energy Efficiency, a nonprofit advocacy group in Washington DC. The ACEE evaluates and compares various states’ efficiency programs. (California consistently ranks at the top of the list.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says from a state government standpoint, CFLs are pretty much efficiency 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at any state that’s invested in energy efficiency, chances are they’ve invested in some sort of lighting program, including buying a lot of CFLs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At both the state and federal level, government agencies \u003ca href=\"http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704259704576033890595565026.html\">have spent billions\u003c/a> of dollars subsidizing CFLs. Here in California alone, energy utilities, like PG&E, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/energy/energy+efficiency/\">are spending over 500 million ratepayer dollars\u003c/a>, over the course of seven years, on CFLs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when you buy tens of millions of light bulbs at a time, you probably want to get the cheapest ones you can find, says Siminovich. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what did the poor lamp manufacturers do? They compromised some of the color, some of the quality, so we ended up with a lot of compact fluorescent lamps that don’t satisfy people’s preferences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In short: state and federal agencies bought millions of inexpensive and low-quality CFL bulbs. Many of the bulbs burned out early or made people look corpse-like. That’s how CFLs got their bad rap. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be fair, the bulbs have made a difference in energy use, although their exact contribution is hard to quantify. The ACEE’s Max Neubauer believes CFLs aren’t a bad first step for states to take, especially if they follow it up with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/06/californias-basement-bargains-on-home-efficiency\">more sophisticated efficiency programs\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Siminovich, those early investments in CFLs were a missed opportunity to have achieved greater savings, earlier on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A more expensive lamp — $5, $4 — a lamp that produces great color, lasts five years, is dimmable,” he says, “we could have transformed the marketplace.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, it took a while, but today that’s what’s happening. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Home Depot in Daly City, there are still some 100-watt bulbs on the shelves, but when they sell out, it’s over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assistant Manager Brian Thomas says when customers ask about the phase-out, he has a very simple response. “We show them our display.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The display is a table with about a dozen lit bulbs of different types, including traditional incandescents, and CFLs. Thomas points to the CFL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Look at this and you can’t tell me that’s less bright than a normal incandescent, right? And it’s dimmable. I mean it’s not only better for the environment, but it’s going to save them money down the long run. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.551087 -121.716295\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives",
"headTitle": "15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7659715 -122.4664658\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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