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"disqusTitle": "Fossil Burrows Shed Light on Great Plains' Roots",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/FossilBurrows.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71960\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71960 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth next to a modern pocket gopher skull.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5687-FI-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds a fossil gopher tooth (left) next to a modern pocket gopher skull. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71983\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71983 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_57122-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jesslyn Weiner leads a tour\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesslyn Weiner says the fossil burrows are now a regular part of her tours at Happy Jack Chalk Mine. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you drive through central Nebraska and go an hour north of Grand Island, you’ll find Happy Jack Chalk Mine just off Highway 11. It’s been an active chalk mine, an abandoned mine, a state-owned wayside park, and recently a privately owned tourist attraction. But the mine’s significance goes way back before its modern history -- five million years back. In fact, these mines contain a curious collection of clues that are helping scientists learn more about the last great period of climate change, a time of global cooling and drying that occurred right before the most recent Ice Age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesslyn Weiner has been a tour guide at the mine for five years. She enters the mine through a shack at the foot of the hill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have lights in here, but this first one’s burned out and it’s not one we can fix. And these are the burrows,” Weiner points to a dark gray balloon-shaped rock embedded in the stark white rock of the mine’s wall. There's another one less than a foot away. Weiner points out another one, “And this is just one of the burrows, but it looks like a rabbit. Can you see its ears?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71958 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5709-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A cross-section of one of the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cross-section of one of the fossil burrows showing a shaft rodents may have used as an entrance. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The burrows are all over the ceiling and walls in the 6,000-square-foot mine. It wasn’t until recently that they became a regular part of the tour. In 2002, the mine’s owners invited University of Nebraska-Lincoln geologist Matt Joeckel to visit and give tour guides some background on the mine’s geology. Joeckel expected to talk about the chalky rock that makes up the mine, called diatomite, but he got a surprise when he walked in: “The minute we walked into the mine we recognized the features on the wall as being fossil burrows. We picked them out right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71959\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71959 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5692-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-sections showing chambers in the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Digging in\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>According to Joeckel, rodents dug the long, nearly vertical tunnels and large chambers into the soft rock in the mine about five million years ago. Some time later sand washed in and filled in the burrows, helping to preserve them as fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2002, Joeckel and his colleague Shane Tucker, a paleontologist for the University of Nebraska Museum, have mapped out the locations of all the burrows in the mine, which wasn’t easy. Parts of the mine are cramped and narrow, and Joeckel is a little claustrophobic. Tucker remembers when they had to start photographing the ceiling. “So we brought one of the museum carts and Matt lay down on his back. He had the light and was looking up,” Tucker said. “And I would push him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel interrupted, “It sounds like that would be great fun, for me, lying on my back on this little four-wheeled cart. But it wasn’t. It was more like a medieval torture chamber.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel and Tucker have been meticulously mapping out the burrows because these burrows are one of the few ancient burrows that have been preserved in the world. Burrows are hard to preserve as fossils because they’re often made in soft soil that erodes easily. In this case, Joeckel and Tucker got lucky that the burrows were made in harder rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking for the burrowmakers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71970\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71970 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5637-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Fossil squirrel tooth and fossil gopher tooth\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker compares a pair of teeth found among the fossil burrows. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71967\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71967 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5660-labels-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"A handful of fossils\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tucker and Joeckel have only found a handful of body fossils from the burrows so far. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Burrowing is a very common rodent behavior now, but it wasn’t always. The first thing Tucker and Joeckel wanted to do was try and figure out what kind of animal made these burrows. They sifted through 500 pounds of sediment from the mine looking for body fossils. What they found fits into the palm of one hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Out of the 20-some different body fossils we got from there, six teeth were well preserved. So…not great,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Tucker added, the burrows themselves are just as important as body fossils to identify what made them. Tucker and Joeckel made a silicone mold of one burrow to create a plaster replica they could study back at UNL.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an exact carbon copy of what we saw at the diatomite mine. And in some portions of the wall you could see the striations, these paired grooves, much more easily,” Tucker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grooves are evidence of ancient rodents using their top teeth to anchor into the rock and gnawing with their lower teeth to dig.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71964\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71964 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5664-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shane Tucker holds up the mold and cast of one of the burrow chambers that he and Matt Joeckel are using to study the burrows more closely. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those grooves and the burrow’s general shape suggest that a kind of ground squirrel, like modern prairie dogs, built the burrows. Joeckel says these rodents may have started spending more time underground in response to the disappearance of ancient forests and the formation of open grasslands like the Great Plains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why would they do that? Well, open grasslands are a somewhat harsh environment. There could be prairie fires. There could be extremes in temperature. So we’re seeing a snapshot of the emergence of the modern grassland environment, which is no small thing,” Joeckel explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71971 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_5827-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Striations in the burrows\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These striations are teeth marks that are helping Joeckel and Tucker identify the burrows' origins. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The beginning of the Great Plains\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometime in the late Oligocene, around the time when huge portions of the earth began to dry, forests gave way to open land. Grasses started growing on those open areas in the late Miocene. Scientists know rodents started burrowing around this time, but because burrows are hard to fossilize they haven’t had any direct evidence -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burrows at Happy Jack show that complex burrowing behavior that included tunnels and hibernation dens had already evolved in some rodents by the late Miocene. The burrows are also giving us details like what specific kinds of plants made up the first grasslands and how much seasons developed as the climate changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joeckel says it’s hard to find rocks from that specific time period in Nebraska, so these burrows can help fill in those gaps. But there’s a lot more they’d like to know. Joeckel compares it to having a big picture versus a closeup. “We’re looking through a glass darkly at an emerging world. There are a lot of things we don’t know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71973\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71973 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/IMG_58751-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Overlooking the Loup River\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Happy Jack Chalk Mine sits under a hill that overlooks the Loup River in Central Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For instance, Joeckel and Tucker want to know how seeds of specific plants responded to the cooling and drying period right before the Ice Age, and they want to know more about how these rodent burrows may have shaped the Great Plains ecosystem as we know it today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As is usually the case with these kinds of geological studies, it probably raises more questions than it answers. I personally find that comforting,” Joeckel said. “I don’t think I want to know everything. I think I want to be in the business of always trying to come up with interesting ways of approaching an understanding of the history of the planet.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?",
"title": "Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Drought is reshaping the beef map and raising the price of steak. Ranchers are moving herds \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_25773718/california-cattle-short-food-finding-way-colorado\">from California to Colorado\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://lubbockonline.com/agriculture/2014-03-02/texas-trails-nebraska-number-cattle-feeding#.U5dGJPmwJcQ\">from Texas to Nebraska\u003c/a> seeking refuge from dry weather. And cattle producers in the Midwest are making the most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. may be on the front end of a significant geographic shakeout of the beef industry. Herd numbers have been sliding nationwide for more than a decade. Now, as drought grips major beef and dairy producing areas, a cattle migration is emerging and it’s altering where cattle are raised, fed, and slaughtered.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Drought devastating cattle herds\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Prime cattle producing areas can’t hold the same number of animals without adequate supplies of feed and water. Oklahoma State University livestock marketing specialist Derrell Peel says ponds and pastures are drying up across large parts of Oklahoma and Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Western Oklahoma -- the panhandle, the panhandle of Texas, and, in fact, much of West Texas and much of western New Mexico are still in extremely severe drought,” Peel said. “There’s been very little relief really since the fall of 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Texas, the country’s leading beef state, lost 24 percent of its total beef herd from 2010 to 2014. Oklahoma saw a 13 percent cut. As a result of shrinking herds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.startribune.com/business/258725451.html\">some feedlots and even a meat-packing plant\u003c/a> have closed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A packing plant \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/31/usa-beef-national-idUSL2N0L51GW20140131\">also closed in Southern California\u003c/a> earlier this year, where more than 80 percent the state is currently experiencing extreme drought (as of August 7). Hay and alfalfa are expensive and in short supply for feeding cattle. For the time being, dairy producers appear to be absorbing the increased costs, but beef ranchers are having a harder time managing the expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many ranchers have cut beef herds in half in the northern Sierra foothills where Jeremy James is director of a University of California \u003ca href=\"http://sfrec.ucanr.edu/\">agriculture and natural resources research center.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But if you go farther south in San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara, ranchers have culled basically their entire herd or 80 to 90 percent of their herd,” James said. “They’ve received some of the lowest rainfall over the last three years of almost anywhere on the coastal range of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Smallest herd in decades\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“The drought the last three years has been the last straw,” said Oklahoma State’s Derrell Peel. The U.S. beef herd has fallen by 1.8 million head, or 6 percent, since 2011. But it comes after years of overall decline in cattle numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The U.S. beef cow herd has been downsizing for 16 of the last 18 years,” Peel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, national herd numbers are the smallest they’ve been since the 1950s. That’s why \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/beef-herd-may-be-poised-growth-and-cheaper-steak\">shoppers are paying more than ever for beef\u003c/a> at the grocery store. Beef prices are up 10 percent in the last 12 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not all beef states are experiencing equal declines. Northern states like Montana, Nebraska, Iowa, and the Dakotas have held steady or have even seen some growth in their cattle herds, even though many pastures have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvestpublicmedia.org/article/farmers-plowing-more-and-more-prairie\">plowed up to raise corn.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-e1408567960506.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71815\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_truck-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"A feed truck drives along a concrete bunk in a cattle feedlot.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Van Housen Feed Yard in Stromsburg, Nebraska mixes 22 loads of feed every day, adding up to nearly 200 tons food for 8,000 cattle. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Following the feed\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Many of those cattle have moved to Midwestern feedlots. This year, for the first time, Nebraska passed Texas as the top cattle-feeding state in the country. That is, Nebraska houses the most cattle in feedlots, which are generally the final step before they head to the slaughterhouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason is a difference in feed prices. Feed costs are up in Texas, stoked by drought. But they’re relatively low in the Midwest, thanks to a byproduct of the region’s large ethanol industry -- distillers’ grains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distillers’ grains are the leftovers of corn ethanol production. Nebraska is second in the country in ethanol production, behind Iowa. When the starch is removed from the corn kernel to be fermented into fuel, the protein-rich fiber is left behind. But it can be used as an inexpensive ingredient in livestock feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 241px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-e1408568049274.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71814\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Cattle_terry-241x169.jpg\" alt=\"Cattle feeder, Terry Van Housen, holds a handful of yellow cattle feed in his hand.\" width=\"241\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Terry Van Housen takes a handful of feed from the bunk at his feedlot. Lower feed costs give Nebraska an advantage in the cattle-feeding industry. (Photo by Grant Gerlock)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cattle feeder Terry Van Housen calls Nebraska the “garden spot for raising cattle.” At his feedlot near the small town of Stromsburg, 8,000 animals line up along two miles of concrete bunks to pile on the pounds. He has replaced 30 percent of his regular feed ration with distillers’ grains, the corn ethanol byproduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Housen gets the moist, yellow, sweet-smelling stuff fresh from an ethanol plant just 18 miles away. He says the cheap source of feed gives Midwestern feeders an edge over southern competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So that’s a big deal,” Van Housen says. “A lot of this stuff, if you fed in Texas, it would have to come from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Van Housen says, it’s cheaper to haul the cattle to the feed than haul the feed to the cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Waiting for rain\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Rebuilding herds in the areas of cattle country hit hardest by drought could take years, and that’s only once the grass is green again. For now, ranchers in Texas and California are watching and waiting for rain. Jeremy James of the University of California says producers want to see what will happen this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will tip the scale in either a good or bad trajectory,” James said. “If we had a fourth year of drought here, it would probably tax most of these ag systems beyond any sort of reasonable capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When rain does come, cattle will return to the areas where they were forced out by drought. The question is how many? Those ranchers will be competing with areas that have gained from their climatic misfortune. And wherever those cattle start, when it’s time for them to bulk up before slaughter, states like Nebraska, with easy access to cheap feed, are likely to attract a larger share of the market.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills",
"title": "Dating Drought in the Nebraska Sandhills",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Could the Nebraska Sandhills resemble the Sahara? They have before. Join QUEST as we explore dating and recreating drought in dunes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/SandhillsDrought2014web.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Plains have experienced prolonged, and in some places severe, drought during the last several years. But could drought ever make Nebraska’s Sandhills resemble the Sahara? Yes—and it has, several times before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71930\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71930 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Sandhills-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands that support a robust ranching economy. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Today Nebraska's Sandhills are lush grasslands, but in the last century they've been rolling bare dunes. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Sandhills are a lush and complex grassland ecosystem sitting atop the massive Oglalla aquifer, supporting many cattle ranches and species of wildlife. So it’s quite a contrast to visit the research sites of David Wedin, an ecology professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. On a warm summer day, Wedin lead the way to one circular plot plot he’s put through what he calls the “death and destruction” treatment, killed once every three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually herbicide it with Roundup, glyphosate,” Wedin said. “So we’re simulating a severe disturbance of some kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wedin’s \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/sandhills-biocomplexity/gdex.htm\">Grassland Destabilization Experiment\u003c/a> has been going on for about a decade on university property in north-central Nebraska. Several test plots hold only patchy vegetation and lots of bare sand. In addition to herbicides, he’s used an agricultural disk to scrape off the grass in some places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71928\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71928 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0568-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dave Wedin shows how much sand has been lost on one of his test plots recently. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to understand what happens when the system goes past its point of resilience and loses its stability, and kinda how the Sandhills fall apart,” Wedin said, “What happens ecologically in that process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the last 10,000 years, data point to four periods of “mega-drought”— one lasting nearly 3,000 years. That drought, possibly exacerbated by strong winds, wiped out vegetation across the Sandhills. Wedin said during the most recent mega-drought 800 years ago, “you would have been standing at this point and looking at the largest set of moving sand dunes in the western hemisphere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UNL scientists have spent the last 15 years dating the Sandhills through a process called optically stimulated luminescence, which measures the electrical charge of sand grains. UNL Professor Paul Hanson, a geologist with the\u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/csd/surveyareas/geology.asp\"> Nebraska Geologic Survey\u003c/a>, uses this technique to study how and when the sand dunes last moved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson said to think of each sand grain as an individual rechargeable battery. “The sand grains are exposed to sunlight, they lose their electrical charge. And when those sand grains are buried in the ground they’re gaining that electrical charge again. So the length of time they’re buried dictates how full that battery is,” Hanson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson and his colleagues drill down 60 to 80 feet to take core samples of the dunes, then return to their lab to study them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the UNL campus, Hanson leads the way through a rotating door of darkness to enter the lab lit by red and amber lights. Inside, Hanson and his students remove the outer edges of the core sample to work with the unexposed sand grains in the middle. After sifting the sand down to the right grain size, they treat it in several different acids to concentrate the quartz. Then they load the individual grains of sand onto disks into a machine that reads the luminescence—like what you see from fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if your eyes were more sensitive and could actually see smaller quantities of light, you could actually see the sand grains give off the light under the right conditions,” Hanson said. But since our eyes aren’t that sensitive, this machine runs 24/7, dating sand one individual grain at a time. By averaging the useful data from enough grains of sand, “you can use that as a clock to tell how long the grains have been buried,” said Hanson, and thus the last time the dune was bare and moving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The geologic history Paul Hanson constructs provides context for the ecological research Dave Wedin is doing: trying to understand what conditions are necessary to make a healthy grassland destabilize and fall apart, and how long it takes to recover. Wedin said he’s been quite surprised by the plots killed every three years, particularly given the extreme drought in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never would have thought you could completely kill the vegetation out here and it could go another four years before you started to see erosion. And by saying there wasn’t significant erosion I mean less than an inch,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71929\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71929 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/DSC_0570-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Hanson and David Wedin walk through a test plot being revegetated. (Photo by Ariana Brocious)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with surface vegetation killed, the stressed grasslands proved far more resilient than Wedin imagined, retaining their root systems, sand, and organic matter for years. He’s now trying to revegetate the plots, which he said has been even harder:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a situation where the professors come out and learn something that everybody that lives out here already knew, \" said Wedin, \"that it’s easier to destroy the stability out here in the Sandhills than it is to restore it once it’s lost. And that was humbling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Wedin and Hanson agree droughts capable of making the Sandhills resemble the Sahara are very long, probably on the order of decades or a couple hundred years. They’d have to be far more severe than what we’ve seen in the last two hundred years, but not in the last millennium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we know that in the last 1000 years this landscape produced droughts that destabilized the whole landscape, it seems prudent to think that can do that again. And that discussion is without human-caused climate change. But we don’t even need to invoke human-caused climate change to say, it’s a reasonable prediction [that] sometime in the next couple hundred years we’re going to see droughts out here that the whole thing falls apart,” Wedin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And long before things reach that point, he noted that a few hard years with no grass could be devastating for the Sandhills ranching economy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future",
"title": "A House Made From Mushrooms? An Artist Dreams of a Fungal Future",
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"content": "\u003cp>Why build a home if you can grow one? San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross has spent the last 20 years developing sustainable materials from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Ross originally cultivated mushrooms as food, he quickly became fascinated by their \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" target=\"_blank\">potential as an artistic medium\u003c/a>. He started growing sculptures and other structural forms out of fungus. And through a process he calls “mycotecture,” Ross crafted furniture, interlocking blocks, and a small tea house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material,\" said Phil Ross, Chief Technology Officer of MycoWorks.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what started as an art project has now turned into a business venture. At the end of 2013 Ross co-founded the startup company \u003ca href=\"http://www.mycoworks.com/\" target=\"_blank\">MycoWorks\u003c/a> as the first step on his quest to “mycotecturize the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stuff can be used to replace a lot of engineered woods, a lot of plastics, a lot of materials that we can't even think of,\" said Ross, who is now the company’s chief technology officer. \"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross’s creations start out as bits of reishi mushroom, an edible fungus commonly sold as a health supplement. But he’s not growing the familiar fruiting bodies you’ll find at the store. Instead, Ross relies on the mushroom’s root structure, known as mycelium, to form the substance of his materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeding on agricultural waste such as sawdust or corn husks, the mycelium forms an interwoven network that can be molded into practically any shape. Growing the fungus in rectangular boxes creates “mycobricks.” More elaborate molds can be used to produce chair seats or decorative panels. Depending on the final density of the material, this process can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is then dried out with fans and baked in an oven to kill the fungus. “It’s mainly so that when you have a brick, it’s not going to come alive again and infect your house and start to eat it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"71715,71714,71717,71718,71720,71721,71722,71712\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is also self-binding and flame resistant, negating the need for toxic glues and flame-retardant chemicals. Unlike most synthetic products, mycelium materials can be created without petrochemicals and are completely compostable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">According to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While edible mushrooms can be polarizing, Ross said, “it doesn’t smell like your typical mushroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the first thing that people do. They grab [the material] and they smell it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MycoWorks isn’t the only company working to commercialize mushroom-based products. For the past few years \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovativedesign.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ecovative Design\u003c/a> has been producing packaging materials made from mycelium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecovative’s grow-it-yourself kits have also allowed artists to get creative with the material. Recent projects include colossal, \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/nyc/worlds-first-tower-made-from-mushrooms-rises-at-ps1-in-queens-ny/mushroom-building-3-2/?extend=1\" target=\"_blank\">bio-inspired towers\u003c/a> installed in the heart of New York City and \u003ca href=\"http://danielletrofe.com/mush-lume/\" target=\"_blank\">mushroom-shaped table lamps\u003c/a> called “mush-lumes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And fungus isn’t just for building. Edible mushrooms are also being used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com/mushrooms.htm\" target=\"_blank\">break down condemned wooden houses\u003c/a> into compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both MycoWorks and Ecovative are pushing the limits of what the fungus can do. To this end, Ross has teamed up with Sonia Travaglini, a doctoral researcher in mechanical engineering at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"slideshow\" ids=\"71725,71726,71724,71723,71713,71716\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research so far has been some of the first characterization of these materials,” said Travaglini. Currently she is experimenting with composites that meld the mycelium with more conventional materials. One creation combines the lightweight durability of mycelium with the tensile strength of bamboo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by manipulating growing conditions, the same mushroom mycelium can form everything from lightweight foams to durable bricks as tough as concrete. “Because it’s a natural material, what we feed it and how we grow it chooses how the properties come about,” said Travaglini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eddie Pavlu, CEO of MycoWorks, plans to develop engineered wood alternatives, cork-like materials, and polystyrene-like foams from the mycelium material. As they scale up production, Pavlu says these substances will be cost competitive with conventional materials such as particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next year or two we could be replacing certain parts of buildings,” said Pavlu, though he points out that updating building codes to allow the new materials could take some time. For now the company is focusing less on heavy-duty construction materials in favor of products that won’t require lengthy approval processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking further out, 10 to 20 years from now, I see not just construction materials, but I see a replacement for plastics,” said Pavlu. Ross agrees, and believes that one day many things -- everything from computers and car parts to sports gear and spaceships -- could be grown from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the sky’s the limit,” said Travaglini. “Or rather, the mushroom’s the limit.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Why build a home if you can grow one? San Francisco-based artist Phil Ross has spent the last 20 years developing sustainable materials from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Ross originally cultivated mushrooms as food, he quickly became fascinated by their \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" target=\"_blank\">potential as an artistic medium\u003c/a>. He started growing sculptures and other structural forms out of fungus. And through a process he calls “mycotecture,” Ross crafted furniture, interlocking blocks, and a small tea house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material,\" said Phil Ross, Chief Technology Officer of MycoWorks.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But what started as an art project has now turned into a business venture. At the end of 2013 Ross co-founded the startup company \u003ca href=\"http://www.mycoworks.com/\" target=\"_blank\">MycoWorks\u003c/a> as the first step on his quest to “mycotecturize the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This stuff can be used to replace a lot of engineered woods, a lot of plastics, a lot of materials that we can't even think of,\" said Ross, who is now the company’s chief technology officer. \"It just seems like an inevitability that this is going to be a popular material.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross’s creations start out as bits of reishi mushroom, an edible fungus commonly sold as a health supplement. But he’s not growing the familiar fruiting bodies you’ll find at the store. Instead, Ross relies on the mushroom’s root structure, known as mycelium, to form the substance of his materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feeding on agricultural waste such as sawdust or corn husks, the mycelium forms an interwoven network that can be molded into practically any shape. Growing the fungus in rectangular boxes creates “mycobricks.” More elaborate molds can be used to produce chair seats or decorative panels. Depending on the final density of the material, this process can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is then dried out with fans and baked in an oven to kill the fungus. “It’s mainly so that when you have a brick, it’s not going to come alive again and infect your house and start to eat it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The material is also self-binding and flame resistant, negating the need for toxic glues and flame-retardant chemicals. Unlike most synthetic products, mycelium materials can be created without petrochemicals and are completely compostable.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">According to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While edible mushrooms can be polarizing, Ross said, “it doesn’t smell like your typical mushroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the first thing that people do. They grab [the material] and they smell it,” said Ross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to the artist, his creations smell less like a slice of mushroom pizza and more like a walk in the woods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MycoWorks isn’t the only company working to commercialize mushroom-based products. For the past few years \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecovativedesign.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ecovative Design\u003c/a> has been producing packaging materials made from mycelium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ecovative’s grow-it-yourself kits have also allowed artists to get creative with the material. Recent projects include colossal, \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/nyc/worlds-first-tower-made-from-mushrooms-rises-at-ps1-in-queens-ny/mushroom-building-3-2/?extend=1\" target=\"_blank\">bio-inspired towers\u003c/a> installed in the heart of New York City and \u003ca href=\"http://danielletrofe.com/mush-lume/\" target=\"_blank\">mushroom-shaped table lamps\u003c/a> called “mush-lumes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And fungus isn’t just for building. Edible mushrooms are also being used to \u003ca href=\"http://www.civiltwilightcollective.com/mushrooms.htm\" target=\"_blank\">break down condemned wooden houses\u003c/a> into compost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both MycoWorks and Ecovative are pushing the limits of what the fungus can do. To this end, Ross has teamed up with Sonia Travaglini, a doctoral researcher in mechanical engineering at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My research so far has been some of the first characterization of these materials,” said Travaglini. Currently she is experimenting with composites that meld the mycelium with more conventional materials. One creation combines the lightweight durability of mycelium with the tensile strength of bamboo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by manipulating growing conditions, the same mushroom mycelium can form everything from lightweight foams to durable bricks as tough as concrete. “Because it’s a natural material, what we feed it and how we grow it chooses how the properties come about,” said Travaglini.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eddie Pavlu, CEO of MycoWorks, plans to develop engineered wood alternatives, cork-like materials, and polystyrene-like foams from the mycelium material. As they scale up production, Pavlu says these substances will be cost competitive with conventional materials such as particle board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the next year or two we could be replacing certain parts of buildings,” said Pavlu, though he points out that updating building codes to allow the new materials could take some time. For now the company is focusing less on heavy-duty construction materials in favor of products that won’t require lengthy approval processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking further out, 10 to 20 years from now, I see not just construction materials, but I see a replacement for plastics,” said Pavlu. Ross agrees, and believes that one day many things -- everything from computers and car parts to sports gear and spaceships -- could be grown from mushrooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the sky’s the limit,” said Travaglini. “Or rather, the mushroom’s the limit.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reflections on the military rarely conjure up images of environmental harmony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>War is hell, for the combatants as well as for the battlefields’ ecosystems. But one of the East Coast’s primary defense facilities has demonstrated that America’s fighting men and women can apply the same earnest professionalism to conservation that they do to combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71458\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71458\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/13987568526_939fb96819_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Sgt.-Juan-F.-Jimenez-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg became a permanent Army post in 1922. Today it is one of the largest military complexes in the world, with close to 100,000 personnel. U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Juan F. Jimenez\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bragg.army.mil/Pages/History.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Bragg\u003c/a> in Fayetteville, North Carolina, is a 251-square-mile compound with nearly 100,000 personnel. Bragg, as it’s known, is situated in the piney Sandhills region one hour south of Raleigh. Home to the elite 82nd Airborne Division, Bragg’s woodlands and fields regularly experience artillery bombardment and gunfire as new recruits are put on the arduous road to joining the tough unit. Harrowing as such a fiery baptism must be to soldiers fresh out of high school, the wildlife native to the base are even more at risk, as disruption of feeding and mating behaviors, habitat loss, and even death were regularly viewed by officers as collateral damage while training for war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out that fiery disruption was exactly what the Bragg ecosystem needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71454\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71454\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/7420114118_122f7a7ef4_o-Photo-by-USFWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The red-cockaded woodpecker is one of the few bird species native to the United States. Photo courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/RCW_fact_sheet-Aug06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">red-cockaded woodpecker\u003c/a> (RCW) is native to the South’s formerly abundant longleaf pine forests. A cooperative breeder and one of the few birds to excavate nests in live, old-growth trees, the red-cockaded woodpecker lives in small family groups that assist in raising hatchlings. The extended family forages together, moving as a group from tree to tree. While this cooperative behavior sounds like a recipe for success, it is the RCW’s dependence on the once-abundant longleaf pine that caused its recent population crash. By mid-century, 86 percent of the Southeast’s old-growth longleaf pine forests had been cleared. And as the longleaf population dropped, so did the RCW, which was listed as federally endangered in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter Fort Bragg, the longleaf pines that buffer the base, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/laws-policies/\" target=\"_blank\">Endangered Species Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the RCW’s rapid decline, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service issued an emergency injunction in 1991 that immediately closed Bragg’s gun ranges to protect the woodpecker from disturbance. But rather than seeing this as an imposition, Fort Bragg’s personnel approached it with characteristic zeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71460\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71460 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/9785279683_a8bf4fc75c_oU.S.-Army-photo-by-Staff-Sgt.-Jason-Hull-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Longleaf pine forests benefit from occasional burns, whether they be natural, prescribed, military-induced. U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Jason- Hull\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mike Lynch, the former director of planning for Fort Bragg, saw opportunity where others saw obstruction. While walking the site of an armed exercise that had ignited much of the surrounding undergrowth, Lynch noticed the profusion of Venus flytraps, rare wildflowers, longleaf saplings, and, flitting from one singed but unharmed mature pine to another, red-cockaded woodpeckers. The site was regularly used for maneuvers because of the open accessibility granted by gunnery-induced wildfires. It turned out the same habitat the Army preferred was precisely what the pines and woodpeckers were after. Seeing a win/win in the making, Lynch instituted a rotational \u003ca href=\"http://www.smokeybear.com/prescribed-fires.asp\" target=\"_blank\">controlled burn\u003c/a> program that annually torches one-third of the base, or about 50,000 acres, thus keeping the longleaf forests ideal for aerialists of both the booted and beaked varieties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fort Bragg’s comprehensive, community-based approach to conservation is regional in scope and has been “highly successful,” according to Chief of the Endangered Species Branch Jackie Britcher. “RCWs are an indicator species -- ecologically, politically, and legally. Fort Bragg’s aggressive management of hardwood stands has benefited the birds, the longleafs, and our entire mission.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/12640507054_c386b1d3a4_o-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fort Bragg is home to one of the largest longleaf pine concentrations in the country. Photo courtesy Fort Bragg\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bragg’s regional conservation efforts benefit greatly from the 17,000 acres of buffer zones ringing the base. Jeff Marcus, with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/northcarolina/contact/\" target=\"_blank\">The Nature Conservancy’s\u003c/a> Sandhills Office said, “These buffers aren’t used for live fire or armored vehicles, but rather for orienteering and Special Forces exercises, basically whatever is compatible with longleaf and RCW recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Fort Bragg is home to 81,200 contiguous acres of longleaf pine, one of the largest concentrations in the country, and the base currently has the second largest red-cockaded woodpecker population in the world. The 82nd Airborne’s resolute motto of “All the way!” demands victory in the field, whether that means combat or conservation.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Local Farmer Sets His Sights on a New Crop: Crickets",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Insect protein is all the buzz lately, and for good reason -- it doesn’t require many resources to produce. Now one urban farmer in Ohio wants to cash in on that trend.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re hungry, do you reach for potato chips or peanuts? What about a handful of crickets? One daring entrepreneur is bucking the “yuck” factor and opening the first U.S. farm to grow insects exclusively for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to visit this intrepid cricketeer at \u003ca href=\"http://bigcricketfarms.com/\">Big Cricket Farms\u003c/a>, located in an old warehouse in Youngstown, Ohio. It’s the perfect place to grow crickets, according to owner Kevin Bachhuber. “So these are our babies. They’re actually hardening up right now,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71831\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71831 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-029-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 029\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Owner Kevin Bachhuber points to the tubs that house the young crickets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crickets live in big, black square tents that sit right on the warehouse floor. Inside the tents are bright lights, an interior like tin foil, and stacks of Rubbermaid tubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71833\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71833 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-013-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 013\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The crickets live in tightly-sealed tents within an old Ohio warehouse.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Crack a lid on one of those tubs and you’ll find cricket city. “There are little cricket high-rises made out of egg carton. If you look here, the little tiny grains of rice things -- wow, there’s a lot of them -- are the eggs,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These guys munch on organic chicken feed and mature rapidly, within two months. While some of these crickets will be sold whole at local farmers’ markets, most will be ground up and made into “cricket flour,” a nutrient-dense product that can be used in baked goods. Bachhuber says they’re in talks with energy bar companies as well as chip and cookie manufacturers who are interested in buying cricket flour in volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could be because insects are such a rich source of protein and minerals. They’re commonly used in zoo and pet food. In other countries, people have been eating bugs for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, though, there’s the cultural “yuck” factor to contend with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I said the word ‘insect’ to the average person on the street, immediately they’ll think of a cockroach,” said Sonny Ramaswamy, the director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture within the USDA. “So there is that sort of a creepy-crawly-hairy-cockroachy type of a mental image that’s created…so that’s one thing that you’ve got to overcome,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71834\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71834 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/bug-farm-016-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"bug farm 016\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Egg cartons are like \"cricket high rises\" says Bachhuber. The insects munch on organic chicken feed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And there’s good reason to make the critters more approachable to Western palates, says Ramaswamy, who, by the way, cooks up curried crickets for DC crowds whenever he gets the chance. In addition to their high protein content and rapid reproduction rate, “their ecological footprint is pretty significantly lower than other things. They use a lot less resources -- the amount of energy needed, the amount of water needed, the amount of land needed, and things like that,” he said. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>To produce a pound of crickets requires one gallon of water and two pounds of feed, says Bachhuber. The same amount of beef requires anywhere from 400 to 2,000 gallons of water and 25 pounds of feed. “They are marvelously efficient little digesters, and growers,” said Bachhuber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing crickets, or any insect for that matter, is uncharted water for regulatory agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Insect farms are new,” said Ashley McDonald with the Ohio Department of Agriculture. “They would be new to us. And we don’t regulate them at this time,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McDonald says they do regulate food processors, and so in that sense the operation would be treated like any other food facility when it comes to good practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Big Cricket Farms, Bachhuber takes food safety to the point of self-described paranoia. “These guys should be clean and safe. We don’t want to destroy our industry before it starts or anything,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They welcome inspectors and want their operation to be a model for other startup insect farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA is working on insect-specific regulations, but they aren’t finished yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for when you can expect to see cricket on the menu or in your protein bar, it might not be that far off. Big Cricket Farms will debut their product this August.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "5 Things Everyone Should Know About Washing Food",
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"content": "\u003cp>Everybody eats, and no one wants to eat something that could make you sick. But there’s a lot of misinformation out there about how and whether you should wash your food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food safety is an important issue. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/\" target=\"_blank\">one in six people\u003c/a> in the United States will get sick because of food-borne illness. And risks can be increased or decreased at every point between the farm and your fork. Yes, you want to make sure to cook your food \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html\" target=\"_blank\">to the appropriate temperature\u003c/a>, but here are some other tips to help you make good decisions in the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"washing2\" width=\"166\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>1. Don’t Wash Meat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome people think that you’re supposed to wash chicken, turkey, or other meats before cooking. Those people are wrong. “Research shows that washing meat can spread dangerous bacteria around your kitchen or food preparation area,” said Ben Chapman, a food safety researcher at North Carolina State University. “And washing poultry under running water can spray surface contamination up to three feet away. We cook meat to make it safer; washing meat can only make a meal riskier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite-202x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogens composite\" width=\"162\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>2. Washing Fruits and Veggies Only Removes up to 99 Percent of Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“That seems good, but it’s not great,” Chapman said. By comparison, cooking food can cut the number of bacteria or other microbial pathogens by 99.9999 percent. And that 0.9999 percent difference can be important. If a food is contaminated by thousands of microbes, washing off 99 percent means that dozens will be left behind -- and that’s enough to make you sick. That is why people who are immunocompromised, such as some chemotherapy patients, are often discouraged from eating raw fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"soap\" width=\"162\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>3. Don’t Use Soap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Although washing has its limitations, vigorously rinsing produce under running water is the most effective way to remove the microbes that cause foodborne illnesses,” Chapman said. You don’t need to use soap or special cleaning solutions. In fact, using soap can actually introduce additional risk, because soaps may contain chemicals that aren’t intended for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pesticides2\" width=\"162\" height=\"91\">\u003c/a>4. You Can’t Get All the Pesticides Off Your Food (but Don’t Panic)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome minute traces of pesticide will probably be on -- or in -- your fruits or vegetables when you eat them. “But being able to detect a pesticide doesn’t mean that it’s a public health problem,” said Chris Gunter, a researcher at NC State who studies vegetable agriculture. That’s because, after using a pesticide, farmers are required to wait for a specific period of time before harvesting (it’s called a “pre-harvest interval”). During that time, the pesticide breaks down or washes off, meaning any residual pesticide meets \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/stprf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">EPA’s human health requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash-239x169.jpg\" alt=\"organic food wash\" width=\"162\" height=\"115\">\u003c/a>5. Even Organic Food Can Use a Rinse\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nJust because produce is labeled “organic” doesn’t mean that it’s somehow immune to microbial contamination. Organic farmers usually grow their fruits and vegetables in open fields, just like conventional farmers, and are subject to some of the same risks, such as fecal contamination from wildlife (that is, poop can still get on the food).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any time you’re going to eat fresh produce you should rinse it off, if for no other reason than to rinse off dirt,” said Don Schaffner, a food safety researcher at Rutgers. “And rinsing off produce may offer some risk reduction in terms of microbial pathogens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus: Don’t Wash Pre-Washed Veggies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve bought salad mix that is labeled as “pre-washed,” you really don’t need to wash it again, Schaffner said. In fact, you probably shouldn’t wash it again. “An expert panel \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-851.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in 2007\u003c/a> that consumers who wash these salads again won’t reduce the risk,” Schaffner said, “and may actually create a risk of cross-contamination” where pathogens from other foods get onto the salad. In this case, being lazy is a virtue.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Everybody eats, and no one wants to eat something that could make you sick. But there’s a lot of misinformation out there about how and whether you should wash your food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food safety is an important issue. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that each year \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/\" target=\"_blank\">one in six people\u003c/a> in the United States will get sick because of food-borne illness. And risks can be increased or decreased at every point between the farm and your fork. Yes, you want to make sure to cook your food \u003ca href=\"http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html\" target=\"_blank\">to the appropriate temperature\u003c/a>, but here are some other tips to help you make good decisions in the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/washing2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"washing2\" width=\"166\" height=\"100\">\u003c/a>1. Don’t Wash Meat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome people think that you’re supposed to wash chicken, turkey, or other meats before cooking. Those people are wrong. “Research shows that washing meat can spread dangerous bacteria around your kitchen or food preparation area,” said Ben Chapman, a food safety researcher at North Carolina State University. “And washing poultry under running water can spray surface contamination up to three feet away. We cook meat to make it safer; washing meat can only make a meal riskier.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71226\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Pathogens-composite-202x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pathogens composite\" width=\"162\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>2. Washing Fruits and Veggies Only Removes up to 99 Percent of Pathogens\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“That seems good, but it’s not great,” Chapman said. By comparison, cooking food can cut the number of bacteria or other microbial pathogens by 99.9999 percent. And that 0.9999 percent difference can be important. If a food is contaminated by thousands of microbes, washing off 99 percent means that dozens will be left behind -- and that’s enough to make you sick. That is why people who are immunocompromised, such as some chemotherapy patients, are often discouraged from eating raw fruits and vegetables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71228\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/soap-231x253.jpg\" alt=\"soap\" width=\"162\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>3. Don’t Use Soap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n“Although washing has its limitations, vigorously rinsing produce under running water is the most effective way to remove the microbes that cause foodborne illnesses,” Chapman said. You don’t need to use soap or special cleaning solutions. In fact, using soap can actually introduce additional risk, because soaps may contain chemicals that aren’t intended for human consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71234\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/pesticides2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"pesticides2\" width=\"162\" height=\"91\">\u003c/a>4. You Can’t Get All the Pesticides Off Your Food (but Don’t Panic)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSome minute traces of pesticide will probably be on -- or in -- your fruits or vegetables when you eat them. “But being able to detect a pesticide doesn’t mean that it’s a public health problem,” said Chris Gunter, a researcher at NC State who studies vegetable agriculture. That’s because, after using a pesticide, farmers are required to wait for a specific period of time before harvesting (it’s called a “pre-harvest interval”). During that time, the pesticide breaks down or washes off, meaning any residual pesticide meets \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/stprf.htm\" target=\"_blank\">EPA’s human health requirements\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71225\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/organic-food-wash-239x169.jpg\" alt=\"organic food wash\" width=\"162\" height=\"115\">\u003c/a>5. Even Organic Food Can Use a Rinse\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nJust because produce is labeled “organic” doesn’t mean that it’s somehow immune to microbial contamination. Organic farmers usually grow their fruits and vegetables in open fields, just like conventional farmers, and are subject to some of the same risks, such as fecal contamination from wildlife (that is, poop can still get on the food).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any time you’re going to eat fresh produce you should rinse it off, if for no other reason than to rinse off dirt,” said Don Schaffner, a food safety researcher at Rutgers. “And rinsing off produce may offer some risk reduction in terms of microbial pathogens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bonus: Don’t Wash Pre-Washed Veggies\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you’ve bought salad mix that is labeled as “pre-washed,” you really don’t need to wash it again, Schaffner said. In fact, you probably shouldn’t wash it again. “An expert panel \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/datastore/234-851.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">reported in 2007\u003c/a> that consumers who wash these salads again won’t reduce the risk,” Schaffner said, “and may actually create a risk of cross-contamination” where pathogens from other foods get onto the salad. In this case, being lazy is a virtue.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shrimp from Wisconsin? New Aquatic Farming Methods Are Making It Possible",
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"content": "\u003cp>The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin could be in for a boost, as techniques for growing marine life in artificial ponds are leading to the state's first indoor shrimp farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every morning inside a big red building near downtown Westby, you'll find Forbes Adam feeding his 14,000 shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70376 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can feed them a little bit,” he said, shaking a protein feed into the tank. “Oh, here they come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, translucent shrimp bop their way to the water's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they're little, they're calm,” Adam said. “When they get older, they're flopping all over like crazy. Flopping around like... oh, there he goes!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is \u003ca title=\"Dairyland Shrimp\" href=\"http://www.dairylandshrimp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Dairyland Shrimp\u003c/a>, Wisconsin's first indoor shrimp farm. The heaters, fans, and water pumps hum loudly and keep the room at a balmy 93 degrees. Pacific white shrimp swim in four saltwater tanks that look like huge above-ground swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam may be an unlikely farmer. The former excavating contractor was looking for a new line of work when he stumbled across the idea of inland shrimp farming. He eventually visited an Indiana shrimp farm and was instantly hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70378 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR) \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I bought a pound of shrimp down there and when I ate it, I was just blown away by the flavor. I've never tasted shrimp that tasted so good. That's what really solidified the idea that I should do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam isn't the first Wisconsin farmer to try shrimping, but he is the first to do it indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Johnson is an aquaculture outreach specialist with University of Wisconsin-Extension. He says Wisconsin farmers have tried to raise shrimp in outdoor ponds in the past, but the region's climate isn't ideal for operations. Johnson says it's always good for the industry when a farmer tries to raise a product in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shrimp is one of the highest consumed seafood products in the United States, so the markets are there,” Johnson said. “It's just a matter of whether the shrimp can be produced economically to make a profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is profitable For Matt Weichers, who started Northern Iowa Shrimp in Cedar Falls last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm completely sold out of shrimp,” Weichers said, “and I'm unable to keep up with that demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers only sells to individuals; he doesn't have enough shrimp to sell to interested restaurants and markets. Northern Iowa Shrimp has 40 tanks, 10 times the number as Dairyland Shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers says a number of factors play into the growing demand for local seafood. Consumers are concerned about antibiotics and hormones commonly used at foreign shrimp farms. There's a shrimp disease sweeping farms in Southeast Asia and Mexico, and wild shrimp stocks are declining around the world. Weichers says indoor farming will help keep shrimp on the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's the only way it's sustainable in the long run,” Weichers said. “The demand for a high-quality, high-protein, and healthy food is doing nothing but going up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Dairyland Shrimp, Adam considers the industry's legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70377 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\" alt=\"Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don't know if it will be the wave of the future, but it definitely has the potential. I hope for the environment's sake it will be,” Adam said. “Not only for the environment, for just sustainable food and quality food, I think the United States does need more shrimp farms, absolutely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond high energy costs, Adam considers his operation to be environmentally sustainable. He recycles water in the tanks and there is very little wastewater. Shrimp live off of feed and biofloc, a bacteria that consumes the shrimp's waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam already has plans to expand Dairyland Shrimp this year. He will sell his products to local individuals and restaurants, and at the nearby farmers' market.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The aquaculture industry in Wisconsin could be in for a boost, as techniques for growing marine life in artificial ponds are leading to the state's first indoor shrimp farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every morning inside a big red building near downtown Westby, you'll find Forbes Adam feeding his 14,000 shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70376 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These shrimp are about two months old. Forbes Adam gets the juveniles from Matt Weichers at Northern Iowa Shrimp, which raises the larvae in a hatchery. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We can feed them a little bit,” he said, shaking a protein feed into the tank. “Oh, here they come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Small, translucent shrimp bop their way to the water's surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they're little, they're calm,” Adam said. “When they get older, they're flopping all over like crazy. Flopping around like... oh, there he goes!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is \u003ca title=\"Dairyland Shrimp\" href=\"http://www.dairylandshrimp.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Dairyland Shrimp\u003c/a>, Wisconsin's first indoor shrimp farm. The heaters, fans, and water pumps hum loudly and keep the room at a balmy 93 degrees. Pacific white shrimp swim in four saltwater tanks that look like huge above-ground swimming pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam may be an unlikely farmer. The former excavating contractor was looking for a new line of work when he stumbled across the idea of inland shrimp farming. He eventually visited an Indiana shrimp farm and was instantly hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70378 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp7-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR) \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three of Dairyland Shrimp's four tanks. Owner Forbes Adam hopes to triple the number of tanks he has over the year. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I bought a pound of shrimp down there and when I ate it, I was just blown away by the flavor. I've never tasted shrimp that tasted so good. That's what really solidified the idea that I should do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam isn't the first Wisconsin farmer to try shrimping, but he is the first to do it indoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Johnson is an aquaculture outreach specialist with University of Wisconsin-Extension. He says Wisconsin farmers have tried to raise shrimp in outdoor ponds in the past, but the region's climate isn't ideal for operations. Johnson says it's always good for the industry when a farmer tries to raise a product in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shrimp is one of the highest consumed seafood products in the United States, so the markets are there,” Johnson said. “It's just a matter of whether the shrimp can be produced economically to make a profit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is profitable For Matt Weichers, who started Northern Iowa Shrimp in Cedar Falls last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I'm completely sold out of shrimp,” Weichers said, “and I'm unable to keep up with that demand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers only sells to individuals; he doesn't have enough shrimp to sell to interested restaurants and markets. Northern Iowa Shrimp has 40 tanks, 10 times the number as Dairyland Shrimp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weichers says a number of factors play into the growing demand for local seafood. Consumers are concerned about antibiotics and hormones commonly used at foreign shrimp farms. There's a shrimp disease sweeping farms in Southeast Asia and Mexico, and wild shrimp stocks are declining around the world. Weichers says indoor farming will help keep shrimp on the dinner table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it's the only way it's sustainable in the long run,” Weichers said. “The demand for a high-quality, high-protein, and healthy food is doing nothing but going up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at Dairyland Shrimp, Adam considers the industry's legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70377\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1448px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70377 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg\" alt=\"Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\" width=\"1448\" height=\"1086\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/shrimp5-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forbes Adam says one of the reasons he started Dairyland Shrimp was to provide his family with a safer product that he trusted. (Maureen McCollum/WPR)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don't know if it will be the wave of the future, but it definitely has the potential. I hope for the environment's sake it will be,” Adam said. “Not only for the environment, for just sustainable food and quality food, I think the United States does need more shrimp farms, absolutely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond high energy costs, Adam considers his operation to be environmentally sustainable. He recycles water in the tanks and there is very little wastewater. Shrimp live off of feed and biofloc, a bacteria that consumes the shrimp's waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam already has plans to expand Dairyland Shrimp this year. He will sell his products to local individuals and restaurants, and at the nearby farmers' market.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry",
"title": "The Future of Sustainable Food: Q&A with Wendell Berry",
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"content": "\u003cp>Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry is known to many as the father of the sustainable food movement. He is an outspoken advocate for an agrarian revolution to end industrialized practices that he says are poisoning the land and destroying rural communities. In recent years Berry has promoted a 50-Year Farm Bill, which presents a long-term plan to reduce soil erosion and land pollution by replacing annual crops with perennials. His latest book, \u003cem>Distant Neighbors\u003c/em>, chronicles his 40-year correspondence with poet Gary Snyder, and discusses everything from faith and family to the destruction of the environment. Berry stopped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> and I had a chance to speak with him about agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The word “sustainability” has become very promiscuously used these days.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it’s useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yeah. So I'm curious what you think of that word or how you define it.\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We’re stuck with the word 'sustainability' because it’s clearly something we have to strive for\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Well, we’re stuck with the word “sustainability” because it’s clearly something we have to strive for. But we had better be a little humble about it, because we Americans have not sustained anything for very long. And the stuff that we have sustained, we haven’t done it deliberately until the last few years. So this issue of sustainability requires a lot of careful thought about ways of work and kinds of materials and it’s a conversation that we’ve just begun. The thing that we’re most needing to sustain is the health of the ecosphere, which is a big job. It then divides itself naturally into the need to sustain local ecosystems. The great fact of our time is that while our conversation about sustainability is trying to get started, we’re destroying the health of the local ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community, according to Berry. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the past you’ve advocated for a 50-Year Farm Bill to try to address some of these problems.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m glad you mentioned \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/the-50-year-farm-bill/265099/\" target=\"_blank\">the 50-Year Farm Bill\u003c/a>, because it makes sense. It is a brief document that has the great virtue of making sense about agriculture itself rather than about food stamps and those peripheral matters (not that I’m against food stamps). But the idea is to reverse the ratio between annual and perennial plants. 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What do you make of that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71587\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med-491x360.png\" alt=\"GMO labeling initiatives by state. States in green have passed GMO labeling laws. States in blue have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. States in gray have yet to review GMO labeling. Visit Right to Know GMO for more information. (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\" width=\"390\" height=\"286\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GMO labeling initiatives by state. Blue states have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. Gray states have yet to review GMO labeling. Green states have passed GMO labeling laws. Click to enlarge. Source: \u003ca href=\"http://righttoknow-gmo.org/states\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Know GMO\u003c/a> (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was raised with a certain prejudice against corporations. And it has become less a prejudice than a case. Jefferson said we shouldn’t trust the government; I don’t think we should trust corporations. I don’t think the conservationists and environmentalists have anything to gain from getting into bed with the corporations. I think the corporations are doing that out of self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think genetically modified foods should be labeled?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, of course they should be labeled! Genetic modification is just the ultimate so far in the corporate effort to rule the food industry and the agricultural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are also researchers in universities trying to use genetic modification to, say, make crops that will help small farmers in Third World countries. Is there a way we could judiciously use genetic modification?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71589\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes-272x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Guy Mendes\" width=\"220\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Guy Mendes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I would say view it with suspicion. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farmer and environmentalist Wendell Berry is known to many as the father of the sustainable food movement. He is an outspoken advocate for an agrarian revolution to end industrialized practices that he says are poisoning the land and destroying rural communities. In recent years Berry has promoted a 50-Year Farm Bill, which presents a long-term plan to reduce soil erosion and land pollution by replacing annual crops with perennials. His latest book, \u003cem>Distant Neighbors\u003c/em>, chronicles his 40-year correspondence with poet Gary Snyder, and discusses everything from faith and family to the destruction of the environment. Berry stopped by \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> and I had a chance to speak with him about agricultural policy and current trends in the sustainable food movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The word “sustainability” has become very promiscuously used these days.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it’s useless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Yeah. So I'm curious what you think of that word or how you define it.\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We’re stuck with the word 'sustainability' because it’s clearly something we have to strive for\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> Well, we’re stuck with the word “sustainability” because it’s clearly something we have to strive for. But we had better be a little humble about it, because we Americans have not sustained anything for very long. And the stuff that we have sustained, we haven’t done it deliberately until the last few years. So this issue of sustainability requires a lot of careful thought about ways of work and kinds of materials and it’s a conversation that we’ve just begun. The thing that we’re most needing to sustain is the health of the ecosphere, which is a big job. It then divides itself naturally into the need to sustain local ecosystems. The great fact of our time is that while our conversation about sustainability is trying to get started, we’re destroying the health of the local ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71585\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71585\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/RS2700_VallejoFarmersMarket_20120414e-scr-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community. (Craig Miller/KQED)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying produce at farmers' markets helps support local economies and build community, according to Berry. (Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>In the past you’ve advocated for a 50-Year Farm Bill to try to address some of these problems.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m glad you mentioned \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/11/the-50-year-farm-bill/265099/\" target=\"_blank\">the 50-Year Farm Bill\u003c/a>, because it makes sense. It is a brief document that has the great virtue of making sense about agriculture itself rather than about food stamps and those peripheral matters (not that I’m against food stamps). But the idea is to reverse the ratio between annual and perennial plants. We now have 20 percent perennial and 80 percent annual, and the proposal is in 50 years to reverse that to 80 percent perennial and 20 percent annual. This involves diminishing the amount of erosion, the toxicity of these fields, and the ongoing destruction of rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You’ve talked a lot about local economies and local communities. Our world has become so globalized, is it possible to have truly local economies anymore?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s some authentic hope in this effort to promote local food, which is succeeding. It’s based on an informed population of customers, it’s based on knowledgeable land use, and it is antithetical to globalization and the global economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are a lot of big corporations now trying to jump onto the sustainable food movement. For example, Coca-Cola and McDonald’s have new environmental goals for 2020. What do you make of that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71587\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 390px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/GMO-Labeling-Initiatives-Med-491x360.png\" alt=\"GMO labeling initiatives by state. States in green have passed GMO labeling laws. States in blue have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. States in gray have yet to review GMO labeling. Visit Right to Know GMO for more information. (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\" width=\"390\" height=\"286\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GMO labeling initiatives by state. Blue states have introduced GMO labeling legislation in the form of bills, resolutions, or ballot measures. Gray states have yet to review GMO labeling. Green states have passed GMO labeling laws. Click to enlarge. Source: \u003ca href=\"http://righttoknow-gmo.org/states\" target=\"_blank\">Right to Know GMO\u003c/a> (Liz Roth-Johnson/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was raised with a certain prejudice against corporations. And it has become less a prejudice than a case. Jefferson said we shouldn’t trust the government; I don’t think we should trust corporations. I don’t think the conservationists and environmentalists have anything to gain from getting into bed with the corporations. I think the corporations are doing that out of self-interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think genetically modified foods should be labeled?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oh, of course they should be labeled! Genetic modification is just the ultimate so far in the corporate effort to rule the food industry and the agricultural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are also researchers in universities trying to use genetic modification to, say, make crops that will help small farmers in Third World countries. Is there a way we could judiciously use genetic modification?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71589\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 220px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71589\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/06/INSET-Wendell-and-the-woodpile-c-Guy-Mendes-272x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photo by Guy Mendes\" width=\"220\" height=\"291\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Guy Mendes\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I would say view it with suspicion. These people [corporations] are not going to do anything, I think, to help small people succeed. They’re going to do it in their own interest. And people who are working in universities from altruistic motives can’t stop their work from being taken over and used and abused by the corporations. I take it all with a grain of salt … more than a grain of salt!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Through all of this, you seem to remain fairly optimistic that we can change the food system. Where does that optimism come from?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, I’m not optimistic. I’m hopeful, because I know there are better ways of treating the world. And I know that not just from theory, but from examples, from things I’ve seen, and from things I’ve learned from reading history. It is possible to do better. 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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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