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"disqusTitle": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy",
"title": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n",
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"description": "Trophy hunting mountain lions is legal in every Western state except California. When the head of the state’s Fish and Wildlife Commission, a life member of the NRA, killed a young lion in Idaho, state legislators and environmental and animal welfare groups called for his resignation. What should Californians expect of state officials in charge of setting wildlife policy?\r\n",
"title": "Fair Game? On Lions, Hunters and Wildlife Policy | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34463\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/puma640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34463\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-34463\" title=\"mountain lion\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/puma6401-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kyla, a female mountain lion rescued as a kitten afterpoachers killed her mother, now lives at Sonoma CountyWildlife Rescue in Petaluma. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Should the head of an agency charged with regulating California’s natural resources stay on after flaunting his delight in killing one of the state’s most iconic species? That’s the question on many minds since a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4q9FA\">photo surfaced\u003c/a> showing California Fish and Game Commission President Dan Richards grinning ear to ear, clutching a massive, lifeless mountain lion against his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that the hunt itself was illegal. Hunting mountain lions, or cougars as they’re commonly known, is legal in Idaho, where Richards bagged his trophy, as it is in every other state where they're found—except California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards killed the lion, a 115-pound, three-year-old male, after an eight-hour hound hunt left the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4Elfh\">weary animal stranded\u003c/a>, an easy target, in the tall reaches of a Douglas fir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunt happened on the Flying B Ranch, which charges $6,800 for the privilege. But Richards didn’t pay $6,800. A manager on the ranch told the \u003ca href=\"http://nyti.ms/H6ywTc\">Associated Press\u003c/a> that the commissioner paid $3,200 to hunt birds. California law bars officials from accepting gifts exceeding $420 in one year, and now Richards faces an ethics complaint, filed with the Fair Political Practices Commission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting aside the question of how shooting a trapped animal constitutes “sport,” lions are “a specially protected mammal” in California. It’s illegal to “take, injure, possess, transport, import, or sell any mountain lion,” unless you can prove possession on June 6, 1990, the day after voters prohibited lion hunting. That means Richards couldn’t legally bring the carcass back into the state. A moot point, anyway, since he says he ate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history of lions in California follows the sorry story of large carnivores across the country. Early (non-indigenous) residents considered predators unacceptable threats to livestock and game and, in 1907, the state hired bounty hunters to exterminate them. There’s no doubt extermination was the goal: Females commanded a higher price. By the time the bounty ended in 1963, more than \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=vpc8\">25,000 lions were dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As public attitudes softened, the state reclassified the lion, first as a non-protected mammal in 1963, and then again as a game animal in 1969. But it wasn’t until the early ’70s, when Napa Democrat John Dunlap, backed by 52 conservation groups and thousands of concerned voters, managed to pass a four-year moratorium on trophy hunting, with the goal of conservation, not killing, in mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dunlap’s moratorium was extended until 1986, when then-Gov. Deukmejian vetoed reauthorization, placing lions legally in hunters’ sights once again. But public outcry, followed by legal action, upheld the moratorium, which became permanent in 1990, when voters approved Prop. 117, the California Wildlife Protection Act. (It’s still legal to kill lions considered a threat to life or livestock.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last major push to repeal the ban was rejected in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/mountain-lion-fws/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34423\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34423\" title=\"mountain lion FWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/mountain-lion-FWS-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"mountain lion\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain lions are notoriously shy and prefer to avoid humans if possible. (Photo: US FWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, campaigns to reinstate hunting continue, most recently led by farmers and ranchers in San Benito County asserting (\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wwksyA\">without basis\u003c/a>) that a growing lion population places residents and livestock in jeopardy. Wildlife biologists, meanwhile, worry that \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/wyMP7Q\">humans pose the bigger threat\u003c/a>, by developing prime lion habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s against this backdrop that Richards, a San Bernardino County commercial real estate developer and National Rifle Association life member, traveled to Idaho, killed the young lion, sent his celebratory photo to a hunting web site, and then fired off a defiant \u003ca href=\"http://sd28.senate.ca.gov/sites/sd28.senate.ca.gov/files/02-29-12%20RichardsF&Gltr.pdf\">letter\u003c/a> to California Assemblyman Ben Hueso, one of 40 legislators asking him to resign, essentially telling him to bug off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards then took his case to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kfiam640.com/pages/jk2010.html?article=9839787\">talk radio\u003c/a>, calling his critics “well-funded enviro terrorists” and “lawsuit machines,” singling out the Humane Society as the “primary culprit in this deal.” He charged the society, and environmental groups, with trying “to infiltrate the department” to stifle debate. “Not only do I challenge them on a daily basis,” Richards asserted, “but it’s more insidious than that, because if they can get a toehold in there…they have the long-term handle. We’ve just done some of that with this MLPA process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards was referring to the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPoJhs\">Marine Life Protection Act\u003c/a>, a landmark science-based initiative to conserve ocean life and habitat that some sport fishers view as a threat to jobs and fishing rights. The radio show host said the Legislature would be “pretty sick” to pursue Richards’ ouster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aiming to prevent that, the NRA and Keep America Fishing urged their members to support their ally in Riverside when the Fish and Game Commission met on March 7. In a press release, Keep America Fishing thanked the commissioner for “being a voice of reason throughout the Marine Life Protection initiative.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By \"reason,\" they meant Richards’ votes against implementing the MLPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richards also voted against renewed efforts to protect California condors from lead ammunition, despite solid \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPytbq\">evidence\u003c/a> that it’s poisoning the critically endangered birds. In 2011 alone, Richards voted against moves to protect several native species, including the black-backed woodpecker, Cedars buckwheat, American pika, and steelhead salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34414\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 354px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/04/fair-game-on-lions-hunters-and-wildlife-policy/or11_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34414\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-34414\" title=\"OR11_odfw\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/OR11_odfw-354x253.jpg\" alt=\"OR11 ODFW\" width=\"354\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR-11, a male pup (born spring 2011) from the Walla Walla pack in Oregon, waking up from anesthesia after being radio-collared on Oct. 25, 2011. (Photo: ODFW )\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I won’t guess how he’ll vote on a petition before the commission to list the gray wolf under the California Endangered Species Act, sparked by the appearance of OR-7, the dispersing male from Oregon. Gray wolves receive protection under the federal ESA, except in Idaho (and Montana) after a surprise move by Congress last year. When Idaho’s Fish and Game Commission met in March, its wolf management plan considered five ways to kill them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, yes, Flying B Ranch offers wolf hunts, which you can learn about on the Idaho commission’s \u003ca href=\"http://1.usa.gov/HbyQwc\">web site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given Richards’ background, his actions shouldn’t be surprising. Officials, says the commission’s web site, have “expertise in various wildlife-related fields,” though it’s unclear how real estate qualifies as a wildlife-related field. But then only one of the five commissioners, all political appointees, has a background in biology. All the rest have careers in business, labor and farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research over the past decade suggests that predators help maintain plant communities by regulating herbivores. Reintroducing wolves in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s, led to a \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/Ha3ebV\">rebound of cottonwoods\u003c/a>, willows and other riparian species by keeping elk numbers down, and provided more habitat for songbirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions, it seems, offer a similar service. A \u003ca href=\"//1.usa.gov/Ha4X0S\">2008 study\u003c/a> showed that after lions disappeared from Yosemite in the 1920s, mule deer populations expanded only to decimate black oak stands by eating up all the tasty shoots before they could take hold, paving the way for other species like pines and firs to fill the void.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists are also finding evidence that hunting can drive \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/H4L5tw\">evolutionary changes \u003c/a>in target species, selecting for smaller body size and earlier sexual maturity. But it’s unlikely the current commission would care about these studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s no wonder that hunters and sport fishers want the commission to protect their interests. Their license fees pay the bulk of state wildlife agency budgets. If the commission is serious about \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/HPHqkY\">deflecting charges\u003c/a> that it favors the interests of hunters and fishers and is concerned only with \u003cem>consuming\u003c/em> wildlife resources, why not appoint biologists, rather than businessmen, as wildlife officials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prop. 117 allocated $30 million a year to protect, restore and acquire habitat for lions and other native species. If Californians really want to protect our wild heritage, we’ll have to do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34107\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/evgo-houston-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/evgo-houston-640-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"eVgo electric car charging station in Houston, Texas\" title=\"evgo-houston-640\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34107\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-hundred eVgo electric car fast-charging stations, like this one in Houston, will be installed in California over the next four years. EVs can add 50 miles or more in less than 30 minutes. (Photo courtesy of eVgo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric car drivers cheered last week when the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and NRG Energy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/ca-electric-car-drivers-get-a-charge-from-the-gov/\">announced plans\u003c/a> to invest $100 million in the state’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure. NRG will invest in EV charging infrastructure in exchange for settling claims for overcharges during the 1999 California energy crisis. For the past several months, CPUC and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> worked behind closed door to establish the terms of the settlement. Opinions on the deal’s fairness are divided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most benefit to rate payers would have been a direct cash settlement,” said Eileen Tutt, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caletc.com/\">California Electric Transportation Coalition.\u003c/a> But instead, NRG proposed an in-kind deal, and CPUC agreed. At first glance, the settlement gives NRG, a New Jersey-based energy industry behemoth, a near-monopoly on California’s electric car charging. The majority of the $100 million investment will go to installing at least 200 480-volt EV fast-charge stations—resembling traditional gas stations in appearance and refueling times. The company will own and charge fees for using these locations, which it calls “freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Today\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34108\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 132px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/nancyryanlg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/NancyRyanlg.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\" title=\"NancyRyanlg\" width=\"132\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did not have the total cash option,” said Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at CPUC. “The choice we had was to get the best deal today that was primarily in-kind with a cash component, versus continuing to litigate for years and years, and still maybe coming up with nothing.” The CPUC insisted on two key provisions: serving the state’s policy goals for electric transportation, and getting at least some cash for ratepayers. The final settlement includes $20 million in cash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG is pleased with the outcome. “The settlement guarantees EV investment at a much higher rate and a much higher speed than would otherwise be done,” said David Knox, NRG’s director of communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland, legislative director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pluginamerica.org/\">Plug In America\u003c/a>, an electric car advocacy group, also likes the settlement. “At first, we questioned whether or not CPUC negotiated well.” After learning more, Friedland said the CPUC “got a pretty darn good deal, but the devil is in the details.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restrictions Apply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exact terms will not be known for another month or so, but there are clear signs that CPUC put teeth into the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first five years after installing a station, NRG can’t require EV drivers to pay a monthly subscription fee, as it does with its \u003ca href=\"http://www.evgonetwork.com\">eVgo Network\u003c/a> in Texas. Instead, the public will have open access on a pay-as-you-go basis. Fees for fast charging are capped at $10 per session during off-peak hours, and $15 during peak hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG can put stations where it likes, but within constraints: 55 stations in the Bay Area, and 110 stations in and around Los Angeles. The rest will be divided between San Diego County and San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately $40 million must be spent on preparing workplaces, multi-family dwellings and other locations allowing people without garages to gain access to EV charging. These so-called “make readies” lay groundwork—such as conduits, power upgrades, and stubs—for equipment installation to occur later. Property owners, not NRG, will own the locations. NRG has the exclusive right for 18 months to sell equipment and related services to the property owners, after which those locations are open to competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC acknowledges that it will receive some criticism for allowing NRG to earn a profit. However, the agency insists the settlement is consistent with CPUC policy. “If NRG puts charging stations where people use them, and drivers are willing to pay to use them, then we’re getting value for ratepayers,” said CPUC's Ryan. “We’re building a network to make it attractive and appealing to buy and drive electric vehicles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Electric car drivers cheered last week when the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and NRG Energy announced plans to invest $100 million in the state’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34107\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/evgo-houston-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34107\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/evgo-houston-640-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"eVgo electric car charging station in Houston, Texas\" title=\"evgo-houston-640\" width=\"640\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-34107\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two-hundred eVgo electric car fast-charging stations, like this one in Houston, will be installed in California over the next four years. EVs can add 50 miles or more in less than 30 minutes. (Photo courtesy of eVgo.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Electric car drivers cheered last week when the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) and NRG Energy \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/23/ca-electric-car-drivers-get-a-charge-from-the-gov/\">announced plans\u003c/a> to invest $100 million in the state’s electric vehicle charging infrastructure. NRG will invest in EV charging infrastructure in exchange for settling claims for overcharges during the 1999 California energy crisis. For the past several months, CPUC and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> worked behind closed door to establish the terms of the settlement. Opinions on the deal’s fairness are divided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most benefit to rate payers would have been a direct cash settlement,” said Eileen Tutt, executive director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.caletc.com/\">California Electric Transportation Coalition.\u003c/a> But instead, NRG proposed an in-kind deal, and CPUC agreed. At first glance, the settlement gives NRG, a New Jersey-based energy industry behemoth, a near-monopoly on California’s electric car charging. The majority of the $100 million investment will go to installing at least 200 480-volt EV fast-charge stations—resembling traditional gas stations in appearance and refueling times. The company will own and charge fees for using these locations, which it calls “freedom stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Something Today\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34108\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 132px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/30/california-utility-commission-defends-100-million-ev-charging-deal/nancyryanlg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34108\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/NancyRyanlg.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\" title=\"NancyRyanlg\" width=\"132\" height=\"167\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34108\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at the California Public Utilities Commission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did not have the total cash option,” said Nancy Ryan, deputy executive director for policy at CPUC. “The choice we had was to get the best deal today that was primarily in-kind with a cash component, versus continuing to litigate for years and years, and still maybe coming up with nothing.” The CPUC insisted on two key provisions: serving the state’s policy goals for electric transportation, and getting at least some cash for ratepayers. The final settlement includes $20 million in cash. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG is pleased with the outcome. “The settlement guarantees EV investment at a much higher rate and a much higher speed than would otherwise be done,” said David Knox, NRG’s director of communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jay Friedland, legislative director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.pluginamerica.org/\">Plug In America\u003c/a>, an electric car advocacy group, also likes the settlement. “At first, we questioned whether or not CPUC negotiated well.” After learning more, Friedland said the CPUC “got a pretty darn good deal, but the devil is in the details.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Restrictions Apply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those exact terms will not be known for another month or so, but there are clear signs that CPUC put teeth into the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the first five years after installing a station, NRG can’t require EV drivers to pay a monthly subscription fee, as it does with its \u003ca href=\"http://www.evgonetwork.com\">eVgo Network\u003c/a> in Texas. Instead, the public will have open access on a pay-as-you-go basis. Fees for fast charging are capped at $10 per session during off-peak hours, and $15 during peak hours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRG can put stations where it likes, but within constraints: 55 stations in the Bay Area, and 110 stations in and around Los Angeles. The rest will be divided between San Diego County and San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Approximately $40 million must be spent on preparing workplaces, multi-family dwellings and other locations allowing people without garages to gain access to EV charging. These so-called “make readies” lay groundwork—such as conduits, power upgrades, and stubs—for equipment installation to occur later. Property owners, not NRG, will own the locations. NRG has the exclusive right for 18 months to sell equipment and related services to the property owners, after which those locations are open to competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPUC acknowledges that it will receive some criticism for allowing NRG to earn a profit. However, the agency insists the settlement is consistent with CPUC policy. “If NRG puts charging stations where people use them, and drivers are willing to pay to use them, then we’re getting value for ratepayers,” said CPUC's Ryan. “We’re building a network to make it attractive and appealing to buy and drive electric vehicles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Changing Foghorns",
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"content": "\u003cp>For commuters who whisk past it aboard the high-speed ferry from Vallejo to San Francisco, East Brother Island is a quaint dollop of history, plunked near the Richmond shoreline. The 1873 lighthouse is a popular subject for snapshots on the fly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my destination on a clear day in March was the smaller structure that few people notice. That’s where lightkeeper Peter Berkhout is taking me to see a genuine rarity: one of perhaps two or three remaining vintage foghorns anywhere in the U.S. that’s still in working order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally for the first blast I advise our guests to cover their ears,” Berkhout tells me, as he pull-starts a small gasoline engine in the signal house. The pony engine in turn, starts up a diesel-powered air compressor that fills enormous cylindrical tanks against the wall. That’s where the air starts its journey up to the roof-mounted horns. “It is startlingly loud,” he warns, “and it's loud enough that you can actually feel the sound wave going through your torso.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically this is a “diaphone,” so-named because it generates two separate tones that constitute the iconic “BEEE-ohhh” that most Americans still connect with foghorns. When the air pressure comes up and the sound is released, you jump out of your skin no matter how prepared you think you are, even though the second note presents as more of a grunt. The sound wave bounces off the Richmond bluffs and lingers. “I guess you can learn to sleep through anything but I'm glad I haven't had to learn to sleep through this,” Berkhout tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oIYoXutf_w?hl=en&fs=1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they don’t. He and his wife, Dina are the caretakers of the Victorian bed & breakfast on East Brother Island, so they live there full-time. But Berkhout only fires up the 1920s-vintage monster for occasional demonstrations. East Brother still has a foghorn that operates from October to April, but it’s three-second “booop” every 30 seconds is almost soothing by comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, though, virtually all major fog signals were diaphones. When the Bay was ringed with diaphones like East Brother’s, they had to be loud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Navigating the fog is like driving your car down the highway with your hood up,” says Greg Waugh. And he would know. A fourth-generation San Franciscan, he spent more than 50 years on the Bay, aboard tugs and then piloting merchant ships through the Golden Gate, which he and his fellow pilots calculated gets 1,500 hours of fog in a year’s time. That could help explain why the Golden Gate Bridge has three foghorns. Waugh got to know all of them like family. “Center span of the Golden Gate Bridge is two blasts every 40 seconds,” he recounts, though he’s been retired since 2007. “South tower is one blast every 20 seconds. Lime Pt. on the north tower is one blast every 30 seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33981\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0479.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0479-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Peter Berkhout\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33981\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Berkhout prepares to start up the air compressor that powers the diaphone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Waugh's not quite old enough to remember the first fog signals, like the method used at the original Point Bonita light, in the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it started gettin' foggy this guy'd get up there and he'd load up a cannon and fire the cannon--boom... and that was the fog signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Present day foghorns are electronic and apart from being less jarring, are considerably low-maintenance. The “new” horn at East Brother is about the size of a fire hydrant, powered by a small solar panel and 12-volt battery. Members of the Coast Guard’s Aids to Navigation Team tell me the biggest maintenance headache with the new horns is people stealing the batteries, thinking they can use them in their boats (they can’t).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waugh says the present-day foghorn at Point Bonita was dialed back to be audible for only one mile. Otherwise, he says, residents across the Bay in San Francisco would complain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33979\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0458.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0458-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"East Brother Island\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33979\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Brother Island boasts a treasure missed by most boaters passing by: its 1920’s-vintage foghorn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tim Lynch chuckles at this. “I think the iconic sound that we associate with foghorns, while it might be nostalgic, was upsetting to a lot of residents.” Lynch is a historian at the Cal Maritime Academy in Vallejo. “There are newer and some might say better ways to skin the cat,” he tells me. “The amount of technology that mariners have available to them -- the global positioning satellites, and all sorts of aids to navigation have largely rendered foghorns obsolete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But try telling that to Duncan MacLean, who skippers a commercial salmon boat out of Pillar Point Harbor in Half Moon Bay. “A lot of those old navigational things, when all else fails, are still there,” he tells me, while tinkering with some fishing tackle aboard his boat, the Barbara Faye. “And that can be critical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most modern fishermen, MacLean’s wheelhouse is crammed with a laptop computer and all kinds of electronic navigation aids. But not everybody has those, explains MacLean, who says he still uses his eyes and ears. For one thing, urban development near the harbor has created a kaleidoscope of lights competing with the visual aids that mariners use. Traffic lights onshore can mimic the critical red and green buoys that mark safe channels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0467.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0467-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Modern East Brother foghorn\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33980\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The present-day solar-powered East Brother foghorn is less impressive in both sight and sound than its compressed-air predecessor…but also less jolting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You've got all of these lights going off everywhere and sometimes it can be a little bit tricky.” He argues that it's made the audible signals even more important. “They're critical pieces of information,” he says. “There will never not be a need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, young mariners don't have to risk lives and property to learn their way around. At Cal Maritime, a computer-driven walk-in simulator puts students in the virtual wheelhouse of “vessels” ranging from a 60-foot jet boat to a supertanker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, with all this technology Academy instructors still train students to use a sextant, a centuries-old instrument for navigation, because you never know when modern technology will fail you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0495.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0495-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"The Walter Fanning fog signal\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Walter Fanning fog signal on East Brother Island. Its roomful of apparatus dates back to the 1920s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And speaking of that, remember that cannon that served as the first Pt. Bonita fog signal? Somebody had to fire it, of course--every 30 minutes, 24-7, as long as the fog was in. They hired a certain \"Sergeant Mahoney\" for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well the fog was always in, says Drew Van Winkle, a volunteer at the Point Bonita light (remember those 1,500 hours). “And poor old Sergeant Mahoney couldn’t get a rest. Mahoney put in a request for relief but there was no budget for that. Request denied. Van Winkle says, “The day must've been relatively nice and they gave him a little leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And leave he did. “They never saw Sergeant Mahoney again,” says Van Winkle. “That was the end of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was just the beginning of a whole new soundscape for the Bay. One that’s still changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The estimated annual hours of fog in the Golden Gate has been corrected from an earlier post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For commuters who whisk past it aboard the high-speed ferry from Vallejo to San Francisco, East Brother Island is a quaint dollop of history, plunked near the Richmond shoreline. The 1873 lighthouse is a popular subject for snapshots on the fly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But my destination on a clear day in March was the smaller structure that few people notice. That’s where lightkeeper Peter Berkhout is taking me to see a genuine rarity: one of perhaps two or three remaining vintage foghorns anywhere in the U.S. that’s still in working order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Normally for the first blast I advise our guests to cover their ears,” Berkhout tells me, as he pull-starts a small gasoline engine in the signal house. The pony engine in turn, starts up a diesel-powered air compressor that fills enormous cylindrical tanks against the wall. That’s where the air starts its journey up to the roof-mounted horns. “It is startlingly loud,” he warns, “and it's loud enough that you can actually feel the sound wave going through your torso.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technically this is a “diaphone,” so-named because it generates two separate tones that constitute the iconic “BEEE-ohhh” that most Americans still connect with foghorns. When the air pressure comes up and the sound is released, you jump out of your skin no matter how prepared you think you are, even though the second note presents as more of a grunt. The sound wave bounces off the Richmond bluffs and lingers. “I guess you can learn to sleep through anything but I'm glad I haven't had to learn to sleep through this,” Berkhout tells me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oIYoXutf_w?hl=en&fs=1\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they don’t. He and his wife, Dina are the caretakers of the Victorian bed & breakfast on East Brother Island, so they live there full-time. But Berkhout only fires up the 1920s-vintage monster for occasional demonstrations. East Brother still has a foghorn that operates from October to April, but it’s three-second “booop” every 30 seconds is almost soothing by comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, though, virtually all major fog signals were diaphones. When the Bay was ringed with diaphones like East Brother’s, they had to be loud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Navigating the fog is like driving your car down the highway with your hood up,” says Greg Waugh. And he would know. A fourth-generation San Franciscan, he spent more than 50 years on the Bay, aboard tugs and then piloting merchant ships through the Golden Gate, which he and his fellow pilots calculated gets 1,500 hours of fog in a year’s time. That could help explain why the Golden Gate Bridge has three foghorns. Waugh got to know all of them like family. “Center span of the Golden Gate Bridge is two blasts every 40 seconds,” he recounts, though he’s been retired since 2007. “South tower is one blast every 20 seconds. Lime Pt. on the north tower is one blast every 30 seconds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33981\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0479.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0479-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Peter Berkhout\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33981\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Berkhout prepares to start up the air compressor that powers the diaphone.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Waugh's not quite old enough to remember the first fog signals, like the method used at the original Point Bonita light, in the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it started gettin' foggy this guy'd get up there and he'd load up a cannon and fire the cannon--boom... and that was the fog signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Present day foghorns are electronic and apart from being less jarring, are considerably low-maintenance. The “new” horn at East Brother is about the size of a fire hydrant, powered by a small solar panel and 12-volt battery. Members of the Coast Guard’s Aids to Navigation Team tell me the biggest maintenance headache with the new horns is people stealing the batteries, thinking they can use them in their boats (they can’t).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waugh says the present-day foghorn at Point Bonita was dialed back to be audible for only one mile. Otherwise, he says, residents across the Bay in San Francisco would complain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33979\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0458.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0458-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"East Brother Island\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33979\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">East Brother Island boasts a treasure missed by most boaters passing by: its 1920’s-vintage foghorn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tim Lynch chuckles at this. “I think the iconic sound that we associate with foghorns, while it might be nostalgic, was upsetting to a lot of residents.” Lynch is a historian at the Cal Maritime Academy in Vallejo. “There are newer and some might say better ways to skin the cat,” he tells me. “The amount of technology that mariners have available to them -- the global positioning satellites, and all sorts of aids to navigation have largely rendered foghorns obsolete.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But try telling that to Duncan MacLean, who skippers a commercial salmon boat out of Pillar Point Harbor in Half Moon Bay. “A lot of those old navigational things, when all else fails, are still there,” he tells me, while tinkering with some fishing tackle aboard his boat, the Barbara Faye. “And that can be critical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most modern fishermen, MacLean’s wheelhouse is crammed with a laptop computer and all kinds of electronic navigation aids. But not everybody has those, explains MacLean, who says he still uses his eyes and ears. For one thing, urban development near the harbor has created a kaleidoscope of lights competing with the visual aids that mariners use. Traffic lights onshore can mimic the critical red and green buoys that mark safe channels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33980\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0467.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0467-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Modern East Brother foghorn\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33980\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The present-day solar-powered East Brother foghorn is less impressive in both sight and sound than its compressed-air predecessor…but also less jolting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You've got all of these lights going off everywhere and sometimes it can be a little bit tricky.” He argues that it's made the audible signals even more important. “They're critical pieces of information,” he says. “There will never not be a need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, young mariners don't have to risk lives and property to learn their way around. At Cal Maritime, a computer-driven walk-in simulator puts students in the virtual wheelhouse of “vessels” ranging from a 60-foot jet boat to a supertanker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, with all this technology Academy instructors still train students to use a sextant, a centuries-old instrument for navigation, because you never know when modern technology will fail you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0495.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_0495-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"The Walter Fanning fog signal\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33982\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Walter Fanning fog signal on East Brother Island. Its roomful of apparatus dates back to the 1920s.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And speaking of that, remember that cannon that served as the first Pt. Bonita fog signal? Somebody had to fire it, of course--every 30 minutes, 24-7, as long as the fog was in. They hired a certain \"Sergeant Mahoney\" for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well the fog was always in, says Drew Van Winkle, a volunteer at the Point Bonita light (remember those 1,500 hours). “And poor old Sergeant Mahoney couldn’t get a rest. Mahoney put in a request for relief but there was no budget for that. Request denied. Van Winkle says, “The day must've been relatively nice and they gave him a little leave.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And leave he did. “They never saw Sergeant Mahoney again,” says Van Winkle. “That was the end of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was just the beginning of a whole new soundscape for the Bay. One that’s still changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The estimated annual hours of fog in the Golden Gate has been corrected from an earlier post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Salmon are Back! (But Why?) ",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento Chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33824\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33824\" title=\"Salmon_FandW_scaled\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Salmon_FandW_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chinook salmon on the Lower Tuolumne River in California's Central Valley. Photo courtesy of the US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Fisherman's Wharf, in San Francisco, what brings in the crowds are crabs. There's the Crab House. Crab Station. Crab Shack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larry \"Duck\" Collins is president of the San Francisco Crab Boat Owners Association, based at the wharf. But even though he makes his living, or part of it, fishing crab, that's not because he likes doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salmon fishing’s fun,\" says Collins. \"Crabbing’s not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crabbing, he says, is like factory work. Pull up the traps, empty them out, drop them back down. Salmon? Now that's real fishing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We use single, barbless hooks, catch them one at a time,\" he says. \"It’s pretty exciting when you get a 40-pound salmon on the end of a piece of 90-pound mono and you haul it in, gaff off the head. It’s a lot of fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Collins is poised to do more salmon fishing than he’s done in years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists say more than 800,000 Sacramento chinook are off the coast right now. It’s the biggest number they've seen since 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, the Pacific Fishery Management Council, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/background/\">sets guidelines\u003c/a> for commercial and sport fisheries, announced earlier this month that it’s considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.pcouncil.org/salmon/current-season-management/#adopted\">three options\u003c/a> for a 2012 salmon season, all of which would give anglers a chance to catch more fish than they have in years. The final decision will be announced in early April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A much-needed reprieve \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last few years have been brutal for commercial fishermen. Salmon is a $1.2 billion business in California, but habitat loss, water diversions, and pollution have taken their toll. Salmon populations dropped so low that no fishing was allowed in 2008 and 2009. For the last couple of years, salmon fishermen were allowed back onto the ocean for limited seasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon, says Collins, are why people get into this business in the first place. When the industry collapsed, his friends started leaving, taking what he refers to as “land jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I started fishing there were 5,000 salmon boats” he says. \"Last year, I'd say, 400 or 500 boats fished. So we're at ten percent of where we used to be as an industry here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Great news, but will it last?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the big 2012 projections, it would seem that nature is on the mend, right? Well, not if you ask Jacob Katz, who studies salmon biology at UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes if you put all your fish in one basket,\" he says, \"they all hatch.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katz means this almost literally. He says one big reason there are so many returning salmon is that we humans have been producing tens of millions of the baby fish in breeding facilities called hatcheries. These aren’t GMO fish or farmed fish. They swim out to sea, grow in the ocean, return to spawn and are sold as wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's salmon hatcheries date back more than a hundred years and actually began as an attempt to transplant chinook to East Coast streams to save declining fisheries there (it didn't work). Later, dams on rivers up and down the Central Valley made it impossible for chinook to get to their spawning grounds, and the hatcheries were put to work maintaining native salmon runs. Adult salmon were artificially spawned, then young salmon were raised in tanks and released into rivers below the dams so they could migrate safely to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was improving on the inefficiencies of nature,\" says Katz. \"Look, we can do this in a bucket!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, researchers started noticing something else: In some parts of the state, hatchery fish had nearly replaced the native fish. A \u003ca href=\"http://news.ucsc.edu/2012/02/hatchery-salmon.html\">study\u003c/a> released earlier this year found that only ten percent of the fall-run chinook salmon spawning in California's Mokelumne River had spawned naturally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The native salmon problem hasn’t been solved,\" says Katz. \"It’s just been papered over.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that you can sometimes make a lot of fish in a bucket has masked the fact that we've almost completely driven our wild fish to extinction,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why the Boom and Bust?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question you should be asking now is this: If hatcheries have been around for a century, why are we seeing this sudden influx of fish?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: No one knows. It could have to do with good ocean conditions, or the fact that there was more rain in 2011, and a decrease in water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some biologists, including Katz, say the influx has everything to do with the hatchery system. Because they're produced from a smaller stock, hatchery fish lack genetic diversity. They can’t adapt quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, when ocean conditions are good – with cooler temperatures and good upwelling, like last year -- the fish thrive. But the pendulum can easily swing the other way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us back to Larry Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Collins whether, if the salmon disappear again, he too could be forced to take a land job. He looks at me like I've just sprouted fins. He's been fishing for 29 years. There’s no going back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we leave the dock and go out there it’s a straight deal,” he says. “You fill your boat up, you get paid. There’s no boss. It’s a freedom thing that you get used to pretty quick when you start doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salmon season is expected to start in April and wrap up around October or November.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_4536-e1332535411424.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_4536-e1332535587789-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4536\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-33756\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians may soon see more electric car charging stations around the state thanks to a settlement from ten-year-old claims over California’s energy crisis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has announced that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> will pay the state $120 million dollars in a settlement over the costs of long-term power contracts from 2001. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Product-Photos-7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Product-Photos-7-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Blink level two charger from Ecotality\" title=\"Blink level two charger from Ecotality\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33761\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blink level two charger from Ecotality\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Governor says the state plans to use most of the money to build a network of electric car charging stations. $100 million dollars will go to funding at least 200 public fast-charging stations and another 10,000 plug-in units at 1,000 locations across the state. The remaining $20 million dollars will go to rate-payer relief. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roll out of an EV charging network has been slow. Several charging companies that have received federal financial support are behind schedule. The governor’s new executive order would set a target of 2015 to have all major cities, in the state, outfitted with chargers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Governor has ordered the state to be ready to support more than 1 million electric vehicles by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_4536-e1332535411424.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/IMG_4536-e1332535587789-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_4536\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-33756\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Californians may soon see more electric car charging stations around the state thanks to a settlement from ten-year-old claims over California’s energy crisis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Jerry Brown has announced that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> will pay the state $120 million dollars in a settlement over the costs of long-term power contracts from 2001. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Product-Photos-7.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Product-Photos-7-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Blink level two charger from Ecotality\" title=\"Blink level two charger from Ecotality\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33761\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blink level two charger from Ecotality\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Governor says the state plans to use most of the money to build a network of electric car charging stations. $100 million dollars will go to funding at least 200 public fast-charging stations and another 10,000 plug-in units at 1,000 locations across the state. The remaining $20 million dollars will go to rate-payer relief. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roll out of an EV charging network has been slow. Several charging companies that have received federal financial support are behind schedule. The governor’s new executive order would set a target of 2015 to have all major cities, in the state, outfitted with chargers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Governor has ordered the state to be ready to support more than 1 million electric vehicles by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ",
"title": "Small Rewards: Tiny Frogs and Chameleons Find and Fill a Niche ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/lizard-for-carousel-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33560\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-33560\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lizard-for-carousel1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent discoveries of a Lilliputian lizard and elfin amphibian, fascinating in their own right, highlight one of the most enduring questions in biology: what controls the evolution of body size? Why do some taxa grow smaller and smaller, while others grow larger and larger, as if they’d tumbled down the rabbit hole with Alice and devoured all the curious potions and cakes she found there?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question endures in large part because body size affects nearly every aspect of an organism’s existence, from physiology (temperature regulation and metabolism) to ecology (life history and foraging strategies) and evolution (reproductive success over time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a century, biologists thought evolutionary taxa, or lineages, grew larger and larger over time, a phenomenon known as \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GzpiPe\">Cope’s Rule\u003c/a>, illustrated most often by horse evolution. Modern equids, scientists believe, evolved from the diminutive \u003ca href=\"http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/fhc/hyraco1.htm\">\u003cem>Hyracotherium\u003c/em> \u003c/a>(commonly known as eohippus, or “dawn horse”), which appeared in the fossil record some 55 million years ago. Many textbooks mistakenly liken \u003cem>Hydracotherium\u003c/em> to a fox terrier (think Asta of \u003cem>The Thin Man\u003c/em> movies), but the ancestral horse was more Lassie than Asta, as Stephen Jay Gould famously explained in his essay \"The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/hyracotheriumvasacciensislikehorse/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33551\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33551\" title=\"Hyracotherium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/HyracotheriumVasacciensisLikeHorse-343x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hyracotherium, ancestral horse\" width=\"343\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A replica skeleton of Hydracotherium vasacciensis, the putative ancestral horse, at the Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. (Photo: Jeff Kubina)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 1997, though, David Jablonski showed that (as usual) biology rarely follows hard and fast rules. In a 10-year review of fossils covering 16 million years and 1,000 species from 191 lineages of bivalves (clams and scallops) and gastropods (snails and slugs), Jablonski found that just as many taxa \u003ca href=\"http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/970123/jablonski.shtml\">decreased in body size\u003c/a> over time as increased. And even the horse example has come under fire. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~wayner/Principles%20of%20Ecology%20course/island%20morphological%20adaptation.pdf\">2004 study\u003c/a> analyzed horse fossils in light of recently resolved relationships among evolutionary groups and showed that while the lineage that gave rise to the modern horse grew larger, others shrank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, examples of lineages evolving toward larger body size abound, with \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GBYvMe\">evidence \u003c/a> linking greater size to higher fitness (better survival and mating success for individuals). If you’re big (say, a lion or other large carnivore), it’s easier to catch prey, avoid predation (though elephants, like mammoths before them, may perish at the hands of human hunters), survive tough conditions, attract mates (silverback gorillas claim exclusive breeding rights to females), and claim more resources than your competitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the advantages of size, one might think the tiny frog and chameleon are simply freaks, outliers among a field of giants. But the fossil record offers plenty of examples of large animals shrinking over millennia (known as “phyletic dwarfism”), often after winding up on islands or other restricted ranges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until about 10,000 years ago, dwarf elephants inhabited Crete and other Mediterranean islands, which favored smaller, nimbler forms that could survive on less food and manage the rocky terrain. Even dwarf mammoths (the oxymoron notwithstanding), dinosaurs, and hominids (\u003cem>Homo floresiensis\u003c/em>) once inhabited isolated islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re small, you might reproduce quickly, offer too little reward for a predator’s effort, and maybe even prove too hard to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33552\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/paratype_of_paedophryne_amauensis_lsumz_95004/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33552\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-33552\" title=\"Paedophryne amauensis\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Paratype_of_Paedophryne_amauensis_LSUMZ_95004-253x253.png\" alt=\"Dwarf frog \" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paedophryne amauensis, a minute frog found in Papua New Guinea, may be the smallest vertebrate on Earth. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029797)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That seems to be the case for a pint-sized amphibian found, through no small effort, in the forests of Papua New Guinea, which its discoverers claimed as the “world’s smallest vertebrate.” Because the largest vertebrate, the blue whale, and (previously) smallest, a fish, are aquatic species, some biologists thought a water-based lifestyle may facilitate the evolution of extreme size. But, as the scientists argue in the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zgsaBs\">paper\u003c/a> describing the frog, this doesn’t explain how extreme miniaturization evolved at least 11 times in terrestrial frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 7-8 millimeter frog, named \u003cem>Paedophryne amauensis,\u003c/em> is active mostly at dawn and dusk, sounding more like a cricket than a frog when it calls out to potential mates from the leafy detritus of the forest floor. (The authors dubbed the species “amauensis” after the region near Amau Village where it was found.) Leaf litter in tropical forests stays moist throughout the year, keeping the minute amphibian safe from desiccation and likely explaining the evolution of its life history: offspring bypass the tadpole stage, emerging fully formed, though even tinier, avoiding fish, insects, and other aquatic predators. Of course, teeny adults would be at higher risk from predators if they lived in the water, too, which might explain why the species carved out a niche in upland areas with a lower diversity of such threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 281px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/21/small-rewards-tiny-frogs-and-chameleons-find-and-fill-a-niche/brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33573\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33573\" title=\"Brookesia micra\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Brookesia_micra_on_a_match_head2-281x169.jpg\" alt=\"Brookesia micra\" width=\"281\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brookesia micra, one of four dwarf leaf chameleon species found in Madagascar. (Photo: PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And just last month, another group of researchers \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/GFDRgN\">reported\u003c/a> their discovery of four new species of dwarf chameleons, one so small it can balance on the tip of a match head. The mini chameleon, \u003cem>Brookesia micra,\u003c/em> measures a smidgen over an inch from snout to tail, and seems restricted to Nosy Hara, a small (naturally) island off the coast of Madagascar. An extensive survey of Nosy Hara and adjacent islands in 2007 failed to spot the little lizard, which scampers around limestone rocks and dry forest leaf litter during the day and roosts on low-lying branches a few inches above the ground at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike their amphibian counterparts, the minuscule reptiles inhabit relatively dry tropical areas. Because small body size carries a higher risk of desiccation from the proportionally higher body surface area, it’s surprising the lizards live in a dry environment, the scientists explain in their report. It’s possible they’ve adapted to certain features of the landscape that retain moisture, like leaf-filled fissures in limestone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny frog and chameleons may or may not win the title for smallest of their kind, but the distinction is beside the point. The discovery of these new species offers a rare ray of hope amid ongoing reports of devastating declines in amphibian and reptile populations around the world, mostly due to habitat destruction. These dwarf species have likely benefited from minimal space and resource requirements, and being too tiny to spot. And for me, it’s no small comfort to know that we can still find wonders, both beautiful and strange, on this side of the looking glass.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33252\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33252\" title=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1-293x169.jpg\" alt=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" width=\"293\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Renewable Oil From Algae\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As gas prices continue to rise, alternative fuels are getting renewed attention. And that’s where the government’s biggest incubator in clean energy comes in. Like \u003ca href=\"http://www.darpa.mil/\">DARPA\u003c/a> does for military technology, \"\u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">ARPA-E\u003c/a>\" funds early stage, high-risk research. It has a more cumbersome name, \"Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is looking for the next Google in clean technology and it may come from innovations such as \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/CryogenicCarbonCapture.aspx\">cryogenic carbon capture for coal plants\u003c/a> or transportation fuels from algae. QUEST’s Andrea Kissack talks with Arun Majumdar, former deputy director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who now heads up ARPA-E, about the long path toward a clean energy future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majumdar says ARPA-E is pre-venture, early research and describes some projects the agency is funding that show great promise, including advances in electric car battery research at two Bay Area start ups and promising biofuels research in Colorado. Majumdar is also the second man at the Department of Energy and credits the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx\">Recovery Act\u003c/a> for adding new jobs and helping jump start already existing technologies. The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">DOE\u003c/a>, however, has been under attack since solar manufacturer Solyndra filed for bankrupcy. Majumdar talks about the federal loan guarantee program and also responds to possible trade sanctions on solar panels coming from China. Finally, he discusses the big breakthroughs needed to make cleaner energy viable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33252\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 293px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33252\" title=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/316A_Algae-OriginOil_GQ_2-28-09-Still-Image-Originals-1-293x169.jpg\" alt=\"Renewable Oil From Algae\" width=\"293\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Renewable Oil From Algae\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As gas prices continue to rise, alternative fuels are getting renewed attention. And that’s where the government’s biggest incubator in clean energy comes in. Like \u003ca href=\"http://www.darpa.mil/\">DARPA\u003c/a> does for military technology, \"\u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">ARPA-E\u003c/a>\" funds early stage, high-risk research. It has a more cumbersome name, \"Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program is looking for the next Google in clean technology and it may come from innovations such as \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/ProgramsProjects/IMPACCT/CryogenicCarbonCapture.aspx\">cryogenic carbon capture for coal plants\u003c/a> or transportation fuels from algae. QUEST’s Andrea Kissack talks with Arun Majumdar, former deputy director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory who now heads up ARPA-E, about the long path toward a clean energy future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Majumdar says ARPA-E is pre-venture, early research and describes some projects the agency is funding that show great promise, including advances in electric car battery research at two Bay Area start ups and promising biofuels research in Colorado. Majumdar is also the second man at the Department of Energy and credits the \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx\">Recovery Act\u003c/a> for adding new jobs and helping jump start already existing technologies. The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">DOE\u003c/a>, however, has been under attack since solar manufacturer Solyndra filed for bankrupcy. Majumdar talks about the federal loan guarantee program and also responds to possible trade sanctions on solar panels coming from China. Finally, he discusses the big breakthroughs needed to make cleaner energy viable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Clean Car Diaries: Revenge is Sweet",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\" alt=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" title=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" width=\"500\" height=\"296\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4-400x237.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Revenge is sweet for electric car enthusiasts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than seven years after GM recalled, and destroyed, most of its EV1s, there are now more than 20,000 electric cars on the roads and new releases on the way. Gasoline prices in California are creeping up toward the five-dollar mark and this year California passed the toughest clean car standards in history. The federal government is considering similar standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge-294x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Nissan Leaf\" width=\"294\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's this revolution in the auto industry that filmmaker Chris Paine tries to capture by following four industry pioneers in his 2011 film \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.revengeoftheelectriccar.com/\">Revenge of the Electric Car\u003c/a>\", now out on DVD. This time around the doors of GM seem to be wide open for filmmaker Chris Paine who also directed, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/\">Who Killed the Electric Car\u003c/a>.\" In his latest documentary former GM CEO, Bob Lutz and Paine seem to actually be on friendly terms as Lutz explains his hopes for the plug-in hybrid GM/Chevy Volt. We visit Nissan's Carlos Ghosn to hear about the company’s mass market play with the Nissan Leaf, we hear from Tesla's risk taking CEO, Elon Musk, and visit an underground electric car converter in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an interesting look at the auto industry's reversal on electric cars although it could use some editing and a bit more of an investigative look at the next gen EV revolution. A lot has happened since the film wrapped up in late 2010. If you are in the Bay Area, you can check out a screening of the film and timely discussion to follow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://communitycinema.org/city/san-francisco-california\">ITVS Community Cinema\u003c/a> are presenting the free event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/16/clean-car-diaries-revenge-is-sweet/roec_eblast2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33238\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" title=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" width=\"540\" height=\"265\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33238\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg 540w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1-400x196.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHAT: \u003ca href=\"http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2012/03/02/18708566.php\">Screening of \"Revenge of the Electric Car.\" Discussion, with panelists, to follow\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhere: San Francisco Public Library\u003cbr>\nWHEN: Tuesday, March 20th\u003cbr>\nTIME: Doors open at 5:15. Screening starts at 5:45\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\" alt=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" title=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" width=\"500\" height=\"296\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4-400x237.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Revenge is sweet for electric car enthusiasts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than seven years after GM recalled, and destroyed, most of its EV1s, there are now more than 20,000 electric cars on the roads and new releases on the way. Gasoline prices in California are creeping up toward the five-dollar mark and this year California passed the toughest clean car standards in history. The federal government is considering similar standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge-294x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Nissan Leaf\" width=\"294\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's this revolution in the auto industry that filmmaker Chris Paine tries to capture by following four industry pioneers in his 2011 film \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.revengeoftheelectriccar.com/\">Revenge of the Electric Car\u003c/a>\", now out on DVD. This time around the doors of GM seem to be wide open for filmmaker Chris Paine who also directed, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/\">Who Killed the Electric Car\u003c/a>.\" In his latest documentary former GM CEO, Bob Lutz and Paine seem to actually be on friendly terms as Lutz explains his hopes for the plug-in hybrid GM/Chevy Volt. We visit Nissan's Carlos Ghosn to hear about the company’s mass market play with the Nissan Leaf, we hear from Tesla's risk taking CEO, Elon Musk, and visit an underground electric car converter in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an interesting look at the auto industry's reversal on electric cars although it could use some editing and a bit more of an investigative look at the next gen EV revolution. A lot has happened since the film wrapped up in late 2010. If you are in the Bay Area, you can check out a screening of the film and timely discussion to follow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://communitycinema.org/city/san-francisco-california\">ITVS Community Cinema\u003c/a> are presenting the free event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/16/clean-car-diaries-revenge-is-sweet/roec_eblast2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33238\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" title=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" width=\"540\" height=\"265\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33238\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg 540w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1-400x196.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHAT: \u003ca href=\"http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2012/03/02/18708566.php\">Screening of \"Revenge of the Electric Car.\" Discussion, with panelists, to follow\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhere: San Francisco Public Library\u003cbr>\nWHEN: Tuesday, March 20th\u003cbr>\nTIME: Doors open at 5:15. Screening starts at 5:45\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i54hwitqTHU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns ",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 30 years ago, there were only a handful of gray wolves in the West. Today, there are more than 1,600.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 30 years ago, there were only a handful of gray wolves in the West. Today, there are more than 1,600.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Signs of Spring: Earlier this Year?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31017\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 643px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry 643\" width=\"643\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31017\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg 643w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seems like spring is \"bustin' out all over\" the Bay Area in the last few weeks. Bare branches of deciduous plants, dormant through the short days of winter, are swelling with new life. In my yard, the ornamental plum is attracting bees and songbirds. The flowers rain down under the weight of sparrows combing through the new growth. Out on the trails, native plants are doing the same, putting the short, dry winter behind them and unfurling the welcome mat to longer, warmer days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are enlisting the help of \"citizen scientists,\" students, and a corp of academics and volunteers, to help assess the effects of global climate change on seasonal plant and animal behavior. The USA National Phenology Network, with a statewide associated arm, the California Phenology Project, was started in 2010. The intent of the project is to collect data on the seasonal behavior of both plants and animals. Seasonal occurrences include bud burst and leafing out, blooming, fruiting, seed dispersal, and leaf wilt leading to dormancy. They are also tracking similar behavior in animal species along with migration. With enough data, scientists can then get a better idea of some of potential impacts of climate change. One of the plants they're tracking is poison oak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30994\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/signs-of-spring-earlier-this-year/poison-oak-new-leaf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30994\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-30994 \" title=\"Poison Oak new leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Poison-Oak-new-leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bud burst of poison oak\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While poison oak has a deserved bad rap as a plant most of us avoid, it's an important plant for wildlife who are immune to the irritating oils. It provides food from its white berries in the fall and shelter in its dense branches. If plant bud and blooms happen earlier due to climate change for this and other native plants, there may be important outcomes related to availability of food from the berries, for example, in late fall. Like a line of dominoes, changes in food availability can affect animal species and their predators as well as insect populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the \u003ca title=\"California Phenology Project\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/cpp/\" target=\"_blank\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a>. You can become one of the volunteer \"citizen scientists\" who help collect data on this national effort. You can also learn more about our native plants through the \u003ca title=\"CA Native Plant Society\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/list.php\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> with local chapters in many cities around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31017\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 643px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry 643\" width=\"643\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31017\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg 643w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seems like spring is \"bustin' out all over\" the Bay Area in the last few weeks. Bare branches of deciduous plants, dormant through the short days of winter, are swelling with new life. In my yard, the ornamental plum is attracting bees and songbirds. The flowers rain down under the weight of sparrows combing through the new growth. Out on the trails, native plants are doing the same, putting the short, dry winter behind them and unfurling the welcome mat to longer, warmer days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are enlisting the help of \"citizen scientists,\" students, and a corp of academics and volunteers, to help assess the effects of global climate change on seasonal plant and animal behavior. The USA National Phenology Network, with a statewide associated arm, the California Phenology Project, was started in 2010. The intent of the project is to collect data on the seasonal behavior of both plants and animals. Seasonal occurrences include bud burst and leafing out, blooming, fruiting, seed dispersal, and leaf wilt leading to dormancy. They are also tracking similar behavior in animal species along with migration. With enough data, scientists can then get a better idea of some of potential impacts of climate change. One of the plants they're tracking is poison oak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30994\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/signs-of-spring-earlier-this-year/poison-oak-new-leaf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30994\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-30994 \" title=\"Poison Oak new leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Poison-Oak-new-leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bud burst of poison oak\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While poison oak has a deserved bad rap as a plant most of us avoid, it's an important plant for wildlife who are immune to the irritating oils. It provides food from its white berries in the fall and shelter in its dense branches. If plant bud and blooms happen earlier due to climate change for this and other native plants, there may be important outcomes related to availability of food from the berries, for example, in late fall. Like a line of dominoes, changes in food availability can affect animal species and their predators as well as insect populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the \u003ca title=\"California Phenology Project\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/cpp/\" target=\"_blank\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a>. You can become one of the volunteer \"citizen scientists\" who help collect data on this national effort. You can also learn more about our native plants through the \u003ca title=\"CA Native Plant Society\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/list.php\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> with local chapters in many cities around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival",
"title": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
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"description": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
"title": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival | KQED",
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"headline": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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