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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/so-how-much-does-carbon-cost/losangelessmog092111/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47257\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47257 \" title=\"LosAngelesSmog092111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smog in LA (GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tara Siler talked with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller about the results of the auction for KQED News. This is an extended version of their interview. The transcript has been edited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we have a first glimpse of how California's experiment in carbon trading is working out. The state's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">first auction\u003c/a> of industrial permits for greenhouse gases actually happened last week--but \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/november_2012/auction1_results_2012q4nov.pdf\">results\u003c/a> [PDF] were released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tara Siler:\u003c/strong> This was the opening bell of sorts for a stock market of carbon emissions in California. If the bell rang last week, why are we now finding out what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> It actually happened last Wednesday, but it was done under extremely tight wraps. The state would not even reveal who exactly would be participating in the auction and no one was allowed to see it in progress except officials, participants and some consultants. They wanted to avoid any chance that anybody would try to engage in some kind of manipulation. And then after the fact they wanted to go back over all the results with a fine-toothed comb and actually have it looked at again and certified by the state before they released the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this is because years ago, when they first started doing this in Europe there was some manipulation in the early going. That's been since fixed, but they didn't want to duplicate those mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So how did this experiment go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> According to state regulators, it went pretty well. In fact, Mary Nichols, who runs the agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, responsible for this regulation would go beyond that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mary Nichols:\u003c/strong> We're delighted by this. Our goal here is to reduce Carbon at a good price, in a way that is flexible for the companies that are covered, and we feel like we're showing, as we'd hoped and intended, that that is actually going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MIller:\u003c/strong> I think that's relief, is what you're hearing. It does seem like a system that's going to work. And at the end of the day, there was actually -- for the first time ever -- a price for Carbon established in California, which was just a hair over ten dollars a metric ton. So if you've got ten bucks, you can go out and buy a ton of Carbon on the market in California now. That's just a little bit above the minimum that regulators set for the auction, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> And what's the significance of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: \u003c/strong>It's relatively low compared to what it could have been. Some would argue you want the price of Carbon to be very high, because you want to create a disincentive -- that's the whole idea here -- a disincentive for companies to be spewing it into the atmosphere. So you want to make it expensive for them to do that. But others would argue that in order to keep jobs and companies from potentially leaving California, rather than have to pay these fees, and to create a smooth transition to the program, it's not bad to have it relatively low, at least to start with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> Now right before this auction happened, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calchamber.com/Pages/Default.aspx\">California Chamber of Commerce\u003c/a> filed a lawsuit trying to invalidate the auction. Where is that at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> It's sitting there waiting for the courts to act. They make it very clear, they weren't trying to stop the auction. But ultimately they don't like the idea that the state is withholding allowances for itself and making companies buy them. They want those allowances to be given away for free to make it as easy as possible for companies to make this transition, and that's what they're hoping eventually the court will rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So where do we go from here? Are these auctions going to be a regular event and are they going to be so top-secret?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> They are going to be a regular event. They probably will continue to be pretty confidential, too. The next one is in February. And then over time the market will decide what a ton of Carbon is worth. But yes, these will be regular events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So the big question for Californians is, what's it going to cost us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard to say right now. Some of the pieces of that puzzle are coming together. On Friday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> came out with a plan that will actually pay what they call a \"climate dividend.\" If there's an increase in your electric rates as a result of cap-and-trade and the fees that companies are having to pay, you will get that money back in the form of a couple dividends every year, and might even make some money on the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also speculation that in 2015 when this program expands to transportation fuels and other things beyond what it's covering now, it might increase the price of gasoline by about 18 cents, but that's not until 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So this cap-and-trade program has been cited as an example of California's leadership on environmental policies. Is anybody following us at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I talked with Mary Nichols a couple of years ago and asked her very specifically about this, and she said, \"California will not go it alone on cap-and-trade.\" But we are right now. There are other states that were kind of lined up in this thing they call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">Western Climate Initiative\u003c/a> with intent to eventually consider joining, but right now there is nobody. The next one inline seems to be a Canadian province, Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47257\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/so-how-much-does-carbon-cost/losangelessmog092111/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47257\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47257 \" title=\"LosAngelesSmog092111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/LosAngelesSmog092111-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Smog in LA (GABRIEL BOUYS/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tara Siler talked with KQED Science Editor Craig Miller about the results of the auction for KQED News. This is an extended version of their interview. The transcript has been edited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we have a first glimpse of how California's experiment in carbon trading is working out. The state's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\">first auction\u003c/a> of industrial permits for greenhouse gases actually happened last week--but \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/november_2012/auction1_results_2012q4nov.pdf\">results\u003c/a> [PDF] were released on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tara Siler:\u003c/strong> This was the opening bell of sorts for a stock market of carbon emissions in California. If the bell rang last week, why are we now finding out what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> It actually happened last Wednesday, but it was done under extremely tight wraps. The state would not even reveal who exactly would be participating in the auction and no one was allowed to see it in progress except officials, participants and some consultants. They wanted to avoid any chance that anybody would try to engage in some kind of manipulation. And then after the fact they wanted to go back over all the results with a fine-toothed comb and actually have it looked at again and certified by the state before they released the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason for this is because years ago, when they first started doing this in Europe there was some manipulation in the early going. That's been since fixed, but they didn't want to duplicate those mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So how did this experiment go?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> According to state regulators, it went pretty well. In fact, Mary Nichols, who runs the agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/capandtrade.htm\">California Air Resources Board\u003c/a>, responsible for this regulation would go beyond that:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mary Nichols:\u003c/strong> We're delighted by this. Our goal here is to reduce Carbon at a good price, in a way that is flexible for the companies that are covered, and we feel like we're showing, as we'd hoped and intended, that that is actually going to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MIller:\u003c/strong> I think that's relief, is what you're hearing. It does seem like a system that's going to work. And at the end of the day, there was actually -- for the first time ever -- a price for Carbon established in California, which was just a hair over ten dollars a metric ton. So if you've got ten bucks, you can go out and buy a ton of Carbon on the market in California now. That's just a little bit above the minimum that regulators set for the auction, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> And what's the significance of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller: \u003c/strong>It's relatively low compared to what it could have been. Some would argue you want the price of Carbon to be very high, because you want to create a disincentive -- that's the whole idea here -- a disincentive for companies to be spewing it into the atmosphere. So you want to make it expensive for them to do that. But others would argue that in order to keep jobs and companies from potentially leaving California, rather than have to pay these fees, and to create a smooth transition to the program, it's not bad to have it relatively low, at least to start with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> Now right before this auction happened, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calchamber.com/Pages/Default.aspx\">California Chamber of Commerce\u003c/a> filed a lawsuit trying to invalidate the auction. Where is that at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> It's sitting there waiting for the courts to act. They make it very clear, they weren't trying to stop the auction. But ultimately they don't like the idea that the state is withholding allowances for itself and making companies buy them. They want those allowances to be given away for free to make it as easy as possible for companies to make this transition, and that's what they're hoping eventually the court will rule.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So where do we go from here? Are these auctions going to be a regular event and are they going to be so top-secret?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> They are going to be a regular event. They probably will continue to be pretty confidential, too. The next one is in February. And then over time the market will decide what a ton of Carbon is worth. But yes, these will be regular events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So the big question for Californians is, what's it going to cost us?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard to say right now. Some of the pieces of that puzzle are coming together. On Friday the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/puc/\">California Public Utilities Commission\u003c/a> came out with a plan that will actually pay what they call a \"climate dividend.\" If there's an increase in your electric rates as a result of cap-and-trade and the fees that companies are having to pay, you will get that money back in the form of a couple dividends every year, and might even make some money on the deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also speculation that in 2015 when this program expands to transportation fuels and other things beyond what it's covering now, it might increase the price of gasoline by about 18 cents, but that's not until 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Siler:\u003c/strong> So this cap-and-trade program has been cited as an example of California's leadership on environmental policies. Is anybody following us at this point?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I talked with Mary Nichols a couple of years ago and asked her very specifically about this, and she said, \"California will not go it alone on cap-and-trade.\" But we are right now. There are other states that were kind of lined up in this thing they call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">Western Climate Initiative\u003c/a> with intent to eventually consider joining, but right now there is nobody. The next one inline seems to be a Canadian province, Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Solar Powers China's March Toward Sustainability",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47221\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/china_solar_sm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47221\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47221\" title=\"China_Solar_sm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/China_Solar_sm-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of China's solar panels are made for export markets. That balance could be shifting. (Photo: Marjorie Sun)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aggressive price competition helps consumers, stymies California industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a trade war brewing with China over solar panels and California is right in the middle. Just this month, federal trade officials authorized sanctions against China for “dumping” solar components onto the U-S market below cost. China is the world’s biggest producer of solar panels, and yet very few are installed there domestically. Many end up on rooftops here in California. “Cheap solar” has been good for California consumers but bad for the state’s own makers of solar energy hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China Jumpstarts Domestic Solar Capacity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 80 miles west of Shanghai, intern Cheng Yiyang shows me a production line where machines pirouette and fabricate black wafers packed with photovoltaic cells. We’re in the headquarters of the world’s largest maker of solar panels, Suntech Power, in the city of Wuxi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They print the material onto the pieces and when they come out they can send the electricity,” Cheng explains. “You see this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47221\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/16/solar-powers-chinas-march-toward-sustainability/china_solar_sm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47221\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47221\" title=\"China_Solar_sm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/China_Solar_sm-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most of China's solar panels are made for export markets. That balance could be shifting. (Photo: Marjorie Sun)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Aggressive price competition helps consumers, stymies California industry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a trade war brewing with China over solar panels and California is right in the middle. Just this month, federal trade officials authorized sanctions against China for “dumping” solar components onto the U-S market below cost. China is the world’s biggest producer of solar panels, and yet very few are installed there domestically. Many end up on rooftops here in California. “Cheap solar” has been good for California consumers but bad for the state’s own makers of solar energy hardware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China Jumpstarts Domestic Solar Capacity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 80 miles west of Shanghai, intern Cheng Yiyang shows me a production line where machines pirouette and fabricate black wafers packed with photovoltaic cells. We’re in the headquarters of the world’s largest maker of solar panels, Suntech Power, in the city of Wuxi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They print the material onto the pieces and when they come out they can send the electricity,” Cheng explains. “You see this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suntech has similar operations at a new plant in Arizona. Until last year, Suntech and other Chinese solar companies shipped virtually all their products overseas. The influx of cheap solar panels has been blamed for troubles in the U.S. industry. In fact, Suntech is one of three Chinese panel makers being sued by the failed Fremont company, Solyndra, for unfair competition. But now China’s central government has launched a major initiative to jumpstart its own use of solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the central government began subsidizing solar power projects. This year alone, China will have installed about 5 gigawatts of capacity, producing enough electricity to supply two million Chinese. That’s about a third more capacity than the U.S. is set to install this year. Although China’s build-out barely puts a dent in its carbon footprint -- the biggest in the world -- Chinese solar companies and environmentalists are encouraged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It took China a while to bring its solar program up to speed,” says Andrew Beebe, a Suntech executive based in San Francisco. “And now that it's really up to speed, it’s cranking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Magic of the Feed-in Tariff\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be thanks to a subsidy known as a feed-in tariff. It’s a subsidy for renewable energy that guarantees developers of these projects a reasonable return on their investments. The government pays developers a certain price per kilowatt-hour to entice them to install solar.\u003cbr>\nChina’s feed-in tariff is actually mimicking similar programs in Europe and the U.S. to promote wind and solar power. Alvin Lin is with the Beijing office of the American environmental group, NRDC. He says, “The feed-in tariffs are really pretty amazing policy tool for incentivizing renewable projects. “\u003cbr>\nThe Chinese program, like the European model, promotes large, utility-scale solar projects. Rooftop installations are still relatively rare in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Timing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why the subsidy now? There are a host of reasons. As one of China’s numerous new bullet trains blows into a station, I’m reminded of a big one. This one whisked me from Beijing to Shanghai -- like going the full length of the California coast -- in just 5 hours. China needs electricity to power its transportation needs. The nation also needs electricity for new factories and appliances bought by its growing middle class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China still gets about 70 percent of its power from coal, virtually all of it mined domestically until recently. The growing demand for electricity has outpaced even this country’s coal production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When China became net importer coal, “That surprised everybody,” says Yang Fuqiang, an energy expert in NRDC’s Beijing office. Yang says to offset this dependence on coal, both domestic and foreign, China wants to diversify its energy mix. “So the Chinese government says we have to save our resources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And save its environment from the effects of burning all this coal, including prodigious carbon emissions. China is now the world’s biggest contributor to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Ambitious Plans for Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the central government has set an ambitious goal: to produce more than 11 percent of China’s energy from non-fossil fuels by the end of the decade. That’s slightly less than what renewables now account for in U.S. electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, “You know, pain for companies is inevitable in a market that is about 60 percent oversupplied this year,” says Nathaniel Bullard, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance in San Francisco. Suntech’s share price, for instance, has plummeted from a high of about $90 four years ago, to less than a buck now. Bullard will be watching whether the China Development Bank bails out some solar companies. If so, he says, “It would start to look like the kind of issue that could inflame this trade case even further.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However that shakes out, China’s solar sector will still provide strong competition for firms in California and across the U.S. Beijing has already declared that by 2015, it will quadruple this year’s solar installation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But watching Chinese throng a gigantic, glittering shopping center in downtown Shanghai, one sees a microcosm of an enormous challenge: thirteen floors filled with the latest fashions and trendy restaurants. No matter how ambitious China’s solar program, it’s up against hundreds of millions of people striving for a more “Western” lifestyle, and that will create the need for ever-more megawatts to power the trappings of middle-class living. The race for power is on.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/11/20121119quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46907\" title=\"Richmond 4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-4-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 6th, a fire broke out at the Chevron oil refinery in Richmond, hobbling refinery operations, contributing to a statewide spike in gas prices, and sending 15 thousand people to nearby hospitals, complaining of headaches, dizziness and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of residents in Richmond, it was the last straw in a long, rocky history with the Chevron refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/index.aspx?NID=2265\">Atchison Village Neighborhood Council\u003c/a>, just over the fence from the refinery, residents John Gordon and John Kendrick, were still complaining about Chevron’s community response in the wake of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They came out in the newspaper said there were no explosions,” says Kendrick. “I heard four!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Boy, are they sleazy!” Gordon exclaims, as long-time community activist Andres Soto chimes in. “We live here. We know they’re going to lie to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even among those less cynical of Chevron’s intentions, the fire re-ignited questions many have been asking for years: What does it mean to live next to the largest refinery on the West Coast? What are people here breathing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are difficult questions to answer in a city thick with industry and transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46893\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46893\" title=\"Richmond 3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-3-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storage tank at Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably not all Chevron,” says Kendrick. “We’ve got the railroad cars, we got the highways, we got trucks coming going. But it’d be nice to get a breakdown to understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring the air\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a century of industry in this area, there are only two official \u003ca href=\"http://hank.baaqmd.gov/tec/maps/dam_sites.htm#\">air-quality monitors\u003c/a> in Richmond, and two in nearby San Pablo. They’re both run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The August fire \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201208101630/a\">revealed\u003c/a> a system designed to look for averages over time not illuminate emissions from specific incidents or indicate where they come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Larson, an air-monitoring activist who heads the non-profit Global Community Monitor, that’s just not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Larson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46890\" title=\"Denny Larson\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Larson-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Air monitoring advocate Denny Larson heads Global Community Monitoring, a nonprofit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have a high concentration, probably hundreds of toxic emissions sources in a very small area. And the wind is almost always blowing from where those industries are to where people are breathing in north Richmond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty soon, residents will know at least a little more about what it is, exactly, they’re breathing thanks to a new network of monitors being put in by the very company many of them so deeply distrust: Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nIndustry fills the air-monitoring void\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six new monitors are designed to pick up common industrial chemicals including benzene and sulfur dioxide. One of them will be on, or near, the Shields-Reed Community center in North Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Larson, “we’re going to take a quantum leap into the 21st century when the Richmond system is in because we will then be able to better identify what the sources are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ShieldsReedUncropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46889\" title=\"ShieldsReedUncropped\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ShieldsReedUncropped-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Richmond's new air monitors will be at this North Richmond community center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chevron agreed to pay for this new system – including about a million dollars of equipment in addition to an online, publicly-accessible reporting system -- as part of a settlement with the city back in 2010, but the project stalled. After the August fire, the pace picked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, says Chevron spokeswoman Heather Kulp, is to have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.argos-sci.com/\">third-party contractor\u003c/a>, independent from Chevron, providing real-time results and quarterly reports to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not filtering,” says Kulp. “We have nothing to do with the data. So the community can have a lot of confidence in this data because it’s going directly from the instruments to the web.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson says he endorses this system, but the community will have to stay vigilant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even after it’s up, we have to make sure that they don’t make any changes to the system or forget to pay the contractor, whatever. If we’re not watchful, the system won’t be successful in delivering information people want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among those in Richmond whose job it is to keep the air clean, this whole plan is raising some eyebrows.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWill the data have teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was surprised to see the agreement [between Chevron and the city of Richmond]”, says John Gioia, Contra Costa County Supervisor and chair of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gioia says because the monitors are being operated outside of government oversight, the results aren’t certified. Even if the monitors showed something toxic being released into the air, there’s not much officials could do about it, other than follow up with their own testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district can't use that data to impose a fine or penalty,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating things is the fact that the Air District is also stepping up its own monitoring in the wake of the fire. Plans are afoot for a new monitoring network around all five of the Bay Area’s refineries, including Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plans are just getting started, but the idea is to make refineries pay for the cost of installing and operating that system, through fees that the District has the authority to levy.\\\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46892\" title=\"Richmond 2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Information is power.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denny Larson, the activist, says he’s not worried about a conflict here -- the more monitors, the better. Information, he says, is power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson already knows what one of the first questions will be. It has to do with a giant wastewater treatment pond that Chevron uses to filter out toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refineries in Europe often cover these ponds, to collect fumes that would otherwise drift into the neighborhood. But here, the ponds are uncovered. Larson would like to see that changed, but that’s hard to do without accurate data about what emissions the ponds produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t get very far without saying look, that’s a big source of toxic pollution. We want it covered and we don’t want those vapors coming into the neighborhood anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the air monitors give residents ammunition to make Chevron change its ways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron doesn’t think so. In fact, refinery spokeswoman Heather Kulp thinks the monitors will have the opposite effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what they’re going to see is to understand that there are multiple sources of emissions in this community. And I also think they’re going to see that the air quality in Richmond is actually a lot better than they believe it to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron says its six new air monitors – that’s three on the refinery, three in nearby neighborhoods -- will be up and running in a few months. The other system – those government-run monitors that could actually help set fines – could take several years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46907\" title=\"Richmond 4\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-4-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On August 6th, a fire broke out at the Chevron oil refinery in Richmond, hobbling refinery operations, contributing to a statewide spike in gas prices, and sending 15 thousand people to nearby hospitals, complaining of headaches, dizziness and other ailments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of residents in Richmond, it was the last straw in a long, rocky history with the Chevron refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/index.aspx?NID=2265\">Atchison Village Neighborhood Council\u003c/a>, just over the fence from the refinery, residents John Gordon and John Kendrick, were still complaining about Chevron’s community response in the wake of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They came out in the newspaper said there were no explosions,” says Kendrick. “I heard four!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Boy, are they sleazy!” Gordon exclaims, as long-time community activist Andres Soto chimes in. “We live here. We know they’re going to lie to us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even among those less cynical of Chevron’s intentions, the fire re-ignited questions many have been asking for years: What does it mean to live next to the largest refinery on the West Coast? What are people here breathing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are difficult questions to answer in a city thick with industry and transportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46893\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46893\" title=\"Richmond 3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-3-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A storage tank at Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s probably not all Chevron,” says Kendrick. “We’ve got the railroad cars, we got the highways, we got trucks coming going. But it’d be nice to get a breakdown to understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monitoring the air\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite a century of industry in this area, there are only two official \u003ca href=\"http://hank.baaqmd.gov/tec/maps/dam_sites.htm#\">air-quality monitors\u003c/a> in Richmond, and two in nearby San Pablo. They’re both run by the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The August fire \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201208101630/a\">revealed\u003c/a> a system designed to look for averages over time not illuminate emissions from specific incidents or indicate where they come from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Larson, an air-monitoring activist who heads the non-profit Global Community Monitor, that’s just not enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Larson.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46890\" title=\"Denny Larson\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Larson-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Air monitoring advocate Denny Larson heads Global Community Monitoring, a nonprofit.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We have a high concentration, probably hundreds of toxic emissions sources in a very small area. And the wind is almost always blowing from where those industries are to where people are breathing in north Richmond,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty soon, residents will know at least a little more about what it is, exactly, they’re breathing thanks to a new network of monitors being put in by the very company many of them so deeply distrust: Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nIndustry fills the air-monitoring void\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six new monitors are designed to pick up common industrial chemicals including benzene and sulfur dioxide. One of them will be on, or near, the Shields-Reed Community center in North Richmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Larson, “we’re going to take a quantum leap into the 21st century when the Richmond system is in because we will then be able to better identify what the sources are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46889\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ShieldsReedUncropped.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46889\" title=\"ShieldsReedUncropped\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/ShieldsReedUncropped-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of Richmond's new air monitors will be at this North Richmond community center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chevron agreed to pay for this new system – including about a million dollars of equipment in addition to an online, publicly-accessible reporting system -- as part of a settlement with the city back in 2010, but the project stalled. After the August fire, the pace picked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan, says Chevron spokeswoman Heather Kulp, is to have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.argos-sci.com/\">third-party contractor\u003c/a>, independent from Chevron, providing real-time results and quarterly reports to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not filtering,” says Kulp. “We have nothing to do with the data. So the community can have a lot of confidence in this data because it’s going directly from the instruments to the web.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson says he endorses this system, but the community will have to stay vigilant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even after it’s up, we have to make sure that they don’t make any changes to the system or forget to pay the contractor, whatever. If we’re not watchful, the system won’t be successful in delivering information people want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But among those in Richmond whose job it is to keep the air clean, this whole plan is raising some eyebrows.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWill the data have teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was surprised to see the agreement [between Chevron and the city of Richmond]”, says John Gioia, Contra Costa County Supervisor and chair of the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gioia says because the monitors are being operated outside of government oversight, the results aren’t certified. Even if the monitors showed something toxic being released into the air, there’s not much officials could do about it, other than follow up with their own testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The air district can't use that data to impose a fine or penalty,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Complicating things is the fact that the Air District is also stepping up its own monitoring in the wake of the fire. Plans are afoot for a new monitoring network around all five of the Bay Area’s refineries, including Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plans are just getting started, but the idea is to make refineries pay for the cost of installing and operating that system, through fees that the District has the authority to levy.\\\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46892\" title=\"Richmond 2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Richmond-2-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Information is power.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Denny Larson, the activist, says he’s not worried about a conflict here -- the more monitors, the better. Information, he says, is power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larson already knows what one of the first questions will be. It has to do with a giant wastewater treatment pond that Chevron uses to filter out toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Refineries in Europe often cover these ponds, to collect fumes that would otherwise drift into the neighborhood. But here, the ponds are uncovered. Larson would like to see that changed, but that’s hard to do without accurate data about what emissions the ponds produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t get very far without saying look, that’s a big source of toxic pollution. We want it covered and we don’t want those vapors coming into the neighborhood anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will the air monitors give residents ammunition to make Chevron change its ways?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron doesn’t think so. In fact, refinery spokeswoman Heather Kulp thinks the monitors will have the opposite effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think what they’re going to see is to understand that there are multiple sources of emissions in this community. And I also think they’re going to see that the air quality in Richmond is actually a lot better than they believe it to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron says its six new air monitors – that’s three on the refinery, three in nearby neighborhoods -- will be up and running in a few months. The other system – those government-run monitors that could actually help set fines – could take several years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters — people who kill for entertainment, or to gratify their egos — are a whole different breed. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trophy hunters routinely pay thousands of dollars for the chance to kill big game like caribou, moose, black bear and especially grizzly bear. Trophy hunting narratives boast a love of nature. But some sociologists find a different story. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters — people who kill for entertainment, or to gratify their egos — are a whole different breed. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, California rolls out the heavy artillery in its attack on climate change with a program called “cap-and-trade.” It’s like a stock exchange for carbon emissions, where the state’s biggest polluters have to buy the right to emit greenhouse gases. It’s the most ambitious climate change policy in the country, but not everyone is happy with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how does it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Check out the radio story above for an explanation involving poker chips, musical chairs and Monopoly money.) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first part is the cap. Until now, businesses haven’t had to worry about how much carbon they emit from burning fossil fuels. Now, there’s going to be a cap on total emissions. At first, they can emit about as much carbon as they have been. But then, the cap on emissions begins to come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 businesses, from power companies and oil refiners, to glass makers and food processors, are required to participate in the cap-and-trade program.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>The government could tell each company how much it’s allowed to pollute, or set a tax on carbon. But California’s doing it differently by creating a market. That’s where the “trade” part of cap and trade comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to keep up with the lowering emissions cap, businesses have three choices. The first is pretty straightforward: reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second option is to buy permits to pollute. The state will give companies allowances -- each allowance grants a company permission to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. Companies can buy and sell allowances on the carbon market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the third option is known as \"carbon offsets.\" Companies can essentially pay other organizations to reduce greenhouse gases, for instance, by protecting forests. Each offset counts toward the firm's compliance obligation, though companies are limited in how many offsets they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-46942\" title=\"Merc-illustration\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Merc-illustration2-560x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But \u003cem>will\u003c/em> it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been preparing for this moment for a long time. When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, the state’s landmark global warming bill in 2006, he set an ambitious goal: to cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions 30 percent by 2020. Cap-and-trade is supposed to help accomplish a big part of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reduce the amount of pollution, but we want to do it in a way that isn’t too costly to the economy,\" says UC Berkeley economist and energy analyst Severin Borenstein at UC Berkeley. He says the market will create some flexibility for businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some businesses aren't so sure about it.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am very very worried about this program,\"\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> says Dorothy Rothrock from the California Manufacturers and Technology Association, which represents about 700 companies. Her members are concerned that cap-and-trade will put them at a disadvantage to companies outside of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Rothrock says the costs will eventually be passed on to consumers. For instance, the price of gas may go up. \"It’s not like they’re suddenly gonna see a big bill in their mailbox the next day, but the costs will be coming and there won’t be a lot we can do to stop it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has taken steps to minimize this impact. At first, nearly all of the allowances are free for businesses, and some of the proceeds from the carbon market will go to communities hardest hit by pollution. Regulators also argue that the gains in energy efficiency spurred by the program will outweigh any higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And environmental advocates point out, if we don’t cut emissions now, the impacts of climate change will be even more expensive in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emily Reyna with the Environmental Defense Fund says it’s important for California to take the lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it’s done right here in California, which I believe it will be, then it can be a real model for the rest of the country, the rest of the world,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, all eyes will be on California, when the state's carbon market opens for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This week, California rolls out the heavy artillery in its attack on climate change with a program called “cap-and-trade.” It’s like a stock exchange for carbon emissions, where the state’s biggest polluters have to buy the right to emit greenhouse gases. It’s the most ambitious climate change policy in the country, but not everyone is happy with it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, California rolls out the heavy artillery in its attack on climate change with a program called “cap-and-trade.” It’s like a stock exchange for carbon emissions, where the state’s biggest polluters have to buy the right to emit greenhouse gases. It’s the most ambitious climate change policy in the country, but not everyone is happy with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So how does it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Check out the radio story above for an explanation involving poker chips, musical chairs and Monopoly money.) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first part is the cap. Until now, businesses haven’t had to worry about how much carbon they emit from burning fossil fuels. Now, there’s going to be a cap on total emissions. At first, they can emit about as much carbon as they have been. But then, the cap on emissions begins to come down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 businesses, from power companies and oil refiners, to glass makers and food processors, are required to participate in the cap-and-trade program.\u003cstrong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>The government could tell each company how much it’s allowed to pollute, or set a tax on carbon. But California’s doing it differently by creating a market. That’s where the “trade” part of cap and trade comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to keep up with the lowering emissions cap, businesses have three choices. The first is pretty straightforward: reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second option is to buy permits to pollute. The state will give companies allowances -- each allowance grants a company permission to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. Companies can buy and sell allowances on the carbon market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the third option is known as \"carbon offsets.\" Companies can essentially pay other organizations to reduce greenhouse gases, for instance, by protecting forests. Each offset counts toward the firm's compliance obligation, though companies are limited in how many offsets they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-46942\" title=\"Merc-illustration\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Merc-illustration2-560x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>But \u003cem>will\u003c/em> it work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been preparing for this moment for a long time. When Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed AB 32, the state’s landmark global warming bill in 2006, he set an ambitious goal: to cut California’s greenhouse gas emissions 30 percent by 2020. Cap-and-trade is supposed to help accomplish a big part of that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reduce the amount of pollution, but we want to do it in a way that isn’t too costly to the economy,\" says UC Berkeley economist and energy analyst Severin Borenstein at UC Berkeley. He says the market will create some flexibility for businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some businesses aren't so sure about it.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am very very worried about this program,\"\u003cstrong>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/strong> says Dorothy Rothrock from the California Manufacturers and Technology Association, which represents about 700 companies. Her members are concerned that cap-and-trade will put them at a disadvantage to companies outside of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Rothrock says the costs will eventually be passed on to consumers. For instance, the price of gas may go up. \"It’s not like they’re suddenly gonna see a big bill in their mailbox the next day, but the costs will be coming and there won’t be a lot we can do to stop it,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has taken steps to minimize this impact. At first, nearly all of the allowances are free for businesses, and some of the proceeds from the carbon market will go to communities hardest hit by pollution. Regulators also argue that the gains in energy efficiency spurred by the program will outweigh any higher costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And environmental advocates point out, if we don’t cut emissions now, the impacts of climate change will be even more expensive in the long run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emily Reyna with the Environmental Defense Fund says it’s important for California to take the lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it’s done right here in California, which I believe it will be, then it can be a real model for the rest of the country, the rest of the world,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, all eyes will be on California, when the state's carbon market opens for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cap-and-Trade: The Glossary",
"title": "Cap-and-Trade: The Glossary",
"headTitle": "Cap and Trade | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-the-glossary/heat20120904-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46926\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-46926\" title=\"heat20120904\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/heat201209041-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"176\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>You can’t navigate the new world of carbon trading unless you know the lingo. Here are some key terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AB 32\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm\">Global Warming Solutions Act\u003c/a>, passed by the California legislature and signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2006, is the authorizing legislation for cap and trade. It seeks to reduce total carbon emissions in the state to 1990 levels, by 2020. That's about 30% below where emissions would likely be absent substantial reduction efforts. A separate executive order requires a further 80% reduction by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additionality\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe principle, often applied to carbon offsets, that a project should only be able to earn credits if the greenhouse gas emission reductions produced by the project exceed what would have happened in the absence of the carbon credit component. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allocation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nUnder an emissions trading scheme, permits to emit can initially either be purchased by emitters or given to them for free. In California's program, 90% will be given away initially. The rest will be sold at auction in an initial market offering. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate Energy and Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Allowance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLegally defined unit that entitles the holder to emit one metric ton of CO2-equivalent or another quantity of greenhouses gases. Also known as emission allowance or emission permit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Atmosphere\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% volume mixing ratio), helium, radiatively active greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (0.035% volume mixing ratio) and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains water vapor, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols (particles). \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Auction\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCommon term used for the sale of allowances, as opposed to allocating them for free. California officials scheduled their first official auction for November 14, 2012. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Base Year\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTargets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions are often defined in relation to a base year. 1990 is the base year in California's program, as well as for most nations in the Kyoto Protocol. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions) \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Air Resources Board (ARB or CARB)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/homepage.htm\">regulatory agency\u003c/a> charged with implementation of AB 32 and managing California’s cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.calepa.ca.gov/\">Parent agency\u003c/a> of the Air Resources Board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cap-and-Trade\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA flexible environmental regulation mechanism that sets an overall limit on the emission of a certain pollutant, but allows companies that can easily reduce emissions to sell credits to other companies for which such reduction would be difficult. The cap ensures that emissions will not exceed a desired amount. California’s program rolls out in two phases: power plants and large industrial facilities in 2013, expanding to distributors of oil, natural gas and transportation fuels in 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/gloss.php\">(Source: CSA)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide (CO2)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA naturally occurring gas, and also a by-product of burning fossil fuels and biomass, as well as land-use changes and other industrial processes. It is the principal human-caused greenhouse gas that affects the Earth's radiative balance, and the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential of 1. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO2e)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMeasurement unit used to indicate the global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is the reference gas against which other greenhouse gases are measured. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Footprint\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe total amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere each year by a person, family, building, organization or company. A person's carbon footprint includes greenhouse gas emissions from fuel that an individual burns directly, such as by heating a home or riding in a car. It also includes greenhouse gases that come from producing the goods or services that the individual uses, including emissions from power plants that make electricity, factories that make products and landfills where trash gets sent. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Action Reserve (CAR)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nFormerly the California Climate Action Registry, a non-profit voluntary and compliance registry for offsets. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climateactionreserve.org/\">The Reserve\u003c/a> is focused on developing standardized greenhouse gas reduction protocols, tracking offsets through a public database and serving as a project registry for voluntary as well as offsets eligible for compliance under AB 32. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compliance\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n1) The act, specific to cap-and-trade schemes, of surrendering the required amount of allowances, or some combination of allowances and offsets, to cover an entity’s emissions. 2) Achievement by an entity in meeting its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the applicable law or treaty. \u003ca href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Covered Entity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAny organization subject to the cap & trade regulation. California’s program covers 360 businesses. The complete list is available as a PDF download from the CARB website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Deforestation\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThose practices or processes that result in the conversion of forested lands for non-forest uses. Deforestation contributes to increasing carbon dioxide concentrations for two reasons: 1) the burning or decomposition of the wood releases carbon dioxide; and 2) trees that once removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the process of photosynthesis are no longer present. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Emissions Cap\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA mandated restraint in a scheduled timeframe that puts a “ceiling” on the total amount of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that can be released into the atmosphere. This can be measured as gross emissions or as net emissions (emissions minus gases that are sequestered). California's cap will increase in 2015, when its cap-and-trade program expands to include more sources, then will decline about 3% each year until 2020, when the cap is expected to be 15% below the 2012 level.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fluorinated Gases\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA group of greenhouse gases regulated under California’s cap-and-trade program. Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes. Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons and halons). These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming Potential gases (\"High-GWP gases\").\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fossil Fuel\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA general term for organic materials formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. \u003ca title=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\" href=\"http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#B\">(Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Effect\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe insulating effect of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) that keeps the Earth's temperature about 60“F warmer than it would be otherwise. \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Greenhouse Gas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreenhouse gases (GHGs) are trace gases that control energy flows in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing infrared radiation. Some GHGs occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from human activities. Those \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases.html\">recognized by the U.S. EPA \u003c/a>include: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and \"fluorinated gases.\" CO2 is the most important GHG released by human activities. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leakage\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTerm applied to businesses that leave the state rather than submit to cap-and-trade regulation. Sometimes called \"carbon leakage\" because emissions of the relocated industry are no longer regulated by the home state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm\">LCFS\u003c/a> requires fuel providers to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell in the market meets, on average, a declining target for greenhouse gas emissions measured in grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per unit of fuel energy sold. California's LCFS mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of fuel production and use within California, by 2020. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Methane (CH4)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCH4 is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. Atmospheric CH4 is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as landfills, livestock and livestock wastes, natural gas and petroleum systems, coal mines, rice fields and wastewater treatment. CH4 has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of approximately 10 years, but its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be approximately 23 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nitrous Oxide (N2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nN2O is among the greenhouse gases recognized by the U.S. EPA. N2O is produced by natural processes but there are also substantial emissions from human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel combustion. The atmospheric lifetime of N2O is approximately 100 years, and its 100-year GWP is currently estimated to be 296 times that of CO2. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Offsets\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEmission reduction credits from project-based activities that can be used to meet compliance or corporate objectives as a supplement or alternative to reducing one’s own emissions. In a cap-and-trade scheme, offsets may be used instead of allowances, sometimes up to a limit. California allows the use of offsets to satisfy up to 8% of a company's compliance requirement. Initially four types of offset programs were allowed: expansion of forests and urban forests, methane capture on farms and ranches and reduction of ozone-depleting substances. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Prop 23\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAn unsuccessful statewide ballot measure in 2011, largely financed by oil and gas interests, that sought to suspend California's regulations under AB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nA regional cap-and-trade system that currently includes Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. The District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, the Eastern Canadian Provinces and New Brunswick are observers in the process. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rggi.org/\">RGGI\u003c/a> covers CO2 emissions from electric power plants in the region, and requires a 10% reduction in these emissions by 2018. The first three-year compliance period started in January 2009. In 2011, the states commenced a review process in order to determine whether to tighten the emissions cap so that emitters would be incentivized to reduce internal emissions further. The review process should be completed in 2013. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Vapor (H2O)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWater vapor is the primary gas responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is believed that increases in temperature caused by anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions of greenhouse gases will increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, resulting in additional warming. \u003ca title=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/science-impacts/basics/glossary\">(Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Western Climate Initiative (WCI)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nRegional initiative launched in February 2007 by states and provinces, mostly along the western rim of the United States, Canada and Mexico. \u003ca href=\"http://www.westernclimateinitiative.org/\">WCI\u003c/a> is a collaboration of independent jurisdictions working together to identify, evaluate and implement emissions trading policies to tackle climate change at a regional level. Nominally, WCI partners are: California, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Ontario, but only California and Quebec have passed regulations which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. \u003ca title=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\" href=\"http://www.pointcarbon.com/1.266906\">(Source info: Point Carbon)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46781\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/panel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46781\" title=\"panel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/panel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar panel at SunPower in San Jose, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a bumpy year for the solar industry despite record growth, something we explore in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/looming-trade-war-shakes-up-u-s-solar-industry/\">this week's radio story\u003c/a>. I spoke with Shayle Kann, Vice President for Research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/research\">GTM Research\u003c/a> about the recent turmoil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s this past year been like in the solar industry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, it's a tough year in solar. We have massive oversupply of solar panels, so it's been a really hard time for solar manufacturers. And demand on a global level is growing, but relatively slowly this year as compared to the past couple of years, where we've seen really massive growth. The big reason for that is that Europe has slowed down as incentives have been pulled back from European governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US, on the other hand, as far as the solar market goes, is pretty strong this year. We're looking at what we expect to be about 71 percent growth in solar installations in 2012 over 2011. So that's a strong growth rate, but it is slower than we've seen. In 2010 and 2011, the market more than doubled. So it's slowing down a bit, but solar is still growing fast throughout the US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And China has emerged as a big player...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese manufacturers of solar panels have been gaining more and more market share. It's not to say that Chinese manufacturers are the only ones. In fact, the largest market share in the US is held by SunPower, which is a US-based manufacturer. But Chinese players have a really big role to play here. And that, in conjunction with a few other things, has resulted in what has become something of a mini \"trade war\" in the solar industry, headquartered in the US but occurring in other places as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This spring we saw the U.S. Commerce Department levy trade tariffs on Chinese solar panels. Are people paying more because of them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been sort of a strange situation because the way that the tariffs worked out in the US, they apply to photovoltaic cell manufacturing. The reason that matters is that the solar panels are basically manufactured in four steps. The cell manufacturing is really the third of four steps. The fourth step is assembling those cells into panels, or modules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that the tariff ruling worked out in the US is: the only thing that really matters is where the cells themselves are manufactured. And the result of that has been that a lot of Chinese manufacturers have essentially started tolling, or having somebody else manufacture their cells for them offshore, most popular being Taiwan, then shipping them back into China, assembling them into modules and sending them to the US, not being subject to the tariff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, that does create a cost impact. We estimate it to be something like six or seven cents per watt, which is a little less than 10 percent of the cost of a module, which means there has been a very slight incremental cost impact to anybody who's buying solar panels in the US, but it hasn't been very big. On the scale of a system (we're talking about a panel that costs maybe 80 cents, and a system that costs three or four dollars per watt), a five-or-six cent cost impact isn't huge. So it's had a slight impact, but it hasn't derailed the US market in any major way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have the tariffs caused any US installers to stop buying Chinese panels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a lot of them at least opened their eyes to some non-Chinese manufacturers that they wouldn't have before. It did provide an opportunity for them to step in and gain some share where they didn't before, but it did certainly not result in installers in the US stopping using Chinese panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How dramatically have solar panel prices dropped in the past few years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been huge. If you look back at even late 2008, panel prices were up close to $4 a watt. Today, they're down in the 70 cent per watt range. So that is an enormous decrease over the course of just four years. And they're continuing to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is an important point to make, which is: given how far panel prices have fallen, it becomes less and less important to look for cost reductions from the panel itself. The cost of the solar project isn't just the panel. There's other hardware that gets installed, there's labor, system design, engineering, and financing, and all these other costs, that increasingly are becoming the place where the bottleneck lies in getting costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are we going to see a big shake-out in the industry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're in the midst of a big global solar panel manufacturer shake-out. It's not just true in the US. This year, we have something on the order of about 30 gigawatts of solar demand globally, compared to about 60 gigawatts of solar manufacturing capacity. So there is a huge oversupply, resulting in lowered margins, strained balance sheets for every single solar manufacturer everywhere. We're starting to see this consolidation and shake-out take place. That will be occurring for at least a year and a half before it really settles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the future like for US solar manufacturers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tough time to be a solar manufacturer anyway, no matter where you're from. It's particularly difficult to be manufacturing in the US, where your cost structure is going to be higher than it would be if you were in a low-cost location like China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, we think the way you can weather the storm is by differentiating in terms of how you're selling into the market. Providing additional services to your customers, doing things like getting into project development yourself. But to be sure, if you cannot weather a very, very difficult storm in which you're not going to be making money for the next 18 months, then you better be looking for a drastic change in your strategy pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have a global oversupply. So maybe it (the tariff) provides a bit of an incremental benefit to US solar manufacturers, but it really hasn't fixed the issues that they're facing on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking about the solar manufacturers these days is kind of depressing, but talking about the solar market in the US is a pretty positive story. Solar deployment remains a positive story, even if solar manufacturing is tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Produced with Nicholas Christen.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Plummeting prices, trade war, record growth – it’s been a busy year for the solar industry. Reporter Lauren Sommer talks to a solar analyst about how California is doing in the rapidly changing global market.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46781\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/panel.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46781\" title=\"panel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/panel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Solar panel at SunPower in San Jose, CA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's been a bumpy year for the solar industry despite record growth, something we explore in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/looming-trade-war-shakes-up-u-s-solar-industry/\">this week's radio story\u003c/a>. I spoke with Shayle Kann, Vice President for Research at \u003ca href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/research\">GTM Research\u003c/a> about the recent turmoil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s this past year been like in the solar industry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, it's a tough year in solar. We have massive oversupply of solar panels, so it's been a really hard time for solar manufacturers. And demand on a global level is growing, but relatively slowly this year as compared to the past couple of years, where we've seen really massive growth. The big reason for that is that Europe has slowed down as incentives have been pulled back from European governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US, on the other hand, as far as the solar market goes, is pretty strong this year. We're looking at what we expect to be about 71 percent growth in solar installations in 2012 over 2011. So that's a strong growth rate, but it is slower than we've seen. In 2010 and 2011, the market more than doubled. So it's slowing down a bit, but solar is still growing fast throughout the US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And China has emerged as a big player...\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinese manufacturers of solar panels have been gaining more and more market share. It's not to say that Chinese manufacturers are the only ones. In fact, the largest market share in the US is held by SunPower, which is a US-based manufacturer. But Chinese players have a really big role to play here. And that, in conjunction with a few other things, has resulted in what has become something of a mini \"trade war\" in the solar industry, headquartered in the US but occurring in other places as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This spring we saw the U.S. Commerce Department levy trade tariffs on Chinese solar panels. Are people paying more because of them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been sort of a strange situation because the way that the tariffs worked out in the US, they apply to photovoltaic cell manufacturing. The reason that matters is that the solar panels are basically manufactured in four steps. The cell manufacturing is really the third of four steps. The fourth step is assembling those cells into panels, or modules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way that the tariff ruling worked out in the US is: the only thing that really matters is where the cells themselves are manufactured. And the result of that has been that a lot of Chinese manufacturers have essentially started tolling, or having somebody else manufacture their cells for them offshore, most popular being Taiwan, then shipping them back into China, assembling them into modules and sending them to the US, not being subject to the tariff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, that does create a cost impact. We estimate it to be something like six or seven cents per watt, which is a little less than 10 percent of the cost of a module, which means there has been a very slight incremental cost impact to anybody who's buying solar panels in the US, but it hasn't been very big. On the scale of a system (we're talking about a panel that costs maybe 80 cents, and a system that costs three or four dollars per watt), a five-or-six cent cost impact isn't huge. So it's had a slight impact, but it hasn't derailed the US market in any major way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Have the tariffs caused any US installers to stop buying Chinese panels?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think a lot of them at least opened their eyes to some non-Chinese manufacturers that they wouldn't have before. It did provide an opportunity for them to step in and gain some share where they didn't before, but it did certainly not result in installers in the US stopping using Chinese panels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How dramatically have solar panel prices dropped in the past few years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been huge. If you look back at even late 2008, panel prices were up close to $4 a watt. Today, they're down in the 70 cent per watt range. So that is an enormous decrease over the course of just four years. And they're continuing to fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is an important point to make, which is: given how far panel prices have fallen, it becomes less and less important to look for cost reductions from the panel itself. The cost of the solar project isn't just the panel. There's other hardware that gets installed, there's labor, system design, engineering, and financing, and all these other costs, that increasingly are becoming the place where the bottleneck lies in getting costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are we going to see a big shake-out in the industry?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're in the midst of a big global solar panel manufacturer shake-out. It's not just true in the US. This year, we have something on the order of about 30 gigawatts of solar demand globally, compared to about 60 gigawatts of solar manufacturing capacity. So there is a huge oversupply, resulting in lowered margins, strained balance sheets for every single solar manufacturer everywhere. We're starting to see this consolidation and shake-out take place. That will be occurring for at least a year and a half before it really settles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the future like for US solar manufacturers?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tough time to be a solar manufacturer anyway, no matter where you're from. It's particularly difficult to be manufacturing in the US, where your cost structure is going to be higher than it would be if you were in a low-cost location like China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, we think the way you can weather the storm is by differentiating in terms of how you're selling into the market. Providing additional services to your customers, doing things like getting into project development yourself. But to be sure, if you cannot weather a very, very difficult storm in which you're not going to be making money for the next 18 months, then you better be looking for a drastic change in your strategy pretty quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We still have a global oversupply. So maybe it (the tariff) provides a bit of an incremental benefit to US solar manufacturers, but it really hasn't fixed the issues that they're facing on a global scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking about the solar manufacturers these days is kind of depressing, but talking about the solar market in the US is a pretty positive story. Solar deployment remains a positive story, even if solar manufacturing is tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Looming Trade War Shakes Up U.S. Solar Industry",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/11/20121105quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46765\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DSC00476.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46765\" title=\"DSC00476\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DSC00476-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A worker handles solar panels at SunPower's manufacturing plant near San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Talk to anyone in the solar industry and they’ll tell you: it’s the best of times, it’s the worst of times. Solar installations are booming, but there’s also a looming trade war with China. Citing illegal subsidies, U.S. officials have placed trade tariffs on Chinese solar panels. American solar companies are split on whether it will be good or bad for the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Solar Manufacturer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At SunPower’s solar manufacturing plant near San Jose, workers screw frames onto shiny, six-foot solar panels as they come off the line. “We are running 24 hours a day,” says quality engineer Eric Kao.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plant has had a long list of notable visitors: Governors Jerry Brown and Arnold Schwarzenegger, Energy Secretary Steven Chu. That’s because SunPower is one of the top suppliers in the country -- and because there aren’t many solar plants left to visit. It’s getting lonely to be an American solar manufacturer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to require being lonely to be one of the winners but it’s unfortunate that there aren’t many American solar companies,” says Tom Werner, CEO of SunPower. He says five years ago, things were looking good for U.S. solar manufacturers. There were growing markets in Germany, Japan and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the industry participants were making good profits. Well, that attracts competition,” he says. Chinese manufacturers flooded the market with solar panels. Within four years, panel prices fell seventy five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics have gotten way, way more challenging. It's difficult for some companies to make it,” Werner says. SunPower has survived, but is just hoping to break even this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, several American solar panel companies filed a trade complaint against China, saying Chinese solar companies are getting illegal subsidies and are dumping panels on the US market. In May, the U.S. Commerce Department agreed and levied trade tariffs of 25 to 35 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner says while SunPower didn’t directly join the complaint, it does stand to gain. “Let’s just say it won’t hurt our pricing but I don’t know if it will be a big advantage. Having a trade war is definitely not good for the industry so we need to sort this out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar industry doesn’t need more bad news, says Werner, especially after the political scandal over one particular bankrupt solar company. “It’s amazing how many people know the name of that company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solyndra, that is. It’s a name Werner avoids saying, much like like Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter. “Well see, if I name the company then I’m just propagating the whole deal,” Werner says. Tariffs or no tariffs, Werner says some US manufacturers may not make it either. It’s an entirely different story with solar installers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flip Side: A Solar Installer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sungevity’s Oakland headquarters, a team of sales people grabs maracas off their desks. “So the maraca shake happens when there’s a sale,” says Danny Kennedy, president of Sungevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sungevity is one part power company, one part internet startup. It designs residential solar systems virtually by using satellite photos of each house. Like online shopping, Sungevity makes a sale before a truck ever goes out. And sales have been good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew gangbusters in 2010. Doubled again in ‘11. Have continued to grow this year,” says Kennedy. That’s thanks to a new option for customers to lease a solar system, instead of buying it upfront. It’s also more affordable because panels are cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something I think we should celebrate – the fact that we’re driving cost out of clean energy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sungevity buys panels from the US, Korea and from China. Even with the trade tariffs, prices are about the same because Chinese solar companies have found a loophole. The tariffs are only on solar cells, not the entire solar panel. So, the cells are manufactured offshore and put into panels in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kennedy says focusing on these manufacturing jobs is a mistake. The real green jobs are elsewhere. “There’s more job density in the sales, finance, installation and maintenance end of the value chain than there is in the factory. It’s probably a ratio of three to one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California leads the nation in solar jobs. Kennedy is concerned that a trade war with China would put them at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy talk. We’re growing faster than any industry over a hundred billion dollars in value in the global economy. And yet, there is this nabobs of negativity around us that are causing concerns in the investment community,” says Kennedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar’s Teenage Years\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll of this adds up to some major growing pains for the industry. “It is totally a teenager in a lot of ways,” says Dan Kammen, a professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The industry is growing dramatically. There’s also incredible turmoil. And there are some teenagers who are clearly going to be young prodigies and others who are going to go into rehab,” says Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When companies fight over market share and race to the lowest price, Kammen says it’s the startups with cutting-edge technology that just can’t compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A battle between the two biggest players, the US and China, is one where we might actually have casualties that aren’t just business casualties, they’re actually, pieces of innovation getting lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade tariffs won’t be final until the US International Trade Commission rules on whether China has been illegally subsidizing their solar industry. That decision is expected on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to require being lonely to be one of the winners but it’s unfortunate that there aren’t many American solar companies,” says Tom Werner, CEO of SunPower. He says five years ago, things were looking good for U.S. solar manufacturers. There were growing markets in Germany, Japan and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the industry participants were making good profits. Well, that attracts competition,” he says. Chinese manufacturers flooded the market with solar panels. Within four years, panel prices fell seventy five percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The economics have gotten way, way more challenging. It's difficult for some companies to make it,” Werner says. SunPower has survived, but is just hoping to break even this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, several American solar panel companies filed a trade complaint against China, saying Chinese solar companies are getting illegal subsidies and are dumping panels on the US market. In May, the U.S. Commerce Department agreed and levied trade tariffs of 25 to 35 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner says while SunPower didn’t directly join the complaint, it does stand to gain. “Let’s just say it won’t hurt our pricing but I don’t know if it will be a big advantage. Having a trade war is definitely not good for the industry so we need to sort this out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solar industry doesn’t need more bad news, says Werner, especially after the political scandal over one particular bankrupt solar company. “It’s amazing how many people know the name of that company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solyndra, that is. It’s a name Werner avoids saying, much like like Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter. “Well see, if I name the company then I’m just propagating the whole deal,” Werner says. Tariffs or no tariffs, Werner says some US manufacturers may not make it either. It’s an entirely different story with solar installers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Flip Side: A Solar Installer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Sungevity’s Oakland headquarters, a team of sales people grabs maracas off their desks. “So the maraca shake happens when there’s a sale,” says Danny Kennedy, president of Sungevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sungevity is one part power company, one part internet startup. It designs residential solar systems virtually by using satellite photos of each house. Like online shopping, Sungevity makes a sale before a truck ever goes out. And sales have been good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew gangbusters in 2010. Doubled again in ‘11. Have continued to grow this year,” says Kennedy. That’s thanks to a new option for customers to lease a solar system, instead of buying it upfront. It’s also more affordable because panels are cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is something I think we should celebrate – the fact that we’re driving cost out of clean energy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sungevity buys panels from the US, Korea and from China. Even with the trade tariffs, prices are about the same because Chinese solar companies have found a loophole. The tariffs are only on solar cells, not the entire solar panel. So, the cells are manufactured offshore and put into panels in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kennedy says focusing on these manufacturing jobs is a mistake. The real green jobs are elsewhere. “There’s more job density in the sales, finance, installation and maintenance end of the value chain than there is in the factory. It’s probably a ratio of three to one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California leads the nation in solar jobs. Kennedy is concerned that a trade war with China would put them at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s crazy talk. We’re growing faster than any industry over a hundred billion dollars in value in the global economy. And yet, there is this nabobs of negativity around us that are causing concerns in the investment community,” says Kennedy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solar’s Teenage Years\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAll of this adds up to some major growing pains for the industry. “It is totally a teenager in a lot of ways,” says Dan Kammen, a professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The industry is growing dramatically. There’s also incredible turmoil. And there are some teenagers who are clearly going to be young prodigies and others who are going to go into rehab,” says Kammen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When companies fight over market share and race to the lowest price, Kammen says it’s the startups with cutting-edge technology that just can’t compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A battle between the two biggest players, the US and China, is one where we might actually have casualties that aren’t just business casualties, they’re actually, pieces of innovation getting lost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade tariffs won’t be final until the US International Trade Commission rules on whether China has been illegally subsidizing their solar industry. That decision is expected on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/crowdsourcing-san-francisco-bay/alma1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1.jpg\" alt=\"Alma Shooner\" title=\"Alma Shooner\" width=\"630\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-46731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A historic scaw schooner that once hauled goods around San Francisco Bay is now part of an online crowdsourcing history project about the bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/index.php\">Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis\u003c/a> is asking people to dig out old photos, letters, maps and other documents about the bay and people who lived and worked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.yearofthebay.org\">\"Year of the Bay-2013\"\u003c/a> and to help launch it the Alma schooner sailed today from the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park’s pier to Hunters Point, the site of where she was built in 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/crowdsourcing-san-francisco-bay/img_0576-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761.jpg\" alt=\"Alma Schooner in Hunters Point\" title=\"Alma Schooner in Hunters Point\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-46728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new SF Bay history project is part of a big year coming up for the Bay which includes the America’s Cup Races, the opening of a new span of the Bay Bridge and the 150th anniversary of the Port of San Francisco. “Year of the Bay” will also be celebrated with an exhibit called “Curating the Bay” at the California Historical Society and an exhibit at the Oakland Museum.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/crowdsourcing-san-francisco-bay/alma1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1.jpg\" alt=\"Alma Shooner\" title=\"Alma Shooner\" width=\"630\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-46731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Alma1-400x254.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A historic scaw schooner that once hauled goods around San Francisco Bay is now part of an online crowdsourcing history project about the bay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/spatialhistory/cgi-bin/site/index.php\">Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis\u003c/a> is asking people to dig out old photos, letters, maps and other documents about the bay and people who lived and worked on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.yearofthebay.org\">\"Year of the Bay-2013\"\u003c/a> and to help launch it the Alma schooner sailed today from the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park’s pier to Hunters Point, the site of where she was built in 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/01/crowdsourcing-san-francisco-bay/img_0576-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761.jpg\" alt=\"Alma Schooner in Hunters Point\" title=\"Alma Schooner in Hunters Point\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-46728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/IMG_05761-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo: Joshua Cassidy\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing Whack-a-Mole with Flame Retardants ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IDlb4N-_u4]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. But is it enough when manufacturers simply replace one toxic chemical with another?\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46550\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 572px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/house_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46550\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg\" alt=\"burning house\" title=\"House_fire\" width=\"572\" height=\"321\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46550\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire.jpg 572w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/House_fire-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emerging research questions whether flame retardants used to meet California's flammability standard increase fire safety. Activists say fire-resistant fabric can protect furniture built to meet industry codes without the use of toxic flame retardants. (Image: Kpahor/Wikipedia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Countless consumer products sold in California contain a flame retardant flagged as a possible carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. As of this week, finally, they must carry a warning that the chemical causes cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/102811list.html\">listed chlorinated Tris\u003c/a> as a cancer-causing chemical under Proposition 65. Under that 1986 law, businesses using a listed chemical have one year to add a warning label to their products. So now, if you buy foam furniture, car seats, nursing pillows or other \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/business/18chemical.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">baby products treated with chlorinated Tris\u003c/a>, you should see the warning: \"This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bad Characters\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nChlorinated Tris and most other flame retardants are \u003ca href=\"http://www.chemtopics.com/elements/halogen/halogen.htm\">halogenated chemicals\u003c/a>. They’re grouped together as halogens on the Periodic Table, which means they share structural and chemical properties and behave similarly. Halogens—which include the elements bromine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine and astatine—are highly reactive and can be extremely toxic at high enough doses. (Chlorine gas was one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/chlorine.htm\">most feared weapons\u003c/a> used during World War I.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most flame retardants come in brominated and chlorinated forms. Brominated Tris (Tris-BP) was \u003ca href=\"http://www.arleneblum.com/pdfs/blum_77.pdf\">first identified as a possible carcinogen\u003c/a> in 1977 by UC Berkeley researchers Arlene Blum and Bruce Ames. Blum and Ames showed that Tris-BP acts as a mutagen—it damages DNA—with a high likelihood of causing cancer. A previous study had shown that adding Tris-BP to a goldfish tank at 1 ppm—that’s one unit of Tris-BP to a million parts of water—could kill the fish in just five days. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46555\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/31/playing-whack-a-mole-with-flame-retardants/arlene/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46555\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/arlene.jpeg\" alt=\"arlene blum\" title=\"arlene blum\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46555\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Arlene Blum, a biophysical chemist who led the first all-woman ascent of Denali in 1970, leads the call for safer flame retardants. She founded the Green Science Policy Institute after learning that a toxic chemical she helped remove from children’s pajamas in 1977 reappeared in foam furniture and baby products. (Photo courtesy of Steve McCaw/NIEHS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Blum and Ames’ work, the Consumer Product Safety Commission banned Tris-BP from children’s pajamas in 1977. Manufacturers then switched to chlorinated Tris—formally called tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, or TDCPP. Again, Blum, Ames and a colleague pegged the chlorinated form as a mutagen. This time, manufacturers voluntarily removed the toxic chemical from kids’ pajamas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then six years ago, Blum discovered to her horror that manufacturers were using chlorinated Tris on polyurethane foam in furniture cushions, nursing pillows, car seats and other consumer products to meet California’s flammability standard (called Technical Bulletin 117). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers switched to chlorinated Tris after phasing out another brominated chemical, called Penta, which along with its close cousin Octa were banned in California in 2003. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/qanda.html\">Both have now been phased out\u003c/a> in the United States, but persist in the environment and are building up in the tissues of wildlife and humans, as well as in women’s breast milk. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manufacturers next turned to Firemaster 550, a proprietary formula that researchers have been scrambling to characterize. It’s now one of the most common replacements for banned flame retardants and a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es801070p\">major component of house dust. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Evidence of Harm\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nReplacing one halogen with another does nothing to address the safety of these flame retardants, Blum told me. You’re just trading one toxic compound for another, she explained. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are so worried about getting rid of bisphenol A,\" she said. \"But the halogenated flame retardants are far more dangerous and far more persistent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research in animals has linked halogenated flame retardants to a wide range of toxic effects, including liver, thyroid, reproductive and developmental damage, disrupted brain development and DNA damage. Human studies, though limited, point to lower IQ in children, reduced fertility, hormonal changes and altered onset of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now \u003ca href=\"http://news.ncsu.edu/releases/wms-patisaul-firemaster/\">a preliminary study in rats\u003c/a> implicates Firemaster 550 as an endocrine disruptor and “obesogen,” a \u003ca href=\"http://www.uci.edu/features/2009/10/feature_obesogens_091019.php\">term coined by UCLA biologist Bruce Blumberg\u003c/a> to describe environmental chemicals that alter hormonal and metabolic processes and lead to obesity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pilot study, led by \u003ca href=\"http://www4.ncsu.edu/~hbpatisa/\">Heather Patisaul\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of biology at North Carolina State University and expert in endocrine-disruption, exposed pregnant rats to flame retardants at low, high and zero levels (as controls). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In keeping with other flame retardant studies, exposure to Firemaster 500 altered the thyroid levels of pregnant rats. Maternal thyroid hormones play a critical role in the normal growth and development of the fetus. Changes in thyroid levels can wreak havoc on developing organs, particularly the brain. In this study, Firemaster increased thyroid levels in the mothers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After exposing pregnant rats to Firemaster, the researchers detected a component of the flame retardant, called TBB, in both exposed mothers and their babies, suggesting the babies either ingested the compound while nursing or absorbed it in utero (after it crossed the placenta). Both exposed male and female offspring showed extreme weight gain. But in the female offspring, obesity came with additional costs, including early onset of puberty, high anxiety and insulin resistance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While taking care to point out that their findings are preliminary, Patisaul and her colleagues also note that endocrine-disrupting effects of prenatal exposure to Firemaster 550 occurred at levels “much lower” than that reported safe by the manufacturer—and that we likely encounter in our homes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fire Safety without Toxic Chemicals\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nResearchers don't understand exactly how diverse halogenated flame retardants cause damage. But they know that their shared chemical properties—which help them persist, accumulate in living tissue, and disrupt molecular processes—means that if one is toxic, the rest may be too. When it comes to this class of flame retardants, there appears to be no safer alternative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activists have long argued that regulations favor industry over public health by forcing consumers to prove that chemicals cause harm rather than requiring industry to demonstrate safety. It’s hard to find fault with that complaint when the Environmental Protection Agency \u003ca href=\"ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_0901-0950/sb_928_cfa_20100401_171410_sen_comm.html\">has tested just 200 out of some 85,000 chemicals\u003c/a> in commerce--and banned five--while the California Department of Toxic Substances Control notes that 45 percent of \u003ca href=\"http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/assessingrisk/emergingcontaminants.cfm#Related_Links\">some 2,500 high production volume compounds\u003c/a> lack adequate health and safety toxicity data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the flame retardant business growing—from $4.6 billion in 2011 to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bccresearch.com/report/flame-retardant-chemicals-market-chm014k.html\">projected $6.1 billion in 2014\u003c/a>—manufacturers have a clear interest in protecting their investments. They \u003ca href=\"http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/2011/money-to-burn\">spent more than $23 million\u003c/a> to defeat five bills to regulate their products before the California Legislature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as a devastating \u003ca href=\"http://media.apps.chicagotribune.com/flames/index.html\">report from the Chicago Tribune\u003c/a> showed, the industry deceived the public about the safety and efficacy of their products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum thinks it’s time to end the whack-a-mole approach to regulating flame retardants. And so does Gov. Jerry Brown, judging from his June directive to the Bureau of Electronic Appliance Repair, Home Furnishing and Thermal Insulation, the bureau that controls the state’s flammability standards, to ensure fire safety without toxic flame retardants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can have fire safety without toxicity, Blum says. She hopes the research documenting the toxic effects of flame retardants reaches parents just as the pajama studies did. When it does, she believes, they’ll demand safer products. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Owls Around Us",
"title": "Owls Around Us",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped-249x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Barn Owl \" width=\"249\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This downey barn owl chick gets a better look at his new home with Native Bird Connections. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Halloween nears, my thoughts turn to our local, enchanted forest at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://test.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>. After dark, it’s a whole different habitat with nocturnal animals prowling and flying while the daytime inhabitants sequester themselves for survival and sleep. A significant number of owl species can be found in the redwood forest, bay-oak woodland and chaparral habitats along either side of the canyon. In fact, a birder reported hearing or sighting six species of owls in the park on just one “Big Day” of birding back in September. His list included \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Barn.htm\">barn\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Western screech owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Western_Screech.htm\">Western screech\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Great Horned Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Great_Horned.htm\">great horned\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"N. Pygmy Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Pygmy.htm\">Northern pygmy\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Long Earred Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Long-eared.htm\">long-earred\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"N. Saw-whet Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Saw-whet.htm\">Northern saw-whet \u003c/a>owls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, tonight we trekked into the dark, moist woodlands and I spent a few hours preparing to lead an \u003ca title=\"Owl Moon by Jane Yolen\" href=\"http://janeyolen.com/works/owl-moon/\">“Owl Moon” walk\u003c/a> for families in a couple of weeks. The cricket chorus was a backdrop of sound, echoing through the canyon. Our shoes squished quietly in the duff that had soaked up the first rain of the season. The breeze swayed the branches overhead and carried the sharp-fresh scent of bay leaves. I strained to hear any quiet metronome-like whooping of a saw-whet or accelerating \"bouncing ball\" call of the Western screech owl. We surprised a couple of deer who rushed across the trail and down into the creek. At several stops I tried my great horned owl call, hoping to get a response. The only reply was the quiet of a night alone in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/northern_saw-wet_owl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46378\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46378\" title=\"Northern_Saw-whet_Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Northern_Saw-Wet_Owl-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saw-whet owls are well camoflauged and hard to find. Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/16452079@N03\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further along the trail, we paused to listen. We noticed the last of the garden spiders with any impressive web stretched between two redwoods. Hooting into the darkness, we still got no reply. As we headed back toward the parking lot, talking quietly, we made one more stop under the trees by the creek. A large, dark shape soared close, just overhead. It silently flapped several times, and then glided into the darkness through the trees. No flash of white, and its size made it likely a great horned owl. Then, in the next meadow over, I heard the unmistakable screech of a barn owl. We called tonight a “two-owl” success!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/ghowl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46377\" title=\"Great Horned Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GHOWL-e1351136811562-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This wildlife ambassador, a Great Horned Owl, visits schools and libraries to help people learn more about nocturnal animals. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can get out into your own local woodlands or park and try your luck at “\u003ca title=\"Introduction to Owling\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/introduction.htm\">owling.\u003c/a>” The fall and winter are actually good times to look and listen for owls. Some owls set up territories now or seek mates or even maintain their pair bonds, as most are monogamous and return year after year to the same nesting sites. Barn owls can be found in the city throughout the year and nest in palm trees and nest boxes. There are plenty of rodents for them to eat in our local parks and neighborhoods and they serve as important pest control species. Do them a favor by not using rat poisons as they can be killed by secondary poisoning. Join a night hike with one of the \u003ca title=\"Naturalist Activities, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> to learn more about the nocturnal inhabitants of the parks. You may even be inspired to improve your neighborhood for owls by constructing and installing an \u003ca title=\"Owl Pages - nest boxes\" href=\"http://www.owlpages.com/links.php?cat=Owls-Nest+Boxes\">owl nest box\u003c/a>. The photos used in this post by Carolyn Lie were provided through \u003ca title=\"Native Bird Connections website\" href=\"http://www.nativebirds.org/site2010/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Native Bird Connections\u003c/a> (NBC). NBC cares for injured raptors and bring ambassador, non-releasable animals to schools and other public facilities to help others learn more about these important wildlife species. You can join NBC and me on Sun., October 28 from 3-4pm in the \u003ca title=\"Owl Program at Alameda Free Library\" href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/Library/Calendar-of-Events?id=1850&a=20121028\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Free Library\u003c/a> for a free program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46376\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Barn-Owl-cropped-249x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Barn Owl \" width=\"249\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46376\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This downey barn owl chick gets a better look at his new home with Native Bird Connections. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As Halloween nears, my thoughts turn to our local, enchanted forest at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://test.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>. After dark, it’s a whole different habitat with nocturnal animals prowling and flying while the daytime inhabitants sequester themselves for survival and sleep. A significant number of owl species can be found in the redwood forest, bay-oak woodland and chaparral habitats along either side of the canyon. In fact, a birder reported hearing or sighting six species of owls in the park on just one “Big Day” of birding back in September. His list included \u003ca title=\"Barn Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Barn.htm\">barn\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Western screech owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Western_Screech.htm\">Western screech\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Great Horned Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Great_Horned.htm\">great horned\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"N. Pygmy Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Pygmy.htm\">Northern pygmy\u003c/a>, \u003ca title=\"Long Earred Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Long-eared.htm\">long-earred\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"N. Saw-whet Owl ID\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/Northern_Saw-whet.htm\">Northern saw-whet \u003c/a>owls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, tonight we trekked into the dark, moist woodlands and I spent a few hours preparing to lead an \u003ca title=\"Owl Moon by Jane Yolen\" href=\"http://janeyolen.com/works/owl-moon/\">“Owl Moon” walk\u003c/a> for families in a couple of weeks. The cricket chorus was a backdrop of sound, echoing through the canyon. Our shoes squished quietly in the duff that had soaked up the first rain of the season. The breeze swayed the branches overhead and carried the sharp-fresh scent of bay leaves. I strained to hear any quiet metronome-like whooping of a saw-whet or accelerating \"bouncing ball\" call of the Western screech owl. We surprised a couple of deer who rushed across the trail and down into the creek. At several stops I tried my great horned owl call, hoping to get a response. The only reply was the quiet of a night alone in the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/northern_saw-wet_owl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46378\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46378\" title=\"Northern_Saw-whet_Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Northern_Saw-Wet_Owl-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Saw-whet owls are well camoflauged and hard to find. Photo by http://www.flickr.com/photos/16452079@N03\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Further along the trail, we paused to listen. We noticed the last of the garden spiders with any impressive web stretched between two redwoods. Hooting into the darkness, we still got no reply. As we headed back toward the parking lot, talking quietly, we made one more stop under the trees by the creek. A large, dark shape soared close, just overhead. It silently flapped several times, and then glided into the darkness through the trees. No flash of white, and its size made it likely a great horned owl. Then, in the next meadow over, I heard the unmistakable screech of a barn owl. We called tonight a “two-owl” success!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/26/owls-around-us/ghowl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46377\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46377\" title=\"Great Horned Owl\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/GHOWL-e1351136811562-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This wildlife ambassador, a Great Horned Owl, visits schools and libraries to help people learn more about nocturnal animals. Photo by Carolyn Lie.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You can get out into your own local woodlands or park and try your luck at “\u003ca title=\"Introduction to Owling\" href=\"http://www.owling.com/introduction.htm\">owling.\u003c/a>” The fall and winter are actually good times to look and listen for owls. Some owls set up territories now or seek mates or even maintain their pair bonds, as most are monogamous and return year after year to the same nesting sites. Barn owls can be found in the city throughout the year and nest in palm trees and nest boxes. There are plenty of rodents for them to eat in our local parks and neighborhoods and they serve as important pest control species. Do them a favor by not using rat poisons as they can be killed by secondary poisoning. Join a night hike with one of the \u003ca title=\"Naturalist Activities, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/naturalists\">East Bay Regional Parks naturalists\u003c/a> to learn more about the nocturnal inhabitants of the parks. You may even be inspired to improve your neighborhood for owls by constructing and installing an \u003ca title=\"Owl Pages - nest boxes\" href=\"http://www.owlpages.com/links.php?cat=Owls-Nest+Boxes\">owl nest box\u003c/a>. The photos used in this post by Carolyn Lie were provided through \u003ca title=\"Native Bird Connections website\" href=\"http://www.nativebirds.org/site2010/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Native Bird Connections\u003c/a> (NBC). NBC cares for injured raptors and bring ambassador, non-releasable animals to schools and other public facilities to help others learn more about these important wildlife species. You can join NBC and me on Sun., October 28 from 3-4pm in the \u003ca title=\"Owl Program at Alameda Free Library\" href=\"http://www.cityofalamedaca.gov/Library/Calendar-of-Events?id=1850&a=20121028\" target=\"_blank\">Alameda Free Library\u003c/a> for a free program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/10/20121022science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46106\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46106 \" title=\"Tianjinpanorama640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-672x369.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sustainable city built from scratch: That's what developers are aiming for with Tianjin Eco-city. Photo: Marjorie Sun\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From green building rules to carpool privileges for electric cars, California has moved in recent years to plan for a more sustainable future. It’s a trend here, but nowhere is the urgency greater than in China, where hundreds of millions of people are moving to cities in pursuit of a better life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China’s urbanization has come at a tremendous cost: pollution, traffic congestion, surging energy use and more carbon dioxide emissions. Now, China is partnering with experts in the Bay Area on a huge experiment—building new cities to be environmentally sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Eco-city Showcase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang Xi is a pretty, willowy woman. And she’s an urban pioneer. She and her family are among the first tenants of Tianjin Eco-city, a showcase for China’s push to build sustainable cities from scratch. Zhang moved here from Beijing, about an hour to the north by bullet train. She was enticed by a new job and a shorter commute to work. Much shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just three minutes by elevator, so it's really convenient,” Zhang told me through a translator. She \"used to take the subway for half an hour, then change to a bus. That would take one hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Zhang, a customer service rep, lives and works in the same high-rise. Her quick commute—albeit an extreme case--is one of the core principles of an eco-city: cut car use. Walkable streets are key too-- short city blocks, intersections that are easy to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area bears no resemblance to what was here just a few years ago. \"When this project was first conceived in 2007, this was just a barren site,” said Ho Tong Yen, CEO of the company developing the Tianjin Eco-city and the visionary for this $8 billion experiment. “It comprised saline and alkaline land, polluted water bodies. There was nothing inherently ‘eco’ about this site at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the backing of the governments of China and Singapore, developers cleaned up the site. Clusters of new high-rises now dot the flat terrain here, with more under construction. There’s a mix of public housing and private, upscale apartments, all built to be energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five thousand families have already bought homes here. By 2020, if plans pan out, Tianjin Eco-city will swell to 350,000--nearly the size of Oakland. This development is one of dozens of pilot projects around China spearheaded by the central government to serve as models for future cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural Migration Fuels Urban Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need is urgent. In the past year, the number of people living in cities here surpassed the rural population for the first time. While this migration has fueled China’s remarkable economic boom, major cities--like Beijing—are beset with pollution and traffic congestion, which wastes energy. What’s more, commutes between home and work are often long, which means more pollution and greenhouse gases. That’s because single-use zoning often separates commercial districts from residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems are sure to worsen without better planning. By 2030, as many as 300 million more Chinese are expected to move from the countryside to urban areas. That’s enough people to create 79 cities the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tapping California for Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prepare for that, several Chinese cities have partnered with a Bay Area firm for advice. One tip they got from Peter Calthorpe, president of Calthorpe Associates, an urban design group based in Berkeley: good urban design comes first, then add clean technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mayor of a major Chinese city asked Calthorpe to redesign an area for a million-and-a-half people, the first things to go were the really long city blocks that are typical here. \"We got in and modified the street system so there were more human-scale blocks and smaller streets everywhere,” says Calthorpe. “We mixed the land use so you didn’t have to walk very far to school, parks or stores. And we concentrated development around the transit stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calthorpe has applied some of the same principles to projects in the Bay Area, including new developments at Alameda Point and Bay Meadows in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How ‘Eco’ is Tianjin Eco-City?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tianjin Eco-city executive Ho Tong Yen says, \"There is no one definition of what it means to be an eco-city. So what we have done is put together a set of key performance indicators, which we think are stretch targets; they are ambitious but achievable.” Those include 20% of the town’s electricity from renewable sources (low by some standards today), and half its water from harvesting rain and other “non-traditional” sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a popular new Korean restaurant in Tianjin Eco-city, it’s lunchtime and the place is packed. The restaurant is just a couple minutes walk from apartments and offices. Eventually there will be a light rail system and a large park extending through the middle of the city. But clearly there are still some design flaws to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So just to get around the corner and up the street you have to walk a really long way,” says Cecilia Springer. She’s a Fulbright scholar who’s studied Tianjin Eco-city. “You can't really cut through the middle of the blocks.\" She also points out that to get to the closest major city center--in Tianjin--you have to get in a car and drive at least a half an hour. \"So one could call it a Chinese suburb,” Springer says, “and that raises a lot of questions of how green can a suburb can really be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another valid question is how many “green suburbs” it will take to arrest the environmental consequences of China’s economic growth. It’s a race against time as millions more migrate to the nation’s cities and China’s growing middle class pursues a more comfortable, “Western” lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46106\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46106 \" title=\"Tianjinpanorama640x360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"323\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360.jpg 673w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/Tianjinpanorama640x360-672x369.jpg 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sustainable city built from scratch: That's what developers are aiming for with Tianjin Eco-city. Photo: Marjorie Sun\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From green building rules to carpool privileges for electric cars, California has moved in recent years to plan for a more sustainable future. It’s a trend here, but nowhere is the urgency greater than in China, where hundreds of millions of people are moving to cities in pursuit of a better life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>China’s urbanization has come at a tremendous cost: pollution, traffic congestion, surging energy use and more carbon dioxide emissions. Now, China is partnering with experts in the Bay Area on a huge experiment—building new cities to be environmentally sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>China’s Eco-city Showcase\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang Xi is a pretty, willowy woman. And she’s an urban pioneer. She and her family are among the first tenants of Tianjin Eco-city, a showcase for China’s push to build sustainable cities from scratch. Zhang moved here from Beijing, about an hour to the north by bullet train. She was enticed by a new job and a shorter commute to work. Much shorter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just three minutes by elevator, so it's really convenient,” Zhang told me through a translator. She \"used to take the subway for half an hour, then change to a bus. That would take one hour.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Zhang, a customer service rep, lives and works in the same high-rise. Her quick commute—albeit an extreme case--is one of the core principles of an eco-city: cut car use. Walkable streets are key too-- short city blocks, intersections that are easy to cross.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area bears no resemblance to what was here just a few years ago. \"When this project was first conceived in 2007, this was just a barren site,” said Ho Tong Yen, CEO of the company developing the Tianjin Eco-city and the visionary for this $8 billion experiment. “It comprised saline and alkaline land, polluted water bodies. There was nothing inherently ‘eco’ about this site at all.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with the backing of the governments of China and Singapore, developers cleaned up the site. Clusters of new high-rises now dot the flat terrain here, with more under construction. There’s a mix of public housing and private, upscale apartments, all built to be energy-efficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five thousand families have already bought homes here. By 2020, if plans pan out, Tianjin Eco-city will swell to 350,000--nearly the size of Oakland. This development is one of dozens of pilot projects around China spearheaded by the central government to serve as models for future cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural Migration Fuels Urban Problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The need is urgent. In the past year, the number of people living in cities here surpassed the rural population for the first time. While this migration has fueled China’s remarkable economic boom, major cities--like Beijing—are beset with pollution and traffic congestion, which wastes energy. What’s more, commutes between home and work are often long, which means more pollution and greenhouse gases. That’s because single-use zoning often separates commercial districts from residential areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems are sure to worsen without better planning. By 2030, as many as 300 million more Chinese are expected to move from the countryside to urban areas. That’s enough people to create 79 cities the size of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tapping California for Advice\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to prepare for that, several Chinese cities have partnered with a Bay Area firm for advice. One tip they got from Peter Calthorpe, president of Calthorpe Associates, an urban design group based in Berkeley: good urban design comes first, then add clean technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the mayor of a major Chinese city asked Calthorpe to redesign an area for a million-and-a-half people, the first things to go were the really long city blocks that are typical here. \"We got in and modified the street system so there were more human-scale blocks and smaller streets everywhere,” says Calthorpe. “We mixed the land use so you didn’t have to walk very far to school, parks or stores. And we concentrated development around the transit stations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calthorpe has applied some of the same principles to projects in the Bay Area, including new developments at Alameda Point and Bay Meadows in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How ‘Eco’ is Tianjin Eco-City?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tianjin Eco-city executive Ho Tong Yen says, \"There is no one definition of what it means to be an eco-city. So what we have done is put together a set of key performance indicators, which we think are stretch targets; they are ambitious but achievable.” Those include 20% of the town’s electricity from renewable sources (low by some standards today), and half its water from harvesting rain and other “non-traditional” sources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a popular new Korean restaurant in Tianjin Eco-city, it’s lunchtime and the place is packed. The restaurant is just a couple minutes walk from apartments and offices. Eventually there will be a light rail system and a large park extending through the middle of the city. But clearly there are still some design flaws to work out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So just to get around the corner and up the street you have to walk a really long way,” says Cecilia Springer. She’s a Fulbright scholar who’s studied Tianjin Eco-city. “You can't really cut through the middle of the blocks.\" She also points out that to get to the closest major city center--in Tianjin--you have to get in a car and drive at least a half an hour. \"So one could call it a Chinese suburb,” Springer says, “and that raises a lot of questions of how green can a suburb can really be.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another valid question is how many “green suburbs” it will take to arrest the environmental consequences of China’s economic growth. It’s a race against time as millions more migrate to the nation’s cities and China’s growing middle class pursues a more comfortable, “Western” lifestyle.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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