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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/02/20130218science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For the first time in the Sierra Club's 120-year history, its national head was arrested for an act of civil disobedience. It signals a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49641\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/micahelbrune-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Julian Bond and Michael Brune protest against Keystone XL Pipeline at Lafayette Park on Feb 13, 2013 in Washington, DC. (Photo: Leigh Vogel/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">In the week leading up to Presidents' Day, Michael Brune, the national executive director of the Sierra Club, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/13/sierra-club-chief-arrested-at-keystone-xl-pipeline-protest/\">found himself in handcuffs\u003c/a>, after strapping himself to the White House gates. He and other protesters are hoping to spur President Obama toward bold action to combat climate change with what's being billed as the biggest rally ever for climate action in this country. The Presidents' Day events in several cities, including San Francisco, where the Sierra Club is headquartered, mark a new, more aggressive stance for the organization spawned by John Muir. Brune's arrest was the first of a Sierra Club chief in the club's 120-year history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brune's not just rattling the gates from the outside, though. He managed to get sprung in time for the Valentine's Day roll-out of a major climate bill by Democratic Senators Barbara Boxer and Bernie Sanders. It would tax carbon emissions, tighten regulations on fracking and provide investments for clean energy and energy efficiency upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED Science Editor Craig Miller sat down with Brune before he left for Washington to talk with him about climate action, the Keystone XL pipeline, and fracking. This is an edited transcript of their conversation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Miller:\u003c/strong> Many people were stunned when the president devoted a full paragraph to the climate issue in his inaugural address. Were you among those stunned people up there?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMichael Brune:\u003c/strong> I was certainly very pleased. The president gave more word space to climate change than any other issue during his inauguration. He articulated both the moral obligation we have to fight climate change and the fact that when we transition to clean energy, there will be great economic benefit brought to all Americans. So it was very encouraging.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Surprising talk, but on the action front how would you grade this president so far? Have you been a little disappointed?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Looking at his first term, you can simultaneously say that the president did more than any other president when it comes to climate change, particularly if you look at all the rules that the EPA put forward to improve public health that had an impact on fossil fuels. You could say he has done an insufficient job in that there’s a lot of things the president could do and should do that he hasn’t yet done. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire...or another super-storm hits.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> I think the reason a lot of people were surprised was the word climate just about disappeared from his vocabulary for an extended period of time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Yeah, you know that’s disappointing. There’s really no other way to put it other than the fact that the president has the opportunity to lead not just the American people, but to lead the world in an all-out, concerted, thoughtful, but relentless effort to move away from dirty fuels and to embrace clean energy. He has to talk about climate every time that there’s another massive wildfire, or a crippling drought, or another super-storm hits. We have to be able to connect these extreme weather events to the fact that our climate is destabilizing as we speak. This is not something that can be addressed through the occasional mention or even the occasional rule put forward by his administration.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Do you think there’s been a sort of – no pun intended – sea change, a shift? Are people, are policymakers ready to see and hear what’s happening in your opinion?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> I think so. I spend a fair amount of time on Capitol Hill and you can tell people’s opinions have shifted just in the last six months. The reason for that is the American public’s opinions have shifted. There was a poll put out last week by Duke University that said 84% of all Americans believe that climate change is real, it’s man-made, it’s happening and that the solutions to climate change are here. So you’re seeing that reflected in a thawing, let’s say, of some of the attitudes that we often see on Capitol Hill. The question remains is whether or not this will lead to meaningful action.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> So what’s the most important first step that the president and Congress could take right now?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Job one is to reject the Keystone XL pipeline. We should not be building out new fossil fuel infrastructure at the same time we want to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> This is the big pipeline that is designed to bring Canadian oil sands all the way down to the Gulf Coast for refining. There’s a lot of opposition to it, but here in California, it’s an issue that feels remote to a lot of people. Why does it matter to us out here?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> There are two reasons why it matters. First is that this would be the biggest pipeline coming down from the tar sands. The tar sands is the dirtiest oil on the planet, and this pipeline would take 830,000 barrels of oil from the tar sands every day, bring it all the way through this country, and then have most of it be exported outside the U.S. borders. This will, by itself, contribute to global warming. But it’s also a symbol of the fact that we cannot continue to invest in dirty fuel sources whether it’s drilling in the Arctic, mountaintop removal in Appalachia, this tar sands project, fracking that’s happening across the country. We can’t continue to put billions of dollars of infrastructure into fossil fuels when we need to start investing that money toward clean energy solutions instead.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> In fact, we’re waiting to hear from the president on (the Keystone XL project) issue. What if he approves it? What then?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> We’re actually waiting to hear from the president on all of these issues. We’re waiting to hear from the president on how drilling should take place in the Arctic when we’re trying to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. We’re waiting to see leadership from the president on the tar sands, as well. We’re waiting for a ruling that this pipeline should not be built. We’d like to see the president take on fracking as well as mountaintop removal. \u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big rally on the National Mall was designed to inspire the president so that his ambition meets the scale of this challenge. We want to see the president reject the Keystone XL pipeline, but we want to see him go much farther than that. There’s an opportunity to regulate carbon pollution from smokestacks and refineries all across the country. There’s an opportunity to turn away from Arctic drilling and there’s an even bigger opportunity to invest in clean energy like solar and wind that will help to replace these dirty fuels. That creates more jobs and cuts air and water emissions at the same time.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiller:\u003c/strong> Let’s talk about fracking. This is short for hydraulic fracturing the tech used to extract oil and gas from underground rock formations, stuff that was tough to get at before new technology made it possible. They’ve been\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/with-large-oil-reserve-california-faces-fracking-debate/\"> fracking in California\u003c/a> for oil in different ways but now it seems like there’s this new boom on its way here with the Monterey shale formation in Central California. How concerned are you about that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> As a parent, I’m very concerned about the impacts of fracking on our air, our water and our climate particularly when there are much better solutions to meet our energy needs, particularly in California, where we’ve got solar that’s just growing by leaps and bounds and wind resources that are not fully utilized. We know that in the 21st century our economy will be based on energy that’s safe, secure and sustainable. We don’t need to be investing in fracking, or more oil drilling, mountaintop removal or more coal mining when we know that solar and wind can do a better job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> But you can’t just throw a switch and tomorrow morning everything’s clean and renewable. In 2012, for example, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions fell to their lowest point in 20 years, and a lot of the credit for that is going to fracking for gas – cheap natural gas – which is cleaner than burning coal. Don’t you need to do some of that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> Let’s be really clear here. Greenhouse gas emissions have fallen to 20 year lows and the reason for that is not because of fracking -- in no way, shape or form. The reason for that is we are replacing coal plants with a variety of clean energy sources. In most cases, wind and solar are taking up a bigger share of the energy mix than fracking ever is. Case in point, in 2012 there were more new wind resources brought online than natural gas. There was more solar and wind than all fossil fuel sources combined. What we are seeing right now is the United States slowly, but with increasing speed, is beginning to get off of fossil fuels -- at a much slower pace than we should, but it’s starting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Going back to the D.C. rally, this kind of street-level activism is kind of a new direction for the Sierra Club, and it’s pretty much your doing since you took over. You must be getting some push back from some members who still see the primary mission of the Sierra Club as conservation of public lands and restoration of natural resources. Are you hearing some of that?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Not really. The mission of the Sierra Club is very simple. It’s to explore, enjoy and protect the planet. We have Sierra Club members who have been volunteering with us for decades, some members who have been volunteering for a couple weeks, but all of them are united around a very simple credo. We know that getting into the outdoors inspires further activism and we also know that there are solutions to some of our country’s biggest environmental problems. The demonstration on the National Mall over the weekend and the rallies we are holding across the country really does tap into a long-held tradition that Sierra Club members want to participate in bringing out solutions to our country’s problems, and they know there are a lot of ways to get there.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nMiler:\u003c/strong> We had Jim Hansen here in the same studio for an interview recently – a certified climate change legend from NASA – who says that California’s whole approach is half-baked. We’d be much better off with a straight-on carbon tax than this complicated market-based cap-and-trade system that we’re using.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nBrune:\u003c/strong> Hansen has a point. Most economists that you talk to will view a carbon tax as a much more efficient and, thus, much more effective way of putting a price on carbon and hastening a tradition toward clean energy resources. But it’s also true that California is making more progress than any other state in de-carbonizing and transitioning to clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Miller:\u003c/strong> Speaking of presidential decisions, Sally Jewell is Mr. Obama’s choice for the new Secretary of the Interior, currently the CEO of REI, the outdoor clothing and gear company out of Seattle. What specifically does Jewell bring to the table?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brune:\u003c/strong> What Sally brings is potential for a sea change in terms of how the Department of Interior looks at natural resources. For the last century or more, most people who have been in her position have looked at the oil, or timber or gas as a resource to exploit. What Sally recognizes is that there’s more economic gain from protecting our public resources, but also there’s great opportunity to expand protection to benefit wildlife, landscapes and the communities that surround them. We’re very optimistic that when she assumes this position, we’ll have a great opportunity to get more people in the outdoors and then have those folks be active part in helping to protect our last remaining natural treasures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Welcoming Pinnacles to the Elite Club of National Parks",
"title": "Welcoming Pinnacles to the Elite Club of National Parks",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\" alt=\"Pinnacles National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pinnacles at Pinnacles are remnants of a volcano. (Photo: The Pokerbird/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you visit the slice of Central California serenity known as Pinnacles, you might notice the sign out front now says, “National Park.” It became a national park in January when President Barack Obama signed a bill introduced by Central California Congressman Sam Farr. On Monday, the first sign that says so was unveiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the nation’s 59th national park, and the ninth in California, making it the state with the most national parks. Pinnacles was already a national monument, which comes with the same level of protection as a park. But Farr said the new designation will bring more attention and jobs to Monterey and San Benito counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The significance of moving a designation from a monument to a national park is tremendous,” Farr said. “People don’t get in their cars in the summer to see national monuments. They do take the family to visit national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farr introduced the legislation at the urging of local chambers of commerce. But he’s a bit of a parks geek himself: he named all the national parks in California -- in order of their establishment -- during our interview. His father, Fred Farr was a politician, environmentalist and friend of Ansel Adams. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always felt that one of the greatest accomplishments you could make in public life is to set aside land in permanent protection and national parks, to me, is the crown jewel of all of those,” said Farr. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\" alt=\"bee pinnacles\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are hundreds of different species of bees in Pinnacles. (Photo: National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles\u003c/a>, named for the slender rocky spires at its center, is home to endangered California condors and hundreds of species of bees in addition to its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">geological attractions\u003c/a>. It was set aside as a monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908. (Presidents can create national monuments, but only Congress can create national parks.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns voiced his support for the elevation of Pinnacles to national park. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.farr.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/kenburnsletter.pdf\">letter to Congress\u003c/a>, he wrote, “A Pinnacles National Park would preserve a unique portion of our land: not only a critical record of geological time (what John Muir would have called a \"grand geological library\")”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It now takes its place with Yosemite, the greatest collection of geothermal features on Earth, [and] the grandest canyon on earth, the Grand Canyon,\" Burns told me in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/08/ken-burns-on-pinnacles-national-park-hallelujah/\">an interview\u003c/a>. (He also said Yosemite is his favorite national park – score one more point for California in the national parks category.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\" alt=\"California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Pinnacles staff, much will stay the same. Nichole Andler, chief of interpretation and education at the park, said their uniforms won’t even change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as our day to day jobs, it will all be very similar,” she said. “But there is a lot of excitement around this. It's a neat thing for us too: we work here, we love Pinnacles, we think it’s a special place. We recognize that the public will recognize Pinnacles in a different way now that our name says National Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar was at the ceremony Monday afternoon, along with other state and local officials. And rangers were ready with spotting scopes, in case any condors decided to swoop by. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you visit the slice of Central California serenity known as Pinnacles, you might notice the sign out front now says, “National Park.”",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49565\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg\" alt=\"Pinnacles National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/pinnacles2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The pinnacles at Pinnacles are remnants of a volcano. (Photo: The Pokerbird/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you visit the slice of Central California serenity known as Pinnacles, you might notice the sign out front now says, “National Park.” It became a national park in January when President Barack Obama signed a bill introduced by Central California Congressman Sam Farr. On Monday, the first sign that says so was unveiled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the nation’s 59th national park, and the ninth in California, making it the state with the most national parks. Pinnacles was already a national monument, which comes with the same level of protection as a park. But Farr said the new designation will bring more attention and jobs to Monterey and San Benito counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The significance of moving a designation from a monument to a national park is tremendous,” Farr said. “People don’t get in their cars in the summer to see national monuments. They do take the family to visit national parks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farr introduced the legislation at the urging of local chambers of commerce. But he’s a bit of a parks geek himself: he named all the national parks in California -- in order of their establishment -- during our interview. His father, Fred Farr was a politician, environmentalist and friend of Ansel Adams. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always felt that one of the greatest accomplishments you could make in public life is to set aside land in permanent protection and national parks, to me, is the crown jewel of all of those,” said Farr. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49572\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg\" alt=\"bee pinnacles\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49572\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Bee-Green_7919-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are hundreds of different species of bees in Pinnacles. (Photo: National Park Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pinn/index.htm\">Pinnacles\u003c/a>, named for the slender rocky spires at its center, is home to endangered California condors and hundreds of species of bees in addition to its \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/03/our-newest-national-park-pinnacles-national-monument/\">geological attractions\u003c/a>. It was set aside as a monument by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1908. (Presidents can create national monuments, but only Congress can create national parks.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documentary filmmaker Ken Burns voiced his support for the elevation of Pinnacles to national park. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.farr.house.gov/images/stories/Documents/kenburnsletter.pdf\">letter to Congress\u003c/a>, he wrote, “A Pinnacles National Park would preserve a unique portion of our land: not only a critical record of geological time (what John Muir would have called a \"grand geological library\")”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It now takes its place with Yosemite, the greatest collection of geothermal features on Earth, [and] the grandest canyon on earth, the Grand Canyon,\" Burns told me in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/08/ken-burns-on-pinnacles-national-park-hallelujah/\">an interview\u003c/a>. (He also said Yosemite is his favorite national park – score one more point for California in the national parks category.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49575\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg\" alt=\"California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49575\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/7798747304_75921556e8_z-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California condors have been reintroduced in Pinnacles. In 2010, a pair laid an egg in the park for the first time in 100 years. (Photo: Brian Sims/Flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Pinnacles staff, much will stay the same. Nichole Andler, chief of interpretation and education at the park, said their uniforms won’t even change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as our day to day jobs, it will all be very similar,” she said. “But there is a lot of excitement around this. It's a neat thing for us too: we work here, we love Pinnacles, we think it’s a special place. We recognize that the public will recognize Pinnacles in a different way now that our name says National Park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar was at the ceremony Monday afternoon, along with other state and local officials. And rangers were ready with spotting scopes, in case any condors decided to swoop by. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "On the Elephant Seal Dating Scene, It’s All About Bravado",
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"content": "\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Love is in the air on California beaches this time of year, when northern elephant seals arrive by the thousands for breeding season. Males make plenty of noise at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1115\">Ano Nuevo State Reserve\u003c/a>, north of Santa Cruz, but it sounds more like a chorus of motorcycles than the melodious sounds of Barry White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz are decoding this complex communication system and learning how males use it to boost their reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals spend most of the year alone in the Pacific Ocean, so there’s plenty of action packed into the two months they’re on land every winter. “That’s mating behavior,” says naturalist Lisa Wolfklain, pointing at two elephant seals in a sea of hundreds of males, females and pups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none;overflow: hidden;float: right;margin: 10px\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/elephant_seals/elephantseals.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"270\" height=\"700\">\u003c/iframe> The unique calls of three male elephants seals: X579, 1C and GL (top to bottom). (Photos and recordings: C. Reichmuth and University of California-Santa Cruz NMFS Permit No. 14636)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Male elephant seals are the size of an SUV -- fifteen feet long and 4,000 pounds. They’re known for their proboscis, the huge, fleshy nose that hangs over their mouth. There are plenty of available females this time of year, but most males will strike out. The dating scene is controlled by alpha males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The alpha strategy is to be dominant over a group of females, the harem,\" says Wolfklain. \"And they want to have the first right to mate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can spot the alpha males right in the middle of their groups of 10 to 100 females. The other males, known as betas, are on the outskirts, just watching, waiting for their chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So this guy's coming in,” says Wolfklain, pointing at one beta male moving quickly toward a female. The alpha male perks up and snorts a warning with customary bravado. Sometimes the fight ends there, but not this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ooh, now they’re hitting with their heads,” the commentary continues, as the two lunge at each others' chests. A few strikes seem to be enough for the beta male and he retreats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fights can be bloody and all the while, other males are taking advantage and sneaking in. It adds up to a very stressful time for male elephant seals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It's All About Reputation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not advantageous for males to fight all the time,” says Caroline Casey, a researcher at the UC Santa Cruz. She says fights can be risky. “Sometimes they can result in death and we’ve seen that,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elephant seals also don’t eat while on land, so they need to conserve energy. Casey says, as with humans, one way to avoid fighting is communication. But until now, no one was really sure what the males were saying to each other. So, she and her colleagues have been studying a patch of beach with about 50 males.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have come up with this ranking system where we assign each male a score,” she says. It’s similar to systems used in professional sports, where the males win or lose points with every fight. Casey and her team also recorded the males’ calls and found remarkable differences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One beta male, X579, has a call that ends in a flourish. “His call, to me, is my favorite. He always has this really lovely note at the end of it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>X579 was a beta male with a lot of competition. “He tends to vocalize and challenge everybody right when he gets there,” Casey says. He challenged GL, an alpha male with a very short, staccato call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what’s so incredible. All of the animals sound completely different from one another,” Casey says. What’s more, Casey's team found that each male seems to use the same call year after year, whether he has a harem or not. It’s their signature call – and they flaunt it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 308px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/elephantsealfemale.jpg\" alt=\"A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"308\" height=\"207\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A female and pup at Ano Nuevo State Preserve. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A larger, more dominant animal will come up to a smaller animal, maybe beat him up a little bit, call at him before and after, like, ‘Hey, this is me. I’m Bob. Don’t mess with me,'” says Casey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all about spreading your reputation around. “That’s called associative learning and that’s very unique among marine mammals, Casey explains. \"That means that every male has the potential to be learning every other male based on their acoustic signature at that site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These complex communication systems have been studied in songbirds and other animals, but Casey says less is known about marine species. “I think it’s just a piece of larger puzzle in understanding how these animals breed and how they’re going to survive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A century ago, elephant seals were hunted to near extinction for their blubber. Fewer than 100 lingered off the coast of Mexico. With protective laws in place, today there are 170,000 northern elephant seals and growing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s good news for Casey’s loner elephant seal X579. This year, he’s an alpha male for the first time. As for the others, there’s always next year.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Coyote Killings: A Complex Debate of Conservation and Cruelty",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Coyotes, reviled for preying on sheep and goats, are the most targeted predator in the U.S. This week, hunters in the tiny Modoc County town of Adin will compete in a contest to kill the most coyotes to protect their livestock--even though research shows that killing coyotes results in higher reproductive rates.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 724px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/sevencoyotepups/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49359\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/SevenCoyotePups.jpg\" alt=\"coyote pups\" width=\"724\" height=\"407\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Studies show that coyotes facing heavy hunting pressures respond by reproducing more--with alpha and older coyotes gone,\u003cbr>\nyounger animals reproduce, and have bigger litters. (Photo: John Harrison)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every once in a while you get a sobering reminder about what passes for civilized society. One day several years ago, my husband and I were staying at a vacation rental on the northern Sonoma Coast and decided to head inland to the Anderson Valley, driving east through picturesque oak-studded meadows and mixed conifer forests. With my husband at the wheel, I was free to scour the sky and grasslands for signs of wildlife. I spotted a red-tailed hawk soaring in the distance, a sight that always lifts my spirits. But as we rounded a bend in the road, my heart sank as I struggled to absorb the sight before me: coyotes, as far as the eye could see, strung up on fence posts like scarecrows, bodies contorted, frozen in a gruesome death pose, fur sticking out like straw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the barbaric practice of hanging coyotes from fences disappeared with the bounty era, when the state paid hunters to exterminate all things carnivore, big or small, on wings or paws, to protect livestock. When the canine crucifixions, like the bounty, reinforced the notion that the only good predator was a dead one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as I saw firsthand, the tradition is alive and well in ranching country. Some people say the carnage serves as a warning to other coyotes to avoid the area or suffer the same fate. Others say it assures nearby ranchers you’re doing your part to kill predators and safeguard livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49352\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotes_fence/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49352\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49352\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Coyotes_fence-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"coyotes hung on fences\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife photographer Steve Creek took this photo of dead coyotes tied to a fence last year in Oklahoma. They were \"on display near a major 4-lane highway,\" Creek says on his web site (http://stevecreek.com/coyote-hatred/). Photo: Steve Creek\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence to suggest that a dead coyote scares off the living. But there seems to be something to the idea of killing predators to impress your neighbors if this week’s three-day coyote killing contest is any indication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myoutdoorbuddy.com/hunting_report.php?Hunting=6796\">\u003cstrong>Starting Friday\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>, hunters in the tiny town of Adin in Modoc County will pay $50 for the pleasure of killing as many coyotes as they can in the Pit River Rod and Gun Club’s Seventh Annual Coyote Drive. They’ll roam rifle in hand through four counties in the far northeastern corner of California to, as the sponsors promise, \"reduce the number of coyotes threatening wild game, livestock and pets in that region.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, the gun club and Adin Supply Outfitters urged hunters to hurry and get their applications in “if you want to win prizes and help rid Northern California of coyotes.” This year, they’re encouraging junior hunters to participate because the “drive is a great time to teach quality ethics and outdoorsmanship to young hunters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entrants get a T-shirt (red paint on the logo drips like blood from the letters) and a chance to win a gun and other prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservation groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectcoyote.org/newsreleases/news_modoc_hunt.html\">launched their own drive\u003c/a> to stop the slaughter, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120AB2402\">citing new legislation\u003c/a> that requires California’s Fish and Game Commission to use ecosystem-based management and “credible” science to manage the state’s wildlife. What’s more, they say, the hunt could end up killing OR7, the state’s only wolf—which, unlike its cousins in the Rocky Mountains, is still protected under the federal Endangered Species Act. The chances of a hunter mistaking a wolf for a coyote are too high to risk, conservationists argue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And given the anti-predator rhetoric behind a contest designed to exterminate coyotes, I worry that someone will shoot OR7 knowing full well he’s a wolf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adin, population 272, lies within an area called Big Valley, where ranchers raise mostly cattle. Nationwide, predators of all types account for just 5.5 percent of cattle and calf losses, according to data released by the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Sheep and lambs are more vulnerable to predators, which NASS says account for 39% of total losses across the country. As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2012/04/28/4450678/the-killing-agency-wildlife-services.html\">Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> last year, the federal agency called Wildilfe Services—a more apt name might be Hunter and Rancher Services—killed more than 83,000 coyotes in 2011 for eating big game and livestock. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/prog_data/2011_prog_data/PDR_G/Basic_Tables_PDR_G/Table%20G_ShortReport.pdf\">additional 453 pups were killed\u003c/a> in their dens or after they were removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4003765.pdf?acceptTC=true\">highly credible ones\u003c/a>, show that all the killing just gives you more coyotes. Comparing hunted versus unhunted coyote populations, researchers found that in heavily hunted populations adult survival rates drop, more yearlings reproduce and litter sizes increase. This could explain why the agency started tracking how many pups they killed in dens (386 in 2009 and 378 in 2010).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/komondor_westminster_dog_show_crop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49386\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/Komondor_Westminster_Dog_Show_crop-328x360.jpg\" alt=\"Komondor\" width=\"328\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wildlife experts recommend that livestock producers use guardian dogs like the Komondor, a Hungarian breed that descended from Tibetan dogs. (Photo: Flickr user whartonds)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wildlife biologists\u003c/strong> know better. A booklet published by the Utah State University—in a state that just reintroduced a $50 bounty on coyotes—notes that although coyotes are more apt than other predators to feed on sheep, lambs and goats (which aren’t worth the energy for larger carnivores like lions and wolves), the vast majority of their diet consists of rodents and other small animals. A \u003ca href=\"http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1026&context=coyotesw\">three-year study\u003c/a> in West Texas showed that reducing coyote abundance by nearly half led to a decline in the abundance and type of rodent species and a 320% increase in jackrabbit density—leading to increased competition with livestock for available forage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Pugh, a predator control expert at Oklahoma State Extension Service, argues that lethal methods should be used only as a last resort if the problem is severe. Even then, he warns, it “typically does nothing to eliminate the problem animal or animals [and] can actually cause further problems.” Though any coyote has the potential to kill livestock, studies show many don’t. That’s because it’s a learned behavior. So if a coyote that doesn’t have a taste for sheep is indiscriminately killed, you may have removed your best protection against livestock-eating coyotes because your rodent-loving coyote can no longer defend his territory against other predators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pugh and other wildlife managers promote a range of nonlethal methods to protect livestock (so-called “passive” as opposed to lethal methods), from putting goats and sheep in enclosed shelters at night and building coyote-proof fences to removing carrion as soon as possible and using guardian dogs, like the Komondor and Maremma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren’t just practical reasons that a contest to kill as many coyotes as possible makes no sense. As we’ve killed wolves throughout the country, coyotes have moved in, becoming one of the most widely distributed predators in America. The reason, no doubt, they’re also the most targeted predator in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49356\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/06/coyote-killings-a-complex-debate-of-conservation-and-cruelty/coyotedrive2013logo1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49356\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg\" alt=\"coyote drive 2013 logo\" width=\"480\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/CoyoteDrive2013Logo1-400x283.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organizers of the coyote-killing contest will give out T-shirts with the event's logo (above) until supplies last.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I would like to think that as researchers uncover more and more evidence of the intelligence of animals—particularly of those with complex social behaviors like wolves, coyotes and dogs—that we humans might step back to reflect on how we treat wildlife that shares not just our environment but also, granted to a lesser degree, our cognitive abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You’ve no doubt heard of Chaser, the \u003ca href=\"http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/01/05/chaser-the-border-collie-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world/\">bordie collie who can recognize 1,000 objects\u003c/a> by name? That’s a remarkable cognitive feat that requires learning and working memory—something it was long assumed only humans could manage. Not surprisingly, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376635711001598\">it turns out that coyotes,\u003c/a> our beloved companion’s evolutionary kin, can discriminate between large and small portions of food. This ability to approximate number, which appears in babies at around three months old, helps animals decide where to hunt, flee from predators or fight territorial intruders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organizers of the Coyote Drive tout the event as an opportunity to “teach quality ethics\u003cbr>\nand outdoorsmanship to our youth.” Surely, with all we’ve learned about the rich cognitive life of animals, “quality ethics” demands that we no longer treat wildlife like vermin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Project Coyote,\u003c/strong> which promotes carnivore coexistence and educates the public about coyote biology, ecology and behavior, is sponsoring \u003ca href=\"http://www.change.org/petitions/ca-dept-of-fish-wildlife-f-g-commission-stop-coyote-killing-contest\">a petition to stop the hunt. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Preserving the Forest of the Sea",
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"content": "\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"Walking down the stacks, you almost feel like you’re in \u003cem>Indiana Jones\u003c/em> looking for the final resting place of the Ark of the Covenant,\" said Kathy Ann Miller, PhD, a curator and seaweed expert as she led me down a long, nondescript corridor flanked by row upon row of one of the greatest seaweed collections in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48996\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48996\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-036_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The University Herbarium boasts more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, such as this aptly named oakleaf seaweed collected in California sometime in the 1800s. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"University Herbarium, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/uc/\" target=\"_blank\">The University Herbarium\u003c/a>, which is tucked into the basement of the largest building on campus at UC Berkeley, just past a fearsome skeleton of a \u003cem>T. Rex\u003c/em> dinosaur, is a plant museum which contains more than 200,000 specimens of seaweed, dating to the time of the U.S. Civil War. During my first visit to the museum last autumn, I was struck by Kathy Ann Miller's enthusiasm and warmth, especially when describing her herbarium \"home\" and its red, green and brown-hued precious occupants whom she has cherished for over 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honestly, I hadn't given much thought to seaweed before I produced this story. But a few minutes with Kathy Ann Miller can open one's eyes to the bountiful gifts these multicellular algae bestow to their marine neighbors and terrestrial admirers. Seaweeds are like \"the forest of the sea\", providing habitat to fish, crabs and other marine life and their photosynthetic activity helps generate the oxygen we breathe. Also, compounds such as agar in their cell walls are used in foods such as ice cream, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (think \"age-defying\" skin creams). But to really appreciate seaweeds on a level which transcends words and facts, I needed to experience seaweeds at a tactile, almost ineffable, sensory level. Happy to oblige, Miller emerged from the stacks, grinning from ear to ear with specimens of dried seaweed pressed onto paper or placed in boxes and painstakingly organized atop shelves labeled with the names of countries and regions from which they were collected decades, even a century, ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My image of a seaweed - uprooted, splayed, frayed and trampled upon by bare feet and salty waves - gave way to a riot of colors, textures and bizarre shapes that made me wonder at times if I was looking at a branch of stony coral or a nest stitched together by a bird taking its architectural inspiration from Cubism. Also, not all seaweeds are green, even though they all contain the green-colored chlorophyll pigment which is essential for their photosynthetic conversion of sunlight into food. That's because in the case of red and brown seaweeds, other pigments mask the coloration of the chlorophyll pigment. Even when preserved and dried for a century or more, the colors in the seaweeds can still captivate, reminiscent of stained glass illuminated by the sun's rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48993\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48993\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-024_2_spiral-sieve-kelp.jpg\" alt=\"Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from California. Larger and more three-dimensional species of seaweed, such as this one, are stored in boxes on the shelves at the herbarium. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kathy Ann Miller shared some amazing examples of the diverse, fantastic world of seaweed, including this memorable spiral sieve kelp from Alaska. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Found on all continents, seaweeds are far from endangered. Nonetheless, like other marine organisms, seaweeds are also vulnerable to acidification and warming temperatures, two major consequences of climate change. Additionally, the loss of habitat from human activity and development, and the arrival of invasive species from cargo ships crisscrossing the globe, make this a turbulent time for seaweeds near and far. \"I think we’re going to find that seaweed ranges are going to change, and that southern seaweeds will be moving further north as warming happens,\" said Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-035_2_Rhodoptilum-plumosum.jpg\" alt=\"This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is an image of a red seaweed collected in Santa Cruz, California and pressed onto paper. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, with the click of a mouse and high-speed internet access, seaweed scientists around the world will be able to more quickly and methodically study the impact of climate change on large swathes of seaweeds archived at the herbarium. Funded by a grant she submitted to the National Science Foundation, in 2011, Miller and her team began taking high-resolution photographs of nearly 80,000 specimens of seaweed collected from the west coast of North America. Undergraduate work-study students have been invaluable to this project, photographing up to 400 specimens a day. With the seaweeds now digitized, Miller and her fellow curator, Andrew Doran, are completing a massive online database which features a Google map indicating the location of each specimen's collection, the date it was collected and the gorgeous photograph of the seaweed, digitally transformed into thousands of pixels. It's a captivating blend of history and modern technology, as the elegantly swooping, India-inked names of seaweed hunters come into focus beneath the translucent marine algae plucked and preserved from the wild shores of California, Oregon, Washington and points farther north many decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48997\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/UC_Jepson_Herbaria_Seaweed_SS_103112-040_2.jpg\" alt=\"Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Clare Loughran, who works at the University Herbarium, prepares to take a digital photograph of a red seaweed. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reflecting on the importance of creating this digital inventory from the fragile seaweeds \"sleeping in their cases\", Miller told me, \"without really knowing what we have in our holdings, how can we apply the lessons of the past and the hard work of all those who’ve come before us to understand what we have today and where we’re going in the future?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully, the seaweeds of the west coast will prove that they can adapt to the crash of tomorrow's waves, as daunting and unpredictable as they may be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Winter Waterfall Hiking in Marin ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-4-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cataract Creek Trail Waterfall\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49105\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/cataract-trail-loop-in-marin-county\">Cataract Creek Trail\u003c/a> in Marin County. The drive alone delivers stunning views of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=471\">Mount Tamalpais State Park\u003c/a> and the trail has some of the most beautiful waterfalls along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the thick of redwoods, oaks and ferns, the roaring waterfalls can be heard from quite a distance. These falls are more impressive after heavy rain, but still quite lovely at a gradual flow. Moss and lichen are everywhere, and it is not uncommon to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\">banana slugs\u003c/a> along the trail. There are at least 7 distinct waterfalls to see on this hike, which make it the photographer's ideal day trip. One thing's for sure though- it's a steep slope, and sometimes it's a little slippery. To see water falling, you've got to climb up, and the higher you go, the more rewarding the view. This gorgeous trek is recommended for moderate hikers; dogs on leashes are allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-3-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-3-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"The higher you climb, the more impressive the waterfalls.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the rainy season, Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls flow into Alpine Lake Reservior, one of five reservoirs located on the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. These reserviors are managed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> and supply water to southern and central Marin. If you still have energy after the hike, walking over the dam is an easy stroll before hopping back into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than two months left of winter, the days for Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls are limited until next year. In the spring, the falls will become a mere trickle and wild flowers will began emerging. Although it's not spring just yet, wildlife in Mount Tamalpais State Park is quite active right now, with gray foxes, coyotes, red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, turkey vultures, and more, out and about daily. In addition to Cataract Creek Trial, other waterfall trails to see in the Bay Area before the season is over include \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/waterfall-tour-of-uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/murietta-falls-via-ohlone-wilderness-trail\">Murietta Falls\u003c/a>. Waterfalls are definitely an experience, so grab your hiking boots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to Cataract Creek Trail in Marin County. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 539px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49105\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-4-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"Cataract Creek Trail Waterfall\" width=\"539\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49105\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Winter may not bring snow to the San Francisco Bay Area, but it definitely brings waterfalls. If you find time before spring, head to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/cataract-trail-loop-in-marin-county\">Cataract Creek Trail\u003c/a> in Marin County. The drive alone delivers stunning views of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=471\">Mount Tamalpais State Park\u003c/a> and the trail has some of the most beautiful waterfalls along the West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the thick of redwoods, oaks and ferns, the roaring waterfalls can be heard from quite a distance. These falls are more impressive after heavy rain, but still quite lovely at a gradual flow. Moss and lichen are everywhere, and it is not uncommon to see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\">banana slugs\u003c/a> along the trail. There are at least 7 distinct waterfalls to see on this hike, which make it the photographer's ideal day trip. One thing's for sure though- it's a steep slope, and sometimes it's a little slippery. To see water falling, you've got to climb up, and the higher you go, the more rewarding the view. This gorgeous trek is recommended for moderate hikers; dogs on leashes are allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/04/winter-waterfall-hiking-in-marin/quest-3-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49106\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/QUEST-3-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"The higher you climb, the more impressive the waterfalls.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-49106\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Rachael Rufino\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the rainy season, Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls flow into Alpine Lake Reservior, one of five reservoirs located on the Mount Tamalpais Watershed. These reserviors are managed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=221\">Marin Municipal Water District\u003c/a> and supply water to southern and central Marin. If you still have energy after the hike, walking over the dam is an easy stroll before hopping back into the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With less than two months left of winter, the days for Cataract Creek Trail's waterfalls are limited until next year. In the spring, the falls will become a mere trickle and wild flowers will began emerging. Although it's not spring just yet, wildlife in Mount Tamalpais State Park is quite active right now, with gray foxes, coyotes, red-tailed hawks, American kestrels, turkey vultures, and more, out and about daily. In addition to Cataract Creek Trial, other waterfall trails to see in the Bay Area before the season is over include \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/waterfall-tour-of-uvas-canyon-county-park\">Uvas Canyon County Park\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/murietta-falls-via-ohlone-wilderness-trail\">Murietta Falls\u003c/a>. Waterfalls are definitely an experience, so grab your hiking boots!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "San Francisco a Test Case for Coping with Rising Seas",
"title": "San Francisco a Test Case for Coping with Rising Seas",
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"content": "\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also will be closely watched by other coastal cities around the United States, as the sea continues its slow but steady rise.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Parts of New York and New Jersey are still reeling from Superstorm Sandy, an event that brought climate change and the threat of sea-level rise front-and-center. It's a looming problem for all coastal cities, and one that San Francisco has been pondering since long before Sandy struck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along San Francisco’s western shore, the \u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a> is a kind of test case for sea-rise planning. It calls for big changes, including a strategy known as managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A taste of what's to come\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t need a crystal ball to see how encroaching seas will affect San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we’re walking on right now is the former southbound lane of the Great Highway in San Francisco,\" says Tom Prete, the founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/\">Ocean Beach Bulletin\u003c/a>, an online news site that covers the neighborhoods along San Francisco’s Pacific shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the winter of 2010, the city closed this portion of Great Highway because of erosion that was endangering the road,\" he explains. The side of the road closest to the beach is now blocked off by concrete barriers. Traffic has been rerouted onto what was once the median, to avoid the receding sandy bluffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was something that was sort of done in an emergency,\" Prete says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, rather than just reacting to what’s happening out here, San Francisco is planning ahead. The road map for this more proactive approach is the Ocean Beach Master Plan, a sweeping set of recommendations intended to be implemented over the next few decades as the ocean relentlessly carves away the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It wants this land back,\" Prete says. And it's taking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Man-made problems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13389\">National Academy of Sciences projected\u003c/a> that in this part of California, sea level could rise nearly a foot by 2030. And by the end of the century, if current warming trends continue, it could be more than four feet higher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49253\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-49253\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/revetments-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"revetments\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Piles of boulders and rubble left from past attempts by the city to protect the Great Highway from erosion. (Molly Samuel/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here at Ocean Beach, no private homes are in immediate danger, but on the line is millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure: the four-lane highway and a waste water treatment plant. And there’s the beach itself, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, used by surfers, dog-walkers, joggers and bundled up beach-goers (this is not San Diego).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea level rise is a looming threat, but erosion is nothing new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's at least partially -- I would argue, largely -- a man-made problem,\" says Bob Battalio, a coastal engineer at the consulting firm \u003ca href=\"http://www.pwa-ltd.com/index.html\">ESA PWA\u003c/a> who is working on the Master Plan. He says the Great Highway isn’t just a casualty here; it’s part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened in 1929 to much \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist2/ghiway.html\">fanfare\u003c/a>. But it wasn’t exactly built on \u003cem>Terra Firma\u003c/em>: the city flattened coastal sand dunes and pushed the shoreline about 200 feet out into the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was progress I guess at that point,\" reflects Battalio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ocean has been pushing back ever since and the Great Highway isn’t looking so great anymore, with pieces of parking lots crumbling onto the beach. The bluffs below it are strewn with sandbags, boulders and concrete: failed attempts by the city to stem erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change will make it all worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s kind of like trying to hold a pendulum, and it's going to try to go back to where it wants to be,\" says Battalio. \"Otherwise you have to hold it there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retreating from the rising tide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most dramatic recommendation in the Ocean Beach Master Plan is to let go of the pendulum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49271\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49271 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg\" alt=\"Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\" width=\"640\" height=\"731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/map-small-400x457.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ocean Beach hasn't always been where it is now. Click on the map to see more information about past shorelines. (Map courtesy of Elena Vandebroek and Bob Battalio, ESA PWA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Everything's easier if you move back,\" Battalio explains. \"So ultimately what we’re trying to do is what we call 'managed retreat.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, San Francisco would close one end of the Great Highway, reroute traffic about a half-mile inland, and let the ocean come back. Battalio says it comes down to engineering and economics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a surfer and somebody who’s studied waves and the like, I think it’s fine if people want to live on the coast,\" he says. \"But I don’t think it’s okay to take public money and build structures that adversely affect the beach. I don’t want my money going there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-49262 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg\" alt=\"Surfers \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/surfer1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For years surfers have been asking San Francisco to manage the erosion problems at the south end of Ocean Beach. (Photo: Sean Greene/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Translating high-concept plans to work on the ground\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan would cut down on those kinds of costs, but it isn't cheap, either. Estimates for completing all the recommendations are just north of $350 million. Funding has come through for some initial studies, but the vast majority of that money has yet to be raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of the things we're recommending at Ocean Beach are very expensive,\" says Benjamin Grant, who manages the Ocean Beach Master Plan for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/\">San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association\u003c/a> (SPUR). \"But you have to set them against the costs of the band-aid measures already taking place.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>Dive into the plan and Explore SPUR's \u003ca href=\"http://www.spur.org/featured-project/ocean-beach-master-plan\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Beach website\u003c/a>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://issuu.com/oceanbeachmasterplan/docs/obmp_document_full/11\">Download the Ocean Beach Master Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://oceanbeachbulletin.com/tag/ocean-beach-master-plan/\">Read the Ocean Beach Bulletin's Master Plan coverage\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>SPUR is acting as a facilitator for the project, bringing together the myriad city, state, and federal organizations involved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't close our eyes to what’s coming and it’s definitely going to get worse and not better,\" Grant says. \"If we can find a way to work with those processes to achieve the kinds of outcomes and build the kinds of places we want to have in our city, then we’ll be ahead of the game.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other California cities, Pacifica and Ventura, have both undertaken smaller managed-retreat projects. And other places, including New York City and the states around Chesapeake Bay, are beginning to put together their own climate response plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For San Francisco, completing the big vision of the Ocean Beach Master Plan is just a first step. Some traffic and engineering studies are underway now, but they’re just the beginning of a decades-long process that will affect the shape of our coast and the lives along it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan also will be closely watched by other coastal cities around the United States, as the sea continues its slow but steady rise.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Comments Do Matter (So Get Talking!)",
"title": "Comments Do Matter (So Get Talking!)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48958\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/goldenrice2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48958\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg\" alt=\"A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48958\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/GoldenRice2-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A single comment helped turn an opponent of this GM rice into a proponent. Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in December I wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/03/wanted-scientist-comments/\">blog post\u003c/a> asking scientists to comment online more often. I had noticed that some commenters were getting away with comments that were scientifically wrong (“vaccines don’t prevent illness”) and I was worried that if these comments remained unchallenged, readers would conclude that these scientifically inaccurate statements were actually true. Or at the very least that there was some debate on the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of scientists got back to me on why they didn’t bother to comment and one of the biggest reasons I heard was that they didn’t think their comments would matter. They felt their comment would be one of many that got lost in the fury of the comments section. As one put it, “There would be too little return on his investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent case shows that a well-timed comment can radically change someone’s viewpoint. A journalist named Mark Lynas has been a harsh critic of genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) from the get go. He regularly argues against GM foods in the press and has had a huge impact on the debate about the safety of these crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, after much soul-searching and scientific investigation brought on by a reader’s comment on \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food\">one of his stories\u003c/a> in the Guardian, he is no longer opposed to GM foods. In fact, he has become pro-GMO!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem hard to believe, but this is what Lynas himself is claiming. Here is the comment that caused the radical rethink:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> “One does not fight the corporate misdeeds of the automotive industry, for instance, by demanding that the wheel must be banned.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/28/comments-do-matter-so-get-talking/fossilblogcomment/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48971\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/FossilBlogComment.jpg\" alt=\"This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\" width=\"250\" height=\"294\" class=\"size-full wp-image-48971\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This comment was the push Lynas needed to investigate GMO's more thoroughly which resulted in a complete about face on his views.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was one snippet towards the end of a longish, ~530 word comment, but it got Lynas to thinking about why he was opposed to GM foods. As he thought on it, he realized it wasn’t because of any scientific evidence. No, it had more to do with a gut response against a big, evil, American corporation tinkering with the food supply. Or, in his own words: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“When I first heard about Monsanto’s GM soya [soybeans] I knew exactly what I thought. Here was a big American corporation with a nasty track record, putting something new and experimental into our food without telling us. Mixing genes between species seemed to be about as unnatural as you can get – here was humankind acquiring too much technological power; something was bound to go horribly wrong. These genes would spread like some kind of living pollution. It was the stuff of nightmares.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/19/gmcrops.food#start-of-comments\">comment \u003c/a>on his Guardian article made him realize that this was not a reasonable foundation on which to base his opposition to GM foods. It prompted him, for the first time, to take a deeper look into the science of GMO’s. He quickly realized that his reasons for opposing GM foods were not based in any fact. His list is as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“I’d assumed that it would increase the use of chemicals. It turned out that pest-resistant cotton and maize needed less insecticide. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM benefited only the big companies. It turned out that billions of dollars of benefits were accruing to farmers needing fewer inputs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that Terminator Technology [which was meant to make plants produce sterile, unusable seeds] was robbing farmers of the right to save seed. It turned out that hybrids did that long ago, and that Terminator never happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that no one wanted GM. Actually what happened was that Bt cotton [which grows its own pesticide to fight bollworm and other pests] was pirated into India and Roundup Ready soya into Brazil because farmers were so eager to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d assumed that GM was dangerous. It turned out that it was safer and more precise than conventional breeding using mutagenesis for example; GM just moves a couple of genes, whereas conventional breeding mucks about with the entire genome in a trial and error way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about mixing genes between unrelated species? The fish and the tomato? Turns out viruses do that all the time, as do plants and insects and even us – it’s called gene flow.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, once he did the legwork to understand the science that had been done, he realized that his reasons for opposing GMO’s held no water. And in fact, as an environmentalist, he realized further that he should be supporting GM foods as a way to increase yield and so decrease the amount of land that needed to be cultivated. All from a single comment!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course a big question is why he changed his mind when he did. After all, he had undoubtedly received similar comments to his other stories over the years. The answer lies in his newest environmental concern--global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike the debate over GMO’s, science is on the side of the environmentalists in the global warming debate. As Lynas wrote and argued about global warming, he became frustrated at commenters who ignored the science behind global warming. This prompted him to learn how to read and understand the scientific literature which in turn prompted him into investigating the studies that had been done on GMO’s. It was then that he realized that his opposition to GMO’s was not factually based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the comment wasn’t the whole story behind his changed position. But it did come right when he was primed and ready to explore the science further. It was the nudge that pushed him into his new stance on GMO’s.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
"title": "Who Gets the Cash for Energy Upgrades from Prop 39?",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130128science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislature is expected to pass a plan to distribute the money later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49069 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LHS_students-banner-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green Engineering Academy students with the engineering teacher. (from left to right) Priya Sri-Tharan, County engineer Puck Ananta, Areli Hernandez, Laila Hassen and Natasha Moore. (Photo: Rachel Dornhelm/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>President Obama raised eyebrows earlier this month by elevating climate change to a top national priority in his inaugural address.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has long been a policy leader on the issue. In the last election, voters overwhelmingly passed \u003ca href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_39,_Income_Tax_Increase_for_Multistate_Businesses_%282012%29\">Proposition 39\u003c/a>, which closed a corporate tax loophole and uses the cash to create the largest energy-efficiency initiative of any state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposition requires the money be spent on public buildings, however the details have been left to lawmakers. Now there’s the predictable debate over who will get the money and how it might be spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can I audit this class?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tour Livermore High School with some students from the Green Engineering Academy and you’ll hear plenty of suggestions for energy efficiency upgrades at their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What would be nice is if they had skylights,” says senior Natasha Moore. “So more natural lighting can come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Senior Laila Hassen says the benefits go beyond cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They've shown that when students are under hours of fluorescent lighting they can’t concentrate as well” she says. “It can actually hurt their eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moore and Hassen are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acoe.org/acoe/BusServices/LEEP\">Leadership in Energy Efficiency Program\u003c/a>, or LEEP. The program is funded by Pacific Gas & Electric Corp. and administered by the Alameda County of Education. These students completed a district-wide energy audit with the help of an engineering firm, saving the school thousands of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On tour, the students point out a new motion sensor attached to an old snack machine, that keeps the lights and cooler from running idly. But the students want to do better. They want the latest energy efficient machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Priya Sri-Tharan says it would almost pay for itself the first year with $2,000 in energy savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you turn down the little stuff,” says Sri-Thran. “It’s going to eventually add up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Kinder, the chief business official for Livermore’s school district, agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been saving between 15-and-20 percent of our electricity bills already,” says Kinder, “just with the small changes we’ve done so far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s about $300,000 a year. Kinder says she’d like to do more. But in a tight funding environment where their current energy savings are going to keep basic programs afloat, where does one find the initial investment?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is the huge hurdle,” says Kinder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A billion-dollar windfall\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter the windfall from Proposition 39, almost single-handedly bankrolled by San Francisco hedge fund billionaire Tom Steyer. California voters approved the November, 2012 initiative by a nearly two-thirds margin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will raise an estimated $1.1 billion a year from the closed tax loophole. Half will go directly into the state general fund. But for the first five years, the other half will be used to retrofit public schools or public office buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you come up with half of a billion in one year,” says Steyer, “a lot of people put out their hand and say, 'I have the exact solution for you.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steyer says one of the goals is to create tens of thousands of construction jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would also be an investment,” says Steyer. “So that in spending this money we would save money for the next 25 years because we would have reduced energy bills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altogether, the measure is expected to generate $2.75 billion in new money by 2018 for energy efficiency projects. Experts project the money could fund efficiency upgrades at half of California’s public schools, shaving 20-to-40 percent off their monthly utility bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49076\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-49076 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/CCOE_P10005271-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"CCOE_P1000527\" width=\"288\" height=\"216\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some people want to spend the Prop 39 money on basic upgrades like new windows, others are advocating for renewable energy installations like solar panels. (Photo: Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Competing needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So who should get the grants? Governor Jerry Brown’s proposed budget has it spread around all public schools. But State Senator Kevin De Leon, a Los Angeles Democrat, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/postquery?bill_number=sb_39&sess=CUR&house=B&author=de_le%F3n\">introduced legislation\u003c/a> to distribute the money based on need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every school district is different,” says De Leon. “You have some districts that have brand new schools, and within the same district you have schools that are very old, schools that emit a lot of carbon and waste energy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fremont High. The Alameda County school is slated for a rebuild. On a recent visit here, the school had been dealing with a broken boiler line. Space heaters dotted the hallways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just across the county, Albany High School stands in contrast. Eight years ago the district worked to do basic school retrofits like lighting, as well as investing in a technology uniquely suited for their high school: a co-generator. It creates electricity for the school while producing heat for the two pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Albany Unified Superintendent Marla Stephenson says the carefully tailored investment paid off and the district has, “saved at least $100,000 a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It started with cost,” says Stephenson, “and it’s now moved to what’s good for the environment and global warming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yvonne Tom oversees energy efficiency programs for the Alameda County Office of Education. She says in her years working on a variety of campuses, she's learned a few lessons she would pass on to lawmakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need really good quality audits done by a real engineering firm,” says Tom, “who has not a vested interest in selling you a particular product.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tom advocates spending some of the Prop 39 money to hire experts at a county level to help districts make the best use of funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others advocate spending on “the low hanging fruit,” basic energy efficiency upgrades, like new windows and lighting. Senator De Leon says these provide the most savings for the least cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Browning, with the non-profit group \u003ca href=\"http://votesolar.org/\">Vote Solar\u003c/a>, argues for renewable energy systems like solar panels. Browning says the ballot measure explicitly included clean energy solutions in its language and that should guide implementation. Anything else, he says, “reeks of a bait and switch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They didn’t just show pictures of compact fluorescents,” says Browning. “There were plenty of solar panels that were used to sell this and voters expressed their preference for something. They had it before them. That should be honored.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Legislature is expected to pass a plan to distribute the money later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country",
"title": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "After federal wildlife officials removed endangered species protections on wolves in the Rocky Mountains, hunters quickly killed them by the hundreds. If California's lone wolf leaves the state, he could meet a similar fate.",
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"title": "Fear and Loathing in Wolf Country | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48912\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/wolf-with-scavengers-sized/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48912\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48912\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/wolf-with-scavengers-sized-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"wolf with elk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone in the 1990s, researchers had a rare chance to study the top predators' effects on the ecosystem after a long absence. They found that wolves help buffer the impact of deteriorating environmental conditions by providing food for scavengers. (Photo: Dan Hartman via PLOS Biology doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030132)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first rays of daylight have just reached the banks of Southeast Alaska’s Chilkat River when I hear the unmistakable cries of the world’s most hated predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The distinctive yowls—at first plaintive then veering toward gregarious—seem to rise from the bowels of the mountains beyond the river, echoing miles across the valley to tickle the hair on my very cold head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves live throughout the Chilkat Valley. You can sometimes see their tracks in the snow. But as night turns to day, they head for the hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You won’t see those wolves come down to the flats,” a visiting biologist tells me. “They know they’ll get shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alaska Fish and Game officials guess that some 7,000 to 11,000 wolves inhabit the state. Yet even though the agency has no protocol to produce “meaningful estimates” of wolf abundance in the Chilkat Range, it extended hunting and trapping seasons there in 2005. And state officials still shoot wolves from helicopters under a euphemistically named \u003ca href=\"http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=intensivemanagement.main\">“intensive management” program\u003c/a> to appease hunters who blame the predators for declining ungulate populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the US Fish and Wildlife Service removed the embattled canine from the endangered species list in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana, setting the stage for a legal killing spree that claimed at least 850 wolves in the Northern Rockies in less than two years. Last week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx\">San Francisco Chronicle reported\u003c/a> that the fast and furious killings have wildlife experts here worried about the fate of OR7, the only wolf to set foot in California since the 1920s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-year-old solo lobo (the seventh wolf to get a radio-tagged collar from Oregon wildlife officials) left his pack in Oregon, as young males are wont to do, to strike out on his own and find a mate, a new pack or perhaps unclaimed territory. His brother, OR9, was among the unlucky wolves killed by Idaho hunters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48914\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/lynxhomepageimage/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48914\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-48914\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg\" alt=\"canada lynx\" width=\"440\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/LynxHomePageImage-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The loss of wolves may have set the stage for an ecological domino effect: no wolves, led to more coyotes, which eat the lynx's preferred food, the snowshoe hare, and more ungulates, which eat the vegetation that shelters and feeds the hare.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Though Ecology 101 tells us that healthy ecosystems need top predators, researchers are just beginning to understand how the presence—and absence—of wolves affects other species. \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030092\">One study found\u003c/a> that wolves may buffer the effects of climate change in Yellowstone National Park, where winters have been getting shorter, by leaving their moose and elk leftovers for eagles, ravens, coyotes and other scavengers. \u003ca href=\"http://fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/fes.forestry.oregonstate.edu/files/PDFs/Beschta/Ripple2011WSB.pdf\">Another paper\u003c/a> suggests that the absence of wolves may explain the precarious status of the Canada lynx. No wolves means more coyotes—which hunt snowshoe hares, the lynx’s favorite food—and more elk and deer—which eat the shrubby vegetation that sustain and shelter hares. And a 2011 paper in \u003ca href=\"http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/25603/RippleWilliam.Forestry.TrophicCascadesYellowstone.pdf?sequence=3\">Biological Conservation \u003c/a>supports earlier work showing that wolves in Yellowstone influence the behavior of deer and elk, releasing grazing pressure on vegetation, which in turn increases songbird habitat and diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scientists slowly uncover the top predator’s secrets, deliberations over its management are notoriously contentious. Still, for all the ink spilled on high-pitched battles to control the wolf’s fate, researchers know surprisingly little about the cognitive roots of our attitudes toward \u003cem>Canis lupus.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we hate and fear the wolf?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48915\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 504px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/23/fear-and-loathing-in-wolf-country/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/0107_imnaha_pack_alpha_male_odfw-504x360.jpg\" alt=\"Imnaha wolf \" width=\"504\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The alpha male of the Imnaha wolf pack--where OR7 came from--awakes from being tranquilized after being refitted with a working GPS collar by ODFW, May 19, 2011. (Photo courtesy of ODFW)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2012.619001\">paper published last year\u003c/a> in the journal Human Dimensions of Wildlife, researchers found that people who view wolves and bears as dangerous and unpredictable were more likely to fear them. And whether you see carnivores like wolves as a fearsome threat to life and property or a vital link in a healthy ecosystem depends on your cultural roots, as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/people/treves/Pubs/Shelley_etal_Ojibwe_wolves.pdf\">2011 study of wolf conflicts\u003c/a> in Wisconsin makes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1960, extirpation campaigns had eliminated wolves in Wisconsin (and nearly everywhere else in the United States). The population rebounded by 2009 under a policy of protection. But as wolves increased, so did reports of attacks on livestock and hunting dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most non-Indian residents in Wisconsin support public hunts in retaliation. But no one had bothered to ask the Bad River Band of Chippewa Indians (Ojibwe, or Anishinabe, in their language), researchers noted, even though treaty rights give the tribe an interest in land that includes a large swath of wolf territory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Ojibwe creation story, the Creator gave Original Man a brother in the form of a wolf to “walk through the world together.” When the pair was forced to part, the bond would remain, the Creator told them, and whatever happened to one would happen to the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, Ojibwe tribal members, who grew up hearing these stories, had far more positive views of wolves, and were less likely than non-Indian respondents to support killing them for taking livestock or pets. In the survey, one tribal member wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Wolves were harvested [historically] by Native Americans, however the wolf selected was harvested compassionately. Usually it was those wolves disconnected from the pack and scavenging. Those wolves were less likely to survive without the pack; just as an Anishinabe would less likely be Anishinabe without the tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to embrace the wolf as a brother—or hear what wildlife biologist Durward Allen called “the jubilation” in their howls—to appreciate that the people who walked with wolves for thousands of years before Europeans showed up might suggest a path toward coexistence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisconsin wolf managers have already enlisted Ojibwe tribal members to work with them to resolve human-wolf conflicts with positive results. Wildlife officials throughout wolf country—which could include California if we give OR7 and his fellow travelers a chance—might consider a similar approach.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life",
"title": "In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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