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"content": "\u003cp>Last summer, QUEST told you about how scientists at \u003ca href=\"http://irene.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Lab \u003c/a>have developed a technology to playback old audio recordings using visual scans. Along with bringing to life the wax cylinders we featured in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/how-edison-got-his-groove-back\">our TV story\u003c/a>, the Berkeley technology helped the world hear, for the first time ever, the oldest known sound recordings ever made. Now the historians who unearthed those recordings have discovered that they've been playing them all wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_2706\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/scott_phonautograph1.jpg\" alt=\"A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2706\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A phonautograph, which made the first sound recordings (playback made possible thanks to Lawrence Berkeley National Lab\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The recordings were made by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonautograph\" target=\"_blank\">phonautograph\u003c/a>, invented by a Frenchman named Léon Scott more than 20 years before Edison came up with the phonograph. The technology worked by scratching sound waves onto sheets of paper covered with lampblack. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/arts/27soun.html?_r=1&hp\">Last year\u003c/a>, historians used the Berkeley Lab's \"visual stylus\" to replay an 1860 recording of what they thought was a young girl singing the French song \"Au Claire De La Lune\". Since then, they've realized that they were actually playing the recording at double speed. Instead, it's likely the inventor himself doing the singing. You can hear both version at \u003ca href=\"http://www.firstsounds.org/sounds/scott.php\">FirstSounds.org\u003c/a>, or listen to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104797243\">interview with the historians\u003c/a> from NPR. It turns out learning to play old sounds isn't the only challenge -- we have to know how to play them right!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/06/hol1.jpg\">\u003c/span>This past Friday, a few thousand folks attended Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to see dignitaries including California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein dedicated the world's newest and most powerful laser, the \u003ca href=\"https://lasers.llnl.gov/\">National Ignition Facility\u003c/a> (NIF).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Schwarzenegger, clad in a pink tie-- an odd sartorial choice for dedicating this giant hulk of a building housing 500 trillion watt laser housed within-- nevertheless succeeded in channeling at least some of his Hollywood days. When they originally visited the facility last November, \"we were so excited that we said, 'We'll be back.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project's goal is to focus 192 laser beams onto a BB-sized capsule of hydrogen fuel in order to heat it to the point of \u003cem>ignition\u003c/em>, that is, to achieve a nuclear fusion reaction where more energy comes out of the capsule than is put in. Fusion is the common process for creating energy in the Sun, and has been demonstrated on Earth both in the apocalyptic specter of thermonuclear weapons and in the more hope-inspiring form of plasma reactors such as those at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jet.efda.org/\">Joint European Torus\u003c/a> (JET) in Britain. However, ignition has yet to be demonstrated, as JET requires a constant influx of energy greater than anything it is capable of producing. 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Dianne Feinstein argued in the past (and reminded the audience at Friday's dedication) that Enron needlessly cost $9 billion during the California Energy Crisis. Put another way, with $9 billion you could (a) experience rolling blackouts while Enron power traders cheer for wildfires ravaging your countryside, or (b) assemble the world's most powerful laser and use it to bring the nation to the brink of being able to replicate, in a controlled manner, the sorts of reactions that power the Sun. Twice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The physics promise of the NIF, meanwhile, is truly fascinating on all three fronts of NIF's stated goals: energy production, basic research, and national security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power\">Fission reactors\u003c/a>, which extract atomic energy from the splitting of large atoms such as uranium, have been a viable source of energy since 1954. However, the waste they produce remains radioactive for thousands of years. Potential \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_power\">fusion plants\u003c/a>, on the other hand, would operate by an altogether different mechanism: the merging of much smaller hydrogen atoms. Radioactive byproducts are still generated, but the timescale for their radioactivity is shorter, on the order of 10 to 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A significant line of inquiry has already been pursued toward commercially viable nuclear fusion at JET and its planned successor, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iter.org/default.aspx\">ITER\u003c/a>. Such experiments employ powerful magnetic fields to maintain hydrogen plasma in a confined space and heat it to the point of fusion as it soars around inside a doughnut-shaped ring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIF serves as a valuable compliment to these magnetic confinement experiments. Instead of forcing a fusion reaction to perpetuate using costly magnetic fields, the NIF laser will attempt to blast its fuel with so much energy in such a short time period that the fuel will have no time to expand before it undergoes fusion. \"If it works, developments at NIF would entirely reshape the dialogue on nuclear fusion energy,\" said Brian MacGowan, a NIF Program Director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the most optimistic estimates place the viability of these types of energy sources 20 years into the future. NIF itself will never be able to function as a power generator even if all experiments performed at the facility proceed exactly as planned. The raw potential for such power extraction is nevertheless tantalizing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, there is basic research potential for NIF beyond fusion power. Stars are typically easy to observe from a distance but inevitably too far away and too inhospitable to explore up close. A miniaturized version of the reaction as created in the NIF target bay could provide an interesting model system. There is no way to tell, but it could be that hand in hand with this ability comes a better understanding of some of the deepest outstanding questions in physics as well, such as the nature of dark energy and dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIF also offers a unique way for the U.S. to test the effects of nuclear weapons without violating the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty\">Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty\u003c/a>. NNSA Administrator Tom D'Agostino noted at the dedication that, particularly as the United States' nuclear arsenal ages, this will provide the U.S. with invaluable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We may emerge from this economic crisis a poorer, humbler country. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/05/batteries-moria.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>To store power for the grid, we'll need some bigger batteries.\u003cbr>\nCredit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/moria/\">Heather Kennedy\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We believe energy storage is the next big thing,\" says Craig Horne, CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.enervault.com/\">EnerVault\u003c/a>, a Sunnyvale startup. His company is developing a battery that could help solve a renewable energy problem (check out our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/05/08/those-intermittent-renewables-part-1/\">previous post\u003c/a>): how to keep electricity flowing when we need it, even as more of it comes from sources we can't control. Horne was a panelist at a UC Berkeley-Stanford sponsored \u003ca href=\"http://cleantech.berkeley.edu/index.html\">CleanTech Conference\u003c/a> about energy storage held last week at Berkeley's Lawrence Hall of Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of energy storage think it has a key role to play in the future energy grid. A network of storage systems could act as a kind of shock-absorber, balancing the spikes and troughs of production that can come from solar and wind power. For example, if we had a way to store the power generated by wind turbines during a storm, we could release it later when demand gets high, making the power supply more constant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all use batteries daily – in cell phones or electronics – so it’s clear we already have the technology to store electricity and use it later. Unfortunately, that technology doesn't scale up very easily; batteries that can store enough energy to help smooth the grid are expensive, though company's like Horne's are hoping to change that. (For more on the challenges facing battery technology in particular, check out the QUEST TV story, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/waiting-for-the-electric-car\">Waiting for the Electric Car\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Batteries are just one strategy on the table, however; there are lots of ideas for how to store power at a large scale. One that's already in use in California is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hk-phy.org/energy/alternate/hydro_phy/flash/pumped_storage_e.html\">pumped-hydroelectric storage\u003c/a>, which uses excess power to pump water from a low reservoir to a higher one. To get the energy back, you let the water flow the other direction, turning turbines to generate electricity as it drops in elevation. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storage\">Compressed air energy storage\u003c/a> (CAES), features a similarly clever use of the laws of physics, using excess power to compress air, which then releases energy as it expands later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another scheme includes using the sun – but in this case, it’s used to heat molten salt, which retains heat for a long time and can generate power even after the sun stops shining. Even electric cars could become a storage device if they become widespread, using their relatively small, distributed batteries to help feed power back to the grid at peak times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why aren't these technologies already being used all over the place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are three obstacles to storage: Cost, cost, and cost,\" jokes Haresh Kamath, a Senior Project Manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epri.com\">Electric Power Research Institute\u003c/a>, and also a panelist at the conference. Energy storage on the scale we'd need with the technology we have today is prohibitively expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may start to change, however. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\">stimulus package\u003c/a> includes about $600 million for energy storage demonstrations, a 30% investment tax credit that applies to energy storage projects, and $2 billion for battery development and manufacturing. Venture capital firms are looking to invest. And there's a \u003ca href=\"http://www.aroundthecapitol.com/Bills/AB_44/\">bill\u003c/a> currently before the California legislature that encourages utilities to invest in and build storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those injections of money and attention may be enough to get more energy storage projects off the ground – or at least get people thinking about them. Hopefully the conversations will keep going, and going, and going...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on the conference and specific storage technologies, check out this FAQ over at Earth2Tech.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/weatherizeblog.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nSince people seem to nod off a bit when I say I'm working on a story about energy efficiency, I've had to re-tool my pitch. \"It's a story about how installing solar panels or a wind turbine is the last thing you should do to green your house,\" I say, perhaps a little over-dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have nothing against solar panels, but they do seem to illustrate our collective love of gadgetry. Why else would we leap (or at least dream of leaping) to spend $5,000-$10,000 on solar panels when many of us could make a significant dent in our utility bills with a trip to Home Depot? \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/wx_technologies.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Small things\u003c/a>, like weather-stripping your doors, or making sure you have a well-insulated attic, can make a big difference in how much heat or AC your house consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you qualify as low-income (in this case, that's less than $44,000 for a family of four) you can get help with this project. If you live in California, you'll \u003ca href=\"http://www.csd.ca.gov/Programs/Energy%20Service%20Providers.aspx?Paged=TRUE&p_Agency=Los%20Angeles&p_Title=Community%20Enhancement%20Services&p_ID=58&View=%7B10298350-87DA-4A84-A68A-B3B25DE65DD4%7D&PageFirstRow=21\" target=\"_blank\">find your local participating agency here\u003c/a> (or by calling 1-866-675-6623). Elsewhere, begin by contacting your state agency, \u003ca href=\"http://naseo.org/members/states/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">found here\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/\" target=\"_blank\">Weatherization Assistance Program\u003c/a> has received a 10-fold budget increase under the\u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>, so now's a great time to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WAP won't replace your TV, but you might consider doing so yourself. Televisions tend to be the third biggest electricity user in the house (after heating/AC and refrigerators). But they don't have to be. All the new features -- plasma screens, HD, widescreen -- can be (and are, in some models) achieved using less electricity. The California Energy Commission is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/tv_faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\">proposing new TV standards\u003c/a> that would cut electricity use by a third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Sweeney, who heads the Stanford University Precourt Energy Efficiency Center, calculates that collectively – with current, affordable technologies, and without sacrificing our quality of life – Americans could cut our energy use by 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the kicker: To produce that same amount of electricity, we'd have to increase solar and wind by 60-fold. That means, for every solar panel and wind turbine in the country, we'd have to build 59 new ones, plus all the power lines and roads they'd entail. Or, to consider another \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/320\" target=\"_blank\">non-fossil fuels alternative\u003c/a>, that's four new nuclear power plants for every existing one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">Listen to the Let's Weatherize!\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-weatherization-slideshow\">Weatherization Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.63861 -121.46020\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/weatherizeblog.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nSince people seem to nod off a bit when I say I'm working on a story about energy efficiency, I've had to re-tool my pitch. \"It's a story about how installing solar panels or a wind turbine is the last thing you should do to green your house,\" I say, perhaps a little over-dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have nothing against solar panels, but they do seem to illustrate our collective love of gadgetry. Why else would we leap (or at least dream of leaping) to spend $5,000-$10,000 on solar panels when many of us could make a significant dent in our utility bills with a trip to Home Depot? \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/wx_technologies.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Small things\u003c/a>, like weather-stripping your doors, or making sure you have a well-insulated attic, can make a big difference in how much heat or AC your house consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you qualify as low-income (in this case, that's less than $44,000 for a family of four) you can get help with this project. If you live in California, you'll \u003ca href=\"http://www.csd.ca.gov/Programs/Energy%20Service%20Providers.aspx?Paged=TRUE&p_Agency=Los%20Angeles&p_Title=Community%20Enhancement%20Services&p_ID=58&View=%7B10298350-87DA-4A84-A68A-B3B25DE65DD4%7D&PageFirstRow=21\" target=\"_blank\">find your local participating agency here\u003c/a> (or by calling 1-866-675-6623). Elsewhere, begin by contacting your state agency, \u003ca href=\"http://naseo.org/members/states/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">found here\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/weatherization/\" target=\"_blank\">Weatherization Assistance Program\u003c/a> has received a 10-fold budget increase under the\u003ca href=\"http://www.recovery.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> American Recovery and Reinvestment Act\u003c/a>, so now's a great time to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WAP won't replace your TV, but you might consider doing so yourself. Televisions tend to be the third biggest electricity user in the house (after heating/AC and refrigerators). But they don't have to be. All the new features -- plasma screens, HD, widescreen -- can be (and are, in some models) achieved using less electricity. The California Energy Commission is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/tv_faqs.html\" target=\"_blank\">proposing new TV standards\u003c/a> that would cut electricity use by a third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Sweeney, who heads the Stanford University Precourt Energy Efficiency Center, calculates that collectively – with current, affordable technologies, and without sacrificing our quality of life – Americans could cut our energy use by 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the kicker: To produce that same amount of electricity, we'd have to increase solar and wind by 60-fold. That means, for every solar panel and wind turbine in the country, we'd have to build 59 new ones, plus all the power lines and roads they'd entail. Or, to consider another \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/320\" target=\"_blank\">non-fossil fuels alternative\u003c/a>, that's four new nuclear power plants for every existing one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/lets-weatherize\">Listen to the Let's Weatherize!\u003c/a> radio report online, and watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-weatherization-slideshow\">Weatherization Slideshow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.63861 -121.46020\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/snackwell.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Recent articles in \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> and California's \u003cem>Flex Your Power e-Newswire\u003c/em> discussed the phenomenon known in energy efficiency circles as \"take back\" or the \"Snackwell Effect\" (see \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2009-03-22-energysavings_N.htm\">Consumers Can Sabotage Energy-Saving Efforts\u003c/a>,\" and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fypower.org/news/?p=6625\">\"The Snackwell Effect: Consumers Sabotage Energy-Saving Efforts\"\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley Jevons first described the take back effect in 1865, so this is nothing new. Jevons observed that new efficient steam engines decreased coal consumption, which led to a drop in coal prices. But the lower prices meant that more people could afford to use coal, and so coal consumption increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Snackwell Effect\" takes it's meaning from the habit of people on diets who eat lots of low-cal snacks that add up to many times the calories of a regular snack. The example given in both articles mentioned above is a West Virginia couple that bought an energy efficient washing machine to replace their old inefficient one. Their energy bills were no different after the conversion. Turns out they were doing more loads of laundry, even washing one piece of clothing in one load, because they were lulled into complacency by their energy efficient purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Jim McMahon, the head of the Energy Analysis Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)\u003c/a>, about the Snackwell Effect and appliance energy use. I recently heard him speak about the great efficiency gains made between the first energy crisis brought on by the Arab oil embargo in 1973, and today. Those gains are significant; refrigerators today use about half the energy on average than they did in the 1970s. \"This effect [Snackwell Effect] has been studied for a long time, [it was] formerly called the rebound or take back effect,\" he says. One 2001 study concluded that for every gain in energy efficiency, about 10% is taken back by an increase in energy use. Greater air conditioner efficiency, for example, may mean that people lower their thermostats, since they expect their energy bills to be lower, and this eats into the efficiency savings. \"I think that there are a number of energy-using devices where consumers do not exhibit the Snackwell effect, such as refrigerators or televisions. In those cases, in my view, the usage behaviors are unrelated to the cost of energy, at least for most households in the United States,\" says McMahon. He does admit that more study is needed in this area. A 10% take back effect is significant, but certainly not a barrier to serious energy efficiency improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez, a sociologist, studies human behavior and energy use for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)\u003c/a>. \"The\u003cem> \u003c/em>relationship between energy efficiency and energy consumption is not as straightforward as it may initially appear and as some people like to portray it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trends show that: 1) residential energy consumption increased by roughly 57% between 1970 and 2005; and 2) residential energy consumption per capita increased by only 7%\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Ehrhardt-Martinez, a bigger problem than the 10% of energy lost due to the take-back effect-or the Snackwell Effect-is the proliferation of energy using, albeit more efficient, devices in American homes; lifestyle choices, such as the dramatic increase in the size of homes while families got smaller; population increase; and the \"invisible\" energy, such as standby power or phantom loads, that is hidden from consumers. \"However,\" says Erhardt-Martinez \"if we were able to combine efficiency improvements with better lifestyle choices (i.e. smaller, more energy efficient houses), smart purchasing behaviors, and improved information mechanisms that allowed consumer to actively manage their energy consumption, then we could have a much more dramatic impact on both household level consumption as well as state and national level consumption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.8686 -122.267\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/snackwell.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Recent articles in \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> and California's \u003cem>Flex Your Power e-Newswire\u003c/em> discussed the phenomenon known in energy efficiency circles as \"take back\" or the \"Snackwell Effect\" (see \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/2009-03-22-energysavings_N.htm\">Consumers Can Sabotage Energy-Saving Efforts\u003c/a>,\" and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fypower.org/news/?p=6625\">\"The Snackwell Effect: Consumers Sabotage Energy-Saving Efforts\"\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley Jevons first described the take back effect in 1865, so this is nothing new. Jevons observed that new efficient steam engines decreased coal consumption, which led to a drop in coal prices. But the lower prices meant that more people could afford to use coal, and so coal consumption increased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Snackwell Effect\" takes it's meaning from the habit of people on diets who eat lots of low-cal snacks that add up to many times the calories of a regular snack. The example given in both articles mentioned above is a West Virginia couple that bought an energy efficient washing machine to replace their old inefficient one. Their energy bills were no different after the conversion. Turns out they were doing more loads of laundry, even washing one piece of clothing in one load, because they were lulled into complacency by their energy efficient purchase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Jim McMahon, the head of the Energy Analysis Program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)\u003c/a>, about the Snackwell Effect and appliance energy use. I recently heard him speak about the great efficiency gains made between the first energy crisis brought on by the Arab oil embargo in 1973, and today. Those gains are significant; refrigerators today use about half the energy on average than they did in the 1970s. \"This effect [Snackwell Effect] has been studied for a long time, [it was] formerly called the rebound or take back effect,\" he says. One 2001 study concluded that for every gain in energy efficiency, about 10% is taken back by an increase in energy use. Greater air conditioner efficiency, for example, may mean that people lower their thermostats, since they expect their energy bills to be lower, and this eats into the efficiency savings. \"I think that there are a number of energy-using devices where consumers do not exhibit the Snackwell effect, such as refrigerators or televisions. In those cases, in my view, the usage behaviors are unrelated to the cost of energy, at least for most households in the United States,\" says McMahon. He does admit that more study is needed in this area. A 10% take back effect is significant, but certainly not a barrier to serious energy efficiency improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karen Ehrhardt-Martinez, a sociologist, studies human behavior and energy use for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.aceee.org/\">American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)\u003c/a>. \"The\u003cem> \u003c/em>relationship between energy efficiency and energy consumption is not as straightforward as it may initially appear and as some people like to portray it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/smart-grid-at-home\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/04/radio3-27_smartgridblog.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Hourly energy use data, now online.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've never paid much attention to my electric meter. For most of us, it's just that box on the side of the house with a small white disk spinning inside, keeping track of our energy use. But over the next three years, all the meters of PG&E customers will be getting a major upgrade to a new, digital \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/smartmeter/\" target=\"_blank\">SmartMeter\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I met one customer, Ken Kube in Castro Valley, whose meter has already been upgraded. Since the new meters track his home energy use digitally, Kube can log into his PG&E account and see his real-time energy use. On one level, it's really the ultimate tool for parents who like to remind their kids to turn out the lights. But it's also a powerful conservation tool. Kube could see how much energy he uses at night, when his appliances are drawing power in stand-by more (what's known as \"vampire\" power).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These meters are just a small piece of the puzzle when it comes to a smart grid. Just what the smart grid is depends on whom you ask, but most people agree it comes down to one thing: communication. The energy landscape is changing rapidly. In addition to increasing demand, there's more renewable power like large-scale solar and wind coming online - which are often far from urban areas and are available intermittently. There's also small-scale solar on building rooftops - which means energy consumers are becoming energy producers. There will also be plug-in electric cars, which need to draw power from grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To manage all this, utilities and grid operators need more information than they have. And that's where meters come in. But as Kurt Yeager of the Galvin Electricity Initiative describes, it's a huge networking challenge - and a huge market opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-27_SmartGrid_blogaudioYeager1.mp3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of companies have jumped into the smart grid market as a result, from Silicon Valley start ups to international corporations. As Eric Miller, the Chief Solutions Officer for \u003ca href=\"http://www.trilliantinc.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Trilliant\u003c/a> describes, managing the information flow in smart grid will be the biggest challenge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-27_SmartGrid_blogaudioTrilliant.mp3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other smart grid companies are banking on the consumer market. Google is developing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.org/powermeter/\" target=\"_blank\">PowerMeter\u003c/a>, an online tool that tracks home energy use. They're partnering with GE, who is positioned to work with utilities, with its meter technology, and with consumers, with smart appliances, as Sunil Sharan, the Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.trilliantinc.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Smart Grid Initiative\u003c/a> explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/quest/radio3-27_SmartGrid_blogaudioGE.mp3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/smart-grid-at-home\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span> More on the smart grid: check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/smart-grid-at-home\">the Smart Grid at Home radio report\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-smart-grid-technology\">a slideshow of grid technology\u003c/a>, old and new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.79184 -122.3961\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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