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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/fridge.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>There are those who, for selfish, near-term interests, work hard to obscure the truth and only pretend to be part of the solution. When it comes to products and information, buyer beware.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the bad news: LG has been caught cheating by rigging it’s refrigerators to pass an energy efficiency test. It’s not the first time for LG (see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/12/watts-in-your-kitchen/\">Watts In Your Kitchen?\u003c/a> ). Seems some people in the company not only cheat, but cheat poorly. On the bright side, the CEO of PG&E and a well-respected environmental scientist have collaborated on a very readable white paper on the science of global climate change and a response that will have a minimum negative effect on the U.S. economy in the short term, and very positive effects for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/environment/green-fridge-labelled-a-fraud-20100316-qclx.html\">The Sydney Morning Harold\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>LG was caught with an illegal device in its model L197NFS and P197WFS refrigerators. The illegal device kicks the refrigerators into low power mode when it detects the temperature at which the refrigerators are tested in the lab (typically 22°C). So it shows Energy Star-level efficiency in the test, but costs more than $250 (Australian) to operate over a 10 year period than it would if it was energy efficient in the home. LG advertises that the fridges uses 738 kWh per year, when they actually use 876 kWh. There is another problem. The refrigerators can shut off when opened—putting your food at risk of spoiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter A. Darbee is the Chairman of the Board, CEO, and President of PG&E Corporation. His coauthor of the paper, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/pdf/climatepaper_final.pdf\">Climate Change for Policymakers and Business Leaders\u003c/a>, is Christopher B. Field, Director, Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington D.C. For Darbee, global climate change is a business challenge; for Field, it’s pure science. Among other things, this is what they agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Global climate change will increase the severity of extreme weather events (including snow storms on the east coast); severely disrupt agricultural growing seasons and therefore create food shortages; increase scarcity of water for drinking, irrigation, and energy production; and make populated coastal areas vulnerable because of rising sea levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Combating climate change through carbon cap and trade mechanisms, improved energy efficiency, and increased renewable energy will, according to the independent Congressional Budget Office, minimally impact U.S. economic output through 2050, while the positive economic effects of investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy, and a cleaner, healthier and more stable planetary climate will dwarf these negative effects.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>I believe that, given the right information, more than 50% of us will see an environmental problem clearly and do what we can to fix it. But getting to 50% requires leadership—the kind that Darbee, a businessman, and Field, a scientist, are trying to provide through their white paper. Then there are those who, for selfish, near-term interests, work hard to obscure the truth and only pretend to be part of the solution. When it comes to products and information, buyer beware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/03/fridge.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>There are those who, for selfish, near-term interests, work hard to obscure the truth and only pretend to be part of the solution. When it comes to products and information, buyer beware.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the bad news: LG has been caught cheating by rigging it’s refrigerators to pass an energy efficiency test. It’s not the first time for LG (see \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/12/watts-in-your-kitchen/\">Watts In Your Kitchen?\u003c/a> ). Seems some people in the company not only cheat, but cheat poorly. On the bright side, the CEO of PG&E and a well-respected environmental scientist have collaborated on a very readable white paper on the science of global climate change and a response that will have a minimum negative effect on the U.S. economy in the short term, and very positive effects for the long term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As reported in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/environment/green-fridge-labelled-a-fraud-20100316-qclx.html\">The Sydney Morning Harold\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>LG was caught with an illegal device in its model L197NFS and P197WFS refrigerators. The illegal device kicks the refrigerators into low power mode when it detects the temperature at which the refrigerators are tested in the lab (typically 22°C). So it shows Energy Star-level efficiency in the test, but costs more than $250 (Australian) to operate over a 10 year period than it would if it was energy efficient in the home. LG advertises that the fridges uses 738 kWh per year, when they actually use 876 kWh. There is another problem. The refrigerators can shut off when opened—putting your food at risk of spoiling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter A. Darbee is the Chairman of the Board, CEO, and President of PG&E Corporation. His coauthor of the paper, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pgecorp.com/corp_responsibility/pdf/climatepaper_final.pdf\">Climate Change for Policymakers and Business Leaders\u003c/a>, is Christopher B. Field, Director, Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington D.C. For Darbee, global climate change is a business challenge; for Field, it’s pure science. Among other things, this is what they agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Global climate change will increase the severity of extreme weather events (including snow storms on the east coast); severely disrupt agricultural growing seasons and therefore create food shortages; increase scarcity of water for drinking, irrigation, and energy production; and make populated coastal areas vulnerable because of rising sea levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Combating climate change through carbon cap and trade mechanisms, improved energy efficiency, and increased renewable energy will, according to the independent Congressional Budget Office, minimally impact U.S. economic output through 2050, while the positive economic effects of investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy, and a cleaner, healthier and more stable planetary climate will dwarf these negative effects.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>I believe that, given the right information, more than 50% of us will see an environmental problem clearly and do what we can to fix it. But getting to 50% requires leadership—the kind that Darbee, a businessman, and Field, a scientist, are trying to provide through their white paper. Then there are those who, for selfish, near-term interests, work hard to obscure the truth and only pretend to be part of the solution. When it comes to products and information, buyer beware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/i-robot07.jpg\">\u003cem>Robotic domination in I, Robot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Kurzweil's book \u003cem>The Singularity is Near\u003c/em> is becoming something of a cult sensation. The 672-page paperback version of the book is ranked 1,494th on Amazon (on par with \u003cem>The Great Gatsby\u003c/em>). Recently, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil\">Kurzweil\u003c/a> announced a Google-backed \u003ca href=\"http://singularityu.org/\">Singularity University\u003c/a> ($25,000 for a 9 week summer program; $12,000 for a 3 day \"Executive Program\"), lending a touch of academic rigor to an idea that has lived mostly in science fiction. For the time and budget conscious, a rash of Singularity-themed \u003ca href=\"http://singularityhub.com/2009/08/13/four-singularity-movies-the-world-wants-the-future/\">documentaries\u003c/a> is now on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Singularity, as I understand it, is the point in time when computers will be smart enough to build even smarter computers, effectively removing humans from the design-build loop of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Kurzweil predicts 2050. That means I'll be 68 when the robots take over!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predicting the future is no walk in the park, but when it comes to Artificial Intelligence, everyone's packing a lunch. So while I won't try to argue that Kurzweil is wrong (I think he is), it's good to place his predictions in the cultural history of wildly inaccurate AI speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these predictions, both made by outstanding computer scientists actively involved in AI research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul type=\"disc\">\n\u003cli>1965, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Simon\">Herbert Simon\u003c/a>: \"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1970, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_minsky\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>: \"In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, these claims were not even remotely true. In fact, the whole history of AI has been one of boom and bust cycles, the product of misplaced exuberant optimism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the case of machine translation. During the Cold War, the problem of automatically translating intercepted Russian messages received considerable military funding. A 1954 Georgetown-IBM demonstration (translations of 49 chemistry-themed sentences with a 250-word vocabulary) captured public interest and spawned considerable investment, especially as the researchers claimed that the general translation problem would be solved in 3-5 years. When progress turned out to be much slower, funding was cut, and research all but stopped between 1965 and 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Translation research has seen a significant resurgence, especially since I've been in graduate school (for computer science), mostly due to statistical methods. Rather than frame the translation of Russian into English as a series of rules (translate word R3 into word E3; switch the order of words E2 and E4; etc.) written by expert bilingual humans, research consists of building models trained from many examples of translated sentences (word R3 translates to word E3 with probability 0.6; word E3 appears after E2 with probability 0.2; etc.) so that the translation of a Russian sentence is the sequence of English words with the largest total probability, according to the model. The statistical approach is less ambitious-today's models are too simple to capture all of language's nuances-but far more successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurzweil's Singularity prediction is based on exponential growth. The idea is that because computers have been \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law\">doubling in speed every two years\u003c/a> or so (that's a factor of 1,000 in just 20 years; 1,000,000 in 40 years) huge paradigm shifts are actually quite close. But aside from the issue that computer chips have plateaued due to limits imposed by silicon's insulation ability and the speed of light (new computers have multiple CPUs), progress in automatic translation does not follow the law of exponential progress. Rather, there have been a few periods of dramatic improvement, followed by long periods of very gradual development. This is the trend for the majority of important AI problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while speculating about the future is both interesting and important, I'd be wary of anyone trying to sell you $12,000 of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/08/i-robot07.jpg\">\u003cem>Robotic domination in I, Robot\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ray Kurzweil's book \u003cem>The Singularity is Near\u003c/em> is becoming something of a cult sensation. The 672-page paperback version of the book is ranked 1,494th on Amazon (on par with \u003cem>The Great Gatsby\u003c/em>). Recently, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Kurzweil\">Kurzweil\u003c/a> announced a Google-backed \u003ca href=\"http://singularityu.org/\">Singularity University\u003c/a> ($25,000 for a 9 week summer program; $12,000 for a 3 day \"Executive Program\"), lending a touch of academic rigor to an idea that has lived mostly in science fiction. For the time and budget conscious, a rash of Singularity-themed \u003ca href=\"http://singularityhub.com/2009/08/13/four-singularity-movies-the-world-wants-the-future/\">documentaries\u003c/a> is now on the horizon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Singularity, as I understand it, is the point in time when computers will be smart enough to build even smarter computers, effectively removing humans from the design-build loop of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Kurzweil predicts 2050. That means I'll be 68 when the robots take over!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Predicting the future is no walk in the park, but when it comes to Artificial Intelligence, everyone's packing a lunch. So while I won't try to argue that Kurzweil is wrong (I think he is), it's good to place his predictions in the cultural history of wildly inaccurate AI speculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider these predictions, both made by outstanding computer scientists actively involved in AI research:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul type=\"disc\">\n\u003cli>1965, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Simon\">Herbert Simon\u003c/a>: \"machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>1970, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_minsky\">Marvin Minsky\u003c/a>: \"In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, these claims were not even remotely true. In fact, the whole history of AI has been one of boom and bust cycles, the product of misplaced exuberant optimism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the case of machine translation. During the Cold War, the problem of automatically translating intercepted Russian messages received considerable military funding. A 1954 Georgetown-IBM demonstration (translations of 49 chemistry-themed sentences with a 250-word vocabulary) captured public interest and spawned considerable investment, especially as the researchers claimed that the general translation problem would be solved in 3-5 years. When progress turned out to be much slower, funding was cut, and research all but stopped between 1965 and 1993.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Translation research has seen a significant resurgence, especially since I've been in graduate school (for computer science), mostly due to statistical methods. Rather than frame the translation of Russian into English as a series of rules (translate word R3 into word E3; switch the order of words E2 and E4; etc.) written by expert bilingual humans, research consists of building models trained from many examples of translated sentences (word R3 translates to word E3 with probability 0.6; word E3 appears after E2 with probability 0.2; etc.) so that the translation of a Russian sentence is the sequence of English words with the largest total probability, according to the model. The statistical approach is less ambitious-today's models are too simple to capture all of language's nuances-but far more successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kurzweil's Singularity prediction is based on exponential growth. The idea is that because computers have been \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law\">doubling in speed every two years\u003c/a> or so (that's a factor of 1,000 in just 20 years; 1,000,000 in 40 years) huge paradigm shifts are actually quite close. But aside from the issue that computer chips have plateaued due to limits imposed by silicon's insulation ability and the speed of light (new computers have multiple CPUs), progress in automatic translation does not follow the law of exponential progress. Rather, there have been a few periods of dramatic improvement, followed by long periods of very gradual development. This is the trend for the majority of important AI problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while speculating about the future is both interesting and important, I'd be wary of anyone trying to sell you $12,000 of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Try These At Home 2: Exploring Buoyancy",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/blog_buoyancy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Cartesian Diver: this is a classic demo named after the17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century philosopher and mathematician \u003ca href=\"http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/descartes.html\">René Descartes.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buoyancy is the force that decides whether an object will sink or float, and has had a long and colorful history. As the story goes, the Greek thinker \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes\">Archimedes\u003c/a> was sitting in his bathtub one day when he noticed how the water around him rose when he got in. Suddenly, he realized that he could use the water level rise to measure an object’s volume. Shouting “Eureka!” he burst out of the tub and ran out into the streets stark naked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascination with buoyancy continues into modern times. Astronauts have exploited buoyancy to simulate being in space. Scuba divers use it to turn the underwater world into their playground. And then of course there is David Letterman’s \u003cem>Will it Float?\u003c/em>, an entire sketch dedicated to watching what happens when something is dropped into a giant pool of water. Demonstrations at home of buoyancy are easy to come by, too. Below are two of my favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cartesian Diver\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a classic demo named after the17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century philosopher and mathematician \u003ca href=\"http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/descartes.html\">René Descartes\u003c/a>, although curiously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/courses/CI241-science-Sp95/resources/philoToy/philoToy.html\">no one seems to know why\u003c/a>. Build a miniature model of a submarine here and take control of an object’s depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What to do: \u003c/em>You need a 2-liter plastic soda bottle, the cap to a ballpoint pen, water, and a lump of clay. Drain the soda bottle and refill with water. Attach a lump of clay to the bottom of the pen cap (enough to weigh it down but not quite to sink it). Drop the cap into the filled soda bottle and seal the bottle’s top. Squeeze! Depending on the amount of pressure you apply, you should be able to make your pen cap dive to the bottom of the bottle and resurface at will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s going on? \u003c/em>An object will float or sink depending on how its density (its mass divided by its volume) compares with that of the surrounding liquid. For example, a steel rod is heavy for its size so it sinks. However, if you increase the rod’s volume by trapping an air bubble inside or reshaping the steel into a boat, then you can make it float. In the case of the Cartesian diver there is an air bubble trapped beneath the pen cap. When you squeeze the bottle you compress the air bubble into a smaller volume, and while the diver still weighs the same it now sinks. This is exactly how the \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/submarine1.htm\">ballast tanks\u003c/a> of a submarine work, and many fish have an organ called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder\">swim bladder\u003c/a> that uses the principle to control their depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layered Liquids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awesomeness ensues when you mix the effects of buoyancy with liquids that don’t mix. You may already be familiar with the fancier versions of this demo in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUv4Cid3OnE\">lava lamps\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i5Hxts3_yQ\">oil drop toys\u003c/a> you can buy in many trinket stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What to do: \u003c/em>You need corn syrup, water, vegetable oil, a clear container, and some food coloring. Use the food coloring to dye the corn syrup, water, and oil different colors for increased effect. Pour about an inch of corn syrup into the bottom of the clear container, then gently pour about an inch of water above it, and finally pour the oil atop the water. Each liquid will float atop the one beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s going on? \u003c/em>Density can affect whether or not a liquid will float in exactly the same way that it can determine whether a solid object floats. In this example water is less dense than corn syrup, so it floats on top. Oil is less dense than both corn syrup and water, so it floats highest of all. Such layering of liquids can also happen between salt water and fresh water in underwater caves, sometimes dangerously tricking divers into believing there is an air bubble over their heads when in fact there is just a different kind of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/blog_buoyancy.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Cartesian Diver: this is a classic demo named after the17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century philosopher and mathematician \u003ca href=\"http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/descartes.html\">René Descartes.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buoyancy is the force that decides whether an object will sink or float, and has had a long and colorful history. As the story goes, the Greek thinker \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes\">Archimedes\u003c/a> was sitting in his bathtub one day when he noticed how the water around him rose when he got in. Suddenly, he realized that he could use the water level rise to measure an object’s volume. Shouting “Eureka!” he burst out of the tub and ran out into the streets stark naked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fascination with buoyancy continues into modern times. Astronauts have exploited buoyancy to simulate being in space. Scuba divers use it to turn the underwater world into their playground. And then of course there is David Letterman’s \u003cem>Will it Float?\u003c/em>, an entire sketch dedicated to watching what happens when something is dropped into a giant pool of water. Demonstrations at home of buoyancy are easy to come by, too. Below are two of my favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cartesian Diver\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a classic demo named after the17\u003csup>th\u003c/sup>-century philosopher and mathematician \u003ca href=\"http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/descartes.html\">René Descartes\u003c/a>, although curiously, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/courses/CI241-science-Sp95/resources/philoToy/philoToy.html\">no one seems to know why\u003c/a>. Build a miniature model of a submarine here and take control of an object’s depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What to do: \u003c/em>You need a 2-liter plastic soda bottle, the cap to a ballpoint pen, water, and a lump of clay. Drain the soda bottle and refill with water. Attach a lump of clay to the bottom of the pen cap (enough to weigh it down but not quite to sink it). Drop the cap into the filled soda bottle and seal the bottle’s top. Squeeze! Depending on the amount of pressure you apply, you should be able to make your pen cap dive to the bottom of the bottle and resurface at will.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s going on? \u003c/em>An object will float or sink depending on how its density (its mass divided by its volume) compares with that of the surrounding liquid. For example, a steel rod is heavy for its size so it sinks. However, if you increase the rod’s volume by trapping an air bubble inside or reshaping the steel into a boat, then you can make it float. In the case of the Cartesian diver there is an air bubble trapped beneath the pen cap. When you squeeze the bottle you compress the air bubble into a smaller volume, and while the diver still weighs the same it now sinks. This is exactly how the \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/submarine1.htm\">ballast tanks\u003c/a> of a submarine work, and many fish have an organ called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder\">swim bladder\u003c/a> that uses the principle to control their depth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Layered Liquids\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awesomeness ensues when you mix the effects of buoyancy with liquids that don’t mix. You may already be familiar with the fancier versions of this demo in the form of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUv4Cid3OnE\">lava lamps\u003c/a> or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i5Hxts3_yQ\">oil drop toys\u003c/a> you can buy in many trinket stores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What to do: \u003c/em>You need corn syrup, water, vegetable oil, a clear container, and some food coloring. Use the food coloring to dye the corn syrup, water, and oil different colors for increased effect. Pour about an inch of corn syrup into the bottom of the clear container, then gently pour about an inch of water above it, and finally pour the oil atop the water. Each liquid will float atop the one beneath it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What’s going on? \u003c/em>Density can affect whether or not a liquid will float in exactly the same way that it can determine whether a solid object floats. In this example water is less dense than corn syrup, so it floats on top. Oil is less dense than both corn syrup and water, so it floats highest of all. Such layering of liquids can also happen between salt water and fresh water in underwater caves, sometimes dangerously tricking divers into believing there is an air bubble over their heads when in fact there is just a different kind of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Went Wrong with the Buildings in Haiti?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/haiti.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It was the poorly constructed, mostly concrete buildings that killed most of the victims of the earthquake in Haiti.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of people, I’ve been thinking about the devastation from the earthquake in Haiti, seeing images of collapsed buildings and dead people on the news and in the newspapers. I wonder why less than a hundred people in the Bay Area died in the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and perhaps as many as 200,000 have died from the earthquake last month in Haiti. The Transamerica Building in downtown San Francisco swayed about one foot at the top during the Loma Prieta earthquake, but the building was not damaged. We’ve all seen pictures of what happened to Haiti’s Presidential Palace in Port au Prince.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did an Internet search and discovered the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://peer.berkeley.edu/\" href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER)\u003c/a> at Cal Berkeley. PEER is an interdisciplinary organization that studies the effect of earthquakes on structures and how to build safe structures in earthquake zones. PEER asked a structural engineer, Eduardo Fierro, P.E., of Bfp Engineers in Berkeley, to travel to Haiti and make a preliminary report on the damage there. This is Fierro’s two-hour presentation at Cal Berkeley from the PEER Web site. Fierro knows his stuff when it comes to structures, but in the video he shows that, for him, it is a matter of the heart as well as the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not a structural engineer, but I remember enough from my mechanical engineering courses to understand the basics of building in an earthquake zone, and the PEER video was like a two-hour refresher course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know that in order for a concrete building to handle its own weight (compression), as well as lateral forces (tension), the concrete must be reinforced with steel bars. The steel can handle the tension while the concrete can handle the compression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do know that it was the poorly constructed, mostly concrete buildings that killed most of the victims of the earthquake in Haiti. Buildings slid off their foundations if they were not bolted to the foundation, floors collapsed because of shear stress and the lack of sheer walls, and poorly reinforced concrete pillars holding up buildings collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are no enforced building codes in Haiti. The concrete quality used in buildings in Haiti is poor, and the installation of concrete is done poorly. The concrete is brittle, and the steel bars used to reinforce it are too thin; there are not enough of them; and when a concrete pier comes together with the concrete floor of a second story, for example, the vertical reinforcing bars in the pillars are often not connected to the horizontal bars in the floor, meaning that the building has no integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few buildings near the epicenter of the earthquake held up well, but this is not because of the quality of the construction. The intact buildings are built on solid rock, so that the rock absorbed the shock of the quake, so the building didn’t have to. Within loose soil, an earthquake causes a phenomenon called liquefaction. The soil becomes like liquid, and passes most of the force of the earthquake into the building above the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the saddest thing that Fierro reported was the fact that, already, people are picking up the pieces of broken buildings, and building structures in the same old way. It’s a poor country with a history of conflict and oppression. It may be the best the Haitian people can do, without the help of wealthier nations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/02/haiti.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>It was the poorly constructed, mostly concrete buildings that killed most of the victims of the earthquake in Haiti.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of people, I’ve been thinking about the devastation from the earthquake in Haiti, seeing images of collapsed buildings and dead people on the news and in the newspapers. I wonder why less than a hundred people in the Bay Area died in the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, and perhaps as many as 200,000 have died from the earthquake last month in Haiti. The Transamerica Building in downtown San Francisco swayed about one foot at the top during the Loma Prieta earthquake, but the building was not damaged. We’ve all seen pictures of what happened to Haiti’s Presidential Palace in Port au Prince.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I did an Internet search and discovered the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://peer.berkeley.edu/\" href=\"http://peer.berkeley.edu/\">Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER)\u003c/a> at Cal Berkeley. PEER is an interdisciplinary organization that studies the effect of earthquakes on structures and how to build safe structures in earthquake zones. PEER asked a structural engineer, Eduardo Fierro, P.E., of Bfp Engineers in Berkeley, to travel to Haiti and make a preliminary report on the damage there. This is Fierro’s two-hour presentation at Cal Berkeley from the PEER Web site. Fierro knows his stuff when it comes to structures, but in the video he shows that, for him, it is a matter of the heart as well as the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/F2GDKPIGD58&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am not a structural engineer, but I remember enough from my mechanical engineering courses to understand the basics of building in an earthquake zone, and the PEER video was like a two-hour refresher course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"order": 5
},
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
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