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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/dentist3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably goes without saying -- the dentist’s chair isn’t the most popular place to visit. But going to the dentist may one day be a very different experience. Researchers at the University of California San Francisco are developing new technology that may make a dentist’s drill less common. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside one of the treatment rooms at the \u003ca href=\"http://dentistry.ucsf.edu\">UCSF School of Dentistry\u003c/a>, Dr. Peter Rechmann is holding a small tool that could be a very big leap forward in dentistry -- a laser. Unlike that familiar drill we love to hate, a laser drills into a tooth without making contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-03-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">Visiting the Dentist Chair of the Future\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So you don’t feel vibration. Yes, you hear the sound, you hear the tck tck tck, but that’s it,” says Rechmann. That makes a big difference, especially when Rechmann is working with younger patients. “Kids typically fear things more than adults. And they don’t care, they like it. Sometimes they say, ‘Oh, that was interesting’.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lasers have been used in dentistry for about a decade, but mostly on soft tissues like gums. Rechmann says laser drills are becoming more common now that the cost is coming down. And he expects lasers to soon play an even bigger role by actually helping to prevent cavities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rechmann holds a pulled tooth and fires short laser pulses at a small area on the outside. “The temperature on the enameled surface gets heated up to between 400 and 1000 degrees Celsius. It sounds terrible but it’s not. It’s really just the outer surface,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The extreme temperature slightly alters the make up of the outer tooth enamel which, Rechmann says, makes it more resistant to tooth decay. They’re now testing the treatment in clinical trials and it could be available in one to three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you treat this once, OK, you should still keep on brushing your teeth, but it’s really strongly protecting your teeth,” says Rechmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, what our teeth really need protection from are our own bacteria. They’re specially adapted to live in our mouth, which, with all the food we chew, is a pretty nice place to call home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a very nice place. It’s nice and warm and comfortable,” says John Featherstone, Dean of the UCSF School of Dentistry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bacteria produce acid – that’s their major waste product. And that acid dissolves the enamel in the teeth.” Featherstone says in the past, dentistry has been focused on cleaning up the damage done by these bacteria. Now, he also sees the field moving towards prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can diagnose as we can now early on, what it tells us is that there’s disease process going on and we have to halt the disease process,” says Featherstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But given our teeth brushing habits - or lack thereof - Featherstone says there will probably always be a need to fill cavities. But what if cavities could fill themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Self-Filling Cavities\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stefan Habelitz is standing in front of a refrigerator that holds 20,000 pulled teeth, collected from local dental clinics. Habelitz is a material scientist. He studies the structure of teeth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s amazing, a really amazing structure. For an engineer, it’s a real feast,” says Habelitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tooth enamel is the hardest substance in our body. It’s designed to break apart foods like seeds or hard candy. “But if it can’t, it will release stress by forming fractures, by forming cracks,” Habelitz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those tiny cracks are actually good -- they’re part of the tooth’s design. They prevent it from being broken by one big crack. The problem with our teeth, Habelitz says, is that unlike our bones or skin, we can’t regrow tooth enamel. At least, not by ourselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So let’s just drop these teeth in here.” Habelitz takes a few teeth with very large cavities and drops them into a beaker filled with a special solution. Tooth enamel is made of a mineral - so Habelitz says it’s not too difficult to remineralize or rebuild the enamel. That’s something the fluoride in toothpaste helps do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But once the bacteria makes it through the enamel, then it has been so far impossible to remineralize these legions,” says Habelitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because deeper in the tooth in the material called dentin, minerals are mixed with organic structures, which are much harder to regrow. What Habelitz has in this beaker is a special compound that regrows the minerals and bonds them to the organic structures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So only when that link is established, the tissue that you build up again actually will be strong enough and stiff enough to support the pressure that you apply when you chew on your teeth,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Habelitz says this process could be done right inside a patient’s mouth. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/visiting-the-dentist-chair-of-the-future\">Visiting the Dentist Chair of the Future\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So you don’t feel vibration. Yes, you hear the sound, you hear the tck tck tck, but that’s it,” says Rechmann. That makes a big difference, especially when Rechmann is working with younger patients. “Kids typically fear things more than adults. And they don’t care, they like it. Sometimes they say, ‘Oh, that was interesting’.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lasers have been used in dentistry for about a decade, but mostly on soft tissues like gums. Rechmann says laser drills are becoming more common now that the cost is coming down. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5062849106_204c19f1a11.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11321\">\u003cem>Photo taken by \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/fdecomite/5062849106/sizes/m/in/photostream/\">fdecomite\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Scavenger and puzzle hunts are great fun. Not only do they challenge you with clues to solve, but a teams' strength is also largely based on how well they can collaborate with others to come up with the right answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the more unique scavenger hunts I came across is happening on January 8th in San Francisco. Chemistry in Pictures is a photo scavenger hunt hosted by the Meetup group \u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/\">Experiment with a Chemist\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.meetup.com/Experiment-with-a-Chemist/calendar/15497983/\">Chemistry in Pictures\u003c/a> asks teams to bring a digital camera (one per team) and follow the clues provided. Each of your discoveries will need to be photographed within a two hour time frame. At the end you'll share your pictures that contain each of the clues and then explain them to the other teams. How awesome and wonderfully nerdy is that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some examples of clues teams may encounter:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oxygen (answers may include molecules with oxygen such as water, carbonic acid in soda, Bleach, sugar)\u003cbr>\nA Crosslinked polymer\u003cbr>\nA product containing the vitamin Linus Pauling would have suggested that you increase\u003cbr>\nA sulfur containing product that you eat\u003cbr>\nAn oxidizer\u003cbr>\nA reducer\u003cbr>\nBuild a molecule of caffeine\u003cbr>\nDraw a nucleophillic substitution reaction\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a great event to kick off the New Year. If you'd like to learn more about puzzle hunts of all kinds, visit Puzzalot for more events in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/111187801.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11306\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/111187801.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>See your heart beat with the Heart Spark pendant\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Heart Spark is a heart-shaped pendant which flashes LED's in time with your heartbeat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heart Spark was created by\u003ca href=\"http://sensebridge.net/projects/heart-spark/\"> Sensebridge\u003c/a>, a research group interested in building human-machine interfaces based out of San Francisco's \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Heart Spark works by using a polar chest strap which includes a transmitter that is used to measure your heartbeat and transmit that information wirelessly to the Heart Spark pendant. From there the circuit captures each beat and displays it on a flashing LED. Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0ct-LbNpgg&feature=player_embedded\">video\u003c/a> from Sensebridge to see the Heart Spark in action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Heart Spark is \u003ca href=\"http://sensebridge.net/projects/heart-spark/\">available\u003c/a> from Sensebridge for $69. You can pick up a polar chest strap easily at Amazon.com or a local sporting goods store. Simply add a necklace chain and voila! You'll have your very own, completely unique Heart Spark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Nylon1.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-11302\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Nylon1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Nylon1.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Nylon1-400x509.jpeg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pendant has four modes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fake Mode: the six LEDs blink at 75 beats per minute (BPM) regardless, which allows the pendant to be worn even if you don't have a polar chest strap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regular Blink: all six LEDs flash in time with your heartbeat (you'll need to be wearing a polar chest strap for this to work)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Activity Blink: the number of LEDs that blink corresponds to your heart rate, as measured by the polar transmitter. The more LEDs blinking the faster your heart rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Circle Blink: The LEDs blink in a circle each time the polar transmitter detects a beat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "UCSF Scientists Bio-Hack Bacteria",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_42_22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir places E.coli bacteria onto a petri dish in the lab. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of California-San Francisco have hacked into the genetic wiring of billions of individual bacteria and outfitted them with the kind of on/off switches normally found in computer chips, not living organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches, which are built out of genes, allow the bacteria to listen for chemical signals and respond, much like computer chips that can perform powerful tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The switches may one day help the development of biofuels that are cheaper and more powerful than gasoline, or a new suite of pharmaceuticals that could more effectively target and kill tumor cells with fewer side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been trying to engineer bacteria to be more programmable, to do various things, but biology is hard to program” said Alvin Tamsir a doctoral student at UCSF. “I want to generate the technology so that bacteria can be more programmable in a more predictable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmir was the lead author of a study on the subject that was published last week in the journal, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09565.html\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_12_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building new molecular circuits into bacteria, Tamsir and his team can now make the bacteria perform specific tasks, much like the millions of wires which comprise the electrical circuitry of a modern computer chip enable the dizzying array of complex calculations and tasks a computer can do in micro-seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of the new field of synthetic biology, where principles from computer science, electrical engineering and genetics, along with other sciences, mix together to reveal the tools and strategies for reprogramming the cellular machinery of living organisms like bacteria and yeast. Scientists and companies in the Bay Area and elsewhere, working on other synthetic biology project, already are developing a new generation of drugs and biofuels with bionic bacteria and yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these drugs that we are working on right now require 40 genes. And you have to control when those genes turn on and for how long and in what order, and for all that, you need a circuit,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.voigtlab.ucsf.edu/\">Christopher Voigt\u003c/a>, an associate professor at UCSF’s Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and Voigt looked to the world of electrical engineering, where circuits bring the necessary level of control to millions of precisely timed calculations that a computer chip must complete to execute any task, like spellchecking a document or surfing the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do these tasks, microscopic switches called “logic gates” are etched into the silicon of computer chips. The logic gates function according to a set of rules and are connected with wires that make up a circuit on the chip. Each of these logic gates receives an input, such as an electrical current, from the wires, and responds based on the kind of gate it is. For example, if it’s an “AND” gate, it will turn on and send its output of an electrical signal to the gate next to it, but only if it is getting inputs from the two wires that feed into it. If it’s an “OR” gate, it will turn on even if it is getting a signal from just one of the wires connected to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In computers, complex tasks like opening a document or performing a calculation can be boiled down to simpler calculations performed by these logic gates,” said Tamsir. A modern Pentium chip can have more than a million logic gates, each one performing a tiny piece of the calculation or task at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you don't have an engineer at Intel that is choosing exactly where each wire goes,” said Voigt. Instead, programming languages have automated the process, quickly and reliably reproducing on the computer chip the precise circuits of logic gates needed to carry out functions specified by a computer engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to create a programming language for cells,” Voigt added, “and ultimately have it so you can take any function you can imagine and convert that into a DNA sequence that carries out that function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_84_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Four colonies of E. coli bacteria cells plated onto a petri dish. Each colony contains a billion cells. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can’t exactly take the hardware of tiny gates and wires on computer chips and insert them into living bacteria like E. coli. So Tamsir and his team had to engineer genes that would reprogram the DNA of E. coli, instructing it to make logic gates out of proteins that would help the bacteria perform more like a computer to carry out a specific task – in this case, to make a fluorescent yellow protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In computer chips, the metal wires that feed into a logic gate are physically separated so that the inputs going into one logic gate don’t cross with the wires of a nearby logic gate. But this isn’t the case with living bacteria. “Every gate is a molecule and they're all being run based on molecules and they're all crammed together in the bag that is the cell,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the scientists created eight different colonies of bacteria, each with their own discrete logic gate, only four colonies were used at a time to see if they could link up to form a circuit that would yield the fluorescent protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One logic gate in one of the bacteria colonies may need two inputs, like a sugar and an antibiotic, to release its molecular output, such as an enzyme, that would then act as an input for a second set of logic gates. But this next set of logic gates may have been designed so that it produces its own molecular output only if it doesn’t receive the sugar and antibiotic inputs that triggered the activity of the first logic gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s by combining multiple gates together that you get different behavior. And that's how electrical circuits behave - they use a lot of logic gates and combine them in various ways to get various functions,” said Tamsir. Similarly, the scientists were able to modify the behavior of their bacterial circuits by simply moving the location of the bacteria colonies in the petri dish, since each colony operated with its own set of logical rules for responding to the chemical inputs feeding into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Tamsir_3a_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> An illustrated wiring diagram showing two different kinds of logic gates (NOR and Buffer) operating in four bacteria colonies on a petri dish. The last bacteria colony, indicated in brown, completes the circuit to make fluorescent yellow protein. (Credit: Alvin Tamsir, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir built 16 different kinds of genetic logic gates to program the bacterial 'computers'. Each one successfully suppressed or promoted the production of the fluorescent yellow protein depending on how it was linked together in the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard part,” said Tamsir, who has worked for more than two years on this research, “was combining different genetic parts so that when they are put together, they function as you want them to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are taking note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have begun the process of creating a characterized library of elements which can be used by other labs to build more complex systems,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/ece/people/faculty/a-g/douglas-densmore/\">Douglas Densmore\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of computer and electrical engineering at Boston University who read the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper describing the UCSF team’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and his team now want to increase the complexity of their bacterial circuits by building even more sophisticated logic gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt added that there are roughly 200 to 300 circuits that regulate different biological activities in E. coli bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s the good news – that it’s not millions,” he said. Unlike a computer chip, “the bacteria don’t require a lot of gates and if we had 100 gates, we could do some pretty amazing things,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By designing more complex gates and more of them, he said a scientist could be “in full control of programming bacteria.” This arsenal of expanded logic gates could then coax the bacteria to produce more than just a biofuel or a low-cost malaria drug, like the one developed using synthetic biology by \u003ca href=\"http://www.amyrisbiotech.com/\">Amyris Biotechnologies\u003c/a> in Emeryville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything you see in biology -- such as a corn plant growing -- those complex processes are being implemented by natural circuitry,” said Voigt. “And one of the reasons that we can't access those functions is because we don't have that refined level of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the new system of logic gates snapping together to form synthetic circuits, the UCSF scientists have expanded that level of control and consequently, what bacteria or yeast could be programmed to do, like some day make synthetic wood, silk or antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_55_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir handles test tubes containing E. coli bacteria. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifetechnologies.com/home.html\">Life Technologies\u003c/a>, a biotech firm based in Carlsbad, has partnered with Voigt’s lab to generate a software package that would allow other scientists to specify the kind of logic gates they want to run in the bacteria being used in their experiments. After a few keystrokes and some processing by the computer, the scientists would receive a recipe for making those logic gates, which could then be sequenced from the sugars and phosphates which make up genes, and inserted into their bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Tamsir, the research is incredibly challenging but also extremely rewarding, a vital part of his doctorate degree in bioengineering which he hopes to complete in May. The 26 year-old scientist grew up tinkering with circuit boards and even derived programming inspiration from Lego Mindstorms, a line of robotic toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found out about the field of synthetic biology through Chris Voigt's lab. Right then, I knew that this was the right field of study for me,” he said. “It combines my love for computer programming with my love for biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have been trying to engineer bacteria to be more programmable, to do various things, but biology is hard to program” said Alvin Tamsir a doctoral student at UCSF. “I want to generate the technology so that bacteria can be more programmable in a more predictable way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tasmir was the lead author of a study on the subject that was published last week in the journal, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature09565.html\">Nature\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_12_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building new molecular circuits into bacteria, Tamsir and his team can now make the bacteria perform specific tasks, much like the millions of wires which comprise the electrical circuitry of a modern computer chip enable the dizzying array of complex calculations and tasks a computer can do in micro-seconds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s all part of the new field of synthetic biology, where principles from computer science, electrical engineering and genetics, along with other sciences, mix together to reveal the tools and strategies for reprogramming the cellular machinery of living organisms like bacteria and yeast. Scientists and companies in the Bay Area and elsewhere, working on other synthetic biology project, already are developing a new generation of drugs and biofuels with bionic bacteria and yeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these drugs that we are working on right now require 40 genes. And you have to control when those genes turn on and for how long and in what order, and for all that, you need a circuit,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.voigtlab.ucsf.edu/\">Christopher Voigt\u003c/a>, an associate professor at UCSF’s Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the senior author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and Voigt looked to the world of electrical engineering, where circuits bring the necessary level of control to millions of precisely timed calculations that a computer chip must complete to execute any task, like spellchecking a document or surfing the web.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do these tasks, microscopic switches called “logic gates” are etched into the silicon of computer chips. The logic gates function according to a set of rules and are connected with wires that make up a circuit on the chip. Each of these logic gates receives an input, such as an electrical current, from the wires, and responds based on the kind of gate it is. For example, if it’s an “AND” gate, it will turn on and send its output of an electrical signal to the gate next to it, but only if it is getting inputs from the two wires that feed into it. If it’s an “OR” gate, it will turn on even if it is getting a signal from just one of the wires connected to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In computers, complex tasks like opening a document or performing a calculation can be boiled down to simpler calculations performed by these logic gates,” said Tamsir. A modern Pentium chip can have more than a million logic gates, each one performing a tiny piece of the calculation or task at hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you don't have an engineer at Intel that is choosing exactly where each wire goes,” said Voigt. Instead, programming languages have automated the process, quickly and reliably reproducing on the computer chip the precise circuits of logic gates needed to carry out functions specified by a computer engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to create a programming language for cells,” Voigt added, “and ultimately have it so you can take any function you can imagine and convert that into a DNA sequence that carries out that function.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_84_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Four colonies of E. coli bacteria cells plated onto a petri dish. Each colony contains a billion cells. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists can’t exactly take the hardware of tiny gates and wires on computer chips and insert them into living bacteria like E. coli. So Tamsir and his team had to engineer genes that would reprogram the DNA of E. coli, instructing it to make logic gates out of proteins that would help the bacteria perform more like a computer to carry out a specific task – in this case, to make a fluorescent yellow protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In computer chips, the metal wires that feed into a logic gate are physically separated so that the inputs going into one logic gate don’t cross with the wires of a nearby logic gate. But this isn’t the case with living bacteria. “Every gate is a molecule and they're all being run based on molecules and they're all crammed together in the bag that is the cell,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the scientists created eight different colonies of bacteria, each with their own discrete logic gate, only four colonies were used at a time to see if they could link up to form a circuit that would yield the fluorescent protein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One logic gate in one of the bacteria colonies may need two inputs, like a sugar and an antibiotic, to release its molecular output, such as an enzyme, that would then act as an input for a second set of logic gates. But this next set of logic gates may have been designed so that it produces its own molecular output only if it doesn’t receive the sugar and antibiotic inputs that triggered the activity of the first logic gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s by combining multiple gates together that you get different behavior. And that's how electrical circuits behave - they use a lot of logic gates and combine them in various ways to get various functions,” said Tamsir. Similarly, the scientists were able to modify the behavior of their bacterial circuits by simply moving the location of the bacteria colonies in the petri dish, since each colony operated with its own set of logical rules for responding to the chemical inputs feeding into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Tamsir_3a_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> An illustrated wiring diagram showing two different kinds of logic gates (NOR and Buffer) operating in four bacteria colonies on a petri dish. The last bacteria colony, indicated in brown, completes the circuit to make fluorescent yellow protein. (Credit: Alvin Tamsir, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir built 16 different kinds of genetic logic gates to program the bacterial 'computers'. Each one successfully suppressed or promoted the production of the fluorescent yellow protein depending on how it was linked together in the bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hard part,” said Tamsir, who has worked for more than two years on this research, “was combining different genetic parts so that when they are put together, they function as you want them to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers are taking note.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have begun the process of creating a characterized library of elements which can be used by other labs to build more complex systems,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/ece/people/faculty/a-g/douglas-densmore/\">Douglas Densmore\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of computer and electrical engineering at Boston University who read the \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper describing the UCSF team’s research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tamsir and his team now want to increase the complexity of their bacterial circuits by building even more sophisticated logic gates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt added that there are roughly 200 to 300 circuits that regulate different biological activities in E. coli bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s the good news – that it’s not millions,” he said. Unlike a computer chip, “the bacteria don’t require a lot of gates and if we had 100 gates, we could do some pretty amazing things,” Voigt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By designing more complex gates and more of them, he said a scientist could be “in full control of programming bacteria.” This arsenal of expanded logic gates could then coax the bacteria to produce more than just a biofuel or a low-cost malaria drug, like the one developed using synthetic biology by \u003ca href=\"http://www.amyrisbiotech.com/\">Amyris Biotechnologies\u003c/a> in Emeryville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything you see in biology -- such as a corn plant growing -- those complex processes are being implemented by natural circuitry,” said Voigt. “And one of the reasons that we can't access those functions is because we don't have that refined level of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the new system of logic gates snapping together to form synthetic circuits, the UCSF scientists have expanded that level of control and consequently, what bacteria or yeast could be programmed to do, like some day make synthetic wood, silk or antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/UCSF_SynBio_Merrell_55_21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF bioengineering graduate student Alvin Tamsir handles test tubes containing E. coli bacteria. (Credit: Susan Merrell, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lifetechnologies.com/home.html\">Life Technologies\u003c/a>, a biotech firm based in Carlsbad, has partnered with Voigt’s lab to generate a software package that would allow other scientists to specify the kind of logic gates they want to run in the bacteria being used in their experiments. After a few keystrokes and some processing by the computer, the scientists would receive a recipe for making those logic gates, which could then be sequenced from the sugars and phosphates which make up genes, and inserted into their bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Tamsir, the research is incredibly challenging but also extremely rewarding, a vital part of his doctorate degree in bioengineering which he hopes to complete in May. The 26 year-old scientist grew up tinkering with circuit boards and even derived programming inspiration from Lego Mindstorms, a line of robotic toys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I found out about the field of synthetic biology through Chris Voigt's lab. Right then, I knew that this was the right field of study for me,” he said. “It combines my love for computer programming with my love for biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/Xbox-360-Kinect1.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Kinect is a hacker's favorite new toy.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early November Microsoft unveiled the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xbox.com/en-US/kinect\">Kinect\u003c/a>, a controller-free gaming add-on to the Xbox 360. The Kinect is similar to the Nintendo Wii in that it relies on the players movement to engage with the game. Unlike the Wii, the Kinect does not require the player to use a handheld device, instead relying on a natural user interface using gesture and spoken commands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kinect works by emitting beams of infrared light and measuring the time it takes for the light to reflect off of objects in the scene and return to the infrared camera. It encodes information in the infrared light and as some of that information is returned, and altered, it allows the Kinect to create a more accurate image of the 3D-objects' texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology was intriguing enough that many hackers and DIY enthusiasts began to hack the Kinect and see how they could modify its sensors and output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hacking isn't always about tearing a device apart and re-engineering it. Hacking also includes using a device in an unexpected way, revealing new features and uses. In that spirit, Bay Area photographer, Audrey Penven, created a series of beautiful photographs that take advantage of the Kinect's infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11156\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg 683w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1-400x600.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her photographic series, Dancing with Invisible Light, Penven explains her inspiration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"With these images I was exploring the unique photographic possibilities presented by using a Microsoft Kinect as a light source. The Kinect - an inexpensive videogame peripheral - projects a pattern of infrared dots known as \"structured light\". Invisible to the eye, this pattern can be captured using an infrared camera. The Kinect uses the deformation of this dot pattern to derive 3D information about its subjects (an ability which has already spawned an explosion of incredible digital art).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a photographer I am most interested in the nature and quality of light: how light behaves in the physical world, and how it interacts with and affects the subjects that it illuminates. For this shoot my models and I were essentially working blind, with the results visible only after each image was captured. Together, we explored the unique physicality of structured light, finding our way in the darkness by touch and intuition. Dancing with invisible light.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/audreypenven/sets/72157625454305998/with/5197391931/\">Visit Penven's Flickr page\u003c/a> to view all her photos (some NSFW).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But hacking isn't always about tearing a device apart and re-engineering it. Hacking also includes using a device in an unexpected way, revealing new features and uses. In that spirit, Bay Area photographer, Audrey Penven, created a series of beautiful photographs that take advantage of the Kinect's infrared light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-11156\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1.jpg 683w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/5197391931_31ce88123b_b1-400x600.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In her photographic series, Dancing with Invisible Light, Penven explains her inspiration:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"With these images I was exploring the unique photographic possibilities presented by using a Microsoft Kinect as a light source. The Kinect - an inexpensive videogame peripheral - projects a pattern of infrared dots known as \"structured light\". Invisible to the eye, this pattern can be captured using an infrared camera. The Kinect uses the deformation of this dot pattern to derive 3D information about its subjects (an ability which has already spawned an explosion of incredible digital art).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a photographer I am most interested in the nature and quality of light: how light behaves in the physical world, and how it interacts with and affects the subjects that it illuminates. For this shoot my models and I were essentially working blind, with the results visible only after each image was captured. Together, we explored the unique physicality of structured light, finding our way in the darkness by touch and intuition. Dancing with invisible light.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/audreypenven/sets/72157625454305998/with/5197391931/\">Visit Penven's Flickr page\u003c/a> to view all her photos (some NSFW).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "5 Great Gifts for the DIY Gadget Enthusiast",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/bulbdial3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Bulbdial Clock show you the time in shadows.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Thanksgiving creeping up on us this Thursday, we are officially entering holiday gift buying territory. If you're wondering what to get the DIY enthusiast in your life, here are some great suggestions, all made or supported by local Bay Area companies:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TV-B-GONE\u003c/strong>: Probably one of the most fun kits to put together! Invented by local Bay Area maker, Mitch Altman, this allows you to turn off any TV within range. This kit takes less than an hour to build and provides endless entertainment! Kits are under $30 and can be purchased \u003ca href=\"http://www.tvbgone.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bulbdial Clock\u003c/strong>: Sunnyvale's Evil Mad Science has put together this kit which works just like an indoor sundial, but with three shadows of different colors to represent, seconds, hours and minutes. These kits start at $65 and go up depending on the components you'll want to include. Evil Mad Science has quite a few kits and projects that are accessible for beginners as well as more experienced electronics fans. Learn more about what they offer\u003ca href=\"http://evilmadscience.com/tinykitlist/156\"> here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retro Scanner\u003c/strong>: Completely new to soldering and looking for an easy kit to get started with? Look no further than Applied Platonics' Retro Scanner. Developed by San Francisco maker, Josh Myer, this kit takes roughly an hour to put together, and comes with comprehensive instructions to guide you each step of the way. When complete, you'll have a cool set of blinking lights to show off. The Retro Scanner starts at $15. \u003ca href=\"http://appliedplatonics.com/scanner/\">Check it out\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monkeylectric LED Bike Lighting\u003c/strong>: If there's a cyclist in your life, this gift will delight. Designed by Monkey Lectric in Berkeley, their LED Bike kit will light up the spoke of your wheels in an array of pre-programmed designs and colors. These kits are plug and play, so there's no configuration on your part. Simply use the board's interface to select a design, affix it to your wheel and ride! These lights \u003ca href=\"http://store.monkeylectric.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=m133s\">start at $65\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LED Menora, Christmas Tree and Yule Logs\u003c/strong>: Want to get into the spirit of the season? Holiday kits are all the rage and the\u003ca href=\"http://www.makershed.com/\"> Makershed\u003c/a> sells them all!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Retro Scanner\u003c/strong>: Completely new to soldering and looking for an easy kit to get started with? Look no further than Applied Platonics' Retro Scanner. Developed by San Francisco maker, Josh Myer, this kit takes roughly an hour to put together, and comes with comprehensive instructions to guide you each step of the way. When complete, you'll have a cool set of blinking lights to show off. The Retro Scanner starts at $15. \u003ca href=\"http://appliedplatonics.com/scanner/\">Check it out\u003c/a>!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Monkeylectric LED Bike Lighting\u003c/strong>: If there's a cyclist in your life, this gift will delight. Designed by Monkey Lectric in Berkeley, their LED Bike kit will light up the spoke of your wheels in an array of pre-programmed designs and colors. These kits are plug and play, so there's no configuration on your part. Simply use the board's interface to select a design, affix it to your wheel and ride! These lights \u003ca href=\"http://store.monkeylectric.com/ProductDetails.asp?ProductCode=m133s\">start at $65\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LED Menora, Christmas Tree and Yule Logs\u003c/strong>: Want to get into the spirit of the season? Holiday kits are all the rage and the\u003ca href=\"http://www.makershed.com/\"> Makershed\u003c/a> sells them all!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tiny Satellites Give NASA Big Returns",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_471486main_OOREOS-Render2-PADOM-Deployed_800-60031.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A computer-generated image of the O/OREOS nanosatellite. (Credit: NASA Ames Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t your typical satellite. At 12 pounds and the size of a box of Saltine crackers, the ‘nanosatellite’ was built by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View with a mix of custom-made and commercially available, off-the-shelf parts in just 18 months. The cost: nearly $3 million – less than one percent of the cost of a traditional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/oreos/main/index.html\">The mission\u003c/a> is designed to help reveal how biological materials respond to space conditions. But perhaps as important, it also will allow engineers to further test the capabilities of a new generation of tiny, cheaper satellites that could change the next generation of space exploration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can do 80 percent of the mission at 20 percent of cost, you can do more with these smaller spacecrafts,” said Bruce Yost, mission manager of Friday’s launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third nanosatellite mission for NASA Ames, which is the only one of 10 NASA centers in the United States to have its own office dedicated to nanosatellite research and development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a larger trend is gathering momentum. Since 1999, 20 nanosatellites have been launched by American universities, the U.S. military and NASA. At least 80 universities around the world are currently developing nanosatellites. And in February, NASA announced a new initiative to launch at least 20 nanosatellites on four spacecrafts in the next two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yost cited “three perfect storms” that allowed tiny satellites to flourish: the miniaturization of electronic components, the proof that nanosatellites could be used to do science experiments in space and the ability to build them quickly at low cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_469848main_AD10-0128-038_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The O/OREOS nanosatellite with one solar panel removed, exposing the electronics and the two science experiment compartments. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To streamline their construction, the majority of these satellites feature a cube-shaped design, a standard that was developed in 1999 by Bob Twiggs, an engineering professor at Stanford University in Palo Alto, and Jordi Puig-Suari at California State Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went and looked for something that would resemble what this satellite would be and I bought a four-inch box. And those four-inch boxes were actually for beanie babies,” said Bob Twiggs in a 2009 interview with KQED Public Radio. His prototype for the ‘CubeSat’ led to an open-source blueprint that any university can follow to build a nanosatellite that can easily be mounted onto a rocket or larger satellite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nanosatellite is between two and 22 pounds. While that sounds small, there is actually a smaller class of satellites – picosatellites – that weigh less than two pounds. In comparison, a typical NASA satellite weighs several thousand pounds and can be the size of a school bus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, engineering students at Stanford’s Space and Systems Development Lab have built four nanosatellites, including one that NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory hopes to launch to test a new radio transponder device. Talks between Twiggs and John Hines, a NASA Ames official, also sparked the idea to use for the first time nanosatellites to do biological experiments in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/2007/genesat1.html\">GeneSat\u003c/a>, which launched in 2006, was the first such mission, allowing scientists to monitor the growth rates and gene expression of E. coli bacteria in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Friday’s launch, known as the “Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses” mission, or “O/OREOS” for short, scientists at NASA Ames hope to build on what they learned from GeneSat to further push the limits of nanosatellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary goal is to show that the technology works and that we have the tools that enable us to do new science. And if we get new science out of it, that is a huge bonus,” said Tony Ricco, the instrument technologist on the O/OREOS mission and a former director of the National Center for Space Biological Technologies at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_469872main_AD10-0128-062_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers inspect the O/OREOS spacecraft’s interface with the satellite deployment system. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The O/OREOS satellite consists of three aluminum cubes fused together. One compartment serves as the brains, with lithium-ion batteries, a computer chip microprocessor and a $350 wireless radio found in a household phone to communicate with the satellite. The other two compartments contain live, biological samples and organic molecules that will be subjected to high-energy charged particles, gamma rays, UV light rays and the temperature extremes of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria and biological molecules will be subjected to 75,000 times more radiation than a person is exposed to on a six-hour transatlantic flight. “It’s almost impossible to replicate that space environment on Earth,” said Yost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also the first time two independent science experiments will be conducted in space aboard a nanosatellite traveling at such a high orbit, 400 miles above Earth’s surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the experiments contains two kinds of bacteria, including one commonly found in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing with it is that it is capable of forming a hard outer shell coating around it, which allows it to survive in harsh environments, like droughts. That’s why it was chosen - to see if bacteria could be transported between planets on meteorites,” said Yost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second experiment will monitor the degradation and change of four classes of organic molecules, including an amino acid and another molecule, iron porphyrin, which is similar to the oxygen-carrying protein in human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked that because it’s a biologically relevant molecule. It is a sign that there could be life out there,” said Ricco. “If we had a space mission that went to an asteroid that was in the vicinity of Earth, and we found a porphyrin compound, how long could it have been there? The idea is to figure out what the lifetime of those molecules is and as they degrade, what else they become.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bacteria feed on a nutrient solution, an on-board detector will measure the rate of growth and death in the bacteria for six months and beam the data down to the mission control center at Santa Clara University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to find a room full of grizzled NASA astrophysicists and engineers pecking away at keyboards and barking commands. The mission control team consists of two dozen graduate and undergraduate engineering students in the \u003ca href=\"http://rsl.engr.scu.edu/\">robotics lab \u003c/a>of mechanical engineering professor Chris Kitts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are sending the commands to the satellites, looking at the data, doing the analysis on the data and handing it to the science team,” said Kitts. “And all the equipment that we use to do this is student developed, including the communication stations and the software to track and communicate with the satellite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitts and his students have worked on NASA Ames nanosatellite missions since 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few other universities that do portions of operations with NASA, but we provide all the ground infrastructure and communication stations,” he said. “We are the only university in the country that does the entire mission operations on a NASA mission and to have it be student-run is amazing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_SCUMOC_640x4801.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Students at the mission control center at Santa Clara University. (Credit: Mike Rasay)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students receive academic credit for their involvement in the missions and a rare opportunity for real-world flight experience on a NASA mission. Four of Kitts’ former students have gone on to work at NASA Ames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another driver for NASA to contract out mission control work to Santa Clara University. The amount of money Santa Clara University has received from NASA Ames to oversee the mission operations is less than the salary of one full-time NASA mission control engineer. By working with the university, NASA Ames enjoys access to SCU’s equipment, software and a staff of dozens of bright, motivated students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we do this even better in the future?” said Yost. “By working with them, we have a way to understand the next generation of systems, and we can tap into all this brain power over there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Bica is a senior at Santa Clara University who has been working on the mission since the summer. She is writing software that will allow amateur astronomers and ham radio enthusiasts to track the tiny satellite and \u003ca href=\"http://ooreos.engr.scu.edu/dashboard.htm\">to share data with the mission control crew\u003c/a> on its solar panel activity, battery power and other facets. The public’s involvement means that the students can maximize the amount of data that is sent via radio signals from the O/OREOS spacecraft as it orbits Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bica said the mission offers her an exciting opportunity to leapfrog from the walls of academia to the infinite expanse of space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now I can apply my major on a much bigger scale and do work that people all over the world can see,” she said. “Being involved in the robotics lab and this project has opened my eyes to different applications of computer engineering.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_467086main_ACD09-0262-006_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers perform software tests to simulate the O/OREOS mission. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their small size, nanosatellites can do more than science experiments with live biological samples. According to Ricco, nanosatellites can be used for telecommunications, to study the upper part of Earth’s atmosphere, to conduct astronomy experiments and even to image coral reefs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although these small satellites offer big potential despite their diminutive size, their larger, more robust counterparts still will remain in high demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They won't replace the larger satellites,” said Ricco. “There are science experiments and missions that require a large volume and a large mass to do what needs to be done. But the clever way to do it is to be aware of platforms of all sizes and understand the small satellites and use them where they make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, NASA officials view nanosatellites as an increasingly important way to get to space cheaper, faster and tackle fundamental questions about the origins of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In 10 to 20 years, I see frequent and routine access to space for nanosatellites performing on levels we only see in large satellites or ground based systems today,” said Jason Crusan of the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the trend will continue. NASA Ames plans to launch MisST, a nanosatellite that will send even more complex living organisms into space – tiny roundworms – and beam microscope pictures of them down to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_471486main_OOREOS-Render2-PADOM-Deployed_800-60031.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A computer-generated image of the O/OREOS nanosatellite. (Credit: NASA Ames Research Center)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, a NASA satellite hitched a ride aboard a U.S. Air Force rocket that launched into space from Kodiak Island, Alaska. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t your typical satellite. At 12 pounds and the size of a box of Saltine crackers, the ‘nanosatellite’ was built by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> in Mountain View with a mix of custom-made and commercially available, off-the-shelf parts in just 18 months. The cost: nearly $3 million – less than one percent of the cost of a traditional satellite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/smallsats/oreos/main/index.html\">The mission\u003c/a> is designed to help reveal how biological materials respond to space conditions. But perhaps as important, it also will allow engineers to further test the capabilities of a new generation of tiny, cheaper satellites that could change the next generation of space exploration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you can do 80 percent of the mission at 20 percent of cost, you can do more with these smaller spacecrafts,” said Bruce Yost, mission manager of Friday’s launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the third nanosatellite mission for NASA Ames, which is the only one of 10 NASA centers in the United States to have its own office dedicated to nanosatellite research and development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a larger trend is gathering momentum. Since 1999, 20 nanosatellites have been launched by American universities, the U.S. military and NASA. At least 80 universities around the world are currently developing nanosatellites. And in February, NASA announced a new initiative to launch at least 20 nanosatellites on four spacecrafts in the next two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yost cited “three perfect storms” that allowed tiny satellites to flourish: the miniaturization of electronic components, the proof that nanosatellites could be used to do science experiments in space and the ability to build them quickly at low cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_469848main_AD10-0128-038_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The O/OREOS nanosatellite with one solar panel removed, exposing the electronics and the two science experiment compartments. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To streamline their construction, the majority of these satellites feature a cube-shaped design, a standard that was developed in 1999 by Bob Twiggs, an engineering professor at Stanford University in Palo Alto, and Jordi Puig-Suari at California State Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went and looked for something that would resemble what this satellite would be and I bought a four-inch box. And those four-inch boxes were actually for beanie babies,” said Bob Twiggs in a 2009 interview with KQED Public Radio. His prototype for the ‘CubeSat’ led to an open-source blueprint that any university can follow to build a nanosatellite that can easily be mounted onto a rocket or larger satellite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nanosatellite is between two and 22 pounds. While that sounds small, there is actually a smaller class of satellites – picosatellites – that weigh less than two pounds. In comparison, a typical NASA satellite weighs several thousand pounds and can be the size of a school bus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, engineering students at Stanford’s Space and Systems Development Lab have built four nanosatellites, including one that NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory hopes to launch to test a new radio transponder device. Talks between Twiggs and John Hines, a NASA Ames official, also sparked the idea to use for the first time nanosatellites to do biological experiments in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/2007/genesat1.html\">GeneSat\u003c/a>, which launched in 2006, was the first such mission, allowing scientists to monitor the growth rates and gene expression of E. coli bacteria in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Friday’s launch, known as the “Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses” mission, or “O/OREOS” for short, scientists at NASA Ames hope to build on what they learned from GeneSat to further push the limits of nanosatellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary goal is to show that the technology works and that we have the tools that enable us to do new science. And if we get new science out of it, that is a huge bonus,” said Tony Ricco, the instrument technologist on the O/OREOS mission and a former director of the National Center for Space Biological Technologies at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_469872main_AD10-0128-062_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers inspect the O/OREOS spacecraft’s interface with the satellite deployment system. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The O/OREOS satellite consists of three aluminum cubes fused together. One compartment serves as the brains, with lithium-ion batteries, a computer chip microprocessor and a $350 wireless radio found in a household phone to communicate with the satellite. The other two compartments contain live, biological samples and organic molecules that will be subjected to high-energy charged particles, gamma rays, UV light rays and the temperature extremes of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bacteria and biological molecules will be subjected to 75,000 times more radiation than a person is exposed to on a six-hour transatlantic flight. “It’s almost impossible to replicate that space environment on Earth,” said Yost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also the first time two independent science experiments will be conducted in space aboard a nanosatellite traveling at such a high orbit, 400 miles above Earth’s surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the experiments contains two kinds of bacteria, including one commonly found in dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The key thing with it is that it is capable of forming a hard outer shell coating around it, which allows it to survive in harsh environments, like droughts. That’s why it was chosen - to see if bacteria could be transported between planets on meteorites,” said Yost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second experiment will monitor the degradation and change of four classes of organic molecules, including an amino acid and another molecule, iron porphyrin, which is similar to the oxygen-carrying protein in human blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We picked that because it’s a biologically relevant molecule. It is a sign that there could be life out there,” said Ricco. “If we had a space mission that went to an asteroid that was in the vicinity of Earth, and we found a porphyrin compound, how long could it have been there? The idea is to figure out what the lifetime of those molecules is and as they degrade, what else they become.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the bacteria feed on a nutrient solution, an on-board detector will measure the rate of growth and death in the bacteria for six months and beam the data down to the mission control center at Santa Clara University. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don’t expect to find a room full of grizzled NASA astrophysicists and engineers pecking away at keyboards and barking commands. The mission control team consists of two dozen graduate and undergraduate engineering students in the \u003ca href=\"http://rsl.engr.scu.edu/\">robotics lab \u003c/a>of mechanical engineering professor Chris Kitts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our students are sending the commands to the satellites, looking at the data, doing the analysis on the data and handing it to the science team,” said Kitts. “And all the equipment that we use to do this is student developed, including the communication stations and the software to track and communicate with the satellite.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kitts and his students have worked on NASA Ames nanosatellite missions since 2004. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few other universities that do portions of operations with NASA, but we provide all the ground infrastructure and communication stations,” he said. “We are the only university in the country that does the entire mission operations on a NASA mission and to have it be student-run is amazing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_SCUMOC_640x4801.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Students at the mission control center at Santa Clara University. (Credit: Mike Rasay)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students receive academic credit for their involvement in the missions and a rare opportunity for real-world flight experience on a NASA mission. Four of Kitts’ former students have gone on to work at NASA Ames. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cost is another driver for NASA to contract out mission control work to Santa Clara University. The amount of money Santa Clara University has received from NASA Ames to oversee the mission operations is less than the salary of one full-time NASA mission control engineer. By working with the university, NASA Ames enjoys access to SCU’s equipment, software and a staff of dozens of bright, motivated students. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we do this even better in the future?” said Yost. “By working with them, we have a way to understand the next generation of systems, and we can tap into all this brain power over there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Bica is a senior at Santa Clara University who has been working on the mission since the summer. She is writing software that will allow amateur astronomers and ham radio enthusiasts to track the tiny satellite and \u003ca href=\"http://ooreos.engr.scu.edu/dashboard.htm\">to share data with the mission control crew\u003c/a> on its solar panel activity, battery power and other facets. The public’s involvement means that the students can maximize the amount of data that is sent via radio signals from the O/OREOS spacecraft as it orbits Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bica said the mission offers her an exciting opportunity to leapfrog from the walls of academia to the infinite expanse of space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now I can apply my major on a much bigger scale and do work that people all over the world can see,” she said. “Being involved in the robotics lab and this project has opened my eyes to different applications of computer engineering.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/2_NASA_Ames_OREOS_467086main_ACD09-0262-006_800-6001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA engineers perform software tests to simulate the O/OREOS mission. (Credit: NASA/Dominic Hart)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their small size, nanosatellites can do more than science experiments with live biological samples. According to Ricco, nanosatellites can be used for telecommunications, to study the upper part of Earth’s atmosphere, to conduct astronomy experiments and even to image coral reefs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although these small satellites offer big potential despite their diminutive size, their larger, more robust counterparts still will remain in high demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They won't replace the larger satellites,” said Ricco. “There are science experiments and missions that require a large volume and a large mass to do what needs to be done. But the clever way to do it is to be aware of platforms of all sizes and understand the small satellites and use them where they make sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, NASA officials view nanosatellites as an increasingly important way to get to space cheaper, faster and tackle fundamental questions about the origins of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In 10 to 20 years, I see frequent and routine access to space for nanosatellites performing on levels we only see in large satellites or ground based systems today,” said Jason Crusan of the NASA Space Operations Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011 the trend will continue. NASA Ames plans to launch MisST, a nanosatellite that will send even more complex living organisms into space – tiny roundworms – and beam microscope pictures of them down to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/HTTPS_Everywhere_new_logo1.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-10394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/HTTPS_Everywhere_new_logo1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>HTTPS Everywhere can help protect you while surfing the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Last month, a Firefox plugin called \u003ca href=\"http://codebutler.com/firesheep\">Firesheep\u003c/a> was released onto the web. It allows anyone on an unsecure Wi-Fi network to see when another person on that network is using a service like Facebook or Twitter, and hijack their login to appear as that user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firesheep was created by Eric Butler to highlight the lack of security on many websites (including popular ones like Google, Facebook and Twitter) and strongly encourage those companies to make their sites more secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does that mean for you? We've all become accustomed to seeing a lock appear on a website when we go through the checkout process. This indicates that the website is securely transmitting your credit card data data. Similarly your bank implements HTTPS across its site because that's vital to their business. But many other companies only implement HTTPS when you're logging into a site, but not for the duration of your visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often what happens is that during login a website will securely transmit your login information, but once you're logged in, your session is no longer secure. A cookie with your login information is saved on your browser so you don't need to keep logging in to browse. Every time you switch pages, that cookie information is transmitted to the web server. That's where Firesheep comes in. Firesheep steals your cookie information and allows another user to take over an account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Chris Palmer, director of technology for the San Francisco based \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/\">Electronic Frontier Foundation \u003c/a>about Firesheep, HTTPS and web security:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Why do we need HTTPS anyhow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: Because it's the best available protocol for web applications that provides any security at all. Remember, HTTPS is the bare minimum baseline for web security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: If it's so vital, why haven't websites focused more on implementing HTTPS across their sites?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: There are several reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. If they are aware of the problem at all, web app developers continue to believe, incorrectly, that passive and/or active network attacks are difficult, expensive, and/or rare. In fact, passive and active network attacks are (and have been for some time; nevermind Firesheep) cheap, easy, and not uncommon. Therefore, developers don't realize they need to seek a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Developers and business people incorrectly believe that \"encryption is computationally expensive\", and that therefore deploying HTTPS would require vastly more server resources. In fact, symmetric encryption performs on par with functions like compression that are universally understood to be affordable; web applications are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output\">I/O-bound\u003c/a>, not CPU-bound; and most web sites pay an I/O cost far higher than necessary. Although HTTPS does incur some additional network I/O, most HTTP sites do more (or much more) network I/O than is necessary --- thus, HTTPS is not the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is that, if operators really do care about cost and performance, they can tune their sites to be faster and cheaper to run even with HTTPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Is it technically challenging to implement HTTPS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: Not inherently. However, sites that have accumulated \"technical debt\" may have a high cost of change. The cost is not specific to HTTPS; technically indebted software always has a high cost for ANY change. Developers who labor for 5 - 10 years under the belief that HTTP is secure will have embedded that assumption into the core of their software, and un-doing the mistake can be expensive. But again, that is not specific to HTTPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: There has recently been talk of \u003ca href=\"http://www.zscaler.com/blacksheep.html\">Blacksheep\u003c/a>, a browser plugin that alerts users when someone on the same network is using Firesheep. Does this offer protection from Firesheep?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Eric Butler, the creator of Firesheep, has opened a can of worms. Is this his fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: The worms were already legion and crawling around all over the place. Firesheep merely grabs some of the already-present worms and puts them in your cereal. The real problem is that site operators have chosen to pass on the risk of using the Internet to their users, by not deploying a minimum standard of safety engineering. We users, security experts, and security activists should make maximum use of the Firesheep brouhaha to pressure site operators to meet the minimum safety standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually using Firesheep on non-consenting people is of course unethical, but I would not put the blame for such misuse on the Firesheep developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: What can we do to protect ourselves while surfing the web on open Wi-Fi networks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> attempts to make maximal use of HTTPS for some sites that make HTTPS service available, and the latest release also secures the cookies for some sites. However, be aware that HTTPS Everywhere is necessarily limited; basically it is working in spite of site operators who have chosen not to deploy HTTPS correctly or completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why EFF, Access Now, and others urge people to contact site operators and demand HTTPS service. I would hold \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/blog/737-sidejack-prevention\">GitHub.com \u003c/a>up as an example of how operators should respond to the news that HTTP is unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/HTTPS_Everywhere_new_logo1.jpeg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-10394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/HTTPS_Everywhere_new_logo1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>HTTPS Everywhere can help protect you while surfing the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Last month, a Firefox plugin called \u003ca href=\"http://codebutler.com/firesheep\">Firesheep\u003c/a> was released onto the web. It allows anyone on an unsecure Wi-Fi network to see when another person on that network is using a service like Facebook or Twitter, and hijack their login to appear as that user.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firesheep was created by Eric Butler to highlight the lack of security on many websites (including popular ones like Google, Facebook and Twitter) and strongly encourage those companies to make their sites more secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what does that mean for you? We've all become accustomed to seeing a lock appear on a website when we go through the checkout process. This indicates that the website is securely transmitting your credit card data data. Similarly your bank implements HTTPS across its site because that's vital to their business. But many other companies only implement HTTPS when you're logging into a site, but not for the duration of your visit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often what happens is that during login a website will securely transmit your login information, but once you're logged in, your session is no longer secure. A cookie with your login information is saved on your browser so you don't need to keep logging in to browse. Every time you switch pages, that cookie information is transmitted to the web server. That's where Firesheep comes in. Firesheep steals your cookie information and allows another user to take over an account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I spoke with Chris Palmer, director of technology for the San Francisco based \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/\">Electronic Frontier Foundation \u003c/a>about Firesheep, HTTPS and web security:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Why do we need HTTPS anyhow?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: Because it's the best available protocol for web applications that provides any security at all. Remember, HTTPS is the bare minimum baseline for web security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: If it's so vital, why haven't websites focused more on implementing HTTPS across their sites?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: There are several reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. If they are aware of the problem at all, web app developers continue to believe, incorrectly, that passive and/or active network attacks are difficult, expensive, and/or rare. In fact, passive and active network attacks are (and have been for some time; nevermind Firesheep) cheap, easy, and not uncommon. Therefore, developers don't realize they need to seek a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Developers and business people incorrectly believe that \"encryption is computationally expensive\", and that therefore deploying HTTPS would require vastly more server resources. In fact, symmetric encryption performs on par with functions like compression that are universally understood to be affordable; web applications are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output\">I/O-bound\u003c/a>, not CPU-bound; and most web sites pay an I/O cost far higher than necessary. Although HTTPS does incur some additional network I/O, most HTTP sites do more (or much more) network I/O than is necessary --- thus, HTTPS is not the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is that, if operators really do care about cost and performance, they can tune their sites to be faster and cheaper to run even with HTTPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Is it technically challenging to implement HTTPS?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: Not inherently. However, sites that have accumulated \"technical debt\" may have a high cost of change. The cost is not specific to HTTPS; technically indebted software always has a high cost for ANY change. Developers who labor for 5 - 10 years under the belief that HTTP is secure will have embedded that assumption into the core of their software, and un-doing the mistake can be expensive. But again, that is not specific to HTTPS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: There has recently been talk of \u003ca href=\"http://www.zscaler.com/blacksheep.html\">Blacksheep\u003c/a>, a browser plugin that alerts users when someone on the same network is using Firesheep. Does this offer protection from Firesheep?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: No.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: Eric Butler, the creator of Firesheep, has opened a can of worms. Is this his fault?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: The worms were already legion and crawling around all over the place. Firesheep merely grabs some of the already-present worms and puts them in your cereal. The real problem is that site operators have chosen to pass on the risk of using the Internet to their users, by not deploying a minimum standard of safety engineering. We users, security experts, and security activists should make maximum use of the Firesheep brouhaha to pressure site operators to meet the minimum safety standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually using Firesheep on non-consenting people is of course unethical, but I would not put the blame for such misuse on the Firesheep developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LK: What can we do to protect ourselves while surfing the web on open Wi-Fi networks?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CP: \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> attempts to make maximal use of HTTPS for some sites that make HTTPS service available, and the latest release also secures the cookies for some sites. However, be aware that HTTPS Everywhere is necessarily limited; basically it is working in spite of site operators who have chosen not to deploy HTTPS correctly or completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why EFF, Access Now, and others urge people to contact site operators and demand HTTPS service. I would hold \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/blog/737-sidejack-prevention\">GitHub.com \u003c/a>up as an example of how operators should respond to the news that HTTP is unsafe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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