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"content": "\u003cp>Later this year, an iconic instrument of science returns to the sea: Alvin, the submersible that captured the first images of the Titanic wreck and discovered countless new species in exotic places like hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean technology has come a long way since Alvin made its first dive in 1964. Increasingly, scientists rely on robots, rather than manned submarines such as Alvin, to explore the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when humans no longer put themselves at risk in the ocean depths, do we lose the thrill of exploration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The thrill, and the danger, of ocean exploration\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was 1991, Bob Vrijenhoek and another ocean researcher, Richard Lutz, were leading an expedition off the coast of Oregon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the last dive of the trip, and the stakes were high. In order to justify the steep expense of an Alvin expedition – some $30,000 a day -- they needed more samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39947\" title=\"AlvinHistory3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinHistory3-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; photo by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover, herself an ocean scientist who today leads Duke University’s Marine Laboratory, was Alvin's pilot that day. “We were looking for what we call seeps on the sea floor, places where we have these really dense populations of invertebrates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the search for clams, Alvin had been steadily skimming up mud from the ocean surface, 500 pounds of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists decided to head to a different spot. But when Van Dover pulled the thrusters to leave the floor, nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"We are not moving.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knew what was wrong. Alvin’s portholes face outward, not down, so there was no way of seeing all the mud on the bottom of the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39942\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39942\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/alvin_atlantis5_C_640.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The WHOI-operated research vessel Atlantis serves as support vessel for Alvin operations. During each recovery, two certified swimmers help bring the submersible back to the ship. Photo by Amy Nevala, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recalls Vrijenhoek, todaya senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. “they had no idea whether the sub was stuck in an old fisherman’s drift net, whether it was hung up on a cable? Or maybe a giant squid?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover radioed up to the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, here’s the situation,” she recalls saying, “I’m on the sea floor, I can’t get up off the bottom. I’ve tried the thrusters, I’ve dumped ballast water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all else failed, Van Dover and the others knew they had one last option. Alvin’s titanium sphere, which holds the passengers and life-support systems, is attached to the rest of the sub with a single screw. With the turn of a key, Van Dover could unbolt the screw, releasing the sphere – “like a ping pong ball,” as Vrijenhoek says – to float up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one had ever done this before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In consultation with the technicians on the ship above, Van Dover began dumping steel weights. Over the course of about an hour, 600 pounds of weights fell to the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alvin started to lift, dragging 500 pounds of useless mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39956\" title=\"AlvinUpgrades2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/AlvinUpgrades2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The romance of being there\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dover says she always knew they’d be ok. But this is one of those old science yarns that gets repeated over and over. It seems to sum up the adventure and the risk that deep ocean science is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of course, you’re cold and shivering and you haven’t gone to the bathroom in eight hours,” says Vrijenhoek, “but the experience is incredible. You’re sitting there with two miles of water above your head. It’s dangerous, romantic, it’s an adventure, it’s exciting. And I think the lure of it is what drew many of us into this and kept us there for years. It’s just an exciting thing to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this experience is increasingly rare. It’s a lot like what’s happened in space exploration: fewer astronauts, more machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago, Alvin was one of a small fleet of subs available to scientists. Several have been retired or sold. Two others, owned by the University of Hawaii, are \u003ca href=\"http://www.staradvertiser.com/s?action=login&f=y&id=149463615&id=149463615\">being threatened \u003c/a>by budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasingly, robots, not people, are exploring ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39949\" title=\"New_Sphere_Interior\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/New_Sphere_Interior-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Graphic by C.K. Hickey; illustration by \u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Meet the robots\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a warehouse in Alameda, California, Meghan Donohue, a technician for Scripps Institution of Oceanography, in San Diego, shows off a brand new remote operated vehicle, or ROV. It’s a robot, a little bigger than a refrigerator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 12-hour dive with the new ROV costs about a tenth of Alvin’s price. That’s because scientists don’t go underwater. They stay up above the waves in a converted 30-foot shipping container that can be lifted with a forklift onto the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39946\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/vent_new1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vent_new1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39946\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">MBARI's Ventana ROV has six zoom cameras and can reach depths of over a mile. (Image courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Inside the container, two office chairs face a wall of computer monitors. Joysticks control the robots movements, as well as a mechanical arm that can be used to pick up samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a calm day, you might forget you’re on a boat. It feels like the windowless office of a used car lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the thrill gone?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, to a lot of people, this might sound like a bit of a let down. Instead of looking through a porthole, you’re looking at it through computer monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to Bruce Appelgate, a researcher at Scripps and head of its ship program, it’s obvious: ROVs are just better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can return much more data, better observations, give more people opportunities than you can with a submersible. It’s really a no brainer,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nFaster, Cheaper, Safer\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ROV work is vastly less expensive than booking a trip on Alvin. Because ROVs are tethered to the ship, they're less reliant on battery power, and can stay down for 12-hour stretches, or longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At MBARI, in Moss Landing, California, two large-scale scientific ROVs have been exploring ocean depths and making discoveries for years. One of them, the ROV Ventana, has completed more dives than any ROV in the world: 3,600 dives since its purchase in 1989. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, both at MBARI and other research centers, cite the benefit of collaboration that ROV work allows. Freed from the space limitations of a tiny submersible, an ROV research team might include half a dozen scientists -- for example, a biologist, geologist and chemist, all looking at the same site through the ROVs monitors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an ROV’s high-definition cameras allow for better observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39944\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"controlroom_reynoldssherlockvonthun1_620\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39944\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside an ROV control room. (Photo courtesy of MBARI.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“On the Alvin, you're limited to just a few degrees out of a small porthole,” says Appelgate. “Compare that with an HD video broadcast that you can pan and zoom. It's night and day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the romance?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get wistful thinking about the days when I used to sniff mimeographs in third grade,” he says, laughing. “Well we don't use that technology anymore, either.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course science is more than technology. It has to be inspiring. Kids need to get excited about exploration, so that they’ll grow up and do more science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Just look at James Cameron.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cindy Van Dover wonders if robots can really have that effect. Look, she says, at filmmaker James Cameron, who made a \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120325-james-cameron-mariana-trench-challenger-deepest-returns-science-sub/\">much-publicized dive\u003c/a> to the deepest part of the ocean back in March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40040\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/osedax_scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Osedax roseus on whale bone - 1018-m whalefall\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40040\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Vrijenhoek and his team used MBARI's ROV \"Tiburon\" to discover the osedax worm, which thrive on the bones of whale carcasses on the ocean floor. Each female worm contains 30-100 microscopic male worms.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After all, she says, robots had already made that dive. Outside of the scientific community, few people noticed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why was everyone so excited about Cameron being the third person to get to the bottom of the Challenger Deep? It’s that he was there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another concern is funding. Without popular excitement, it’s harder for scientists to get grants for their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Humans are meant to adventure and explore,\" says Vrijenhoek, \"and if we just do this with machines, well, that's fine, science progresses well and happily. But once you put human beings in the picture, then the popular opinion and popular support for it changes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists do still have Alvin. In fact, in December, the sub returns from a two-year upgrade. Built in 1964 to withstand depths of eight thousand feet, the new and improved Alvin will soon be able to sink 21 thousand feet – that’s four miles beneath the ocean surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, robots may be making most of the dives. But a lucky few scientists will go deeper than ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39648\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robo-squirrel, the robotic squirrel in the hills of San Jose. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area may be the high-tech capital of the nation, but increasingly, biologists working at some of the area’s universities are turning to technology, too. The game-changing field of “bio-robotics” is opening a new window onto animal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be seen in the hills high above San Jose, where there’s a timeless battle going on between predator and prey - California ground squirrels and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.o.oreganus.html\">Northern Pacific rattlesnakes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rulon Clark, a biologist at San Diego State University, is studying this unique interaction at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve. As he shows me the field site, he warns me that the grassy hills are chock full of rattlesnakes. “Just try to watch where you’re stepping,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark and his team monitor these snakes with web cameras set up outside their underground burrows – sort of like rattlesnake reality TV. They also capture snakes and give them radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H0hyursVxG0]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. This happens faster than humans can react, so it looks like the cockroach disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says this isn’t just a good escape trick. “We use a lot of the principles we discover to inspire the design of the next generation of robots.“ He called up his engineering colleague Ron Fearing and asked, “can we demonstrate the agility of small robots by trying to do a behavior like this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enlisted DASH, a robotic cockroach. It’s about four inches long and is made of a paper exoskeleton. It runs about the same speed as a cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another high-speed video, the robotic cockroach does the same trick, flipping around a ledge with the help of a Velcro pad. Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP-v1z2prg8]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. The robotic cockroaches also serve as physical models, teaching them about the mechanics of real roaches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says technology and robotics are reshaping the field of biology. “Now you have the capability easily of high speed cameras, of remote monitoring, of just seeing thing at the organism level in the lab and in the field. Now, you have new hypotheses that you couldn’t possibly have before.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-18-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39648\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/robosquirrel-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-39648\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robo-squirrel, the robotic squirrel in the hills of San Jose. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area may be the high-tech capital of the nation, but increasingly, biologists working at some of the area’s universities are turning to technology, too. The game-changing field of “bio-robotics” is opening a new window onto animal behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can be seen in the hills high above San Jose, where there’s a timeless battle going on between predator and prey - California ground squirrels and \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiaherps.com/snakes/pages/c.o.oreganus.html\">Northern Pacific rattlesnakes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rulon Clark, a biologist at San Diego State University, is studying this unique interaction at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve. As he shows me the field site, he warns me that the grassy hills are chock full of rattlesnakes. “Just try to watch where you’re stepping,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark and his team monitor these snakes with web cameras set up outside their underground burrows – sort of like rattlesnake reality TV. They also capture snakes and give them radio tags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the signal, Clark tracks a male snake named Vader (one of several Star Wars-named snakes) to a small patch of grass that looks rattlesnake-free -- until Clark points out a colored marker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “See that little splash of pink? That’s his rattle segment,” he says. “He’s really hard to make out. This is a stereotypical ambush posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coiled rattlesnake is waiting for ground squirrels, which run all over these hills eating seeds and grass. “They’re like a loaded gun. They’re just ready to launch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Squirrels and Snakes Nose to Nose\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have a powerful sense of smell and heat-sensitive vision. They strike and inject deadly venom in half a second flat. Against a predator like that, most animals would run away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our tendency for snakes is to get out of there, right? But the squirrels, they’ll cautiously approach,” says Clark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels stand their ground, inching closer to a coiled snake. They do a strange dance, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NQWDv3XSWE\">waving their tails\u003c/a> back and forth rapidly. “They’ll tail flag – that’s this anti-snake display that they give,” Clark says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The squirrels also pump blood to their tails, increasing the temperature a few degrees. Amazingly, they only do this with rattlesnakes, which can detect the heat. Clark says these squirrel tricks seem to work – the snakes tend to give up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/H0hyursVxG0'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This tail-flagging has co-evolved with the snakes into a signal of sorts,” Clark says. But exactly what the signals are in this complex predator-prey dialogue is hard to study. So, Clark is enlisting a special agent, named “robo-squirrel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Robo-squirrel is an actual ground squirrel that’s taxidermied so it’s hollow inside,” says Clark. Built by engineers at UC Davis, the robot has a mechanical tail that moves back and forth and heats up, just like a live squirrel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robo-squirrel moves towards a snake on a track and Clark cues different versions of the squirrel dance so he can study the snake’s response. Does it bite or back off? Clark says this kind of technology has changed the way biologists study animal communication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But squirrels aren’t the only animals going high-tech...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Six-Legged Disappearing Act\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think cockroaches are also disgusting, like most people do, but they have a lot of secrets,” says \u003ca href=\"http://polypedal.berkeley.edu/twiki/bin/view/PolyPEDAL/WebHome\">Robert Full\u003c/a>, a biology professor at UC Berkeley. He studies how cockroaches get around so well and lately, he’s been trying to understand how these crafty critters seem to vanish as soon as you get close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full shows me a high-speed video of a cockroach running off a platform. “So they run really fast to the end of the ledge and hook their hind legs on like grappling hooks,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/dash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SONY DSC\" width=\"310\" height=\"213\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39655\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DASH, the robotic cockroach at UC Berkeley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The cockroach grabs the edge, flips over, and holds on to the bottom of ledge upside-down. This happens faster than humans can react, so it looks like the cockroach disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says this isn’t just a good escape trick. “We use a lot of the principles we discover to inspire the design of the next generation of robots.“ He called up his engineering colleague Ron Fearing and asked, “can we demonstrate the agility of small robots by trying to do a behavior like this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They enlisted DASH, a robotic cockroach. It’s about four inches long and is made of a paper exoskeleton. It runs about the same speed as a cockroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another high-speed video, the robotic cockroach does the same trick, flipping around a ledge with the help of a Velcro pad. Full says this kind of agility could help them build robots for real world situations, like helping emergency responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EP-v1z2prg8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you really want to make search and rescue robots that can go into rubble. Imagine something from an explosion or a tornado or an earthquake, then you’re going to need something far more maneuverable than we have now,” Full says. The robotic cockroaches also serve as physical models, teaching them about the mechanics of real roaches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full says technology and robotics are reshaping the field of biology. “Now you have the capability easily of high speed cameras, of remote monitoring, of just seeing thing at the organism level in the lab and in the field. Now, you have new hypotheses that you couldn’t possibly have before.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39179\" title=\"KQED Science Icon 640 x 360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether we're delving into the mysterious lives of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\">banana slugs\u003c/a> or explaining the complexity of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/index.jsp\">water and power issues\u003c/a> in California, we hope that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/science/\">KQED Science\u003c/a> -- through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest\">QUEST\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">Climate Watch\u003c/a> -- has become your trusted source of engaging science, nature and environment stories. While we bring you comprehensive news coverage every week, we'd also like to put the spotlight onto our KQED Science fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We invite you to share how you're passionate about science by answering the following questions. Please email your answers to \u003ca href=\"mailto:questeditor@kqed.org\">questeditor@kqed.org\u003c/a> and include a high-resolution photo of yourself that shows you participating in your favorite science or nature-related activity. If we select your questionnaire, we'll feature your responses in a blog post and share them on our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/community/socialmedia.jsp\">social media networks\u003c/a>. We look forward to hearing from you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u003cstrong>KQED Science Fan Spotlight Questionnaire\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2) Occupation\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3) Where do you live? (City & State or Country)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>4) What aspects of science and/or environment are you passionate about?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>5) Who is one of your science heroes?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>6) Share a recommendation: it could be a book, film, article, blog, magazine, program, institution or individual that sparks your interest in science.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>7) What’s your hope for the future of science?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>*****Note: You must be 18 years or older to participate. \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39179\" title=\"KQED Science Icon 640 x 360\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/KQED-Science-Icon-640-x-360-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether we're delving into the mysterious lives of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\">banana slugs\u003c/a> or explaining the complexity of \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/waterandpower/index.jsp\">water and power issues\u003c/a> in California, we hope that \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/science/\">KQED Science\u003c/a> -- through \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest\">QUEST\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">Climate Watch\u003c/a> -- has become your trusted source of engaging science, nature and environment stories. While we bring you comprehensive news coverage every week, we'd also like to put the spotlight onto our KQED Science fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We invite you to share how you're passionate about science by answering the following questions. Please email your answers to \u003ca href=\"mailto:questeditor@kqed.org\">questeditor@kqed.org\u003c/a> and include a high-resolution photo of yourself that shows you participating in your favorite science or nature-related activity. If we select your questionnaire, we'll feature your responses in a blog post and share them on our \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/community/socialmedia.jsp\">social media networks\u003c/a>. We look forward to hearing from you!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">\u003cstrong>KQED Science Fan Spotlight Questionnaire\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1) Name\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ford Focus Electric Hits the Market With Faster Charging Times",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-electric-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamone Pass. \" title=\"focus-electric-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamont Pass. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The all-electric Nissan Leaf first went on sale in December 2010. Until a couple of weeks ago, the Leaf had been the only EV available to U.S. consumers from a major automaker. That changed in mid-May when, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/18/us-ford-focus-idUSBRE84H19N20120518\">report by Reuters\u003c/a>, Ford started shipping the 2012 Focus Electric to dealers. At last, car shoppers are able to compare the design and features of competing relatively affordable all-electric models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford reported its very first month of sales of the Focus Electric: six units in May 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the car hit the market, in late April, I was able to spend a full week with the 2012 Ford Focus Electric—plenty of time to compare the first Detroit-made EV of the 21st century with the 2011 Nissan Leaf that serves as my usual daily ride. 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Ford wanted to make the Focus Electric as familiar and accessible as possible for mainstream car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-charging-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-charging-300.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Ford Focus Electric in Pleasanton, Calif.\" title=\"focus-charging-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charging the Ford Focus Electric for free, at a Walgreens in Pleasanton, Calif. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both cars have the telltale driving characteristics of an electric car: smooth, silent and brisk acceleration. I love that. The EV driving experience is so much better, that it makes driving a gas-powered car, even a hybrid, feel a lot less satisfying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf has more passenger and cargo space than the Focus Electric. But looking back at my week with the Focus EV, there’s one compelling feature that’s lacking in the Leaf. The battery-powered Focus uses a 6.6-kilowatt onboard charger, while the Leaf carries a charger rated at 3.3 kilowatts. In functional terms, that means the Focus Electric adds about 20 miles of range for every hour that it’s hooked up to a 220v charger, while the Leaf only adds 10 miles of range per hour of charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was reminded of the benefits of the faster charger when I was recently coming home in my Leaf. In one of the very few experiences of range anxiety during my year with the EV, I was about five miles from home when the dashboard indicated that the car’s battery was nearly completely depleted. Luckily, the car also showed me on the dashboard map that I was blocks away from a public charging spot outside a Walgreens in Oakland. I decided to stop for an electricity top-off, just to make sure I would safely arrive home. That stop required a full 30 minutes. The job would have been finished in the Focus in just 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, when I had the Focus for my test drive, I used a Walgreens in Pleasanton to add 30-plus miles of range while grabbing a bite at a nearby fast food joint. Both public 220v charging stations were completely free, by the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2013 version of the Nissan Leaf reportedly will have the faster 6.6-kW charger. Until Nissan makes that change, the Focus Electric will have a key advantage over the Leaf.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39111\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-electric-640-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39111\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg\" alt=\"2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamone Pass. \" title=\"focus-electric-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39111\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-electric-6401-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">2012 Ford Focus Electric near the Altamont Pass. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The all-electric Nissan Leaf first went on sale in December 2010. Until a couple of weeks ago, the Leaf had been the only EV available to U.S. consumers from a major automaker. That changed in mid-May when, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/18/us-ford-focus-idUSBRE84H19N20120518\">report by Reuters\u003c/a>, Ford started shipping the 2012 Focus Electric to dealers. At last, car shoppers are able to compare the design and features of competing relatively affordable all-electric models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford reported its very first month of sales of the Focus Electric: six units in May 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the car hit the market, in late April, I was able to spend a full week with the 2012 Ford Focus Electric—plenty of time to compare the first Detroit-made EV of the 21st century with the 2011 Nissan Leaf that serves as my usual daily ride. I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/automobiles/autoreviews/the-battery-driven-car-just-got-a-lot-more-normal.html?pagewanted=all\">on assignment for The New York Times\u003c/a>. As I wrote in the paper, the most immediately striking difference between the two cars is how they look. While the Leaf exudes a Japanese gizmo aesthetic, the Focus Electric looks just like a regular Focus, which happens to be quite handsome. Ford wanted to make the Focus Electric as familiar and accessible as possible for mainstream car buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39110\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/06/ford-focus-electric-hits-the-market-with-faster-charging-times/focus-charging-300/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39110\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/focus-charging-300.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Ford Focus Electric in Pleasanton, Calif.\" title=\"focus-charging-300\" width=\"300\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39110\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charging the Ford Focus Electric for free, at a Walgreens in Pleasanton, Calif. (Photo by Bradley Berman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both cars have the telltale driving characteristics of an electric car: smooth, silent and brisk acceleration. I love that. The EV driving experience is so much better, that it makes driving a gas-powered car, even a hybrid, feel a lot less satisfying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Leaf has more passenger and cargo space than the Focus Electric. But looking back at my week with the Focus EV, there’s one compelling feature that’s lacking in the Leaf. The battery-powered Focus uses a 6.6-kilowatt onboard charger, while the Leaf carries a charger rated at 3.3 kilowatts. In functional terms, that means the Focus Electric adds about 20 miles of range for every hour that it’s hooked up to a 220v charger, while the Leaf only adds 10 miles of range per hour of charging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was reminded of the benefits of the faster charger when I was recently coming home in my Leaf. In one of the very few experiences of range anxiety during my year with the EV, I was about five miles from home when the dashboard indicated that the car’s battery was nearly completely depleted. Luckily, the car also showed me on the dashboard map that I was blocks away from a public charging spot outside a Walgreens in Oakland. I decided to stop for an electricity top-off, just to make sure I would safely arrive home. That stop required a full 30 minutes. The job would have been finished in the Focus in just 15 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, when I had the Focus for my test drive, I used a Walgreens in Pleasanton to add 30-plus miles of range while grabbing a bite at a nearby fast food joint. Both public 220v charging stations were completely free, by the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2013 version of the Nissan Leaf reportedly will have the faster 6.6-kW charger. Until Nissan makes that change, the Focus Electric will have a key advantage over the Leaf.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Diversity in the Valley: The NewME Accelerator (Part One)",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-04-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there is a founding belief to Silicon Valley, it’s this: the idea is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May’s Facebook IPO seemed like the perfect illustration. A simple idea, conceived by a college student, became a hundred-billion dollar empire in just eight years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you look around Silicon Valley, ideas all seem to be coming from the same kind of people. By one recent estimate, one percent of technology entrepreneurs were African American. Only eight percent of companies were founded by women. Mark Zuckerberg isn’t just a model of success in the Valley, he’s a blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program aims to change this by encouraging more women and minorities to launch companies. It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.newmeaccelerator.com/\">NewMe, for New Media Entrepreneurship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons, from Johns Creek Georgia, is one of the participants. Like a lot of people in Silicon Valley, he seems almost predestined for entrepreneurship. When he was 12, he started mowing lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/newme/20120525_NewME_CH8.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"845\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Interactive news package designed by C.K. Hickey, using photos taken by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would push my lawn mower up and down the hill with one hand and carry the rolling trash can for the other,” says Lyons. “I had over 30 lawns. Then I bought a John Deere tractor. By the time I was 16, I had two employees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, someone like this isn’t going to stay in John’s Creek forever. By the time he was 25, Lyons had set his sights on Silicon Valley. “I want to be in an area that nurtures strong willed, forward thinking, individuals,” he says. “And there's no better place than Silicon Valley or San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"It’s about how our brains are wired.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut when you look at Silicon Valley, especially at people who are starting businesses, few of them look like Chris Lyons, who is black. And that fact tends to perpetuate itself, says venture capitalist and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpfi.org/history\">diversity consultant\u003c/a> Freada Kapor Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t about being bigots, says Klein. “It isn’t about who’s mean spirited and who’s enlightened. It’s about how our brains are wired.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klein says it’s human nature: People tend to help people who look like them, and who come from the same backgrounds. She says it’s largely unconscious. “We’re not even aware of that hurdle we’ve put in the place of a different kind of entrepreneur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Klein and her husband, Mitch Kapor, are among the supporters for the NewME accelerator. Its founder and CEO is Angela Benton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For three months, seven “founders” as they’re called, shared a four-bedroom house in San Francisco’s Inner Sunset neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like Real World for geeks,” said Rachel Brooks, a stylish 25-year old from Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the founders has a business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons is the founder of \u003ca href=\"www.picturemenu.com\">PictureMenu\u003c/a>, which helps restaurants put their menus online. Rachel's company, \u003ca href=\"citizenmade.co\">Citizen Made\u003c/a> lets online merchants make their products customizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(See the interactive photos above for more about each of the founders’ companies.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freada Kapor Klein says the NewME program is a two-way street. Without diversity, she says, the industry – and the rest of us – miss out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we've got a very insular world, then the kinds of companies that are created will most scratch the itch of a particular set of people, and ignore everyone else,” says Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nRoadblocks to diversity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major source of Silicon Valley’s homogeneity is what’s called the pipeline issue. There just aren’t a lot of women, African Americans, and Latinos enrolling in science and engineering programs, which are the fields that typically lead to technology success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are subtler forces at work, too, says Chris Bennett, a NewME alum and entrepreneur who helped start Black Founders, a group based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one’s going say ‘I’m not going to fund you because you’re black,’” says Bennett. “But I do know, from talking to investors and entrepreneurs, black and white, everyone will tell you that there’s a bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nnena Ukuku, an attorney who advises start-ups, and fellow Black Founders member, calls it “a chicken-and-egg issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have never seen a successful black entrepreneur,” she says, “so they can’t envision it. But the [black entpreneurs] are out there. It’s a mess!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mess, she means, because tangled up in all of this are the roadblocks that women and people of color often put in front of themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a much deeper issue,” says Ukuku, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukuku says one thing she hears all the time from women and minority entrepreneurs is that they feel like they have to outshine everyone else, just to deserve a place here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whereas I’ll talk to some of my friends, who I adore, who don’t fit into one of those two buckets and they’ll say: ‘I got an idea. I’m going for it!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukuku says it’s the same kind of confidence that she sees in her own relatives back in Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the majority in that culture,” she says. “There’s just an assumption that you’ll succeed. Like, why wouldn’t you?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pitch day\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that kind of confidence that Chris Lyons and the other founders were trying to cultivate on Day Two of NewME, which took place at Google headquarters in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was every bit the dot-com fantasy they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just walked outside and they’re playing pool, and drinking coffee,” marvels Chris Lyons, giddily. “And I saw a yoga session when we walked in here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he’s nervous too. Tonight is a bit of an initiation. It’s the founders’ first pitch session. Each will have two minutes to present his or her company to a room of 150 or so people, including six critics in the “Dragons' Den,” who will critique the pitches onstage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons is last on the list. He flashes a huge smile. “How’s everyone doing today?” he begins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His pitch starts out pretty strong, with a succinct description of pictureMENU and what it will offer restaurants. But then it gets a little muddy, with vague descriptions of features that will eventually be offered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a great first half, then it went off the rails,” says Chris Genteel, Development Manager for Global Diversity at Google, is one of the judges. “I didn’t get a sense of the one problem you’re trying to solve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a tough knock for Chris. But he’s just getting started. For him and the others, the next three months will be about honing their pitches, making contacts. And for some of them, attracting investment.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "If you look around Silicon Valley, ideas all seem to be coming from the same kind of people. By a recent estimate, one percent of technology entrepreneurs were African American. Only eight percent of companies were founded by women. One program aims to change this by encouraging more women and minorities to launch companies.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/06/2012-06-04-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there is a founding belief to Silicon Valley, it’s this: the idea is everything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May’s Facebook IPO seemed like the perfect illustration. A simple idea, conceived by a college student, became a hundred-billion dollar empire in just eight years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you look around Silicon Valley, ideas all seem to be coming from the same kind of people. By one recent estimate, one percent of technology entrepreneurs were African American. Only eight percent of companies were founded by women. Mark Zuckerberg isn’t just a model of success in the Valley, he’s a blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One program aims to change this by encouraging more women and minorities to launch companies. It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.newmeaccelerator.com/\">NewMe, for New Media Entrepreneurship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons, from Johns Creek Georgia, is one of the participants. Like a lot of people in Silicon Valley, he seems almost predestined for entrepreneurship. When he was 12, he started mowing lawns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"border: 0px none; overflow: hidden;\" src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/newme/20120525_NewME_CH8.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"845\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Interactive news package designed by C.K. Hickey, using photos taken by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/joshua-cassidy/\">Joshua Cassidy\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would push my lawn mower up and down the hill with one hand and carry the rolling trash can for the other,” says Lyons. “I had over 30 lawns. Then I bought a John Deere tractor. By the time I was 16, I had two employees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, someone like this isn’t going to stay in John’s Creek forever. By the time he was 25, Lyons had set his sights on Silicon Valley. “I want to be in an area that nurtures strong willed, forward thinking, individuals,” he says. “And there's no better place than Silicon Valley or San Francisco.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"It’s about how our brains are wired.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBut when you look at Silicon Valley, especially at people who are starting businesses, few of them look like Chris Lyons, who is black. And that fact tends to perpetuate itself, says venture capitalist and \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpfi.org/history\">diversity consultant\u003c/a> Freada Kapor Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This isn’t about being bigots, says Klein. “It isn’t about who’s mean spirited and who’s enlightened. It’s about how our brains are wired.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Klein says it’s human nature: People tend to help people who look like them, and who come from the same backgrounds. She says it’s largely unconscious. “We’re not even aware of that hurdle we’ve put in the place of a different kind of entrepreneur.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Klein and her husband, Mitch Kapor, are among the supporters for the NewME accelerator. Its founder and CEO is Angela Benton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For three months, seven “founders” as they’re called, shared a four-bedroom house in San Francisco’s Inner Sunset neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like Real World for geeks,” said Rachel Brooks, a stylish 25-year old from Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of the founders has a business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons is the founder of \u003ca href=\"www.picturemenu.com\">PictureMenu\u003c/a>, which helps restaurants put their menus online. Rachel's company, \u003ca href=\"citizenmade.co\">Citizen Made\u003c/a> lets online merchants make their products customizable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(See the interactive photos above for more about each of the founders’ companies.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freada Kapor Klein says the NewME program is a two-way street. Without diversity, she says, the industry – and the rest of us – miss out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we've got a very insular world, then the kinds of companies that are created will most scratch the itch of a particular set of people, and ignore everyone else,” says Klein.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nRoadblocks to diversity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major source of Silicon Valley’s homogeneity is what’s called the pipeline issue. There just aren’t a lot of women, African Americans, and Latinos enrolling in science and engineering programs, which are the fields that typically lead to technology success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are subtler forces at work, too, says Chris Bennett, a NewME alum and entrepreneur who helped start Black Founders, a group based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one’s going say ‘I’m not going to fund you because you’re black,’” says Bennett. “But I do know, from talking to investors and entrepreneurs, black and white, everyone will tell you that there’s a bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nnena Ukuku, an attorney who advises start-ups, and fellow Black Founders member, calls it “a chicken-and-egg issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people have never seen a successful black entrepreneur,” she says, “so they can’t envision it. But the [black entpreneurs] are out there. It’s a mess!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A mess, she means, because tangled up in all of this are the roadblocks that women and people of color often put in front of themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a much deeper issue,” says Ukuku, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukuku says one thing she hears all the time from women and minority entrepreneurs is that they feel like they have to outshine everyone else, just to deserve a place here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whereas I’ll talk to some of my friends, who I adore, who don’t fit into one of those two buckets and they’ll say: ‘I got an idea. I’m going for it!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ukuku says it’s the same kind of confidence that she sees in her own relatives back in Nigeria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re the majority in that culture,” she says. “There’s just an assumption that you’ll succeed. Like, why wouldn’t you?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pitch day\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that kind of confidence that Chris Lyons and the other founders were trying to cultivate on Day Two of NewME, which took place at Google headquarters in Mountain View.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was every bit the dot-com fantasy they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just walked outside and they’re playing pool, and drinking coffee,” marvels Chris Lyons, giddily. “And I saw a yoga session when we walked in here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he’s nervous too. Tonight is a bit of an initiation. It’s the founders’ first pitch session. Each will have two minutes to present his or her company to a room of 150 or so people, including six critics in the “Dragons' Den,” who will critique the pitches onstage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Lyons is last on the list. 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"disqusTitle": "Fire and Ore: Humanity’s Love Affair With Metal",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/maker_faire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/maker_faire-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Maker Faire 2012 by Inkyhack\" title=\"maker_faire\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38813\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May is Maker Month. As it draws to a close, the artists, scientists and engineers who call themselves \"makers\" look back with pride on their creations, many of which were showcased at last weekend's \u003ca href=\"http://makerfaire.com/\" title=\"Maker Faire\">Maker Faire\u003c/a> in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern maker movement is young; \u003ca href=\"http://makezine.com/magazine/\" title=\"Make Magazine\">MAKE magazine\u003c/a> began in 2005, the Maker Faire in 2006. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making and printing. One particular pastime, metalworking, was such a powerful force in human history that we named several \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man\">Ages of Man\u003c/a> after key elements. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tend to think of metalworking advances in engineering terms: harder weapons, stronger bridges. But the very first objects to be built out of metal were not tools, but decorations. Somewhere in the uncatalogued days of prehistory, humans began to make jewelry out of gold. It's the easiest metal to work--pure gold nuggets need no smelting and are soft enough to work with simple tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold, however, is the only metal that can be found readily in native form (meaning a lump of nothing but gold). Tin and lead, copper and iron--these all occur predominantly as minerals (meaning they're mixed with oxygen or sulfur or other annoying stuff). In order to get pure metal out of a mineral, you have to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting\" title=\"Wikipedia: Smelting\">smelt it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/773px-tva_phosphate_smelting_furnace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38815\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"1942 smelting furnace.\" title=\"773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38815\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1942 smelting furnace. Not the way the ancients did it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, humans figured out smelting well before writing, which frustrates archaeologists and totally amazes me. Writing seems like an obvious invention. You pick up a stick and scratch a message in the dirt to tell your friends which way you went hunting. But smelting is like alchemy, like magic. (Then again, I'm a writer, not a smelter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metalworking historians point out that certain aspects of smelting could have been discovered by accident. One day you heat up some rocks in the campfire, and tin or lead flows out. Other rocks, placed in a much hotter pottery kiln, yield copper. And once you've got copper, you've pretty much got bronze--an alloy of copper and arsenic or tin--because these metals can occur as natural impurities in the copper. Anyway, accidents or no, my hat is fully off to the ancients who figured out how to smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days the metal we use, from pieces of airplane to blades in a blender, is largely worked by factory robots. But human metal makers are alive and well. Like the first metalworkers of prehistory, their work tends toward the artistic rather than the purely functional. If you're interested in joining their ranks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\" title=\"The Crucible\">The Crucible\u003c/a> in San Francisco is offering a discount for the rest of Maker Month (that's tomorrow and Thursday) on all their classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/crucible_class/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg\" alt=\"The Crucible's forging class\" title=\"crucible_class\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/maker_faire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/maker_faire-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Maker Faire 2012 by Inkyhack\" title=\"maker_faire\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38813\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>May is Maker Month. As it draws to a close, the artists, scientists and engineers who call themselves \"makers\" look back with pride on their creations, many of which were showcased at last weekend's \u003ca href=\"http://makerfaire.com/\" title=\"Maker Faire\">Maker Faire\u003c/a> in San Mateo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The modern maker movement is young; \u003ca href=\"http://makezine.com/magazine/\" title=\"Make Magazine\">MAKE magazine\u003c/a> began in 2005, the Maker Faire in 2006. But the maker urge is as old as humanity, and many modern maker hobbies were once major technological advances: tanning and weaving, brewing and baking, paper-making and printing. One particular pastime, metalworking, was such a powerful force in human history that we named several \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man\">Ages of Man\u003c/a> after key elements. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We tend to think of metalworking advances in engineering terms: harder weapons, stronger bridges. But the very first objects to be built out of metal were not tools, but decorations. Somewhere in the uncatalogued days of prehistory, humans began to make jewelry out of gold. It's the easiest metal to work--pure gold nuggets need no smelting and are soft enough to work with simple tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gold, however, is the only metal that can be found readily in native form (meaning a lump of nothing but gold). Tin and lead, copper and iron--these all occur predominantly as minerals (meaning they're mixed with oxygen or sulfur or other annoying stuff). In order to get pure metal out of a mineral, you have to \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting\" title=\"Wikipedia: Smelting\">smelt it\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38815\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/773px-tva_phosphate_smelting_furnace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38815\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"1942 smelting furnace.\" title=\"773px-TVA_phosphate_smelting_furnace\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-38815\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">1942 smelting furnace. Not the way the ancients did it.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somehow, humans figured out smelting well before writing, which frustrates archaeologists and totally amazes me. Writing seems like an obvious invention. You pick up a stick and scratch a message in the dirt to tell your friends which way you went hunting. But smelting is like alchemy, like magic. (Then again, I'm a writer, not a smelter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metalworking historians point out that certain aspects of smelting could have been discovered by accident. One day you heat up some rocks in the campfire, and tin or lead flows out. Other rocks, placed in a much hotter pottery kiln, yield copper. And once you've got copper, you've pretty much got bronze--an alloy of copper and arsenic or tin--because these metals can occur as natural impurities in the copper. Anyway, accidents or no, my hat is fully off to the ancients who figured out how to smelt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days the metal we use, from pieces of airplane to blades in a blender, is largely worked by factory robots. But human metal makers are alive and well. Like the first metalworkers of prehistory, their work tends toward the artistic rather than the purely functional. If you're interested in joining their ranks, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thecrucible.org\" title=\"The Crucible\">The Crucible\u003c/a> in San Francisco is offering a discount for the rest of Maker Month (that's tomorrow and Thursday) on all their classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/29/fire-and-ore-humanity%e2%80%99s-love-affair-with-metal/crucible_class/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg\" alt=\"The Crucible's forging class\" title=\"crucible_class\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/crucible_class-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. But, apply an electric charge of a couple volts and the window blocks the heat from the sun, while still letting light in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, these windows would be controlled by your heating and cooling system, which could adjust them based on the weather. Milliron and her team are currently working on the coating itself. Their next step is to build a full-scale prototype. Other companies also have similar kinds of dynamic windows in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windows as Energy Suppliers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes the conversation about windows, says Stephen Selkowitz, head of building technologies at Berkeley Lab. Before, windows were energy losers. Now, windows could actually make buildings more efficient. And that means big cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we add up all the energy and economic impact of windows in the US, it costs building owners about $40 billion a year. And I’d rather have the $40 billion in my pocket than sort of sending it out the window,” says Selkowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart windows could start appearing in larger projects like office buildings next year and should be more widely available to homeowners in three to five years. But they could be twice as expensive as today's windows. Selkowitz expects the cost coming down as manufacturing ramps up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest expense in replacing windows is often the labor of replacing the window. And if you already decided to put a new window in, the marginal cost of going to a much better window is almost always worth it,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, while it may be only a few tech-geeks that spring for smart windows at first, Selkowitz says that leads the way for the rest of us – and for new buildings codes, where technology can have a much broader impact.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. 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"disqusTitle": "California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?",
"title": "California's Deadlocked Delta: Is Carbon Farming the Future?",
"headTitle": "California’s Deadlocked Delta | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s Delta has a rich agricultural legacy, but farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed. Now, scientists are encouraging farmers to switch to a new crop. Instead of growing vegetables, they’d grow something that has all but disappeared in the Delta: wetlands. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-21-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is the third story in our three-part \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/californias-deadlocked-delta/\">series on California's Delta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38425\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Farming-marquee-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Farming-marquee\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38425\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tules on Twitchell Island in the Delta. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With thousands of acres of rich farmland, the Delta has a long agricultural legacy. But farming there can be a risky business. Dozens of farms have been flooded over the past half century as aging levees have collapsed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That became a reality for farmer Rudy Mussi on the morning of June 3, 2004. It was clear, sunny day. \"You never expect a flood in the summer months,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mussi was growing corn and asparagus on lower Jones Tract, an island in the Delta, 10 miles west of Stockton. That morning, he got a phone call. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/06/04/MNG1G70S3A1.DTL&ao=all\">Water was flooding\u003c/a> onto his farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your heart stops for a second or two and then realism sets in. And you just start moving your equipment and get it to high ground,\" says Mussi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How did a flood happen a on a sunny day? It's because of a basic rule of physics. Mussi farmed on an island below sea level, like a lot of the islands in the Delta. The Delta used to be a huge swath of wetlands, where two major rivers met San Francisco Bay. Today, earthen levees hold that water back – most of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once a break occurs, you know, there's no way you're gonna stop that, not with 10 feet of water on the other side,\" Mussi says. Draining the island and repairing the levees around Jones Tract cost about $90 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38449\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 232px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingLevee-232x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingLevee\" width=\"232\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38449\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The levee break on Jones Tract in 2004. (Photo: CA Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It wasn't an isolated incident. Over the last century, more than 150 levees have failed in the Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Delta Infrastructure at Risk\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is how we get ourselves in kind of an arms race between the water and the land,\" says Jeff Mount, professor with the Center for Watershed Sciences at the University of California-Davis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levee-building began in the 1850s, when settlers came to the Delta for the rich soil. More than a thousand miles of levees were built. \"This network of levees through time had to get bigger and bigger for a very basic reason: the land has been steadily lowering,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As farmers exposed the rich peat soil, it started decomposing. The land level dropped; \"In some places they talked about four inches per year,\" says Mount. Today, it's less than an inch per year thanks to better farming practices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all those inches over the past century and some islands are now 30 feet below sea level. That puts a lot of stress on the levees. There are also other concerns: rising sea levels and extreme floods. \"And then the big 800-pound gorilla in the room – we're due for a very large earthquake on the San Andreas system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add up all these risks and Mount says there's a two-thirds \u003ca href=\"http://californiawaterblog.com/2011/03/09/sea-level-rise-and-delta-subsidence%E2%80%94the-demise-of-subsided-delta-islands/\">chance of a catastrophic levee failure\u003c/a> in the next 50 years. That, of course, affects farmers and communities in the Delta, but it could also impact California's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The raindrops that fall in Mount Shasta are consumed by people in San Diego. Water moves a great distance and this is one of the critical hubs in that system,\" says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the Delta's levees is estimated to cost billions. But on some islands, scientists are experimenting with a new fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Farming Carbon\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38450\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 219px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarmingsoil-219x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarmingsoil\" width=\"219\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peat soil samples on Twitchell Island. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a windy day on Twitchell Island in the Delta, ecologist Lisa Windham-Myers of the US Geological Survey pushes her way through a wetland filled with a tall, reed-like plant known as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus\">tule\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The plant grows... some of these are 16 feet tall. They're just huge,\" she says. That growth is changing the ground we're standing on. Windham-Myers pulls out a sample of the dark peat soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wetland \u003ca href=\"http://ca.water.usgs.gov/Carbon_Farm/RandD.html\">produces soil at a rapid rate\u003c/a> – four inches a year on average. That's huge, says USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi, in a place where the land is sinking. \"These islands are like bowls and the way we see projects like this is you want to fill up the middle of that bowl and help level out the whole island.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planting wetlands like this one could raise the land level and water table on the inside of levees, relieving some of the pressure. But why would farmers want to replace cash crops with tule? Windham-Myers points to the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is basically almost 100 percent carbon. These take up far more than a typical forest environment,\" she says. California is setting up a market for carbon, as part of the state's effort to cut global warming emissions. Early next year, companies that need to reduce their emissions could pay farmers to store carbon in wetlands like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38451\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/DeltaFarming2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"DeltaFarming2\" width=\"320\" height=\"199\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38451\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">USGS scientist Brian Bergamaschi talks with Delta farmer Al Medvitch. (Photo: Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, two farmers are here checking out the project: Steve Mello, a Delta farmer on Tyler Island and Al Medvitch, a farmer in the Montezuma Hills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The potential has been demonstrated well. You guys are standing in the middle of it. But in order to move from here to market, we need to develop a lot more techniques so people can come and verify that the carbon is stored,\" says Brian Bergamaschi, describing how wetland farming might work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both farmers seem open to the idea. But Mello says ultimately, it depends on the bottom line. \"It would absolutely need to cash flow. While it could dovetail with levee stability, it would still need to generate enough to amortize your property value.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Mello says assuming carbon prices are high enough, growing patches of wetlands could be a feasible way to improve the levees and to stay farming.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Ribbon Cutting with a Green Twist",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38676\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/a-ribbon-cutting-with-a-green-twist/picture-2-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38676\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38676\" title=\"Gas Hose Ribbon Cutting\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Picture-22-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of Ribbon Cutting by Christopher Lane\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>5/22/12 Update: I was just sent images from Christopher Lane, Assistant Director of Marketing at the Stanford Shopping Center, who helped produce this press event so I'm updating this blog with one of his images. (A link to all the images is given at the end of this blog.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the afternoon of Tuesday, May 15, 2012, I hitched a ride with my closest friend from San Francisco out to Palo Alto to attend the ribbon cutting for the first public fast charger in California for electric vehicles in Stanford Mall. This was definitely a green carpet event as it took place in the shopping mall’s garage within walking distance of the fast charger. Many people drove in zero emission cars to attend and the podium was lined on both sides with electric vehicles. Out of the many electric vehicles that were parked, most of them were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/\">Nissan Leafs\u003c/a>, the same model we drove in from San Francisco. I counted 17 electric vehicles in all which I was told was a modest turnout at a EV event!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now I’m not new to electric vehicles and the infrastructure. I tagged along with Obrie Hostetter, the Northern California EV Infrastructure Director at \u003ca href=\"http://350green.com/\">350 Green\u003c/a>, a developer of electric vehicle (EV) charging station networks. Her company, along with a partnership with the city of Palo Alto and John Ryan Company, Inc., was responsible for the permitting and construction necessary to place the Level 3 Fast Charger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A level 2 charger will take about 7 hours to fully charge an EV battery; the Level 3 fast charger can charge the battery up to 80% in 30 minutes. Most EV owners do the majority of their charging at night at home and stay within a close proximity mitigating \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/\">“range anxiety”\u003c/a>. To give you an example: the ideal range of a Nissan Leaf for freeway driving is about 100 miles. With an infrastructure of fast chargers, that range can be increased without spending a lot of time to recharge the battery. This is just the first step in a fast charger infrastructure, as plans are in place to install 25 public fast chargers near retail locations by the fall of 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EV drivers sign up for a payment \u003ca href=\"https://350green.com/card/\">card\u003c/a> from 350Green to use the fast charger station. Use of the card and how to properly use the station was demonstrated after remarks from Palo Alto's Mayor Yiaway Yeh as well as the partners involved in making the public charging station possible. There were quite a few statistics that came out that were enlightening about this new technological movement: 1) There are over 3000 EVs in the Silicon Valley making Palo Alto a great corner stone for the EV infrastructure; the fast charger has already gotten quite a bit of use -- since being turned on, it’s been used 3 to 4 times a day; 136 EV drivers have already signed up for the payment card to use at the station and the infrastructure to follow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what is the best ribbon to cut at such a green event? Applause went up when a gas hose was cut in front of the fast charger station and the Nissan Leaf it was charging with 100% renewable energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More photos of this event can be found \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10150963301784462.478479.179798759461&type=1http://\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_37252\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg\" alt=\"A rollover fire, viewed from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer.\" title=\"FireRollover_640x360\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-37252\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/FireRollover_640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The view from inside the Oakland Fire Department's burn trailer during a rollover fire. Photograph courtesy of Kara Platoni.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Looking back, the only field trip that stands out from my grade school days was our trip to the San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>. What I remember best is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/visit/tactile_dome/\" title=\"SF Exploratorium Tactile Dome\">tactile dome\u003c/a>. I entered into total darkness and spent the next hour feeling, crawling and sliding my way through a 3-D maze. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That excursion was fairly tame compared to the exploits Kara Platoni, Eric Simons, and Casey Miner take on for their podcast series, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">The Field Trip\u003c/a>, which broadcasts their science adventures out in the real world. For their first series that debuted last year, they explored fermentation by visiting the Cultured Pickle Shop, climbed into the Oakland Fire Department’s burn trailer for a kitchen fire simulation, interviewed a commercial salmon fisherman on his boat in the Berkeley Marina and followed a NASA crew at the bottom of a lakebed in Canada for their research study on Mars. To add a little more intellectual rigor to their adventures, they also interviewed an expert guest in their radio studio for each episode. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think our strong suit is going places, learning new things and being a proxy for the listener,” explained Kara Platoni. “We didn’t know of any other show where it was about going out and having a science adventure.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As friends and UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism colleagues, the genuine personal chemistry of this trio is evident in their podcasts and blogs. They're definitely having fun on their adventures while taking advantage of the wealth of knowledge and opportunities offered by scientists in the Bay Area -- and the listener is invited to tag along. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studio interview segments are loosely scripted, but the field trips are taped live. The key to making this work is the trio’s insatiable curiosity for science. After lots of preparation, they just go out and ask the questions that interest them in a humorous and spontaneous way that engages their listeners. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When selecting topics for their episodes, they focus on stories that take science out of the laboratory. “Our ideal narrator for the field trip is someone whose life just embodies science everyday. It is part of their job, hobby and home,” explained Platoni, “so we can show people how science is something that happens in your everyday life, not just something that happens in school.” Casey Miner added, “And it should be fun, interesting, weird or gross.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their field trips will continue with a second series this spring and cover the diverse topics of coffee, taxidermy, telescopes and local inventors. One upcoming episode on telescopes will visit the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/observatories.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center Observatory\u003c/a> and feature a studio interview with UC Berkeley astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/marcy.html\" title=\"Geoff Marcy\">Geoff Marcy\u003c/a>. Beginning today, a new episode will air weekly each Monday through June 4. You can listen to a preview of their new season \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/fieldtrippodcast_s2promo1.mp3\">here.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Free episodes are available on their \u003ca href=\"http://www.fieldtrippodcast.com/\" title=\"The Field Trip Podcast\">website\u003c/a>, iTunes, Public Radio Exchange and Sound Cloud. You can also follow them on \u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/TheFieldTripPodcast\" title=\"Facebook fan page\">Facebook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/#!/FieldTripLog\" title=\"twitter account\">Twitter\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
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}
},
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"id": "bbc-world-service",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
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"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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