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"content": "\u003cp>As Linda Capato Jr. waited to board a flight to Washington, D.C., the Oakland resident explained why she was heading to the nation’s capital for this week’s inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/303181483″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to participate in a bunch of days of protest,” she said on Sunday. Capato is a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.disruptj20.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disrupt J20\u003c/a>, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks are fearful of this new administration, and the last year of rhetoric from Donald Trump and the Republicans — it’s incredibly scary for a lot of us,” said Capato, 33, an organizer with an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Capato, an LGBT rights and climate change activist, her goal is simple: “To show there is no mandate for this presidency. The biggest purpose is to prove that this isn’t going to be an easy four years for Trump and the Republicans to pass anything they want. People will resist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11272569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11272569 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Capato of Oakland traveled to Washington, D.C. to join Disrupt J20, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Capato of Oakland traveled to Washington, D.C., to join Disrupt J20, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Linda Capato)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And “people” aren’t the only ones resisting. California state government is gearing up for a show of resistance to the agenda of President Trump. Bigly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown seems to be relishing his role as Resister-in-Chief from his perch in Sacramento. Five weeks after the election, Brown gave what he told KQED’s Marisa Lagos was the best \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/14/gov-brown-to-embattled-climate-scientists-we-will-persevere/\">speech\u003c/a> he’s given since he ran for president in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to a conference of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, Brown promised to stand firm against attempts to weaken California’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/KQEDnews/videos/1247471845327210/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of firepower,” Brown told a room full of climate scientists. Flexing his political muscles, Brown said California was an economic powerhouse not to be messed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the universities, we’ve got the national labs and we have the political clout for the battle. And we will persevere, have no doubt about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He backed that up by nominating U.S. Rep. Xavier Becerra to replace now-Sen. Kamala Harris as attorney general. Becerra, whose mother was born in Mexico, will become the highest-ranking Latino official in California after he is confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As attorney general, Becerra will be poised as the top legal defender of California policies and values around the environment, health care and immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’ll have company. Not to be outdone, the state Legislature \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/04/to-defend-against-trump-california-hires-holder/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hired former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder\u003c/a>, presumably to help California develop and articulate the best legal arguments for fighting the new president’s agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hiTDNOuFplZZuf3CfQihQQwMx41AZeHG”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which gave Hillary Clinton 4.3 million more votes than Trump (more than the overall voting total by which Clinton beat Trump nationally), does seem uniquely positioned to be what Texas was to Barack Obama — a legal wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody’s gotta do this,” said Terry Moe, a political science professor at Stanford University. “Rather than rolling over and playing dead, it’s smart from a political and public policy standpoint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for any risks to California for pushing back hard against Trump’s initiatives, Moe doesn’t see any risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like the feds are going to lock up Jerry Brown,” Moe said. “He’s taking a stand and I don’t see how it can hurt him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_MsoNormal\">But Jim Brulte, chair of the California Republican Party, warns that Democrats are making a mistake by lining up to oppose Trump at every turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_MsoNormal\"> “Rather than worrying about the Republicans in Washington replacing the Affordable Care Act, they ought to worry about income inequality, which is greater in California than anywhere in the nation,” Brulte said. “And that’s with a Democrat in the White House.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, a lot of everyday Californians will be joining the opposition, like Oakland activist Capato and many others energized by the specter of a Trump presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those is Elizabeth Beatty of San Francisco, who will attend the Women’s March in D.C. on Saturday with her 12-year-old daughter, Alessandra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first protest for Beatty in a while. She said she hopes it “inspires people to get active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to say we’re here, we’re still fighting and join us,” she said. “That’s what I hope from the march, that it’s just the beginning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED News’ Miranda Leitsinger contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Linda Capato Jr. waited to board a flight to Washington, D.C., the Oakland resident explained why she was heading to the nation’s capital for this week’s inauguration of Donald Trump as the 45th president of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/303181483″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/303181483″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m going to participate in a bunch of days of protest,” she said on Sunday. Capato is a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.disruptj20.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Disrupt J20\u003c/a>, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of folks are fearful of this new administration, and the last year of rhetoric from Donald Trump and the Republicans — it’s incredibly scary for a lot of us,” said Capato, 33, an organizer with an environmental advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Capato, an LGBT rights and climate change activist, her goal is simple: “To show there is no mandate for this presidency. The biggest purpose is to prove that this isn’t going to be an easy four years for Trump and the Republicans to pass anything they want. People will resist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11272569\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11272569 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Capato of Oakland traveled to Washington, D.C. to join Disrupt J20, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/RS23625_Capato_RR-qut.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Capato of Oakland traveled to Washington, D.C., to join Disrupt J20, a national group promising to make its presence known in various ways at the upcoming inaugural events. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Linda Capato)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And “people” aren’t the only ones resisting. California state government is gearing up for a show of resistance to the agenda of President Trump. Bigly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown seems to be relishing his role as Resister-in-Chief from his perch in Sacramento. Five weeks after the election, Brown gave what he told KQED’s Marisa Lagos was the best \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/14/gov-brown-to-embattled-climate-scientists-we-will-persevere/\">speech\u003c/a> he’s given since he ran for president in 1976.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to a conference of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, Brown promised to stand firm against attempts to weaken California’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.facebook.com/KQEDnews/videos/1247471845327210/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of firepower,” Brown told a room full of climate scientists. Flexing his political muscles, Brown said California was an economic powerhouse not to be messed with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the universities, we’ve got the national labs and we have the political clout for the battle. And we will persevere, have no doubt about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He backed that up by nominating U.S. Rep. Xavier Becerra to replace now-Sen. Kamala Harris as attorney general. Becerra, whose mother was born in Mexico, will become the highest-ranking Latino official in California after he is confirmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As attorney general, Becerra will be poised as the top legal defender of California policies and values around the environment, health care and immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he’ll have company. Not to be outdone, the state Legislature \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/04/to-defend-against-trump-california-hires-holder/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hired former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder\u003c/a>, presumably to help California develop and articulate the best legal arguments for fighting the new president’s agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which gave Hillary Clinton 4.3 million more votes than Trump (more than the overall voting total by which Clinton beat Trump nationally), does seem uniquely positioned to be what Texas was to Barack Obama — a legal wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Somebody’s gotta do this,” said Terry Moe, a political science professor at Stanford University. “Rather than rolling over and playing dead, it’s smart from a political and public policy standpoint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for any risks to California for pushing back hard against Trump’s initiatives, Moe doesn’t see any risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not like the feds are going to lock up Jerry Brown,” Moe said. “He’s taking a stand and I don’t see how it can hurt him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_MsoNormal\">But Jim Brulte, chair of the California Republican Party, warns that Democrats are making a mistake by lining up to oppose Trump at every turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"x_MsoNormal\"> “Rather than worrying about the Republicans in Washington replacing the Affordable Care Act, they ought to worry about income inequality, which is greater in California than anywhere in the nation,” Brulte said. “And that’s with a Democrat in the White House.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, a lot of everyday Californians will be joining the opposition, like Oakland activist Capato and many others energized by the specter of a Trump presidency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those is Elizabeth Beatty of San Francisco, who will attend the Women’s March in D.C. on Saturday with her 12-year-old daughter, Alessandra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s the first protest for Beatty in a while. She said she hopes it “inspires people to get active.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got to say we’re here, we’re still fighting and join us,” she said. “That’s what I hope from the march, that it’s just the beginning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED News’ Miranda Leitsinger contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The head of the city department that drafts many of San Francisco’s greenest rules and regulations uses one word to explain her greatest fear for the environment during Trump’s presidency: “preemption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If some of the deepest concerns of climate-focused bureaucrats from San Francisco to Massachusetts and New York come true, the Trump administration will preemptively prevent them from acting to slow global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California’s decision to hire Obama’s attorney general, Eric Holder Jr., showed it’s preparing to fight for state rights in court.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With Trump and Republicans in Congress widely expected to unite to undermine federal environmental protections, progressive states and cities are making plans to fight global warming within their borders without being helped or required to do so by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Preemption is probably the progressive cities’ worst nightmare,” said \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-lee-appoints-deborah-raphael-sf-environment-director\">Deborah Raphael\u003c/a>, director of San Francisco’s environment department, which has helped city lawmakers craft rules mandating everything from greener buildings to composting and recycling by residents. “It’s also the state of California’s worst nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term “preemption” doesn’t describe a single legislative or regulatory tool. The word describes a concept, in which the federal government or a state imposes restrictions on the rules and programs that governments operating beneath it are allowed to implement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative lawmakers in North Carolina used a preemption law last year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article68401147.html\">outlaw transgender protections\u003c/a> in Charlotte. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/12/30/yes-this-is-real-michigan-just-banned-banning-plastic-bags/?utm_term=.e33f91ad9733\">Michigan, cities and counties\u003c/a> were barred from banning plastic bags. Colorado \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/2016/05/02/colorado-supreme-court-rules-state-law-trumps-local-bans-on-fracking/\">prevents local governments\u003c/a> from banning fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Republicans about to control both houses of Congress and the White House, environmental experts are warning of battles ahead over potential federal preemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is virtually no aspect of federal regulation of the natural environment or health that’s not at risk of preemption now,” said \u003ca href=\"http://grassrootschange.net/mark-pertschuk/\">Mark Pertschuk\u003c/a>, a lawyer and activist with the nonprofit Grassroots Change, which \u003ca href=\"http://grassrootschange.net/preemption-map/\">tracks state preemptions\u003c/a> of local rules affecting gun safety, paid sick days, factory farming and other issues. “Federal laws almost always trump state and local laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to predict when, how or whether the federal government will wield any tools of preemption to bar cities and states from enforcing their own environmental rules. Nonetheless, governments across the country are bracing for new restrictions. California’s decision to hire Obama’s attorney general, Eric Holder Jr., showed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/us/california-eric-holder-donald-trump.html?_r=0\">it’s preparing to fight\u003c/a> for state rights in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything is speculative right now,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlc.org/find-city-solutions/city-solutions-and-applied-research/staff-specialties\">Cooper Martin\u003c/a>, a sustainability official at the National League of Cities, which represents cities in state capitols and on Capitol Hill. Based on Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-cabinet-climate-change-20920\">anti-environmental cabinet nominees\u003c/a> and his rhetoric on climate change, which he has falsely called a hoax, Martin said fears of federal preemption are “certainly well founded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just the nature of the political landscape that this hasn’t been an issue on climate, at least in the last eight years,” Martin said, referring to the length of Obama’s presidency. “It was certainly an issue prior to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean car rules in California, which are unpopular with oil companies and auto manufacturers, offer what may be the clearest opportunity for federal preemption. Other rules that could be blocked relate to appliance efficiency standards, power plant pollution, fossil fuel exports and safe disposal of pharmaceuticals. Local governments that have spent federal transportation funds on cycling and transit initiatives could be prevented from doing so in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Programs that allow cities to invest in bike and pedestrian infrastructure, or that allow cities to invest in transit, have all become more popular, particularly in the larger cities,” Martin said. “We want to make sure that there’s flexibility for the cities that do choose to go down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act allows California to enforce stricter standards on car pollution than the federal government. It also allows other states to adopt California’s rules. But to do so, California needs a waiver from the EPA. When George W. Bush was president, the EPA refused to issue such a waiver, which was eventually granted after Obama became president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s nominee to lead the EPA, Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-picks-strident-foe-of-epa-20949\">repeatedly sued the agency\u003c/a>, arguing that federal pollution rules violate state rights. Now he might lead a charge to limit the rights of states to enforce their own pollution rules to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1312191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1312191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Pruitt, Trump's nominee to lead the EPA. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Pruitt, Trump’s nominee to lead the EPA. \u003ccite>(Gage Skidmore/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within days of Trump’s election, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers \u003ca href=\"http://www.autonews.com/assets/PDF/CA1078111110.PDF\">sent the president-elect a letter\u003c/a> arguing that the “regulatory friction” caused by two sets of car pollution standards is “driving up vehicle costs.” The automakers implored Trump to eliminate California’s far-reaching clean car rules through what they call “harmonization” with federal regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could see the U.S. EPA refuse to grant future waivers; there’s even been some talk that they could try to strip away existing waivers,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccair.org/our-people/\">Bill Magavern\u003c/a>, the policy director at the Coalition for Clean Air, a California nonprofit. “It’s safe to say California would sue in either instance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, an energy and environment expert at Stanford Law School, said the federal government could go further than car standards and try to revoke the rights of states to limit heat-trapping carbon dioxide pollution billowed by power plants. It could also jeopardize “anything that smells like foreign policy” by states, Wara said, including linkages between a carbon pricing system operated jointly by California and Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that looks and feels like a treaty — that creates binding obligations on both sides — is going to face increased judicial scrutiny,” Wara said. “Here, if there is any conflict, the state loses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all talk of federal preemption is hypothetical. Rep. Michael Burgess, a Republican from Texas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/assets/2017/01/05/document_gw_14.pdf\">introduced a bill last week\u003c/a> that would repeal federal efficiency standards affecting washing machines, dryers, ceiling fans, fridges and other appliances. It would also prevent states from adopting any product standards governing “energy conservation or water efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Heritage Foundation, an influential conservative think tank, supports Burgess’s anti-regulatory drive on appliances, but it’s worried that his bill would curtail state rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t believe the federal government should mandate energy conservation,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/l/nicolas-loris\">Nicolas Loris\u003c/a>, a Heritage Foundation energy and environmental policy fellow who has analyzed Burgess’s bill. “But we don’t think the federal government should prohibit the states from doing so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The head of the city department that drafts many of San Francisco’s greenest rules and regulations uses one word to explain her greatest fear for the environment during Trump’s presidency: “preemption.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If some of the deepest concerns of climate-focused bureaucrats from San Francisco to Massachusetts and New York come true, the Trump administration will preemptively prevent them from acting to slow global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">California’s decision to hire Obama’s attorney general, Eric Holder Jr., showed it’s preparing to fight for state rights in court.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With Trump and Republicans in Congress widely expected to unite to undermine federal environmental protections, progressive states and cities are making plans to fight global warming within their borders without being helped or required to do so by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Preemption is probably the progressive cities’ worst nightmare,” said \u003ca href=\"http://sfmayor.org/article/mayor-lee-appoints-deborah-raphael-sf-environment-director\">Deborah Raphael\u003c/a>, director of San Francisco’s environment department, which has helped city lawmakers craft rules mandating everything from greener buildings to composting and recycling by residents. “It’s also the state of California’s worst nightmare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The term “preemption” doesn’t describe a single legislative or regulatory tool. The word describes a concept, in which the federal government or a state imposes restrictions on the rules and programs that governments operating beneath it are allowed to implement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservative lawmakers in North Carolina used a preemption law last year to \u003ca href=\"http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article68401147.html\">outlaw transgender protections\u003c/a> in Charlotte. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/12/30/yes-this-is-real-michigan-just-banned-banning-plastic-bags/?utm_term=.e33f91ad9733\">Michigan, cities and counties\u003c/a> were barred from banning plastic bags. Colorado \u003ca href=\"http://www.denverpost.com/2016/05/02/colorado-supreme-court-rules-state-law-trumps-local-bans-on-fracking/\">prevents local governments\u003c/a> from banning fracking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Republicans about to control both houses of Congress and the White House, environmental experts are warning of battles ahead over potential federal preemptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is virtually no aspect of federal regulation of the natural environment or health that’s not at risk of preemption now,” said \u003ca href=\"http://grassrootschange.net/mark-pertschuk/\">Mark Pertschuk\u003c/a>, a lawyer and activist with the nonprofit Grassroots Change, which \u003ca href=\"http://grassrootschange.net/preemption-map/\">tracks state preemptions\u003c/a> of local rules affecting gun safety, paid sick days, factory farming and other issues. “Federal laws almost always trump state and local laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to predict when, how or whether the federal government will wield any tools of preemption to bar cities and states from enforcing their own environmental rules. Nonetheless, governments across the country are bracing for new restrictions. California’s decision to hire Obama’s attorney general, Eric Holder Jr., showed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/us/california-eric-holder-donald-trump.html?_r=0\">it’s preparing to fight\u003c/a> for state rights in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything is speculative right now,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.nlc.org/find-city-solutions/city-solutions-and-applied-research/staff-specialties\">Cooper Martin\u003c/a>, a sustainability official at the National League of Cities, which represents cities in state capitols and on Capitol Hill. Based on Trump’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-cabinet-climate-change-20920\">anti-environmental cabinet nominees\u003c/a> and his rhetoric on climate change, which he has falsely called a hoax, Martin said fears of federal preemption are “certainly well founded.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just the nature of the political landscape that this hasn’t been an issue on climate, at least in the last eight years,” Martin said, referring to the length of Obama’s presidency. “It was certainly an issue prior to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clean car rules in California, which are unpopular with oil companies and auto manufacturers, offer what may be the clearest opportunity for federal preemption. Other rules that could be blocked relate to appliance efficiency standards, power plant pollution, fossil fuel exports and safe disposal of pharmaceuticals. Local governments that have spent federal transportation funds on cycling and transit initiatives could be prevented from doing so in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Programs that allow cities to invest in bike and pedestrian infrastructure, or that allow cities to invest in transit, have all become more popular, particularly in the larger cities,” Martin said. “We want to make sure that there’s flexibility for the cities that do choose to go down this path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Air Act allows California to enforce stricter standards on car pollution than the federal government. It also allows other states to adopt California’s rules. But to do so, California needs a waiver from the EPA. When George W. Bush was president, the EPA refused to issue such a waiver, which was eventually granted after Obama became president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s nominee to lead the EPA, Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/trump-picks-strident-foe-of-epa-20949\">repeatedly sued the agency\u003c/a>, arguing that federal pollution rules violate state rights. Now he might lead a charge to limit the rights of states to enforce their own pollution rules to slow climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1312191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1312191\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Pruitt, Trump's nominee to lead the EPA. \" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/Scott-Pruitt-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Pruitt, Trump’s nominee to lead the EPA. \u003ccite>(Gage Skidmore/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Within days of Trump’s election, the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers \u003ca href=\"http://www.autonews.com/assets/PDF/CA1078111110.PDF\">sent the president-elect a letter\u003c/a> arguing that the “regulatory friction” caused by two sets of car pollution standards is “driving up vehicle costs.” The automakers implored Trump to eliminate California’s far-reaching clean car rules through what they call “harmonization” with federal regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We could see the U.S. EPA refuse to grant future waivers; there’s even been some talk that they could try to strip away existing waivers,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccair.org/our-people/\">Bill Magavern\u003c/a>, the policy director at the Coalition for Clean Air, a California nonprofit. “It’s safe to say California would sue in either instance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, an energy and environment expert at Stanford Law School, said the federal government could go further than car standards and try to revoke the rights of states to limit heat-trapping carbon dioxide pollution billowed by power plants. It could also jeopardize “anything that smells like foreign policy” by states, Wara said, including linkages between a carbon pricing system operated jointly by California and Quebec.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything that looks and feels like a treaty — that creates binding obligations on both sides — is going to face increased judicial scrutiny,” Wara said. “Here, if there is any conflict, the state loses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all talk of federal preemption is hypothetical. Rep. Michael Burgess, a Republican from Texas, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eenews.net/assets/2017/01/05/document_gw_14.pdf\">introduced a bill last week\u003c/a> that would repeal federal efficiency standards affecting washing machines, dryers, ceiling fans, fridges and other appliances. It would also prevent states from adopting any product standards governing “energy conservation or water efficiency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Heritage Foundation, an influential conservative think tank, supports Burgess’s anti-regulatory drive on appliances, but it’s worried that his bill would curtail state rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t believe the federal government should mandate energy conservation,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.heritage.org/about/staff/l/nicolas-loris\">Nicolas Loris\u003c/a>, a Heritage Foundation energy and environmental policy fellow who has analyzed Burgess’s bill. “But we don’t think the federal government should prohibit the states from doing so.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "New California Dam Proposed to Combat Climate Change Concerns",
"headTitle": "New California Dam Proposed to Combat Climate Change Concerns | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Americans have had one primary reason for building dams over the past century: capturing water for growth, whether on farms or in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a new dam proposed on California’s Bear River offers another reason: adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.centennialreservoir.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Centennial dam\u003c/span>\u003c/a> project, proposed by the Nevada Irrigation District, is intended to capture rainfall at lower elevations to make up for declining snowpack at higher elevations. It would be built at an elevation of about 2,000 feet between two existing reservoirs on the Bear River—Rollins and Combie—in a region of the Sierra Nevada where winter rainfall can be prolific but snowfall is light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district suffered in 2015, along with the rest of California, when winter snowpack nearly vanished completely. On April 1 of that year, at the end of winter, the state Department of Water Resources measured the Sierra snowpack at just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">5 percent of average\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the lowest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1309876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1138px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1309876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the proposed Centennial Reservoir site near Meadow Vista, Calif. \" width=\"1138\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap.jpg 1138w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-160x202.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-800x1012.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-768x972.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-1020x1291.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-960x1215.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-240x304.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-375x475.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-520x658.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1138px) 100vw, 1138px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the proposed Centennial Reservoir site near Meadow Vista, Calif.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nevada Irrigation District that year was forced to buy water from Pacific Gas \u003cspan class=\"amp\">&\u003c/span> Electric Co. out of Rollins Reservoir to serve its customers. That emergency supply—16,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">19.7\u003c/span> million cubic meters) – cost $1 million and might not be available next time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t want to have to go begging like that again, said Nick Wilcox, a member of the district’s board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are being seriously impacted now by climate change, and will be more so in the future,” Wilcox said. “This is an attempt to create more mid-elevation storage to capture winter rains for use later in time. We need to control our own destiny.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change scenarios anticipate, as temperatures rise, more Sierra precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow. That means the mountain snowpack that California has relied upon historically to survive its hot summers may no longer be sufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The Nevada Irrigation District conceived Centennial Dam in 1927, and water rights for the project have been held ‘in trust’ ever since.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Centennial proposal would store 110,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">135.7\u003c/span> million cubic meters) of water by building a dam 275 feet (84m) tall across the Bear River, near the town of Meadow Vista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would make it larger than any of the district’s existing \u003ca href=\"http://nidwater.com/water-service/about-your-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">10 reservoirs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and it would be one of the largest dams built in California in some time. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/435/Los-Vaqueros-Project-History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, built by Contra Costa Water District, was 100,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">123.3\u003c/span> million cubic meters) when first constructed in 1998 (and expanded to 160,000 acre-feet).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district hopes to release a draft environmental impact report on the project in 2017 and start construction for the district’s 100th anniversary in 2021—hence the “centennial” name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it is hardly the first dam on the Bear River, the project has prompted a number of concerns among local residents and river advocates, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Less streamflow for imperiled fish downstream.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It would silence a 6-mile stretch of flowing water that residents enjoy, drowning the popular Bear River Campground operated by Placer County, as well as 25 homes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It will require a new bridge across the Bear River that could bring more traffic through Meadow Vista.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It would flood dozens of American Indian cultural sites along the river.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s a 19th-century solution to a 21st-century problem,” said Traci Sheehan, coordinator of the Foothill Water Network, a coalition of local groups formed to oppose the dam. “Especially during a time of climate change, you need to be really thoughtful. We believe there are more cost-effective and less environmentally destructive alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those is meadow restoration, Sheehan said. Sierra meadows have been degraded by more than a century of logging and livestock grazing, reducing their ability to store precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of agencies are working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article13156424.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">restore meadows\u003c/span>\u003c/a> as a water supply solution. The Nevada Irrigation District could do the same thing, Sheehan said, on the 70,000 acres (28,328 hectares) of mountain watershed that help fill its water system today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is conservation. Only 10 percent of the district’s customers are residential or business customers who consume treated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest are agricultural customers who receive untreated or “raw” water. This water is delivered in a 475-mile (764km) ditch system. Much of this dates to the Gold Rush and a lot of it is unlined, resulting in losses of 10 percent or more due to seepage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has a program to line or pipe its ditches “when feasible,” said general manager Rem Scherzinger. In practice, this means about 2 miles (3.2km) per year, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://nidwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/FINAL2015_Agricultural_Water_Mgmt_Plan_012916.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As any responsible agency should, we must explore and utilize all of our resources,” Scherzinger said. “These range from conservation and watershed management to leak loss prevention and the construction of storage facilities to try to protect our community. Centennial is one facet in a holistic approach to survive the coming reality of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s treated water customers were required by the state to achieve 33 percent conservation last year because of the drought. They managed 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its raw water customers, however, had no conservation requirement because the state exempted agricultural water users. Although many of the district’s raw water customers are small farmers and ranchers, many are large residential property owners who use the water for other purposes, including landscaping and ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we want to make sure farmers get every ounce of water they need for their crops, we believe a lot of agricultural water is going to water the lawns of McMansions,” said Caleb Dardick, executive director of the South Yuba River Citizens League, a small but influential environmental group working to restore river flows for fish and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unusual feature of the Nevada Irrigation District system is that it diverts substantial amounts of water from the Yuba River, through a tunnel, into the Bear River, to serve a significant share of its customers in both Nevada and Placer counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dardick worries that if the district doesn’t get the water it needs from the Bear River to fill Centennial Reservoir, it will divert more water from the Yuba River to fill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilcox said the opposite will actually be true. Building Centennial Reservoir, he said, will allow the district to divert less water from the Yuba to serve its customers in Placer County, who could then be served by Bear River water stored in Centennial Reservoir instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, he said, the new reservoir could actually take pressure off the Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is likely to cost close to $500 million, Wilcox said, which includes the new bridge as well as a possible new hydroelectric unit at Rollins Reservoir, for which the district already has a federal permit. The district would use revenues from electricity sales to help offset construction costs. No rate increases will be needed to pay for the project, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not enough to say, ‘Well, dams are outdated; we hate dams,’” Wilcox said. “Dams are inherently destructive. I grant you that. But they really do provide some water-supply reliability. And our whole society is heavily dependent on infrastructure like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical issue for the project is water rights. Nevada Irrigation District actually conceived Centennial Dam in 1927, when it was known as Parker Dam. Wilcox says the State Water Resources Control Board has held water rights for the project “in trust” ever since. But the district does not hold title to the water, which must be granted by the state through a separate hearing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed since 1927 in California’s understanding of water availability. Estimates from that time of nature’s ability to provide water are now recognized as optimistic. It is also understood that the state has already \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2607102.html\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2607102.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">allocated\u003c/span>\u003c/a> much more water rights than there is actual water to divert. So it remains to be seen if 110,000 acre-feet of Bear River water is truly still available for a new reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelly Covert, spokeswoman for the Nisenan Tribe’s Nevada City Rancheria, wants the water district to explore every possible alternative before moving ahead with the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the project will drown cultural sites the tribe has used for millennia. This includes former village sites, places where cremation rituals were performed and where tribal members still go today to harvest natural resources and connect with flowing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as “momilaj” (mome-lay) in the Nisenan language, flowing water is important to some tribal cultural practices, said Covert, who is also a member of the tribal council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“I can’t believe that in 2016, our few remaining resources that we still have access to are in danger of being lost again,” she said. “It’s a big deal to change a flowing, rushing river into a big puddle. Water is a living thing, a living being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/09/new-california-dam-proposed-to-combat-climate-change-concerns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nevada Irrigation District, which serves two California counties, wants to build a new reservoir on the Bear River to capture rainfall, amid concerns that climate change is shrinking Sierra Nevada snowpack.",
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"description": "Nevada Irrigation District, which serves two California counties, wants to build a new reservoir on the Bear River to capture rainfall, amid concerns that climate change is shrinking Sierra Nevada snowpack.",
"title": "New California Dam Proposed to Combat Climate Change Concerns | KQED",
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"headline": "New California Dam Proposed to Combat Climate Change Concerns",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Americans have had one primary reason for building dams over the past century: capturing water for growth, whether on farms or in cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now a new dam proposed on California’s Bear River offers another reason: adapting to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.centennialreservoir.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Centennial dam\u003c/span>\u003c/a> project, proposed by the Nevada Irrigation District, is intended to capture rainfall at lower elevations to make up for declining snowpack at higher elevations. It would be built at an elevation of about 2,000 feet between two existing reservoirs on the Bear River—Rollins and Combie—in a region of the Sierra Nevada where winter rainfall can be prolific but snowfall is light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district suffered in 2015, along with the rest of California, when winter snowpack nearly vanished completely. On April 1 of that year, at the end of winter, the state Department of Water Resources measured the Sierra snowpack at just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">5 percent of average\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the lowest ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1309876\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1138px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1309876\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the proposed Centennial Reservoir site near Meadow Vista, Calif. \" width=\"1138\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap.jpg 1138w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-160x202.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-800x1012.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-768x972.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-1020x1291.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-960x1215.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-240x304.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-375x475.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/01/CentennialDamMap-520x658.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1138px) 100vw, 1138px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of the proposed Centennial Reservoir site near Meadow Vista, Calif.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Nevada Irrigation District that year was forced to buy water from Pacific Gas \u003cspan class=\"amp\">&\u003c/span> Electric Co. out of Rollins Reservoir to serve its customers. That emergency supply—16,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">19.7\u003c/span> million cubic meters) – cost $1 million and might not be available next time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district doesn’t want to have to go begging like that again, said Nick Wilcox, a member of the district’s board of directors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are being seriously impacted now by climate change, and will be more so in the future,” Wilcox said. “This is an attempt to create more mid-elevation storage to capture winter rains for use later in time. We need to control our own destiny.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change scenarios anticipate, as temperatures rise, more Sierra precipitation will fall as rain rather than snow. That means the mountain snowpack that California has relied upon historically to survive its hot summers may no longer be sufficient.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The Nevada Irrigation District conceived Centennial Dam in 1927, and water rights for the project have been held ‘in trust’ ever since.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Centennial proposal would store 110,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">135.7\u003c/span> million cubic meters) of water by building a dam 275 feet (84m) tall across the Bear River, near the town of Meadow Vista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would make it larger than any of the district’s existing \u003ca href=\"http://nidwater.com/water-service/about-your-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">10 reservoirs\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, and it would be one of the largest dams built in California in some time. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccwater.com/435/Los-Vaqueros-Project-History\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Los Vaqueros Reservoir\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, built by Contra Costa Water District, was 100,000 acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">123.3\u003c/span> million cubic meters) when first constructed in 1998 (and expanded to 160,000 acre-feet).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district hopes to release a draft environmental impact report on the project in 2017 and start construction for the district’s 100th anniversary in 2021—hence the “centennial” name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it is hardly the first dam on the Bear River, the project has prompted a number of concerns among local residents and river advocates, including:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Less streamflow for imperiled fish downstream.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It would silence a 6-mile stretch of flowing water that residents enjoy, drowning the popular Bear River Campground operated by Placer County, as well as 25 homes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It will require a new bridge across the Bear River that could bring more traffic through Meadow Vista.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It would flood dozens of American Indian cultural sites along the river.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>“It’s a 19th-century solution to a 21st-century problem,” said Traci Sheehan, coordinator of the Foothill Water Network, a coalition of local groups formed to oppose the dam. “Especially during a time of climate change, you need to be really thoughtful. We believe there are more cost-effective and less environmentally destructive alternatives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those is meadow restoration, Sheehan said. Sierra meadows have been degraded by more than a century of logging and livestock grazing, reducing their ability to store precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of agencies are working to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/environment/article13156424.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">restore meadows\u003c/span>\u003c/a> as a water supply solution. The Nevada Irrigation District could do the same thing, Sheehan said, on the 70,000 acres (28,328 hectares) of mountain watershed that help fill its water system today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another is conservation. Only 10 percent of the district’s customers are residential or business customers who consume treated water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rest are agricultural customers who receive untreated or “raw” water. This water is delivered in a 475-mile (764km) ditch system. Much of this dates to the Gold Rush and a lot of it is unlined, resulting in losses of 10 percent or more due to seepage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district has a program to line or pipe its ditches “when feasible,” said general manager Rem Scherzinger. In practice, this means about 2 miles (3.2km) per year, according to a recent \u003ca href=\"http://nidwater.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/FINAL2015_Agricultural_Water_Mgmt_Plan_012916.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As any responsible agency should, we must explore and utilize all of our resources,” Scherzinger said. “These range from conservation and watershed management to leak loss prevention and the construction of storage facilities to try to protect our community. Centennial is one facet in a holistic approach to survive the coming reality of climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district’s treated water customers were required by the state to achieve 33 percent conservation last year because of the drought. They managed 30 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its raw water customers, however, had no conservation requirement because the state exempted agricultural water users. Although many of the district’s raw water customers are small farmers and ranchers, many are large residential property owners who use the water for other purposes, including landscaping and ponds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While we want to make sure farmers get every ounce of water they need for their crops, we believe a lot of agricultural water is going to water the lawns of McMansions,” said Caleb Dardick, executive director of the South Yuba River Citizens League, a small but influential environmental group working to restore river flows for fish and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An unusual feature of the Nevada Irrigation District system is that it diverts substantial amounts of water from the Yuba River, through a tunnel, into the Bear River, to serve a significant share of its customers in both Nevada and Placer counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dardick worries that if the district doesn’t get the water it needs from the Bear River to fill Centennial Reservoir, it will divert more water from the Yuba River to fill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilcox said the opposite will actually be true. Building Centennial Reservoir, he said, will allow the district to divert less water from the Yuba to serve its customers in Placer County, who could then be served by Bear River water stored in Centennial Reservoir instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, he said, the new reservoir could actually take pressure off the Yuba River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is likely to cost close to $500 million, Wilcox said, which includes the new bridge as well as a possible new hydroelectric unit at Rollins Reservoir, for which the district already has a federal permit. The district would use revenues from electricity sales to help offset construction costs. No rate increases will be needed to pay for the project, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is not enough to say, ‘Well, dams are outdated; we hate dams,’” Wilcox said. “Dams are inherently destructive. I grant you that. But they really do provide some water-supply reliability. And our whole society is heavily dependent on infrastructure like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A critical issue for the project is water rights. Nevada Irrigation District actually conceived Centennial Dam in 1927, when it was known as Parker Dam. Wilcox says the State Water Resources Control Board has held water rights for the project “in trust” ever since. But the district does not hold title to the water, which must be granted by the state through a separate hearing process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed since 1927 in California’s understanding of water availability. Estimates from that time of nature’s ability to provide water are now recognized as optimistic. It is also understood that the state has already \u003ca title=\"Link: http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2607102.html\" href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article2607102.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">allocated\u003c/span>\u003c/a> much more water rights than there is actual water to divert. So it remains to be seen if 110,000 acre-feet of Bear River water is truly still available for a new reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shelly Covert, spokeswoman for the Nisenan Tribe’s Nevada City Rancheria, wants the water district to explore every possible alternative before moving ahead with the reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the project will drown cultural sites the tribe has used for millennia. This includes former village sites, places where cremation rituals were performed and where tribal members still go today to harvest natural resources and connect with flowing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as “momilaj” (mome-lay) in the Nisenan language, flowing water is important to some tribal cultural practices, said Covert, who is also a member of the tribal council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“I can’t believe that in 2016, our few remaining resources that we still have access to are in danger of being lost again,” she said. “It’s a big deal to change a flowing, rushing river into a big puddle. Water is a living thing, a living being.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2017/01/09/new-california-dam-proposed-to-combat-climate-change-concerns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-really-big-crack-in-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-just-got-bigger",
"title": "A Really Big Crack in an Antarctic Ice Shelf Just Got Bigger",
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"content": "\u003cp>Right now, a big chunk of Antarctic ice is hanging on by a frozen thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British researchers monitoring the crack in the Larsen C ice shelf say that only about 12 miles now connect the chunk of ice to the rest of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a few months of steady, incremental advance since the last event, the rift grew suddenly by a further 18 km [11 miles] during the second half of December 2016,” wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/science/geography/a.luckman/\">Adrian Luckman\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/blog/larsen-c-ice-shelf-poised-to-calve/\">a statement\u003c/a> Thursday by the MIDAS Project, which is monitoring changes in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crack in question has been growing for years, and is now a total of roughly 70 miles long. When the fissure reaches the far side of the shelf, an iceberg the size of Delaware will float off, leaving the Larsen C 10 percent smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This event will fundamentally change the landscape of the Antarctic Peninsula,” Luckman wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11257350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11257350\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A NASA scientist with project IceBridge took this photo of the crack in November.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A NASA scientist with project IceBridge took this photo of the crack in November. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ice shelves are important because they \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89257\">provide a buffer\u003c/a> between the sea and the ice that sits on land, in this case on the Antarctic Peninsula. Without a healthy ice shelf, water from melting glaciers can flow straight to the sea, raising the sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s normal for the front of an ice shelf to crack and break off, known as calving. But it’s unusual for that to happen faster than the ice shelf can refreeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists worry that the missing piece will destabilize the whole ice shelf. A smaller ice shelf, Larsen B, \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/larsenb.php\">completely splintered\u003c/a> in a little over a month in 2002, a process that started with a similar crack. Another ice shelf, Larsen A, had disintegrated a few years before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Larsen C may eventually follow the example of its neighbour Larsen B,” wrote Luckman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t go in the next few months, I’ll be amazed,” he \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38522954\">told\u003c/a> BBC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen C is Antarctica’s fourth-largest ice shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Right now, a big chunk of Antarctic ice is hanging on by a frozen thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>British researchers monitoring the crack in the Larsen C ice shelf say that only about 12 miles now connect the chunk of ice to the rest of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a few months of steady, incremental advance since the last event, the rift grew suddenly by a further 18 km [11 miles] during the second half of December 2016,” wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.swansea.ac.uk/staff/science/geography/a.luckman/\">Adrian Luckman\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.projectmidas.org/blog/larsen-c-ice-shelf-poised-to-calve/\">a statement\u003c/a> Thursday by the MIDAS Project, which is monitoring changes in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crack in question has been growing for years, and is now a total of roughly 70 miles long. When the fissure reaches the far side of the shelf, an iceberg the size of Delaware will float off, leaving the Larsen C 10 percent smaller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This event will fundamentally change the landscape of the Antarctic Peninsula,” Luckman wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11257350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11257350\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"A NASA scientist with project IceBridge took this photo of the crack in November.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/larsenc_photo_2016315_lrg_wide-5b67cf99ec7bb47db266b89cb087529f1074d11c-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A NASA scientist with project IceBridge took this photo of the crack in November. \u003ccite>(John Sonntag/NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ice shelves are important because they \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=89257\">provide a buffer\u003c/a> between the sea and the ice that sits on land, in this case on the Antarctic Peninsula. Without a healthy ice shelf, water from melting glaciers can flow straight to the sea, raising the sea level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s normal for the front of an ice shelf to crack and break off, known as calving. But it’s unusual for that to happen faster than the ice shelf can refreeze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some scientists worry that the missing piece will destabilize the whole ice shelf. A smaller ice shelf, Larsen B, \u003ca href=\"http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/larsenb.php\">completely splintered\u003c/a> in a little over a month in 2002, a process that started with a similar crack. Another ice shelf, Larsen A, had disintegrated a few years before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Larsen C may eventually follow the example of its neighbour Larsen B,” wrote Luckman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If it doesn’t go in the next few months, I’ll be amazed,” he \u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38522954\">told\u003c/a> BBC News.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Larsen C is Antarctica’s fourth-largest ice shelf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A patch of Santa Monica’s “plumped-up” beach will soon go \u003cem>au naturel\u003c/em> thanks to a restoration makeover — and the reason why is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over decades, Santa Monica has expended considerable effort to bring 17 million people a year to walk on its golden sands. What most of those visitors don’t know is that the coastal strand is “nourished” – or, in the words of NASA scientist Bill Patzert, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.vanityfair.com/style/2013/08/end-of-malibu-nantucket-erosion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Botoxed\u003c/a>” with added sand. Dredged sand from infrastructure projects and other sources of nourishment has widened the shore to triple what it was a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why scientists from the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://www.santamonicabay.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Foundation\u003c/a>, with permission from the city, are testing a way to protect the beach by changing its shape. What makes this project striking is where they’re doing it: on one of the busiest artificial — ahem, enhanced — beaches in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/299159270″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a bright winter’s day, the Bay Foundation’s Rod Abbott runs up the beach, winding up a measuring tape as he goes. He and his colleagues are working within a 3-acre test site north of \u003ca href=\"http://santamonicapier.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Santa Monica Pier\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need more string. … OK, perfect,” Abbott says. “Uh, 138,” he announces. “139,” answers Karina Johnston, who directs the Bay Foundation’s watershed programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These measurements are part of characterizing the “before,” Johnston says. “We’re looking at how the topography changes across the beach and how the slope changes over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walks me around to imagine the “after.” A curvy fence surrounds us on three sides. A sinuous roped path divides it in half. This is where the Bay Foundation will plant native seeds. As plants grow they’ll form root balls, helping sand accrue into low dunes, 1 foot to 3 feet high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that it will naturally form over time has the potential to be resilient to sea-level rise, wave erosion, storm events, things like that,” Johnston says. “So what we could be looking at is a beautiful softscape form of protection instead of a jetty or a seawall or some of the more industrial options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston hoists a soft bag of seed mix on her shoulder, spinning the seeds out as she walks along the fence. She says her favorite is sand verbena, “which has a beautiful little purple flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand-grooming machines will skip the testing area for the next couple of years. This winter, advocates and volunteers will be watching closely for signs of rain and the first small sprouting plants, though the project isn’t expected to reach maturity for a couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Monica’s beach administrator, Judith Meister, says the project could help protect the tourism industry as well as the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, I think we have to factor in the reality of climate change,” Meister says, “so I do think that a lot of different communities are going to be looking at this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plumped-up beaches around the state might look into reseeding for a different reason: Going natural tends to cost less than maintaining the artificial beach. Santa Monica will be looking at that, too.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I need more string. … OK, perfect,” Abbott says. “Uh, 138,” he announces. “139,” answers Karina Johnston, who directs the Bay Foundation’s watershed programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These measurements are part of characterizing the “before,” Johnston says. “We’re looking at how the topography changes across the beach and how the slope changes over time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She walks me around to imagine the “after.” A curvy fence surrounds us on three sides. A sinuous roped path divides it in half. This is where the Bay Foundation will plant native seeds. As plants grow they’ll form root balls, helping sand accrue into low dunes, 1 foot to 3 feet high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that it will naturally form over time has the potential to be resilient to sea-level rise, wave erosion, storm events, things like that,” Johnston says. “So what we could be looking at is a beautiful softscape form of protection instead of a jetty or a seawall or some of the more industrial options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston hoists a soft bag of seed mix on her shoulder, spinning the seeds out as she walks along the fence. She says her favorite is sand verbena, “which has a beautiful little purple flower.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sand-grooming machines will skip the testing area for the next couple of years. This winter, advocates and volunteers will be watching closely for signs of rain and the first small sprouting plants, though the project isn’t expected to reach maturity for a couple of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Monica’s beach administrator, Judith Meister, says the project could help protect the tourism industry as well as the shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know, I think we have to factor in the reality of climate change,” Meister says, “so I do think that a lot of different communities are going to be looking at this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plumped-up beaches around the state might look into reseeding for a different reason: Going natural tends to cost less than maintaining the artificial beach. Santa Monica will be looking at that, too.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown threw down the gauntlet on Wednesday to a gathering of scientists working on climate change, many of whom feel under attack by the incoming administration of President-elect Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, Brown promised that California stands ready to lead the charge against climate change if Washington won’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of firepower,” Brown said. “We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the universities, we have the national labs, and we have the political clout and sophistication for the battle. And, we will persevere. Have no doubt about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/sfXqZEdOBcE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who has been fairly low key since the November election, seemed to relish his attack on climate change deniers, and what he called “the clowns of (right-wing news site) Breitbart” and “the miasma of nonsense coming across the social media channels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown, who got several standing ovations, promised to help protect the scientific integrity of California’s Lawrence Berkeley and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a battle of one day or one election,” the governor said. “This is a long-term slog into the future. And you are there — the foot soldiers of change and understanding and scientific collaboration.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown threw down the gauntlet on Wednesday to a gathering of scientists working on climate change, many of whom feel under attack by the incoming administration of President-elect Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, Brown promised that California stands ready to lead the charge against climate change if Washington won’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve got a lot of firepower,” Brown said. “We’ve got the scientists, we’ve got the universities, we have the national labs, and we have the political clout and sophistication for the battle. And, we will persevere. Have no doubt about that.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/sfXqZEdOBcE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/sfXqZEdOBcE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Brown, who has been fairly low key since the November election, seemed to relish his attack on climate change deniers, and what he called “the clowns of (right-wing news site) Breitbart” and “the miasma of nonsense coming across the social media channels.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is taking its fight against global warming to the farm. The nation’s leading agricultural state is now targeting greenhouse gases produced by dairy cows and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite strong opposition from farmers, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation in September that for the first time regulates heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane, a greenhouse gas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cattle and other farm animals are major sources of methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas. Methane is released when they belch, pass gas and make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce emissions of methane, we can really help to slow global warming,” said Ryan McCarthy, a science advisor for the California Air Resources Board, which is drawing up rules to implement the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Livestock are responsible for 14.5 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, with beef and dairy production accounting for the bulk of it, according to a 2013 United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the passage of its landmark global warming law in 2006, California has been reducing carbon emissions from cars, trucks, homes and factories, while boosting production of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nation’s largest milk-producing state, the new law requires dairies and other livestock operations to reduce methane emissions 40 percent below 2013 levels by 2030. State officials are developing the regulations, which take effect in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that this package … and everything we’re doing on climate, does show an effective model forward for others,” McCarthy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dairy farmers say the new regulations will drive up costs when they’re already struggling with five years of drought, low milk prices and rising labor costs. They’re also concerned about a newly signed law that will boost overtime pay for farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes it more challenging. We’re continuing to lose dairies. Dairies are moving out of state to places where these costs don’t exist,” said Paul Sousa, director of environmental services for Western United Dairymen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dairy industry could be forced to move production to states and countries with fewer regulations, leading to higher emissions globally, Sousa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s very foolish for the state of California to be taking this position,” said Rob Vandenheuvel, general manager for the Milk Producers Council. “A single state like California is not going to make a meaningful impact on the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators are looking for ways to reduce so-called enteric emissions — methane from the bodily functions of cows. That could eventually require changes to what cattle eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest target is dairy manure, which accounts for about a quarter of the state’s methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators want more farmers to reduce emissions with methane digesters, which capture methane from manure in large storage tanks and convert the gas into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has set aside $50 million to help dairies set up digesters, but farmers say that’s not nearly enough to equip the state’s roughly 1,500 dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Hope Dairy, which has 1,500 cows in Sacramento County, installed a $4 million methane digester in 2013, thanks to state grants and a partnership with the local utility, which operates the system to generate renewable power for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But co-owner Arlin Van Groningen, a third-generation farmer, says he couldn’t afford one if he had to buy and run it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is it’s going to negatively impact the economics of the California dairy industry,” Van Groningen said of the new law. “In the dairy business, the margins are so slim that something like this will force us out of state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say they’re committed to making sure the new regulations work for farmers and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a real opportunity here to get very significant emissions reductions at fairly low cost, and actually in a way that can bring economic benefits to farmers,” Ryan said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is taking its fight against global warming to the farm. The nation’s leading agricultural state is now targeting greenhouse gases produced by dairy cows and other livestock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite strong opposition from farmers, Gov. Jerry Brown signed legislation in September that for the first time regulates heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">When cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane, a greenhouse gas.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Cattle and other farm animals are major sources of methane, a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide as a heat-trapping gas. Methane is released when they belch, pass gas and make manure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can reduce emissions of methane, we can really help to slow global warming,” said Ryan McCarthy, a science advisor for the California Air Resources Board, which is drawing up rules to implement the new law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Livestock are responsible for 14.5 percent of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, with beef and dairy production accounting for the bulk of it, according to a 2013 United Nations report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the passage of its landmark global warming law in 2006, California has been reducing carbon emissions from cars, trucks, homes and factories, while boosting production of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nation’s largest milk-producing state, the new law requires dairies and other livestock operations to reduce methane emissions 40 percent below 2013 levels by 2030. State officials are developing the regulations, which take effect in 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expect that this package … and everything we’re doing on climate, does show an effective model forward for others,” McCarthy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But dairy farmers say the new regulations will drive up costs when they’re already struggling with five years of drought, low milk prices and rising labor costs. They’re also concerned about a newly signed law that will boost overtime pay for farmworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just makes it more challenging. We’re continuing to lose dairies. Dairies are moving out of state to places where these costs don’t exist,” said Paul Sousa, director of environmental services for Western United Dairymen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dairy industry could be forced to move production to states and countries with fewer regulations, leading to higher emissions globally, Sousa said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s very foolish for the state of California to be taking this position,” said Rob Vandenheuvel, general manager for the Milk Producers Council. “A single state like California is not going to make a meaningful impact on the climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulators are looking for ways to reduce so-called enteric emissions — methane from the bodily functions of cows. That could eventually require changes to what cattle eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest target is dairy manure, which accounts for about a quarter of the state’s methane emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators want more farmers to reduce emissions with methane digesters, which capture methane from manure in large storage tanks and convert the gas into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has set aside $50 million to help dairies set up digesters, but farmers say that’s not nearly enough to equip the state’s roughly 1,500 dairies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New Hope Dairy, which has 1,500 cows in Sacramento County, installed a $4 million methane digester in 2013, thanks to state grants and a partnership with the local utility, which operates the system to generate renewable power for the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But co-owner Arlin Van Groningen, a third-generation farmer, says he couldn’t afford one if he had to buy and run it himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The bottom line is it’s going to negatively impact the economics of the California dairy industry,” Van Groningen said of the new law. “In the dairy business, the margins are so slim that something like this will force us out of state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State officials say they’re committed to making sure the new regulations work for farmers and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a real opportunity here to get very significant emissions reductions at fairly low cost, and actually in a way that can bring economic benefits to farmers,” Ryan said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior",
"headTitle": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
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"description": "A newly published study examined more than 400 years’ worth of information on wildfire behavior in the Sierra Nevada and compared it with temperature and moisture data. But it turned out that climate was not the biggest influencer of fire behavior.",
"title": "Study Finds Surprising Culprit Drives Forest Fire Behavior | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"start\">Temperatures are rising \u003c/span>and forest fires, already larger and more frequent than the historical norm, are projected to increase dramatically with anthropogenic warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s the general consensus among scientists studying the relationship between fire activity and climate change in the Sierra Nevada. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2016/11/08/1609775113.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released last week found an influence on past fire activity even greater than climate: human beings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1600, the way humans have used land in the Sierra has had more effect on fire behavior than climate change, said Valerie Trouet, associate professor of dendrochronology at the University of Arizona and lead coauthor of the study, published November 14 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This conclusion has profound implications for the future, when higher temperatures are predicted to intensify fire activity in California. Average annual temperatures in the western United States have already risen by \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.1C\u003c/span>) since 1970. With every increase of \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1C\u003c/span>), the area burned annually in the Sierra Nevada is projected to increase by as much as 300 percent, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/infographic-wildfires-climate-change.html#.WDNGj9UrLcs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> by the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study about humans and fire, coauthored by Alan H. Taylor of Penn State, suggests that land managers and owners can affect fire behavior through activities that make forests more resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By changing land use, we can at least buffer some of the effects of climate change,” Trouet said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most useful tool to do that is fire itself, said Craig Thomas, conservation director for \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sierra Forest Legacy\u003c/a>, a coalition focused on Sierra Nevada national forest issues. Using controlled fires to burn ground litter and small trees breaks the fuel continuity from the surface to the crowns of trees, where fire is more difficult to control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we take the advice of this paper, we are going to build a real fire program with crews dedicated to lighting managed fires across many different land ownerships,” said Thomas, cochair of a statewide multiparty \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Community/PrescribedFire/FireMOUSigned.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">partnership\u003c/a> dedicated to increasing the use of fire to benefit natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The importance of human-fire interactions in the Sierra surprised Trouet, Taylor and their coauthors: Carl N. Skinner of the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Forest Service in Redding and Scott L. Stephens of the University of California, Berkeley. They set out to determine which climatic cycles – the El Niño/La Niña cycle or the longer Pacific Decadal Oscillation – have governed the fire regime in California’s Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team used the fire history recorded in tree rings from 29 sites in the Sierra Nevada. They combined these with 20th-century records of annual areas burned, resulting in a fire index that spans from 1600 to last year. The scientists plotted this 415-year history against past environmental records of temperature and moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They expected the fire index to roughly follow the pattern of summer temperatures: a gradual rise with a sharp increase starting around 1980.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, they found four periods, each around 55 years long, when the frequency and extent of forest fires clearly differed from the time interlude before or after. That led them to take a closer look at human activity over the entire era since 1600, focusing on whether human land use affected the amount of fuel available for fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest period in their study was a time when Native Americans used sophisticated burning techniques to improve hunting and prepare ground for agriculture. The result was a patchy network of burned areas that reduced the ground fuels, hindering the spread of fire, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire index nearly doubled with the transition to the Spanish-Mexican period (1769–1847). Once Spanish missionaries arrived, Native American populations declined precipitously. Half the native population in California estimated in 1769 had disappeared by 1845, the study states. Disease and death brought an end to the mosaic of burned and unburned areas Native Americans had created.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission era fuels built up, exacerbated by the Spanish government’s ban on the use of fire. Fires grew larger and more frequent. This is the period where the study finds the closest correlation between fire activity and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Gold Rush introduced another dramatic change in Sierra Nevada fires. It wasn’t the miners themselves but the enormous influx of people, beginning in 1848, that reduced fire activity. The new settlers brought sheep and cattle, which grazed on the grasses and other plants that would normally have been fuel for forest fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These changes in human land use triggered a shift to lower fire activity that continued to 1904, when the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> government established a fire suppression policy on federal lands. Under the regime of “\u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smokey Bear\u003c/a>,” fire activity dropped to its lowest level since 1600. Aided by sparse fuels and, after World War \u003cspan class=\"caps\">II\u003c/span>, more sophisticated fire detection and suppression techniques, fire activity remained well below what the study’s scientists predicted into the late 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That began to change in 1980. As the climate continued to warm, fire frequency increased once again. A century of accumulated forest fuels contributed to fire seasons that are now 78 days longer than in the 1970s, and an acreage of burned area that is expected to double by 2050. This trend is not expected to abate, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know the climate is changing. It already has a strong influence on fire activity and will continue to,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fires of the future will not necessarily be like the fires of the past, said Taylor, the co-lead author of the study, which has the unwieldy title “Socioecological Transitions Trigger Fire Regime Shifts and Modulate Fire-Climate Interactions in the Sierra Nevada, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">USA\u003c/span>, 1600–2015 \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CE.\u003c/span>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fires of the past were mostly surface fires. “Today we see more canopy-killing fires,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the near-certain future of rising temperatures and increased fire activity, the study’s strong evidence of humans’ effects on fire behavior offers opportunities to change the type and intensity of future burns, said Trouet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1199414\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199414\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg\" alt=\"A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \" width=\"1280\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner.jpg 1280w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/11/WD_FirefighterWithDripTorchSkinner-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A U.S. Forest Service fire professional uses a drip torch to light a low-severity prescribed burn to reduce the fuel load in a mixed-conifer forest in the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area in northern California. \u003ccite>(C.N. Skinner/USFS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prescribed burning is one way to do that and needs to be emphasized, she said, adding, “Now we know that burning not only helps with fuel loads; it also helps to reduce the effects of climate on fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land managers are increasing their use of prescribed burns as agency officials and the general public understand their importance. But 150 years of low activity and suppression have left an enormous fire deficit, said Thomas. To maintain healthy forests, where flames char trees without widespread destruction, Sierra Nevada land managers need to burn 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) every year, he said. Current managed ignitions total less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) through California, Thomas said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We desperately need to burn tens of thousands of acres on every forest in the Sierra Nevada – every year,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising temperatures are already “locked in,” said Trouet, and there is not much we can do about that for a number of decades. But by deepening our understanding of how humans affect fire regimes we can reach beyond suppression toward a sustainable system of fire management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“That is the foundation for the development of effective strategies to address the amplified fire effects expected with a warming climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/11/28/new-study-finds-surprising-culprit-drives-forest-fire-behavior\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "6 Feet of Sea Level Rise? VR Shows How it Might Look in Santa Monica",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new virtual reality experience on the Santa Monica Pier shows people what a century of climate change is likely to do to the coastline along Santa Monica Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pair of binocular viewfinders unveiled Wednesday give a 360-degree view of the iconic beach and show what it’s predicted to look like as sea levels rise by 6 feet and storms flood the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project — managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, USC and the City of Santa Monica — hopes to make the seemingly far-off effects of global warming feel more immediate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a unique way of being able to see what our true vulnerabilities will be looking into the future,” explained Juliette Finzi Hart with USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UINJmxH4bC4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the installation look through the viewfinders and first see the beach as it is today. Subsequent images show how the beach is expected to change as the effects of man-made climate change take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, sea levels off the California coast could rise by 6 feet over the next century, Finzi Hart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The demonstration also shows how storm surges could push tides even farther inland. It ends by showing a potential way to mitigate coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11179013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-800x434.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram showing potential sea level rise.\" width=\"800\" height=\"434\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11179013\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-800x434.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-1020x554.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-960x521.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-375x204.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-520x282.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram showing potential sea level rise.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(CLIMATE EDUCATION PARTNERS (AND ADAPTED BY THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program asks the viewer a series of questions to help city planners and researchers gain insight on how the public feels about this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project cost around $50,000 and the bulk of it was paid for by the City of Santa Monica itself, according to Finzi Hart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to get an idea of what they face going forward so wise decision-making can take place,” said Phyllis Grifman with the Sea Grant program at USC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grifman said the city is interested in educating people on the challenges posed by sea level rise, so the public will be more engaged when it comes time to develop potentially costly and difficult solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology runs on a VR platform called “The Owl.” Similar displays have been used in Marin and San Mateo counties. It’s free and will be up through December.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new virtual reality experience on the Santa Monica Pier shows people what a century of climate change is likely to do to the coastline along Santa Monica Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pair of binocular viewfinders unveiled Wednesday give a 360-degree view of the iconic beach and show what it’s predicted to look like as sea levels rise by 6 feet and storms flood the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project — managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, USC and the City of Santa Monica — hopes to make the seemingly far-off effects of global warming feel more immediate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a unique way of being able to see what our true vulnerabilities will be looking into the future,” explained Juliette Finzi Hart with USGS.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/UINJmxH4bC4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/UINJmxH4bC4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors to the installation look through the viewfinders and first see the beach as it is today. Subsequent images show how the beach is expected to change as the effects of man-made climate change take hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By some estimates, sea levels off the California coast could rise by 6 feet over the next century, Finzi Hart said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The demonstration also shows how storm surges could push tides even farther inland. It ends by showing a potential way to mitigate coastal flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11179013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-800x434.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram showing potential sea level rise.\" width=\"800\" height=\"434\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11179013\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-800x434.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-1020x554.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-960x521.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-375x204.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full-520x282.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/144776-full.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram showing potential sea level rise.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(CLIMATE EDUCATION PARTNERS (AND ADAPTED BY THE CITY OF SANTA MONICA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Along the way, the program asks the viewer a series of questions to help city planners and researchers gain insight on how the public feels about this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project cost around $50,000 and the bulk of it was paid for by the City of Santa Monica itself, according to Finzi Hart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want people to get an idea of what they face going forward so wise decision-making can take place,” said Phyllis Grifman with the Sea Grant program at USC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grifman said the city is interested in educating people on the challenges posed by sea level rise, so the public will be more engaged when it comes time to develop potentially costly and difficult solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology runs on a VR platform called “The Owl.” Similar displays have been used in Marin and San Mateo counties. It’s free and will be up through December.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hundreds of businesses such as Starbucks, General Mills and Hewlett Packard are asking President-elect Donald Trump to follow through on U.S. commitments to combat climate change. They argue it’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has threatened to scrap the Paris agreement and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The group of more than 360 companies and investors made their plea \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowcarbonusa.org/\">in an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump, President Obama and members of Congress. They called on Trump to “continue U.S. participation in the Paris agreement,” which he has threatened to scrap, and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signatories also include DuPont, eBay, Nike, Unilever, Levi Strauss & Co., and Hilton. They issued the letter Wednesday during a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/08/501194848/climate-conference-aims-to-put-paris-agreement-into-action\">major U.N. climate conference\u003c/a> in Marrakech, Morocco, where representatives of nearly 200 countries were gathered to hash out the details of the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the U.S. business and investor community, they emphasized their “deep commitment to addressing climate change” and pledged to their part, “in our operations and beyond,” to meet the goals of the agreement to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to build a low-carbon economy puts American prosperity at risk. But the right action now will create jobs and boost US competitiveness,” the letter states. “Implementing the Paris Agreement will enable and encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. commitments to the Paris accord are voluntary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/10/501481492/trump-has-a-chance-to-pull-u-s-out-of-climate-accord\">as NPR’s Christopher Joyce has reported\u003c/a>. He added that experts are concerned that the U.S. could walk away from the deal and gut Obama’s domestic climate change strategy. This could also discourage other countries from working to lower their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration has created a huge amount of uncertainty, and that’s bad for business,” MIT management professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketplace.org/2016/11/17/sustainability/climate-change\">John Sterman told Marketplace\u003c/a>. “So staying the course on the U.S. commitments to reduce emissions, to follow through on our Paris commitment is essential to lower that uncertainty, give businesses the confidence to develop and implement strategies that are going to build advantage, lower risk, and lower their costs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously labeled climate change a hoax. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=en\">he tweeted that it was\u003c/a> a concept “created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/265895292191248385\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/16/502175860/from-lobbyists-to-loyalists-see-whos-on-donald-trumps-transition-team\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>, Trump has appointed Myron Ebell to lead the Environmental Protection Agency transition team. Ebell “directs environmental and energy policy at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and is a leading climate change skeptic. He opposes the Clean Power Plan, which is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, calling it illegal. He heads a group called the ‘Cooler Heads Coalition’ that questions ‘global warming alarmism.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter’s overall message suggests that in the business community, environmental groups might have what would seem to be an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental groups have been left with the daunting prospect that, with a climate skeptic in the White House, they will need to look directly to corporations to assume the mantle of leading the country’s response to climate change,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/energy-environment/us-companies-to-trump-dont-abandon-global-climate-deal.html?_r=0\">as The New York Times reported\u003c/a>. “But without strict regulatory standards or oversight, companies will be left freer to pick and choose which climate-friendly policies to pursue, and which they will choose to ignore or abandon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hundreds+Of+U.S.+Businesses+Urge+Trump+To+Uphold+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hundreds of businesses such as Starbucks, General Mills and Hewlett Packard are asking President-elect Donald Trump to follow through on U.S. commitments to combat climate change. They argue it’s good for business.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has threatened to scrap the Paris agreement and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The group of more than 360 companies and investors made their plea \u003ca href=\"http://www.lowcarbonusa.org/\">in an open letter\u003c/a> to Trump, President Obama and members of Congress. They called on Trump to “continue U.S. participation in the Paris agreement,” which he has threatened to scrap, and invest in the “low carbon economy at home and abroad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signatories also include DuPont, eBay, Nike, Unilever, Levi Strauss & Co., and Hilton. They issued the letter Wednesday during a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/08/501194848/climate-conference-aims-to-put-paris-agreement-into-action\">major U.N. climate conference\u003c/a> in Marrakech, Morocco, where representatives of nearly 200 countries were gathered to hash out the details of the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As members of the U.S. business and investor community, they emphasized their “deep commitment to addressing climate change” and pledged to their part, “in our operations and beyond,” to meet the goals of the agreement to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Failure to build a low-carbon economy puts American prosperity at risk. But the right action now will create jobs and boost US competitiveness,” the letter states. “Implementing the Paris Agreement will enable and encourage businesses and investors to turn the billions of dollars in existing low-carbon investments into the trillions of dollars the world needs to bring clean energy and prosperity to all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. commitments to the Paris accord are voluntary, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/11/10/501481492/trump-has-a-chance-to-pull-u-s-out-of-climate-accord\">as NPR’s Christopher Joyce has reported\u003c/a>. He added that experts are concerned that the U.S. could walk away from the deal and gut Obama’s domestic climate change strategy. This could also discourage other countries from working to lower their own emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new administration has created a huge amount of uncertainty, and that’s bad for business,” MIT management professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.marketplace.org/2016/11/17/sustainability/climate-change\">John Sterman told Marketplace\u003c/a>. “So staying the course on the U.S. commitments to reduce emissions, to follow through on our Paris commitment is essential to lower that uncertainty, give businesses the confidence to develop and implement strategies that are going to build advantage, lower risk, and lower their costs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously labeled climate change a hoax. In 2012, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=en\">he tweeted that it was\u003c/a> a concept “created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/16/502175860/from-lobbyists-to-loyalists-see-whos-on-donald-trumps-transition-team\">As NPR has reported\u003c/a>, Trump has appointed Myron Ebell to lead the Environmental Protection Agency transition team. Ebell “directs environmental and energy policy at the Competitive Enterprise Institute and is a leading climate change skeptic. He opposes the Clean Power Plan, which is aimed at reducing carbon emissions, calling it illegal. He heads a group called the ‘Cooler Heads Coalition’ that questions ‘global warming alarmism.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter’s overall message suggests that in the business community, environmental groups might have what would seem to be an unlikely ally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Environmental groups have been left with the daunting prospect that, with a climate skeptic in the White House, they will need to look directly to corporations to assume the mantle of leading the country’s response to climate change,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/17/business/energy-environment/us-companies-to-trump-dont-abandon-global-climate-deal.html?_r=0\">as The New York Times reported\u003c/a>. “But without strict regulatory standards or oversight, companies will be left freer to pick and choose which climate-friendly policies to pursue, and which they will choose to ignore or abandon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hundreds+Of+U.S.+Businesses+Urge+Trump+To+Uphold+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "States May Drive U.S. Climate Policy Under Trump | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump could scrap the Obama administration’s plans to combat climate change once he takes office, a move that could shift climate policy making to local lawmakers instead of national ones, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, Trump made his vision for federal climate policy clear: He has promised to reverse Obama’s climate agenda, including the Clean Power Plan, which would cut carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants as a way to meet U.S. obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has appointed climate change skeptic Myron Ebell as the leader of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">also said\u003c/a> he would “refocus” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to become less regulatory and pledged to cancel U.S. involvement in the Paris pact. He promised to fully develop all of America’s coal, oil and natural gas as a way to become fully energy independent, and said wind and other renewable energy sources \u003ca href=\"http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/north-dakota/4041606-trump-ready-unleash-oil-industry\">are expensive\u003c/a> and work less effectively than fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a sign of where Trump will take federal agencies involved in climate regulation, he has appointed \u003ca href=\"https://cei.org/expert/myron-ebell\">Myron Ebell\u003c/a>, a climate change skeptic and director of the Center for Energy and Environment at the conservative Competitive Enterprise Institute, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-picks-top-climate-skeptic-to-lead-epa-transition/\">the leader\u003c/a> of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts disagree about the extent to which Trump is likely to be successful in rolling back U.S. climate and energy policy, though many say he’ll be able to render carbon emissions regulations nearly impotent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an unmitigated disaster for U.S. climate policy,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “President Trump alone could unwind the Clean Power Plan, the Climate Action Plan and the United States’ commitment to Paris. With a supportive Senate, he will be able to appoint anyone he likes to key agencies and cabinet positions. With support in both houses of Congress, the legislative agenda is wide open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://blog.aee.net/author/arvin-ganesan\">Arvin Ganesan\u003c/a>, vice president of federal policy for the group Advanced Energy Economy and the former deputy chief of staff for policy at the EPA, said it’s too early to tell what Trump will do with the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do know is the Clean Power Plan is just one factor driving a market that is already undergoing significant transformation,” Ganesan said. “Utilities, regional grid operators, and state regulators are already working to integrate advanced energy technologies to make our electric power system more reliable and affordable, and that also happen to reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ganesan said he sees Trump’s election as a business opportunity for those who want to create jobs by improving the nation’s energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/about-center/staff-and-affiliates/michael-burger\">Michael Burger\u003c/a>, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, said that a Trump administration could be devastating for climate regulation in the U.S., but there are limits to what Trump will likely do right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory process for rescinding climate regulations is complicated and could take months or years, and those favoring regulations could sue to stop Trump from eliminating them, Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Obama has been challenged in court at every turn as he tried to reduce greenhouse gases,” Burger said. “You can be sure that Trump will also be challenged in court each and every step of the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is already tied up in a lengthy court battle after 24 states sued to stop it. The Trump administration could choose not to defend it or allow it to be struck down by the Supreme Court, which would likely feature a Trump-appointee filling Justice Antonin Scalia’s open seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, director of the Environmental Economics Program at Harvard University, said that even with full GOP control of Congress, Trump is unlikely to repeal federal laws authorizing climate policies such as the Clean Power Plan because Democrats, who largely favor climate policy, will be able to filibuster any bill aiming to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would he eliminate the EPA, as he also promised at one point?” Stavins said. “No. Again, that would require an act of Congress. But he could starve the agency through low funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2528\">Michael Gerrard\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, said cutting funds to the EPA and other regulatory agencies through the appropriations process is something President Reagan did during the beginning of his administration in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that period, most of the action went down to the state level,” Gerrard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, which are already laboratories for carbon-cutting policies, could become the nation’s bulwark against a federal government hostile to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States’ actions are already driving a clean energy transition,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.analysisgroup.com/experts-and-staff/senior-advisors/susan-f--tierney/\">Susan Tierney\u003c/a>, senior advisor to the Analysis Group and former assistant secretary of policy for the U.S. Department of Energy. “Most of the states have been pushing for deeper investments in energy efficiency. State policies pushing for rooftop PV (photovoltaics) and utility-scale solar have transformed those markets. And states are increasingly adopting their own long-term carbon reduction targets. Yep, they’re leading the way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerrard said states can also regulate emissions from power plants within their borders, spur the development of new technology, create energy efficiency standards and find other ways of cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, many Northeastern states have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/decision-on-climate-plan-jolts-carbon-prices-20497\">banded together\u003c/a> to create their own cap-and-trade program called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. California has its own cap-and-trade program along with one of the nation’s most ambitious \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/us/californias-emissions-goal-is-a-milestone-on-climate-efforts.html\">climate goals\u003c/a> — to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. And Hawaii plans to go 100 percent renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential state action is the only climate-related silver lining to Trump’s election, but only if states reluctant to take action on climate follow suit, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States will continue to make progress on energy and climate issues, but it is absolutely critical that pro-climate states change strategy,” he said. “Absent a national commitment, the efforts of a few key states to continue with policy won’t make much of a difference in terms of absolute emissions — those states have already made progress and their accomplishments are easily offset by other states that take the opposite approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump could scrap the Obama administration’s plans to combat climate change once he takes office, a move that could shift climate policy making to local lawmakers instead of national ones, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout his campaign, Trump made his vision for federal climate policy clear: He has promised to reverse Obama’s climate agenda, including the Clean Power Plan, which would cut carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants as a way to meet U.S. obligations under the Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Trump has appointed climate change skeptic Myron Ebell as the leader of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">also said\u003c/a> he would “refocus” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to become less regulatory and pledged to cancel U.S. involvement in the Paris pact. He promised to fully develop all of America’s coal, oil and natural gas as a way to become fully energy independent, and said wind and other renewable energy sources \u003ca href=\"http://www.thedickinsonpress.com/news/north-dakota/4041606-trump-ready-unleash-oil-industry\">are expensive\u003c/a> and work less effectively than fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a sign of where Trump will take federal agencies involved in climate regulation, he has appointed \u003ca href=\"https://cei.org/expert/myron-ebell\">Myron Ebell\u003c/a>, a climate change skeptic and director of the Center for Energy and Environment at the conservative Competitive Enterprise Institute, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trump-picks-top-climate-skeptic-to-lead-epa-transition/\">the leader\u003c/a> of the EPA’s transition team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts disagree about the extent to which Trump is likely to be successful in rolling back U.S. climate and energy policy, though many say he’ll be able to render carbon emissions regulations nearly impotent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an unmitigated disaster for U.S. climate policy,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.ghgpolicy.org/about/\">Danny Cullenward\u003c/a>, an energy economist and lawyer at the Carnegie Institution for Science. “President Trump alone could unwind the Clean Power Plan, the Climate Action Plan and the United States’ commitment to Paris. With a supportive Senate, he will be able to appoint anyone he likes to key agencies and cabinet positions. With support in both houses of Congress, the legislative agenda is wide open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://blog.aee.net/author/arvin-ganesan\">Arvin Ganesan\u003c/a>, vice president of federal policy for the group Advanced Energy Economy and the former deputy chief of staff for policy at the EPA, said it’s too early to tell what Trump will do with the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we do know is the Clean Power Plan is just one factor driving a market that is already undergoing significant transformation,” Ganesan said. “Utilities, regional grid operators, and state regulators are already working to integrate advanced energy technologies to make our electric power system more reliable and affordable, and that also happen to reduce carbon emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ganesan said he sees Trump’s election as a business opportunity for those who want to create jobs by improving the nation’s energy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/about-center/staff-and-affiliates/michael-burger\">Michael Burger\u003c/a>, executive director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, said that a Trump administration could be devastating for climate regulation in the U.S., but there are limits to what Trump will likely do right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory process for rescinding climate regulations is complicated and could take months or years, and those favoring regulations could sue to stop Trump from eliminating them, Burger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Obama has been challenged in court at every turn as he tried to reduce greenhouse gases,” Burger said. “You can be sure that Trump will also be challenged in court each and every step of the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clean Power Plan is already tied up in a lengthy court battle after 24 states sued to stop it. The Trump administration could choose not to defend it or allow it to be struck down by the Supreme Court, which would likely feature a Trump-appointee filling Justice Antonin Scalia’s open seat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://scholar.harvard.edu/stavins/home\">Robert Stavins\u003c/a>, director of the Environmental Economics Program at Harvard University, said that even with full GOP control of Congress, Trump is unlikely to repeal federal laws authorizing climate policies such as the Clean Power Plan because Democrats, who largely favor climate policy, will be able to filibuster any bill aiming to do so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would he eliminate the EPA, as he also promised at one point?” Stavins said. “No. Again, that would require an act of Congress. But he could starve the agency through low funding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2528\">Michael Gerrard\u003c/a>, faculty director of the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, said cutting funds to the EPA and other regulatory agencies through the appropriations process is something President Reagan did during the beginning of his administration in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During that period, most of the action went down to the state level,” Gerrard said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>States, which are already laboratories for carbon-cutting policies, could become the nation’s bulwark against a federal government hostile to combating climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States’ actions are already driving a clean energy transition,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.analysisgroup.com/experts-and-staff/senior-advisors/susan-f--tierney/\">Susan Tierney\u003c/a>, senior advisor to the Analysis Group and former assistant secretary of policy for the U.S. Department of Energy. “Most of the states have been pushing for deeper investments in energy efficiency. State policies pushing for rooftop PV (photovoltaics) and utility-scale solar have transformed those markets. And states are increasingly adopting their own long-term carbon reduction targets. Yep, they’re leading the way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gerrard said states can also regulate emissions from power plants within their borders, spur the development of new technology, create energy efficiency standards and find other ways of cutting carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, many Northeastern states have \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/decision-on-climate-plan-jolts-carbon-prices-20497\">banded together\u003c/a> to create their own cap-and-trade program called the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. California has its own cap-and-trade program along with one of the nation’s most ambitious \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/us/californias-emissions-goal-is-a-milestone-on-climate-efforts.html\">climate goals\u003c/a> — to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. And Hawaii plans to go 100 percent renewable by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential state action is the only climate-related silver lining to Trump’s election, but only if states reluctant to take action on climate follow suit, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“States will continue to make progress on energy and climate issues, but it is absolutely critical that pro-climate states change strategy,” he said. “Absent a national commitment, the efforts of a few key states to continue with policy won’t make much of a difference in terms of absolute emissions — those states have already made progress and their accomplishments are easily offset by other states that take the opposite approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "how-trump-may-alter-californias-environment-and-energy-landscape",
"title": "How Trump May Alter California's Environment and Energy Landscape",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/\">agree\u003c/a> that human activities are the leading cause of steadily rising temperatures around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump, however, has called global warming “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/412162068989874176?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">bulls**t\u003c/a>” and a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/427226424987385856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">hoax\u003c/a>,” making him soon to be one of, if not the only, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-wysiwig/TrumpVsWorld.pdf)\">world leader to deny the science behind climate change.\u003c/a> He’s also threatened to defund the Environmental Protection Agency and bring back the flagging coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, environmentalists and climate activists are alarmed by what a Trump presidency will mean for efforts to reduce human-generated emissions that are warming the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they wonder what Trump’s policies might mean for California, which is considered a pioneer in efforts to conserve the environment and fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump has signaled he will roll back progress on climate change at a national level\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Under the Obama administration, the United States was on track to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from power plants as part of the Clean Power Plan. The U.S. had also signed onto the Paris climate agreement, which took effect earlier this month, and had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/paris-climate-conference-US-IB.pdf\">pledged\u003c/a> to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 percent, compared to 2005 levels, by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the future of both those actions are\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/11/9/13571318/donald-trump-disaster-climate\"> in question\u003c/a>. Trump has said he wants to pull out of the Paris agreement and scrap the Clean Power Plan, while scrapping other Obama environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been working to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions since the passage of AB 32 in 2006. The state has already reached the goals envisioned under the Clean Power Plan and is on track to cut even more. The state has largely relied on a cap-and-trade program, in which regulators set limits on carbon emissions and allow polluters to buy and sell carbon permits to stay under those limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it stands now, the Clean Power Plan would give California opportunities to trade emissions permits with neighboring states and to be a model for them as they develop their plans to comply with the new regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the future of the Clean Power Plan is unclear under a Trump administration. The rule has been challenged in federal court. Trump could choose to no longer defend it, and he could appoint a new justice to the Supreme Court who favors overturning it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11168718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11168718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-800x554.jpg\" alt=\"Emissions from the Valero Refinery in Vallejo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-1180x817.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-375x260.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-520x360.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emissions from the Valero Refinery in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California will likely continue with its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, even without the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, for Californians, Trump’s election means a return to the days of President George W. Bush, when the state operated largely on its own in terms of climate and environmental policy. After all, it was under the Bush administration that California passed AB 32, the first-of-its-kind climate legislation, and it did so precisely because of federal inaction on climate change, according to Cara Horowitz, co-executive director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA’s law school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s climate policies are not threatened by a Trump presidency\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Passed in 2006, AB 32 required California to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Since then, the state has \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/adrienne-alvord/california-global-warming-solutions-act-ab-32-by-the-numbers\">reduced its emissions \u003c/a>by over 7 percent, as the population has increased by the same amount. This fall, another landmark bill deepened and extended those cuts. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">SB 32 \u003c/a>commits the state to cutting emissions by 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, California has rolled out a suite of programs to help the state meet its emissions reduction goals, the most well known of which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/key-legislation/california-cap-trade\">cap and trade\u003c/a>. Regulators slowly decrease the cap over time. Polluters who lower their emissions below the cap can make money by selling carbon credits to power plants, refineries and other polluters that can’t meet their targets. The program is meant to incentivize efforts to reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump can’t overturn California’s cap-and-trade program (although it is currently embroiled in a state \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificlegal.org/cases/cap-and-trade-auction-is-an-unconstitutional-tax\">lawsuit\u003c/a> challenging its legality). Nor can he overturn SB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re too committed as a state, and frankly we have too much as a state to back down on our climate policies,” said Horowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the worst drought in half a millennium, to a long coastline vulnerable to sea level rise, to a wildfire season that is 78 days longer than it was in 1970, Californians “see the effects of climate change every day and we’re very committed to our climate policies, no matter what happens at the federal level,” Horowitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Trump appoints to head federal agencies will likely have a huge impact on California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Beyond climate, President Trump’s attitudes toward the environment will resonate most deeply in traditional environmental issues: things like clean air, clean water, endangered species, land conservation and energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to tell how he’s leaning is to track who is appointed to head agencies tasked with safeguarding or developing those resources, according to Ann Notthoff, California advocacy director at the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives, and lawmakers from fossil fuel-dependent states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal from federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11168725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11168725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and their supporters opposed to the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) confront bulldozers working on the new oil pipeline near Cannon Ball, North Dakota. Donald Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives and lawmakers from states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-1020x633.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-1180x732.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-960x596.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-375x233.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and their supporters opposed to the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) confront bulldozers working on the new oil pipeline near Cannon Ball, North Dakota. Donald Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives and lawmakers from states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notthoff said she is especially keeping her eye on who Trump appoints to head the Department of Interior, which oversees agencies like the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump himself has pledged to\u003ca href=\"https://www.adn.com/politics/2016/05/26/trump-pledges-to-back-more-oil-drilling-including-in-alaska/\"> increase oil and gas production \u003c/a>on federal land, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42432.pdf\">fell\u003c/a> under the Obama administration. That could impact California, the nation’s No. 3 oil state, where 7\u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/Minerals/bkfo_minerals.print.html\"> percent of oil wells are on federal land\u003c/a>, according to the BLM.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump’s EPA, in particular, will affect clean air and clean water in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump has threatened to eliminate the EPA entirely, although he recently walked back that comment, saying he wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">focus\u003c/a> the agency on ensuring clean air and water. But there are many ways to do this, some of which are top-down and regulatory, while others are more voluntary and market-based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ways the EPA has traditionally ensured clean air and drinking water is creating emissions and concentration standards that polluters have to meet, enforcing them with penalties, and passing stricter ones over time. Horowitz worries a Trump EPA will let that approach slide, becoming business- and industry-friendly at the expense of public health. “It’s very clear he’s one of those Republicans who sees environmental protection and business interests at odd with each other, as opposed to things that can and should co-exist,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is legally allowed to pass state standards that are stricter than federal ones, but Horowitz says that’s difficult. “Without a really robust federal partner, we could see California’s progress on air quality slipping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California benefits from federal support for renewable energy, which a Republican-controlled Congress could cut off\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Last December, lawmakers \u003ca href=\"http://https//www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/breaking-house-passes-1.1-trillion-spending-bill-with-renewable-energy-tax\">cut a deal\u003c/a> to extend federal tax credits for the wind and solar industries through 2017 and 2019 respectively. The deal would need congressional approval to be extended. And it could even be cut off prematurely, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/breaking--bad-news-for-us-solar-as-donald-trump-becomes-president-elect_100026842/#axzz4PYMuA4Ui\">writes solar energy columnist \u003c/a>Christian Roselund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously expressed his distaste for federal subsidies for clean energy. According to a memo released in late October, Trump pledged to “cancel all wasteful climate spending,” according to the Washington Post. Investors are clearly already worried: \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/solar-stocks-tank-and-lead-broader-energy-sector-lower-2016-11-09.\">Solar stocks plunged\u003c/a> following news he had won the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has huge implications for California, which has \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=24852\">nearly half \u003c/a>of the solar power generation in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Subsidies at the federal level can all have a role to play in how effectively we deploy clean energy, how much it competes on a playing field with fossil fuels,” Notthoff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, as with climate change policy, state policies encouraging solar development will not be affected by this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s newly minted National Monuments likely to stay in place\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Antiquities Act, President Obama created a number of national monuments in California in the past eight years, including the San Gabriel Mountain National Monument in 2014. Experts say it’s highly unlikely that President Trump would reverse those designations because they’ve mostly received bipartisan support, and it’s unclear the Antiquities Act allows presidents to strip monument designations from locations that already have it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Donald Trump has called global warming 'bulls**t' and a 'hoax.' Not surprisingly, environmentalists are alarmed by what a Trump presidency will mean for efforts to reduce human-generated emissions.",
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"title": "How Trump May Alter California's Environment and Energy Landscape | KQED",
"description": "Donald Trump has called global warming 'bulls**t' and a 'hoax.' Not surprisingly, environmentalists are alarmed by what a Trump presidency will mean for efforts to reduce human-generated emissions.",
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"headline": "How Trump May Alter California's Environment and Energy Landscape",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/emily-guerin\">Emily Guerin\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> with Stephen Gregory \u003cbr> \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ninety-seven percent of climate scientists \u003ca href=\"http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/\">agree\u003c/a> that human activities are the leading cause of steadily rising temperatures around the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump, however, has called global warming “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/412162068989874176?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">bulls**t\u003c/a>” and a “\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/427226424987385856?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">hoax\u003c/a>,” making him soon to be one of, if not the only, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/uploads-wysiwig/TrumpVsWorld.pdf)\">world leader to deny the science behind climate change.\u003c/a> He’s also threatened to defund the Environmental Protection Agency and bring back the flagging coal industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, environmentalists and climate activists are alarmed by what a Trump presidency will mean for efforts to reduce human-generated emissions that are warming the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they wonder what Trump’s policies might mean for California, which is considered a pioneer in efforts to conserve the environment and fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump has signaled he will roll back progress on climate change at a national level\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Under the Obama administration, the United States was on track to regulate carbon dioxide emissions from power plants as part of the Clean Power Plan. The U.S. had also signed onto the Paris climate agreement, which took effect earlier this month, and had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/paris-climate-conference-US-IB.pdf\">pledged\u003c/a> to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 26 to 28 percent, compared to 2005 levels, by 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the future of both those actions are\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/2016/11/9/13571318/donald-trump-disaster-climate\"> in question\u003c/a>. Trump has said he wants to pull out of the Paris agreement and scrap the Clean Power Plan, while scrapping other Obama environmental regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has been working to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions since the passage of AB 32 in 2006. The state has already reached the goals envisioned under the Clean Power Plan and is on track to cut even more. The state has largely relied on a cap-and-trade program, in which regulators set limits on carbon emissions and allow polluters to buy and sell carbon permits to stay under those limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it stands now, the Clean Power Plan would give California opportunities to trade emissions permits with neighboring states and to be a model for them as they develop their plans to comply with the new regulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the future of the Clean Power Plan is unclear under a Trump administration. The rule has been challenged in federal court. Trump could choose to no longer defend it, and he could appoint a new justice to the Supreme Court who favors overturning it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11168718\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11168718\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-800x554.jpg\" alt=\"Emissions from the Valero Refinery in Vallejo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"554\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-800x554.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-1020x706.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-1180x817.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-960x665.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-375x260.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/VallejoRefinery-520x360.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emissions from the Valero Refinery in Vallejo. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California will likely continue with its efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, even without the Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, for Californians, Trump’s election means a return to the days of President George W. Bush, when the state operated largely on its own in terms of climate and environmental policy. After all, it was under the Bush administration that California passed AB 32, the first-of-its-kind climate legislation, and it did so precisely because of federal inaction on climate change, according to Cara Horowitz, co-executive director of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA’s law school.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s climate policies are not threatened by a Trump presidency\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Passed in 2006, AB 32 required California to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Since then, the state has \u003ca href=\"http://blog.ucsusa.org/adrienne-alvord/california-global-warming-solutions-act-ab-32-by-the-numbers\">reduced its emissions \u003c/a>by over 7 percent, as the population has increased by the same amount. This fall, another landmark bill deepened and extended those cuts. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">SB 32 \u003c/a>commits the state to cutting emissions by 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, California has rolled out a suite of programs to help the state meet its emissions reduction goals, the most well known of which is \u003ca href=\"http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/key-legislation/california-cap-trade\">cap and trade\u003c/a>. Regulators slowly decrease the cap over time. Polluters who lower their emissions below the cap can make money by selling carbon credits to power plants, refineries and other polluters that can’t meet their targets. The program is meant to incentivize efforts to reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump can’t overturn California’s cap-and-trade program (although it is currently embroiled in a state \u003ca href=\"https://www.pacificlegal.org/cases/cap-and-trade-auction-is-an-unconstitutional-tax\">lawsuit\u003c/a> challenging its legality). Nor can he overturn SB 32.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re too committed as a state, and frankly we have too much as a state to back down on our climate policies,” said Horowitz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the worst drought in half a millennium, to a long coastline vulnerable to sea level rise, to a wildfire season that is 78 days longer than it was in 1970, Californians “see the effects of climate change every day and we’re very committed to our climate policies, no matter what happens at the federal level,” Horowitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Who Trump appoints to head federal agencies will likely have a huge impact on California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Beyond climate, President Trump’s attitudes toward the environment will resonate most deeply in traditional environmental issues: things like clean air, clean water, endangered species, land conservation and energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to tell how he’s leaning is to track who is appointed to head agencies tasked with safeguarding or developing those resources, according to Ann Notthoff, California advocacy director at the Natural Resources Defense Council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives, and lawmakers from fossil fuel-dependent states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal from federal lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11168725\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11168725\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"Members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and their supporters opposed to the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) confront bulldozers working on the new oil pipeline near Cannon Ball, North Dakota. Donald Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives and lawmakers from states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal.\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-800x496.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-160x99.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-1020x633.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-1180x732.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-960x596.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-240x149.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-375x233.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/DaplDozers-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Members of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and their supporters opposed to the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) confront bulldozers working on the new oil pipeline near Cannon Ball, North Dakota. Donald Trump has surrounded himself with climate change deniers, oil industry executives and lawmakers from states like North Dakota who are eager to expedite production of oil, gas and coal. \u003ccite>(ROBYN BECK/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Notthoff said she is especially keeping her eye on who Trump appoints to head the Department of Interior, which oversees agencies like the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump himself has pledged to\u003ca href=\"https://www.adn.com/politics/2016/05/26/trump-pledges-to-back-more-oil-drilling-including-in-alaska/\"> increase oil and gas production \u003c/a>on federal land, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42432.pdf\">fell\u003c/a> under the Obama administration. That could impact California, the nation’s No. 3 oil state, where 7\u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/Minerals/bkfo_minerals.print.html\"> percent of oil wells are on federal land\u003c/a>, according to the BLM.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trump’s EPA, in particular, will affect clean air and clean water in California\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump has threatened to eliminate the EPA entirely, although he recently walked back that comment, saying he wants to \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-backs-off-plan-to-eliminate-epa/article/2602581\">focus\u003c/a> the agency on ensuring clean air and water. But there are many ways to do this, some of which are top-down and regulatory, while others are more voluntary and market-based.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the ways the EPA has traditionally ensured clean air and drinking water is creating emissions and concentration standards that polluters have to meet, enforcing them with penalties, and passing stricter ones over time. Horowitz worries a Trump EPA will let that approach slide, becoming business- and industry-friendly at the expense of public health. “It’s very clear he’s one of those Republicans who sees environmental protection and business interests at odd with each other, as opposed to things that can and should co-exist,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is legally allowed to pass state standards that are stricter than federal ones, but Horowitz says that’s difficult. “Without a really robust federal partner, we could see California’s progress on air quality slipping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California benefits from federal support for renewable energy, which a Republican-controlled Congress could cut off\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Last December, lawmakers \u003ca href=\"http://https//www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/breaking-house-passes-1.1-trillion-spending-bill-with-renewable-energy-tax\">cut a deal\u003c/a> to extend federal tax credits for the wind and solar industries through 2017 and 2019 respectively. The deal would need congressional approval to be extended. And it could even be cut off prematurely, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pv-magazine.com/news/details/beitrag/breaking--bad-news-for-us-solar-as-donald-trump-becomes-president-elect_100026842/#axzz4PYMuA4Ui\">writes solar energy columnist \u003c/a>Christian Roselund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has previously expressed his distaste for federal subsidies for clean energy. According to a memo released in late October, Trump pledged to “cancel all wasteful climate spending,” according to the Washington Post. Investors are clearly already worried: \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/solar-stocks-tank-and-lead-broader-energy-sector-lower-2016-11-09.\">Solar stocks plunged\u003c/a> following news he had won the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This has huge implications for California, which has \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=24852\">nearly half \u003c/a>of the solar power generation in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Subsidies at the federal level can all have a role to play in how effectively we deploy clean energy, how much it competes on a playing field with fossil fuels,” Notthoff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, as with climate change policy, state policies encouraging solar development will not be affected by this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California’s newly minted National Monuments likely to stay in place\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the Antiquities Act, President Obama created a number of national monuments in California in the past eight years, including the San Gabriel Mountain National Monument in 2014. Experts say it’s highly unlikely that President Trump would reverse those designations because they’ve mostly received bipartisan support, and it’s unclear the Antiquities Act allows presidents to strip monument designations from locations that already have it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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