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"bio": "\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Queena Sook Kim is a former senior editor of the weekend desk at KQED. Before taking on that post, she was the Senior Editor of the Silicon Valley Desk and was the \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">host of The California Report. The daily morning show airs on KQED in San Francisco, one of the nation’s largest NPR affiliates, and on 30 stations across the state. In that role, she produces and reports on news, politics and life in the Golden State. Queena likes to take sideways look at the larger trends changing the state. One of her favorite stories asked\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/02/15/why-the-heck-do-mexican-reporters-on-public-radio-say-their-names-that-way\"> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">why Latino journalists “over’pronounce” their Spanish surnames\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as a way of looking at how immigration is creating a culture shift in California.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before joining The California Report, Queena was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketplace.org/people/queena-kim\">Senior Reporter covering technology for Marketplace\u003c/a>, the daily business show that airs on public radio. Queena covered daily tech business stories and reported on larger technology trends. She did a series of stories looking at role of social engineering in hacking and on a start-up in Silicon Valley that’s trying to use technology, instead of animals, to make meat that bleeds.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Queena started her career as a business journalist at the Wall Street Journal, where she spent four years covering the paper, home building and toy industries. She wrote A1 stories about the unusually aggressive tactics KB Home took against its home buyers. and the resurgence of “Cracker” architecture in Florida. She also wrote section front stories on marketing trends and\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a journalist, Queena has spent much of her career helping start-up editorial products. She was on the founding editorial team of The Bay Citizen, an experimental, online news site in San Francisco that was funded by the late hillbilly billionaire Warren Hellman. In 2009, Queena received a grant from the Corporation of Public Broadcasting to start-up a podcast called \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/cyberfrequencies\">CyberFrequencies\u003c/a>, which reported on the culture of technology. She also helped start-up two radio shows - Off-Ramp and Pacific Drift - for KPCC, the NPR-affiliate in Los Angeles. Off-Ramp was awarded 1st Place for news and Public Affairs programming by the PRINDI and the L.A. Press club. \u003ca href=\"https://soundcloud.com/queena-sook-kim\">Queena’s stories have appeared \u003c/a>on NPR’s Day to Day, Hearing Voices, WNYC’s Studio 360, WBUR’s Here and Now, BBC’s Global Perspectives and New York Times’ multimedia page.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1994, Queena won a Fulbright Grant to teach and study in Seoul, South Korea. She was also selected to be a Teach For America Corps Member in 1991 and taught elementary school in the Inglewood Unified School District in Southern California.\u003c/span>\r\n\r\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Queena is a frequent public speaker and has given talks at UC Berkeley, Stanford University, San Francisco State University, PRINDI conference and the Craigslist Foundation Boot Camp. Queena went to UC Berkeley’s Graduate School of Journalism and graduated cum laude from New York University with a B.A. in Politics. She grew up in Southern California and lives in Berkeley, Ca in a big fixer on which she spends most weekends, well, fixing.\u003c/span>",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria",
"headTitle": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A North Carolina startup grows biocement bricks to circumvent the hefty fossil fuel consumption needed for normal cement. ",
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"title": "Want to Cut Carbon Emissions? Try Growing Cement Bricks With Bacteria | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ginger Krieg Dosier’s inspiration for changing the ground beneath our feet was a seashell she picked up on a beach at 8 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand how, go outside and stand on a sidewalk. OK, look down. Odds are you’re staring at one of biggest contributors of greenhouse gases on the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement is the glue that holds together the stones, pebbles or whatever tough material goes into your concrete bricks and sidewalks. But its production creates more carbon emissions than all the airplanes and ships in the world. Manufacture a ton of cement, and you’ll inject a ton of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Cement-making produces more fossil fuel emissions each year than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Young Ginger wasn’t thinking about such matters when she grabbed the shell from the sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The 8-year-old version of myself was really looking at the beauty of the seashell, but also trying to understand how it was grown underwater,” Ginger Krieg Dosier told NewsHour. “It was so hard and durable. Very similar to your own bones. That was where the seed started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seed, plus 30-odd years, blossomed into a way to grow (yes, grow!) cement and concrete bricks without emitting carbon dioxide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485918\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria2bricks.gif\" alt=\"BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \" width=\"650\" height=\"366\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON bacteria poured into red sand to start the biocement-making process. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Second Bedroom to Biocement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement-making accounts for about 5 percent of all industrial and fossil fuel emissions each year. Nonetheless, it’s a sizeable amount—more than all the emissions created by airplanes and ships. The scientific zeitgeist argues that human-made carbon emissions\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/why-the-paris-talks-wont-prevent-2-degrees-of-global-warming/\"> must reach net zero\u003c/a> to avoid 2 degrees Celsius of global warming and the destabilization of the Earth’s environment through climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krieg Dosier is the CEO and cofounder of \u003ca href=\"http://biomason.com/\">bioMASON\u003c/a>, a biotechnology startup in Raleigh, North Carolina, that has spent the past four years using bacteria to grow cement and make bricks. This microbial business venture is a departure—and not a microscopic one—from the industry norm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Portland cement, by far the most common variety of the material in the world, starts as a rocky blend of limestone and clay. This mineral mixture gets heated inside a rotating kiln to 2,500 to 2,800 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the two billion tons of CO2 emissions created each year by cement production, half come from fossil fuels burned as an energy source for the kilns. The energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.cement.org/concrete-basics/manufacturing/cement-industry-overview\">used to bake one ton of cement\u003c/a> could power the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3\">average U.S. home for more than a month\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485920\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485920\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg\" alt=\"Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/CementCO2production.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top 10 producers of cement-related carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 (in megatonnes of CO2). China produced three times as much cement as the next nine top producers. \u003ccite>(Global Carbon Atlas)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The remaining emissions are due to calcination, a chemical process triggered by heating the limestone to split it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide (CO2). The calcium oxide progresses through a series of reactions to become cement’s binding base, while the CO2—a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming—enters the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson sees three possible options for escaping cement’s emission. One, manufacturers could switch from fossil fuels to renewable power like wind and solar—though that only cuts about half the carbon emissions. Two, scientists could develop \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630247\">technology to recapture carbon from the air\u003c/a>, which some are trying to do. Or, the CO2 emissions could be eliminated from the get-go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anything we could do to reduce it [cement’s carbon emissions] would be helpful,” said Robert Jackson, a Stanford University environmental scientist and chairman of the Global Carbon Project, a research collective that monitors greenhouse gas emissions. “In general, carbon dioxide emissions have been going up from cement because, as we have more people on the earth and countries like China industrialize, we’re producing a lot more cement than we did 10, 20 or 30 years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, Krieg Dosier was contemplating this pollution problem as a freshly minted architect and assistant professor of architecture at North Carolina State University. Her thoughts turned back to seashells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seashells—the protective outer layer made by some marine animals—are composed of calcium carbonate, the hard stuff found in limestone. (Hard corals, your teeth and bones are made of the same material). She wondered if biologically made—or biomineralized—calcium carbonate could replace cement and make concrete bricks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she wasn’t teaching, she conducted side research and landed upon bacteria as a source of calcium carbonate. Microorganisms like bacteria and algae \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222985351_Ca-Carbonates_Precipitation_and_Limestone_Genesis_-_the_Microbiogeologist_Point_of_View\">can feed on organic waste—dead corpses, poop—to form limestone deposits\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485922\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg\" alt=\"All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \" width=\"640\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-1020x720.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-768x542.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-960x678.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-375x265.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs-520x367.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/seashells_corals_crabs.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All the marine organisms in this picture produce calcium carbonate to harden their shells or exoskeletons. Pictured: brittle star, calico box crab, sand dollar, stony coral, conch, whelk, augers (many), olive, scallop and barnacle. \u003ccite>(Ed Reschke/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In nature, the process is slow with calcium carbonate-making bacteria. The right conditions may occur once every few years. So Krieg Dosier, along with her husband and fellow architect Michael Dosier, became home brewers of calcium carbonate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I did a lot of work early on with the process where we had microorganisms growing in our second bedroom,” Krieg Dosier said. “It was a pretty awesome lab. It was a safe lab. We did have ways of sterilizing, ways of keeping the culture alive in incubators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that time, the Dosiers had moved to the United Arab Emirates to teach architecture at a university. The location provided plentiful sand, raw material for making bioconcrete. “There’s not a lot of uses for sand that’s that fine, so it became a good testing material for us,” Krieg Dosier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of toil and 111 failed experiments, the Dosiers landed on the right brewing conditions for bioMASON cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s innovation hinges on a rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus. They use a Bacillus strain that’s naturally occurring (no genetic modification) and it doesn’t cause disease. This particular microbe is found everywhere, including inside limestone caves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1485818\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg\" alt=\"BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \" width=\"800\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-800x518.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-768x497.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-240x155.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-375x243.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria-520x336.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/bacteria.jpg 816w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">BioMASON’s “microorganism mat”—a collection of Bacillus bacteria stitched together by exuded calcium carbonate. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The organism creates a microenvironment that enables the formation of this calcium carbonate [limestone] crystal,” said Michael Dosier, chief technology officer at bioMASON and Ginger’s husband. “That’s effectively how it’s evolved in nature over billions of years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But rather than take months or years to harden, bioMASON’s bacteria cement finishes the deed in two to three days. The whole process happens at room temperature, without the need for burning fossil fuels or calcination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you started with the same raw materials, and didn’t have to cook the limestone to a couple thousand degrees, it would definitely reduce the carbon dioxide emissions,” Jackson told NewsHour via Skype. “The notion of using bio-products is happening all around the world and for many industrial processes, so I think it’s a good idea to try.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485924\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1485924\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \" width=\"640\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1020x439.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-160x69.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-800x344.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-768x331.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-1180x508.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-960x413.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-240x103.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-375x161.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads-520x224.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/glass_beads.jpg 1422w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Glass beads (1 millimeter in diameter) covered by bioMASON bacteria (imperceptible at this magnification) and stitched together by biocement. Right: Magnified version of left reveals biocement as it coats glass beads. \u003ccite>(Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>BioMASON’s microbe not only skips the high heat, it also absorbs CO2 from the air to make the calcium carbonate, Ginger said. While we’re standing in inside one of bioMASON’s labs, Michael squirts a bit of calcium into bacteria primed in a proprietary chemical cocktail. Calcium carbonate crystals form almost instantaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The calcium carbonate literally forms around the cell’s microorganism, basically encapsulating them in between the grains of sand,” Ginger said. “So you’re literally stitching them together and filling in between the grains of sand with bio-cement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Biobricks Worldwide\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside bioMASON’s labs, a handful of architects experiment with aesthetic elements of the bricks. The biocement itself carries an off-white, almost translucent crystal that readily absorbs colors and adapts to different textures. They can make bricks look old and burnt without using fire, or ones with logos that glow in the dark. Some bricks feature drawings that only appear in the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make bricks, bioMASON engineers start by pouring a pitcher of primed bacteria into a mixer full of foundation material, such as sand or pebbles. Paddles churn the concoction, so the bacteria slip evenly in-between the particles of the rocky material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485926\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485926\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/hopper.gif\" alt=\"After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \" width=\"600\" height=\"338\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After pressing, bioMASON bricks spend three to four days hardening inside shipping containers. \u003ccite>(Matthew Ehrichs)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Next, the tank holding the brew tips upward, and the goop slides into machine called “the hopper.” The wet biocement funnels into the hopper’s brick molds, and a hydraulic plate covers them. Flip a switch, and the plate presses into the material while vibrating furiously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Imagine you put sand into a cup, and it just sits kind of fluffy,” Michael said. “But if you put a plate on top and vibrate it, those particles shift around until they nestle and find their home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nestled bricks slide out of the hopper like bread rolls and get rolled into a shipping container, where they harden over three to four days. A few from each batch run through a series of quality control tests—erosion, freeze/thaw—to meet \u003ca href=\"https://www.astm.org/\">international industry standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We figure out how much force can be applied to the material itself” through compression, Ginger said in one of bioMASON’s labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1485927\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1014px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1485927\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png\" alt=\"Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \" width=\"1014\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO.png 1014w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-800x602.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-768x578.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-960x722.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-240x181.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-375x282.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Installation_SFO-520x391.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1014px) 100vw, 1014px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Installation of bioMASON bricks in San Francisco courtyard. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Ginger Krieg Dosier/bioMASON)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As she spoke, engineer Stephen “The Crusher” McAllister applied 26,000 pounds of force to a shoe box-sized block before it broke. This degree of stress would occur in a thin-facing brick wall of a three-story building. Preliminary installations—two courtyards in San Francisco and a series of small walls—are testing the bricks’ resilience in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BioMASON is now looking to scale up production. The company moved in May 2016 to a large warehouse on the outskirts of Raleigh, where their 20-person team churns up to 10,000 bricks at a time with the hopper. Ginger said the costs of biocement are difficult to compare with regular cement, given the source components are different, but right now in general, bioMASON production runs at parity or below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the future, the company plans to put the entire assembly line—mixer, hopper and all—into shipping containers, so that biocement can be made anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t need a fuel source. We don’t need high energy, so we are looking at being able to detach,” Ginger said. And by doing so, they may cement a brighter future for our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note:\u003c/strong> \u003cem>BioMASON receives a small business grant from the National Science Foundation. The NSF is also a supporter of the PBS NewsHour.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Chuck Berry, rock ‘n’ roll’s founding guitar hero and storyteller who defined the music’s joy and rebellion in such classics as “Johnny B. Goode,” “Sweet Little Sixteen” and “Roll Over Beethoven,” died Saturday at his home in an unincorporated area west of St. Louis. He was 90.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency responders summoned to Berry’s residence by his caretaker about 12:40 p.m. found him unresponsive, police in Missouri’s St. Charles County said in a statement. Attempts to revive Berry failed, and he was pronounced shortly before 1:30 p.m., police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A police spokeswoman, Val Joyner, told The Associated Press she had no additional details about the death of Berry, calling him “really a legend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having found a way to play the pumping rhythms of jumping R&B on the guitar (instead of a piano and saxophone,) Berry developed a unique style of guitar playing that became his signature. His solos were accentuated with bent notes that seemed to scream, and movements that seemed to capitalize on his sense of humor, like his opened-mouth gawking at the audience and his long tradition of “duck-walking,” which guitarists like ACDC’s Angus Young would later borrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Watch Chuck Berry play “No Particular Place to Go” in the 1960s.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpitvLeNjuE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry’s core repertoire was some three dozen songs, his influence incalculable, from the Beatles and the Rolling Stones to virtually any group from garage band to arena act that called itself rock ‘n roll. While Elvis Presley gave rock its libidinous, hip-shaking image, Berry was the auteur, setting the template for a new sound and way of life. Well before the rise of Bob Dylan, Berry wedded social commentary to the beat and rush of popular music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was singing good lyrics, and intelligent lyrics, in the ’50s when people were singing, “Oh, baby, I love you so,'” John Lennon once observed.\u003cbr>\nBerry, in his late 20s before his first major hit, crafted lyrics that spoke to the teenagers of the day and remained fresh decades later. “Sweet Little Sixteen” captured rock ‘n’ roll fandom, an early and innocent ode to the young girls later known as “groupies.” ”School Day” told of the sing-song trials of the classroom (“American history and practical math; you’re studying hard, hoping to pass…”) and the liberation of rock ‘n’ roll once the day’s final bell rang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roll Over Beethoven” was an anthem to rock’s history-making power, while “Rock and Roll Music” was a guidebook for all bands that followed (“It’s got a back beat, you can’t lose it”). “Back in the U.S.A.” was a black man’s straight-faced tribute to his country at a time there was no guarantee Berry would be served at the drive-ins and corner cafes he was celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I wrote about wasn’t about me, but about the people listening,” he once said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Johnny B. Goode,” the tale of a guitar-playing country boy whose mother tells him he’ll be a star, was Berry’s signature song, the archetypal narrative for would-be rockers and among the most ecstatic recordings in the music’s history. Berry can hardly contain himself as the words hurry out (“Deep down Louisiana close to New Orleans/Way back up in the woods among the evergreens”) and the downpour of guitar, drums and keyboards amplifies every call of “Go, Johnny Go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song was inspired in part by Johnnie Johnson, the boogie-woogie piano master who collaborated on many Berry hits, but the story could have easily been Berry’s, Presley’s or countless others’. Commercial calculation made the song universal: Berry had meant to call Johnny a “colored boy,” but changed “colored” to “country,” enabling not only radio play, but musicians of any color to imagine themselves as stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chances are you have talent,” Berry later wrote of the song. “But will the name and the light come to you? No! You have to go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Johnny B. Goode” could have only been a guitarist. The guitar was rock ‘n’ roll’s signature instrument and Berry’s clarion sound, a melting pot of country flash and rhythm ‘n blues drive, turned on at least a generation of musicians, among them the Rolling Stones’ Keith Richards, who once acknowledged he had “lifted every lick” from his hero; the Beatles’ George Harrison; Bruce Springsteen; and the Who’s Pete Townshend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When NASA launched the unmanned Voyager I in 1977, an album was stored on the craft that would explain music on Earth to extraterrestrials. The one rock song included was “Johnny B. Goode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Edward Anderson Berry was born in St. Louis on Oct. 18, 1926. As a child he practiced a bent-leg stride that enabled him to slip under tables, a prelude to the duck walk of his adult years. His mother, like Johnny B. Goode’s, told him he would make it, and make it big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fan of blues, swing and boogie woogie, Berry studied the very mechanics of music and how it was transmitted. As a teenager, he loved to take radios apart and put them back together. Using a Nick Manoloff guitar chord book, he learned how to play the hits of the time. He was fascinated by chord progressions and rhythms, discovering that many songs borrowed heavily from the Gershwins’ “I Got Rhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began his musical career at age 15 when he went on stage at a high school review to do his own version of Jay McShann’s “Confessin’ the Blues.” Berry would never forget the ovation he received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Long did the encouragement of that performance assist me in programming my songs and even their delivery while performing,” he wrote in his autobiography. “I added and deleted according to the audiences’ response to different gestures, and chose songs to build an act that would constantly stimulate my audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, his troubles with the law began, in 1944, when a joy riding trip to Kansas City turned into a crime spree involving armed robberies and car theft. Berry served three years of a 10-year sentence at a reformatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after his October 1947 release, Berry met and married Themetta Suggs, who stayed by his side despite some of his well-publicized indiscretions. Berry then started sitting in with local bands. By 1950, he had graduated to a six-string electric guitar and was making his own crude recordings on a reel to reel machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 1952 at The Cosmopolitan club in East St. Louis, Illinois, Johnson called Berry to fill in for an ailing saxophonist in his Sir John Trio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He gave me a break” and his first commercial gig, for $4, Berry later recalled. “I was excited. My best turned into a mess. I stole the group from Johnnie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenced by bandleader Louis Jourdan, blues guitarist T-Bone Walker and jazz man Charlie Christian, but also hip to country music, novelty songs and the emerging teen audiences of the post-World War II era, Berry signed with Chicago’s Chess Records in 1955. “Maybellene” reworked the country song “Ida Red” and rose into the top 10 of the national pop charts, a rare achievement for a black artist at that time. According to Berry, label owner Leonard Chess was taken by the novelty of a “hillbilly song sung by a black man,” an inversion of Presley’s covers of blues songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several hits followed, including “Roll Over Beethoven,” ”School Day” and “Sweet Little Sixteen.” Among his other songs: “Too Much Monkey Business,” “Nadine,” ”No Particular Place To Go,” “Almost Grown” and the racy novelty number “My Ding-A-Ling,” which topped the charts in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry also appeared in a dozen movies, doing his distinctive bent-legged “duck-walk” in several teen exploitation flicks of the ’50s. Richards organized the well-received 1987 documentary “Hail! Hail! Rock ‘n’ Roll,” a concert at St. Louis’ Fox Theatre to celebrate Berry’s 60th birthday. It featured Eric Clapton, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis, who recalled being told by his own mother that Berry, not he, was the true king of rock ‘n’ roll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>John Lennon and Chuck Berry play “Johnny B. Goode\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpTpxbnBWYM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Country, pop and rock artists have recorded Berry songs, including the Beatles (“Roll Over Beethoven”), Emmylou Harris (“You Never Can Tell”), Buck Owens (“Johnny B. Goode”) and AC/DC (“School Days”). The Rolling Stones’ first single was a cover of Berry’s “Come On” and they went on to perform and record “Around and Around,” ”Let it Rock” and others. Berry riffs pop up in countless songs, from the Stones’ ravenous “Brown Sugar” to the Eagles’ mellow country-rock ballad “Peaceful Easy Feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stars covered him too well. The Beach Boys borrowed the melody of “Sweet Little Sixteen” for their surf anthem “Surfin’ U.S.A.” without initially crediting Berry. The Beatles’ “Come Together,” written by John Lennon, was close enough to Berry’s “You Can’t Catch Me” to inspire a lawsuit by music publisher Morris Levy. In an out of court settlement, Lennon agreed to record “You Can’t Catch Me” for his 1975 “Rock n’ Roll” album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry himself was accused of theft. In 2000, Johnson sued Berry over royalties and credit he believed he was due for the songs they composed together over more than 20 years of collaboration. The lawsuit was dismissed two years later, but Richards was among those who believed Johnson had been cheated, writing in his memoir “Life” that Johnson set up the arrangements for Berry and was so essential to the music that many of Berry’s songs were recorded in keys more suited for the piano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Openly money-minded, Berry was an entrepreneur with a St. Louis nightclub and, in a small town west of there, property he dubbed Berry Park, which included a home, guitar-shaped swimming pool, restaurant, cottages and concert venue. He declined to have a regular band and instead used local musicians, willing to work cheap. Springsteen was among those who had an early gig backing Berry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burned by an industry that demanded a share of his songwriting credits, Berry was deeply suspicious of even his admirers, as anybody could tell from watching him give Richards the business in “Hail! Hail! Rock ‘n’ Roll.” For the movie’s concerts, he confounded Richards by playing songs in different keys and tempos than they had been in rehearsal. Richards would recall turning to his fellow musicians and shrugging, “Wing it, boys.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry’s career nearly ended decades earlier, when he was indicted for violating the Mann Act, which barred transportation of a minor across state lines for “immoral purposes.” An all-white jury found him guilty in 1960, but the charges were vacated after the judge made racist comments. A trial in 1961 led to his serving 1 1/2 years of a three-year term. Berry continued to record after getting out, and his legacy was duly honored by the Beatles and the Stones, but his hit-making days were essentially over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Down from stardom/then I fell/to this lowly prison cell,” Berry wrote as his jail time began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax charges came in 1979, and another three-year prison sentence, all but 120 days of which was suspended. Some former female employees later sued him for allegedly videotaping them in the bathroom of his restaurant. The cases were settled in 1994, after Berry paid $1.3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 15 years, in fact, it seems I make a big mistake,” Berry acknowledged in his memoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, echoing the lyrics of “Back in the U.S.A.,” he said: “There’s no other place I would rather live, including Africa, than America. I believe in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Kevin L. Jones contributed to this report.\u003c/i> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chuck Berry, rock ‘n’ roll’s founding guitar hero and storyteller who defined the music’s joy and rebellion in such classics as “Johnny B. Goode,” “Sweet Little Sixteen” and “Roll Over Beethoven,” died Saturday at his home in an unincorporated area west of St. Louis. He was 90.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emergency responders summoned to Berry’s residence by his caretaker about 12:40 p.m. found him unresponsive, police in Missouri’s St. Charles County said in a statement. Attempts to revive Berry failed, and he was pronounced shortly before 1:30 p.m., police said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A police spokeswoman, Val Joyner, told The Associated Press she had no additional details about the death of Berry, calling him “really a legend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having found a way to play the pumping rhythms of jumping R&B on the guitar (instead of a piano and saxophone,) Berry developed a unique style of guitar playing that became his signature. His solos were accentuated with bent notes that seemed to scream, and movements that seemed to capitalize on his sense of humor, like his opened-mouth gawking at the audience and his long tradition of “duck-walking,” which guitarists like ACDC’s Angus Young would later borrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Watch Chuck Berry play “No Particular Place to Go” in the 1960s.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cpitvLeNjuE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cpitvLeNjuE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Berry’s core repertoire was some three dozen songs, his influence incalculable, from the Beatles and the Rolling Stones to virtually any group from garage band to arena act that called itself rock ‘n roll. While Elvis Presley gave rock its libidinous, hip-shaking image, Berry was the auteur, setting the template for a new sound and way of life. Well before the rise of Bob Dylan, Berry wedded social commentary to the beat and rush of popular music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was singing good lyrics, and intelligent lyrics, in the ’50s when people were singing, “Oh, baby, I love you so,'” John Lennon once observed.\u003cbr>\nBerry, in his late 20s before his first major hit, crafted lyrics that spoke to the teenagers of the day and remained fresh decades later. “Sweet Little Sixteen” captured rock ‘n’ roll fandom, an early and innocent ode to the young girls later known as “groupies.” ”School Day” told of the sing-song trials of the classroom (“American history and practical math; you’re studying hard, hoping to pass…”) and the liberation of rock ‘n’ roll once the day’s final bell rang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roll Over Beethoven” was an anthem to rock’s history-making power, while “Rock and Roll Music” was a guidebook for all bands that followed (“It’s got a back beat, you can’t lose it”). “Back in the U.S.A.” was a black man’s straight-faced tribute to his country at a time there was no guarantee Berry would be served at the drive-ins and corner cafes he was celebrating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything I wrote about wasn’t about me, but about the people listening,” he once said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Johnny B. Goode,” the tale of a guitar-playing country boy whose mother tells him he’ll be a star, was Berry’s signature song, the archetypal narrative for would-be rockers and among the most ecstatic recordings in the music’s history. Berry can hardly contain himself as the words hurry out (“Deep down Louisiana close to New Orleans/Way back up in the woods among the evergreens”) and the downpour of guitar, drums and keyboards amplifies every call of “Go, Johnny Go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The song was inspired in part by Johnnie Johnson, the boogie-woogie piano master who collaborated on many Berry hits, but the story could have easily been Berry’s, Presley’s or countless others’. Commercial calculation made the song universal: Berry had meant to call Johnny a “colored boy,” but changed “colored” to “country,” enabling not only radio play, but musicians of any color to imagine themselves as stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chances are you have talent,” Berry later wrote of the song. “But will the name and the light come to you? No! You have to go!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Johnny B. Goode” could have only been a guitarist. The guitar was rock ‘n’ roll’s signature instrument and Berry’s clarion sound, a melting pot of country flash and rhythm ‘n blues drive, turned on at least a generation of musicians, among them the Rolling Stones’ Keith Richards, who once acknowledged he had “lifted every lick” from his hero; the Beatles’ George Harrison; Bruce Springsteen; and the Who’s Pete Townshend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When NASA launched the unmanned Voyager I in 1977, an album was stored on the craft that would explain music on Earth to extraterrestrials. The one rock song included was “Johnny B. Goode.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Edward Anderson Berry was born in St. Louis on Oct. 18, 1926. As a child he practiced a bent-leg stride that enabled him to slip under tables, a prelude to the duck walk of his adult years. His mother, like Johnny B. Goode’s, told him he would make it, and make it big.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fan of blues, swing and boogie woogie, Berry studied the very mechanics of music and how it was transmitted. As a teenager, he loved to take radios apart and put them back together. Using a Nick Manoloff guitar chord book, he learned how to play the hits of the time. He was fascinated by chord progressions and rhythms, discovering that many songs borrowed heavily from the Gershwins’ “I Got Rhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He began his musical career at age 15 when he went on stage at a high school review to do his own version of Jay McShann’s “Confessin’ the Blues.” Berry would never forget the ovation he received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Long did the encouragement of that performance assist me in programming my songs and even their delivery while performing,” he wrote in his autobiography. “I added and deleted according to the audiences’ response to different gestures, and chose songs to build an act that would constantly stimulate my audience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, his troubles with the law began, in 1944, when a joy riding trip to Kansas City turned into a crime spree involving armed robberies and car theft. Berry served three years of a 10-year sentence at a reformatory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year after his October 1947 release, Berry met and married Themetta Suggs, who stayed by his side despite some of his well-publicized indiscretions. Berry then started sitting in with local bands. By 1950, he had graduated to a six-string electric guitar and was making his own crude recordings on a reel to reel machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On New Year’s Eve 1952 at The Cosmopolitan club in East St. Louis, Illinois, Johnson called Berry to fill in for an ailing saxophonist in his Sir John Trio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He gave me a break” and his first commercial gig, for $4, Berry later recalled. “I was excited. My best turned into a mess. I stole the group from Johnnie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Influenced by bandleader Louis Jourdan, blues guitarist T-Bone Walker and jazz man Charlie Christian, but also hip to country music, novelty songs and the emerging teen audiences of the post-World War II era, Berry signed with Chicago’s Chess Records in 1955. “Maybellene” reworked the country song “Ida Red” and rose into the top 10 of the national pop charts, a rare achievement for a black artist at that time. According to Berry, label owner Leonard Chess was taken by the novelty of a “hillbilly song sung by a black man,” an inversion of Presley’s covers of blues songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several hits followed, including “Roll Over Beethoven,” ”School Day” and “Sweet Little Sixteen.” Among his other songs: “Too Much Monkey Business,” “Nadine,” ”No Particular Place To Go,” “Almost Grown” and the racy novelty number “My Ding-A-Ling,” which topped the charts in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry also appeared in a dozen movies, doing his distinctive bent-legged “duck-walk” in several teen exploitation flicks of the ’50s. Richards organized the well-received 1987 documentary “Hail! Hail! Rock ‘n’ Roll,” a concert at St. Louis’ Fox Theatre to celebrate Berry’s 60th birthday. It featured Eric Clapton, Little Richard and Jerry Lee Lewis, who recalled being told by his own mother that Berry, not he, was the true king of rock ‘n’ roll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>John Lennon and Chuck Berry play “Johnny B. Goode\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/kpTpxbnBWYM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/kpTpxbnBWYM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Country, pop and rock artists have recorded Berry songs, including the Beatles (“Roll Over Beethoven”), Emmylou Harris (“You Never Can Tell”), Buck Owens (“Johnny B. Goode”) and AC/DC (“School Days”). The Rolling Stones’ first single was a cover of Berry’s “Come On” and they went on to perform and record “Around and Around,” ”Let it Rock” and others. Berry riffs pop up in countless songs, from the Stones’ ravenous “Brown Sugar” to the Eagles’ mellow country-rock ballad “Peaceful Easy Feeling.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some stars covered him too well. The Beach Boys borrowed the melody of “Sweet Little Sixteen” for their surf anthem “Surfin’ U.S.A.” without initially crediting Berry. The Beatles’ “Come Together,” written by John Lennon, was close enough to Berry’s “You Can’t Catch Me” to inspire a lawsuit by music publisher Morris Levy. In an out of court settlement, Lennon agreed to record “You Can’t Catch Me” for his 1975 “Rock n’ Roll” album.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry himself was accused of theft. In 2000, Johnson sued Berry over royalties and credit he believed he was due for the songs they composed together over more than 20 years of collaboration. The lawsuit was dismissed two years later, but Richards was among those who believed Johnson had been cheated, writing in his memoir “Life” that Johnson set up the arrangements for Berry and was so essential to the music that many of Berry’s songs were recorded in keys more suited for the piano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Openly money-minded, Berry was an entrepreneur with a St. Louis nightclub and, in a small town west of there, property he dubbed Berry Park, which included a home, guitar-shaped swimming pool, restaurant, cottages and concert venue. He declined to have a regular band and instead used local musicians, willing to work cheap. Springsteen was among those who had an early gig backing Berry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burned by an industry that demanded a share of his songwriting credits, Berry was deeply suspicious of even his admirers, as anybody could tell from watching him give Richards the business in “Hail! Hail! Rock ‘n’ Roll.” For the movie’s concerts, he confounded Richards by playing songs in different keys and tempos than they had been in rehearsal. Richards would recall turning to his fellow musicians and shrugging, “Wing it, boys.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berry’s career nearly ended decades earlier, when he was indicted for violating the Mann Act, which barred transportation of a minor across state lines for “immoral purposes.” An all-white jury found him guilty in 1960, but the charges were vacated after the judge made racist comments. A trial in 1961 led to his serving 1 1/2 years of a three-year term. Berry continued to record after getting out, and his legacy was duly honored by the Beatles and the Stones, but his hit-making days were essentially over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Down from stardom/then I fell/to this lowly prison cell,” Berry wrote as his jail time began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tax charges came in 1979, and another three-year prison sentence, all but 120 days of which was suspended. Some former female employees later sued him for allegedly videotaping them in the bathroom of his restaurant. The cases were settled in 1994, after Berry paid $1.3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 15 years, in fact, it seems I make a big mistake,” Berry acknowledged in his memoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, echoing the lyrics of “Back in the U.S.A.,” he said: “There’s no other place I would rather live, including Africa, than America. I believe in the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Kevin L. Jones contributed to this report.\u003c/i> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oakland Coding School's New Pay Model: No Tuition Until You Land a Job",
"title": "Oakland Coding School's New Pay Model: No Tuition Until You Land a Job",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Money has always been tight for Diana Vashti. While studying poetry at Michigan State, she racked up $20,000 in student loans and eventually dropped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Vashti was working at a craft store in San Francisco, her roommate, a software engineer, introduced her to websites that taught programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did some free code camp tutorials, and I kind of just felt in love with it,” she said. “But I needed social support for learning on my own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vashti, 31, decided she wanted to become a coder. She looked into coding boot camps, short intensive programs known to be a fast track into software development. But most come with a hefty upfront price tag of $8,000 to $30,000. That was out of the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Vashti clicked on an online ad for Learners Guild, a 10-month developer program located in downtown Oakland. The program is one of a handful of coding schools that offer “income-share agreements,” which means students don’t have to pay until they get a job making more than $50,000 a year. And depending on their salary, graduates will fork over 12 to 20 percent of it for three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coding school also offers a monthly stipend. For Vashti and the other students at \u003ca href=\"https://www.learnersguild.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Learners Guild\u003c/a>, the stipend and income-share agreement allowed them to pursue a career change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was well out of my financial ability to go into any of these [other] programs,” Vashti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310383110\" params=\"auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"250\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learners Guild president Ian Inaba believes that by using this income-share agreement model, the school removes barriers that can keep women and people of color out of tech. He said that the school is more diverse than the tech industry at large -- 50 percent of students in the program are African-American and Latino, and 35 percent are female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason why there aren’t women or African-American, Latino programmers,” Inaba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dinanrecruiting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Dinan\u003c/a> is a software engineer recruiter who works for some of the biggest companies in Silicon Valley. He agrees with Inaba that there should be more diversity in tech. But he cautions that training isn’t the only issue keeping tech companies from hiring diverse workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s unwritten rules as to who they are going to hire and who they aren’t going to hire,” Dinan said. “They want people coming from the same culture as they are. Uber is probably an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ride-hailing company has come to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html\" target=\"_blank\">symbolize \u003c/a>this culture problem. Susan Fowler, a female engineer who recently left Uber, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber\" target=\"_blank\">blog post\u003c/a> detailing sexual harassment and gender discrimination at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Learners Guild, Vashti is more than halfway through her coursework. As she considers entering the workforce, she’s aware of the cultural problems at tech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major concern and probably why I didn’t get into tech sooner,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Vashti is hopeful. She believes if she takes her time when looking for jobs, she'll find the right fit.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Money has always been tight for Diana Vashti. While studying poetry at Michigan State, she racked up $20,000 in student loans and eventually dropped out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while Vashti was working at a craft store in San Francisco, her roommate, a software engineer, introduced her to websites that taught programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I did some free code camp tutorials, and I kind of just felt in love with it,” she said. “But I needed social support for learning on my own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vashti, 31, decided she wanted to become a coder. She looked into coding boot camps, short intensive programs known to be a fast track into software development. But most come with a hefty upfront price tag of $8,000 to $30,000. That was out of the question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Vashti clicked on an online ad for Learners Guild, a 10-month developer program located in downtown Oakland. The program is one of a handful of coding schools that offer “income-share agreements,” which means students don’t have to pay until they get a job making more than $50,000 a year. And depending on their salary, graduates will fork over 12 to 20 percent of it for three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coding school also offers a monthly stipend. For Vashti and the other students at \u003ca href=\"https://www.learnersguild.org/\" target=\"_blank\"> Learners Guild\u003c/a>, the stipend and income-share agreement allowed them to pursue a career change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was well out of my financial ability to go into any of these [other] programs,” Vashti said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='250'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310383110&visual=true&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/310383110'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learners Guild president Ian Inaba believes that by using this income-share agreement model, the school removes barriers that can keep women and people of color out of tech. He said that the school is more diverse than the tech industry at large -- 50 percent of students in the program are African-American and Latino, and 35 percent are female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no reason why there aren’t women or African-American, Latino programmers,” Inaba said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dinanrecruiting.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Mark Dinan\u003c/a> is a software engineer recruiter who works for some of the biggest companies in Silicon Valley. He agrees with Inaba that there should be more diversity in tech. But he cautions that training isn’t the only issue keeping tech companies from hiring diverse workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s unwritten rules as to who they are going to hire and who they aren’t going to hire,” Dinan said. “They want people coming from the same culture as they are. Uber is probably an example of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ride-hailing company has come to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html\" target=\"_blank\">symbolize \u003c/a>this culture problem. Susan Fowler, a female engineer who recently left Uber, wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-one-very-strange-year-at-uber\" target=\"_blank\">blog post\u003c/a> detailing sexual harassment and gender discrimination at the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the Learners Guild, Vashti is more than halfway through her coursework. As she considers entering the workforce, she’s aware of the cultural problems at tech companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a major concern and probably why I didn’t get into tech sooner,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Vashti is hopeful. She believes if she takes her time when looking for jobs, she'll find the right fit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-deserts-in-super-bloom-thanks-to-a-wet-winter",
"title": "California Deserts in 'Super Bloom' Thanks to a Wet Winter",
"publishDate": 1489853362,
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"headTitle": "California Deserts in ‘Super Bloom’ Thanks to a Wet Winter | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>In some parts of the country, cold weather is threatening crops. Meanwhile, California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing what’s called a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just looks like a sea of flowers,” says Janet Gordon, a geologist from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363737\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-5-of-5-3536f7f53c5b7ef4f6e081cf93775891c11c9a73-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You got purple, red, yellows and blues,” adds Joe Sheidness, visiting from San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic,” says Dennis Brian, from Reno, Nevada, who says he was a flower child in the 1960s. “You don’t see this very often. The little flowers look so delicate, but yet they’re prolific. They’re everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s neat to see so much color on something that’s usually so tan and stone color with all the rocks,” says Andrea Smith, who brought her 16-month-old baby here in the 90-degree heat at high noon on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were just a few of the many people flocking to see the colors blanketing the hills and valleys of Anza-Borrego. It is California’s largest state park, in the desert south of Palm Springs, a nearly four-hour car drive from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are coming from as far as Europe, Africa and Asia. This super bloom is so rare, so special, that looky-loos are causing traffic jams, getting lost in the hillsides and fainting from dehydration — just to take in the beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363739 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/triptych-layout-03_custom-1a5f360e18886782bcd8d9cb89a044a4142d89da-800x863.jpg\" alt=' California has been so unseasonably wet, its deserts are experiencing a \"super bloom.\" After years of drought, the desert is lush.' width=\"800\" height=\"863\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the desert is lush. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking at a whole field of this bluish-purple phacelia. And in this foreground of the Coyote Mountains, that’s nothing but poppies going 5, 6 miles up canyon,” says park ranger Steve Bier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is a really big deal; there are flowers in places where you usually don’t see them, like in the badlands that are home to snakes and bobcats and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363738 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-1-of-1-c8a15daaf10f1e6ea3cacb9f53e9771b68d67b81-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year's conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here -- that soaked into the gro\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are desert sunflowers and dune evening primrose, sand verbena, ghost flowers, monkey flowers, and wild Canterbury bells. The Ocotillo and Beavertail cactus are beginning to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. And temperatures that were not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these seeds have been underground for maybe decades, if not a century or more. We just don’t know,” he says. “Some of these places have not seen water in 10, 15, 20 years, and now they’re a blanket of flowers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they are survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be tough to be out in the desert. That’s for sure,” Bier says. “And these are an ephemeral resource, so what you’re looking at today could be gone tomorrow. It just depends on how hot we get today, and how hungry the caterpillars get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg\" alt='Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare \"super bloom.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare “super bloom.” \u003ccite>(Flickr user Kyle Magnuson/Flickr Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bier says anyone who wants to see this super bloom had better get there before those sphinx moth caterpillars eat up all the flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget your camera, sunscreen and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A rainy winter has brought an early spring to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California. Wildflowers are in bloom. How can seeds survive years of drought and then put on such a display?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In some parts of the country, cold weather is threatening crops. Meanwhile, California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing what’s called a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the normally arid desert is lush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just looks like a sea of flowers,” says Janet Gordon, a geologist from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363737\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363737\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-5-of-5-3536f7f53c5b7ef4f6e081cf93775891c11c9a73-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors have flocked from as far as Asia and Africa to see the rare floral bloom in the California desert. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“You got purple, red, yellows and blues,” adds Joe Sheidness, visiting from San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fantastic,” says Dennis Brian, from Reno, Nevada, who says he was a flower child in the 1960s. “You don’t see this very often. The little flowers look so delicate, but yet they’re prolific. They’re everywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s neat to see so much color on something that’s usually so tan and stone color with all the rocks,” says Andrea Smith, who brought her 16-month-old baby here in the 90-degree heat at high noon on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These were just a few of the many people flocking to see the colors blanketing the hills and valleys of Anza-Borrego. It is California’s largest state park, in the desert south of Palm Springs, a nearly four-hour car drive from Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors are coming from as far as Europe, Africa and Asia. This super bloom is so rare, so special, that looky-loos are causing traffic jams, getting lost in the hillsides and fainting from dehydration — just to take in the beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363739\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363739 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/triptych-layout-03_custom-1a5f360e18886782bcd8d9cb89a044a4142d89da-800x863.jpg\" alt=' California has been so unseasonably wet, its deserts are experiencing a \"super bloom.\" After years of drought, the desert is lush.' width=\"800\" height=\"863\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> California has been so unseasonably wet that its deserts are experiencing a “super bloom.” After years of drought, the desert is lush. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I’m looking at a whole field of this bluish-purple phacelia. And in this foreground of the Coyote Mountains, that’s nothing but poppies going 5, 6 miles up canyon,” says park ranger Steve Bier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is a really big deal; there are flowers in places where you usually don’t see them, like in the badlands that are home to snakes and bobcats and coyotes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363738\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11363738 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/2017-03-17_superbloom_ngregory-1-of-1-c8a15daaf10f1e6ea3cacb9f53e9771b68d67b81-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year's conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here -- that soaked into the gro\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Park Ranger Steve Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. \u003ccite>(Nina Gregory/NPR )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are desert sunflowers and dune evening primrose, sand verbena, ghost flowers, monkey flowers, and wild Canterbury bells. The Ocotillo and Beavertail cactus are beginning to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bier says this year’s conditions were perfect for such a phenomenon: long steady rain throughout the winter — a remarkable 6 inches in all here — that soaked into the ground. And temperatures that were not too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some of these seeds have been underground for maybe decades, if not a century or more. We just don’t know,” he says. “Some of these places have not seen water in 10, 15, 20 years, and now they’re a blanket of flowers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they are survivors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to be tough to be out in the desert. That’s for sure,” Bier says. “And these are an ephemeral resource, so what you’re looking at today could be gone tomorrow. It just depends on how hot we get today, and how hungry the caterpillars get.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363741\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363741\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg\" alt='Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare \"super bloom.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/33273416002_5b4801fa38_o_wide-e2b3e421e2f9cf3db750139b3afc7cfcff0dd48d-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park in Southern California is having a rare “super bloom.” \u003ccite>(Flickr user Kyle Magnuson/Flickr Creative Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bier says anyone who wants to see this super bloom had better get there before those sphinx moth caterpillars eat up all the flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t forget your camera, sunscreen and water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lots of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth's Sister Planet, Venus",
"headTitle": "Russian and U. S. Scientists Team Up to Explore Earth’s Sister Planet, Venus | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ",
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"description": "A report submitted both to NASA and the Space Sciences Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the end of January has set the stage for a collaboration between the two agencies on a new mission of exploration to the planet Venus. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite ongoing political tensions between the United States and Russia, the stage is set for a new collaboration between the two countries’ space agencies on a groundbreaking mission to explore the planet Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late January, a team of Russian and U. S. scientists delivered a \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Venera-D_Final_Report_170213.pdf\">report\u003c/a> to both NASA and \u003ca href=\"http://www.iki.rssi.ru/eng/\">the Russian space agency \u003c/a>that outlines how our two countries can work together on a Russian mission, Venera-D, already in development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both space agencies share a similar scientific curiosity about Venus and possess valuable expertise in robotic spacecraft and planetary exploration that can be of great benefit to the mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venera-D\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera_d.html\">Venera-D\u003c/a> spacecraft is planned for launch sometime around 2025. The mission is set to include an orbital robotic spacecraft that will map Venus’ surface using more powerful radar imaging techniques than in the past two missions. Both countries sent spacecraft to map the surface in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478140\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478140\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg\" alt=\"A global radar map of Venus from NASA's Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus' thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus' surface. \" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-768x768.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venus180hem_magellan_big-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A global radar map of Venus from NASA’s Magellan spacecraft. Radar penetrates Venus’ thick atmosphere and cloud layers to reveal the volcanic topography of Venus’ surface. \u003ccite>(NASA/Magellan)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mission will also include a robotic lander able to withstand the searing, high-pressure environment on Venus’ surface for a longer duration than past landing missions. The 1982 Venera 13 lander is the current record-holder: it survived for 127 minutes before succumbing to the extreme surface conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478119\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1080px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478119\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg\" alt=\"Photographs of Venus' surface captured by the Soviet Union's Venera 13 lander in 1982.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13.jpg 1080w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-160x75.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-800x373.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-768x358.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-1020x476.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-960x448.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-240x112.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-375x175.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/venera13-520x243.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1080px) 100vw, 1080px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of Venus’ surface captured by the Soviet Union’s Venera 13 lander in 1982. \u003ccite>(Russian Space Agency)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another idea being explored by the joint Russian-U.S. team is a solar-powered, dirigible-borne robot\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>that would float around in Venus’ upper atmosphere for up to three months, analyzing the atmospheric composition and weather and the planet’s surface below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Venus’ Dark Attraction\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/venus\">Venus \u003c/a>has long been a subject of scientific intrigue and mystery, as well as exploration, even though other planetary destinations, such as Mars, grab a lot more public attention. Exploration of Mars has revealed a world that was once much more Earth-like, possessing surface water and environmental conditions possibly suitable to support life—and what could capture someone’s curiosity more than that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in many ways, Venus is at least as interesting as Mars. Venus is often referred to as “Earth’s twin,” being Earth’s nearest planetary neighbor, of almost equal size and very similar chemical and mineral composition, though their similarities seem to end there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere of Venus is made almost entirely of carbon dioxide, a “greenhouse gas” that captures solar energy to heat the planet’s surface to 462 degrees Celsius, day and night. Atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is about 90 times that of Earth—equal to the water pressure half a mile deep in Earth’s oceans. A stove-top pressure cooker comes nowhere near the temperature and pressure of Venus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venus also rotates backward, and so slowly that a single Venusian day lasts a grueling 243 Earth days. And Venus’ famous global shroud of cloud is composed of sulfuric acid, which may produce corrosive rain that evaporates before reaching the ground. There is also a lot of evidence of widespread\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>volcanic activity\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> both past and present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Was Venus More Like Earth’s Twin in the Past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As inhospitable to human life and robotic machinery as Venus’ surface is today, there is speculation that long ago Venus may have possessed \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable\">oceans of liquid water\u003c/a>. If true, this would raise the possibility that Venus could have been home to some form of life in the past—something we have speculated about the planet \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/indepth\">Mars \u003c/a>as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1478130\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 760px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1478130\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg\" alt=\"Earth and its two possibly once Earth-like neighbors, Venus and Mars. \" width=\"760\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres.jpg 760w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/earth-mars-venus-atmospheres-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mars, Earth, and Venus. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If Venus—and Mars, for that matter—were once more Earth-like, with oceans of water and environments suitable to sustain life, then both planets today would be valuable troves of information for scientists in understanding how planets like the Earth change over time. What factors caused Earth, Venus, and Mars to evolve in such different directions? We may explore the possible future of our own planet by studying the examples of Venus and Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific curiosity about our world and universe often transcends political rivalries. Present-day tensions between the U. S. and Russia may be a source of anxiety, but there may be some reason for optimism in the willingness of their scientists to work together for to better understand the workings of the world we all live in.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is South by Southwest Still Relevant to Tech?",
"title": "Is South by Southwest Still Relevant to Tech?",
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"content": "\u003cp>South by Southwest is wrapping up, and in the past few years what started as a music festival has morphed into \u003cem>the\u003c/em> place to launch tech products. But this year there wasn't a lot of buzz, so I wanted to know if that's still the case. I posed the question to Steve Henn, who was in Austin. He's a tech reporter and co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://60db.co/\" target=\"_blank\">60dB\u003c/a>, a podcast and personalized radio app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/312569307\" params=\"auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"250\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "What started as a music festival has morphed into \u003cem>the\u003c/em> place to launch tech products. Is that still the case?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>South by Southwest is wrapping up, and in the past few years what started as a music festival has morphed into \u003cem>the\u003c/em> place to launch tech products. But this year there wasn't a lot of buzz, so I wanted to know if that's still the case. I posed the question to Steve Henn, who was in Austin. He's a tech reporter and co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://60db.co/\" target=\"_blank\">60dB\u003c/a>, a podcast and personalized radio app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='250'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/312569307&visual=true&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/312569307'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What goes on the chopping block: Research into cancer or Alzheimer's? A Zika vaccine or a treatment for superbugs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his budget blueprint Thursday, President Donald Trump called for cutting $5.8 billion from the National Institutes of Health. That's a staggering 18 percent drop for the $32 billion agency that funds much of the nation's research into what causes different diseases and what it will take to treat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's proposal would roll back NIH's 2018 budget to about what it was in 2003. The president called for a \"major reorganization\" of NIH to stress the \"highest priority research,\" but only specifically targeted for elimination the $69 million Fogarty International Center that focuses on global health and has played a big role in HIV research abroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's far from clear if Congress will agree to the cuts. The NIH has long experienced bipartisan support among lawmakers, who awarded the agency an extra $2 billion in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is coverage from around the web, pointing to Republican and other opposition to the proposed cuts. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/congress/article138974053.html\">Republicans queasy about Trump’s cuts to medical research\u003c/a> (McClatchy)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s budget would slash funding for the National Institutes of Health by nearly $6 billion, or 19 percent, a proposal that’s likely to run into staunch opposition from conservatives within Trump’s own party.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Republicans helped secure the largest budget increase for NIH in more than a decade. Led by Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt and Rep. Kevin Yoder and Sen. Jerry Moran of Kansas, the effort resulted in a $2 billion jump in funding and enabled the NIH to give out 1,147 more grants nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The GOP lawmakers again worked across the aisle in November to pass the bipartisan Cures Act, which would allocate more money to the NIH. It had less than Blunt, Yoder and Moran had wanted, but more than President Barack Obama had requested in his budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Trump released his budget on Thursday, proposing an NIH budget of about $26 billion, it quickly became apparent that the cuts to medical research were one of the few proposals that Republicans would be willing to criticize openly.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://theweek.com/speedreads/686585/gop-congressman-slams-trumps-proposed-cuts-nih-cdc-youre-much-more-likely-die-pandemic-than-terrorist-attack\">GOP congressman on Trump's proposed cuts to NIH, CDC: 'You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack'\u003c/a> (The Week)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>(Rep. Tom) Cole argued that defense spending — which Trump's budget blueprint calls for ratcheting up by $54 billion — is no more important than investing in health research. \"You're much more likely to die in a pandemic than a terrorist attack, and so that's part of the defense of the country as well,\" Cole said. \"The CDC is what protects you from things like Ebola and Zika. The NIH, we have 1.6 million Americans a year that contract cancer. About 600,000 die. That is more people than died in the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/trumps-budget-cuts-nih-funding-by-20-percent/519771/\" target=\"_blank\">Trump's Budget Proposal Cuts NIH Funding by 20 Percent\u003c/a> (The Atlantic)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The agency, which distributes funding to some 300,000 scientists worldwide, has seen its funding wax and wane over the last 20-odd years. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Congress doubled its funding each year, infusing the agency with cash. But for years afterward, the budgets stayed stagnant. Funding advocates explain that NIH didn’t lose its bipartisan support—other issues, like national defense, simply became more pressing. This hurt the agency’s ability to fund scientists’ research grants and labs’ ability to retain young researchers, and made planning for multi-year projects extremely difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists and NIH officials alike were encouraged by the recent enthusiasm around NIH. In an interview last year, agency Director Francis Collins said he hoped Congress would begin “a trend to get us back on a stable, predictable, upward trajectory.” At the time, lawmakers seemed mostly on board with that plan, as the Republican chairs of the relevant funding panels both supported future budget bumps. Congress hasn’t settled on funding for the 2017 fiscal year, but legislators planned for another NIH increase of up to $2 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question now is how closely congressional Republicans will conform to the president’s proposal as they craft their own budgets, and how strongly the president’s staff will push for this particular cut.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2017/03/16/trump-nih-cuts-would-be-catastrophic-event-says-bush-era-nih-chief/#f055a74789c6\">Trump NIH Cuts Would Be 'Catastrophic Event,' Says Bush-Era NIH Chief\u003c/a> (Forbes)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Elias Zerhouni was nominated as director of the National Institutes of Health by George W. Bush in 2002, a role in which he served until 2008. Since 2011, he has run research and development at Sanofi, the world's fifth-largest drug company by sales. He says he's disturbed by the budget proposal of President Donald Trump. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It will be a catastrophic event because the NIH funds grants over four or five years and therefore only has 20% of its budget to give at any one year,\" Zerhouni says. \"Therefore, if you cut it by $6 billion it means next year there will be no grants. It’s really ill-advised, I think, to change budgets so drastically so quickly. It will be very detrimental, especially on young investigators or new investigators, new science. It will set back the NIH significantly after years of stagnation, but recent support from Congress. I find it disturbing, to be honest with you.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-trump-budget-nih-20170316-story.html\">20% cut to NIH budget would leave Americans more vulnerable to cancer and other diseases, experts warn\u003c/a> (L.A. Times)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Even scientists that have been critical of the NIH rallied to its defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>J. Craig Venter, a genetics pioneer and chief executive of the J. Craig Venter Institute in La Jolla, said the proposed cuts would forfeit American primacy in a sector where the United States enjoys “absolutely dominant leadership in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an engine that drives our entire economy,” he said. “Our federal money can be better spent. But cutting these budgets will only make it 10 times worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with bare-bones budgets, Venter said, the NIH will put an end to any high-risk research. Like a drug company whose new CEO cuts costs by axing research and development, the U.S. could soon see its pipeline of innovative therapies has gone dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ones that suffer most are new investigators with new ideas,” he said. “It’ll just be a disaster for the U.S. economy.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/3/16/14940444/2018-budget-trump-science-nih\">Trump’s budget is everything scientists have been fearing\u003c/a> (Vox)\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Already, competition for NIH grants is intense. Its funding has basically plateaued over the past decade. At the same time, the cost of research keeps increasing, and an ever-growing pool of PhDs is competing for a relatively smaller pile of grant money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider this: In 2000, more than 30 percent of NIH grant applications got approved. Today, it’s closer to 17 percent. It’s not crazy math: The less money there is to go around, the fewer projects get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Hourihan, when the NIH’s budget dropped 5 percent from sequestration cuts, they had to cut around 700 individual grants (out of about 9,000). With a 20 percent cut, “we’re likely talking about [grant] cuts in the hundreds, if not the thousands,” he says.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The first hearing by the subcommittee that oversees NIH is scheduled for Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week marks the halfway point of President Trump’s first 100 days in office. During that time, he’s taken aim at environmental policies on air pollution, water pollution and climate change, inspiring many Californians to protest. On the other hand, some Trump supporters in rural parts of the state are cheering even louder now than they were during the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two hours north of San Francisco I talked to many residents around the town of Red Bluff who are big fans of Trump. Although Hillary Clinton won California in a landslide, some four million people voted for Trump, and he won Tehama County by a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land. I want to be at that table.’\u003ccite>California rancher Darrell Wood\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He’s our only hope,” says rancher Wally Roney, who has felt that the Democrats have been increasing regulations at an onerous pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney grazes cattle on 100,000 acres of private and federal land. He’s the sixth generation of his family to run cattle on rolling grasslands near the tiny town of Vina. You can see the snowy peaks of Mount Lassen and Mount Shasta from his front porch. His tidy home with modern decor is at the end of a gravel road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I ask him how many cows he has, he won’t tell me exactly. “That’s something you don’t ask a cattleman,” Roney laughs. “We never have enough when it comes time to pay our bills and we always have too many when comes time to feed ‘em.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Business Sense Appeals to Ranchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a late afternoon a few hours before sunset, Roney takes me out on a tour of his property. We hop in his huge silver pickup. We bump along a potholed road beneath giant oak trees. Every few minutes we have to pause so he can swing open rusted cattle gates dripping from a recent rain storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over at a creek where his black Angus steers often lap up water. Roney cheered last month when Trump shelved a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/28/remarks-president-trump-signing-waters-united-states-wotus-executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> that would have expanded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>. “He said he was going to do it and by golly he did it!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rancher thought the law might limit where his thirsty cows could drink. Blocking regulations that could hurt Roney’s livelihood is exactly why Trump earned his vote. He trusts the President’s business background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t made a living as a politician,” says Roney. “He’s been in the trenches. I understand that world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney was relieved when Trump scrapped the \u003ca href=\"https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a> trade agreement in his first week in office. He worried cheaper beef from Mexico would have driven down his profit margins. Roney believes environmental regulations are weaker south of the border, making their beef cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TPP would’ve killed us!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranchers Argue They Need Fewer Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney hopes Trump will build on these early moves by rolling back other environmental regulations. But he says some rules do make sense, as long as they don’t apply to him. For example, he supports the mining regulations on a gravel quarry on his property because he wants to prevent damage to the land. And, he’s in favor of the rules medical marijuana farmers must follow on the plots bordering his ranch. “Yeah, we need regulations,” says Roney. “They hate me.” He keeps a tight watch on the pot growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he argues, ranchers are different. They don’t need environmental rules to keep them in check. “The reason we survive is that we take care of the land,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465668 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1646\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Darrell Wood runs about 1000 cattle near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About fifteen minutes down the road another sixth generation rancher named Darrell Wood agrees that taking care of the land is inherent to his business. Wood is also a lifelong conservative who supported Trump from early in the President’s campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood invites me to hop in an ATV to check on his herd. As we jostle along a dirt path, Wood’s cattle dogs race alongside. His cows are certified organic, sold under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.panoramameats.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panorama Grass-Fed Meats\u003c/a>. No one in Wood’s family has ever used chemicals on his land. He says he’s motivated to farm organically because his beef sells for 25 to 30 percent more at market, but it also feels right. “The land is what gives life to everything,” says Wood. “We love the cattle, our dogs, the horses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration.’\u003ccite>Billie Roney\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wood believes in market forces rather than government rules to protect the landscape from things like overgrazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my theory on this. that, ok, the more regulations you have on something is not good,” says Wood. “But let’s create an incentive based idea that if you’ve been eating this ground down to the dirt every year that’s not good for the eco-system. So, let’s create the incentive that makes them change their management practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/\">voluntary conservation programs\u003c/a> sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They offer ranchers financial bonuses if they care for the land in a sustainable manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seat at the Table\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood hopes Trump’s administration will listen to ideas from people like him—to create more incentive based policies rather than more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land,” says Wood. “I want to be at that table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people I talked to in Tehama County felt similarly: that the environmental conversation hasn’t included their voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465667 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"Wally and Billy Roney ranch on nearly 100 thousand acres near Vina, CA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1920x1350.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wally and Billie Roney ranch on nearly 100,000 acres near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney said it best. She’s the wife of rancher Wally Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there anybody, anywhere who I feel like-minded with who might be a little less radical?” asks Billie Roney, who feels liberals dominated politics for too long. “I’ve just felt disenfranchised for a long long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney says she empathizes with people who are scared right now by what they’re hearing from Trump. She says she used to feel like that when Democrats talked about tightening gun control, expanding the government’s role in health care and legalizing undocumented immigrants. She is especially worried about the recent addition of the wolf to the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had fears too,” says Billie Roney. “All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Billie Roney says, listening to Trump is a welcome relief after eight years where she felt like her way of life was not only ignored, but despised by the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The progressive party looks at people like us as though we are the devil,” says Billie Roney. “It makes it really hard to find common ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most everyone I talked to in Tehama County said the only way to bridge the divide in California—and the nation—is for everyone to be at the table.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week marks the halfway point of President Trump’s first 100 days in office. During that time, he’s taken aim at environmental policies on air pollution, water pollution and climate change, inspiring many Californians to protest. On the other hand, some Trump supporters in rural parts of the state are cheering even louder now than they were during the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two hours north of San Francisco I talked to many residents around the town of Red Bluff who are big fans of Trump. Although Hillary Clinton won California in a landslide, some four million people voted for Trump, and he won Tehama County by a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land. I want to be at that table.’\u003ccite>California rancher Darrell Wood\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He’s our only hope,” says rancher Wally Roney, who has felt that the Democrats have been increasing regulations at an onerous pace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney grazes cattle on 100,000 acres of private and federal land. He’s the sixth generation of his family to run cattle on rolling grasslands near the tiny town of Vina. You can see the snowy peaks of Mount Lassen and Mount Shasta from his front porch. His tidy home with modern decor is at the end of a gravel road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I ask him how many cows he has, he won’t tell me exactly. “That’s something you don’t ask a cattleman,” Roney laughs. “We never have enough when it comes time to pay our bills and we always have too many when comes time to feed ‘em.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trump’s Business Sense Appeals to Ranchers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a late afternoon a few hours before sunset, Roney takes me out on a tour of his property. We hop in his huge silver pickup. We bump along a potholed road beneath giant oak trees. Every few minutes we have to pause so he can swing open rusted cattle gates dripping from a recent rain storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over at a creek where his black Angus steers often lap up water. Roney cheered last month when Trump shelved a \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/02/28/remarks-president-trump-signing-waters-united-states-wotus-executive\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">law\u003c/a> that would have expanded the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>. “He said he was going to do it and by golly he did it!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rancher thought the law might limit where his thirsty cows could drink. Blocking regulations that could hurt Roney’s livelihood is exactly why Trump earned his vote. He trusts the President’s business background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He hasn’t made a living as a politician,” says Roney. “He’s been in the trenches. I understand that world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney was relieved when Trump scrapped the \u003ca href=\"https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/trans-pacific-partnership/tpp-full-text\">Trans-Pacific Partnership\u003c/a> trade agreement in his first week in office. He worried cheaper beef from Mexico would have driven down his profit margins. Roney believes environmental regulations are weaker south of the border, making their beef cheaper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TPP would’ve killed us!” exclaims Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ranchers Argue They Need Fewer Regulations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roney hopes Trump will build on these early moves by rolling back other environmental regulations. But he says some rules do make sense, as long as they don’t apply to him. For example, he supports the mining regulations on a gravel quarry on his property because he wants to prevent damage to the land. And, he’s in favor of the rules medical marijuana farmers must follow on the plots bordering his ranch. “Yeah, we need regulations,” says Roney. “They hate me.” He keeps a tight watch on the pot growers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he argues, ranchers are different. They don’t need environmental rules to keep them in check. “The reason we survive is that we take care of the land,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465668\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465668 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_1646\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1646-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Darrell Wood runs about 1000 cattle near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About fifteen minutes down the road another sixth generation rancher named Darrell Wood agrees that taking care of the land is inherent to his business. Wood is also a lifelong conservative who supported Trump from early in the President’s campaign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood invites me to hop in an ATV to check on his herd. As we jostle along a dirt path, Wood’s cattle dogs race alongside. His cows are certified organic, sold under the label \u003ca href=\"http://www.panoramameats.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panorama Grass-Fed Meats\u003c/a>. No one in Wood’s family has ever used chemicals on his land. He says he’s motivated to farm organically because his beef sells for 25 to 30 percent more at market, but it also feels right. “The land is what gives life to everything,” says Wood. “We love the cattle, our dogs, the horses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration.’\u003ccite>Billie Roney\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wood believes in market forces rather than government rules to protect the landscape from things like overgrazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my theory on this. that, ok, the more regulations you have on something is not good,” says Wood. “But let’s create an incentive based idea that if you’ve been eating this ground down to the dirt every year that’s not good for the eco-system. So, let’s create the incentive that makes them change their management practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, he points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/\">voluntary conservation programs\u003c/a> sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. They offer ranchers financial bonuses if they care for the land in a sustainable manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seat at the Table\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wood hopes Trump’s administration will listen to ideas from people like him—to create more incentive based policies rather than more regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not just a group of people in Washington D.C. sitting around the table and deciding what’s best for me and my land,” says Wood. “I want to be at that table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people I talked to in Tehama County felt similarly: that the environmental conversation hasn’t included their voices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1465667\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1465667 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg\" alt=\"Wally and Billy Roney ranch on nearly 100 thousand acres near Vina, CA. \" width=\"800\" height=\"562\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-800x562.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-768x540.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1920x1350.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-960x675.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-240x169.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-375x264.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/IMG_1688-e1489103577961-520x366.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wally and Billie Roney ranch on nearly 100,000 acres near Vina, California. \u003ccite>(Lesley McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney said it best. She’s the wife of rancher Wally Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is there anybody, anywhere who I feel like-minded with who might be a little less radical?” asks Billie Roney, who feels liberals dominated politics for too long. “I’ve just felt disenfranchised for a long long time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billie Roney says she empathizes with people who are scared right now by what they’re hearing from Trump. She says she used to feel like that when Democrats talked about tightening gun control, expanding the government’s role in health care and legalizing undocumented immigrants. She is especially worried about the recent addition of the wolf to the endangered species list.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had fears too,” says Billie Roney. “All those visceral fears you’re watching with people, that would be me in the fetal position watching some of the things that happened under the Obama administration,” says Roney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Billie Roney says, listening to Trump is a welcome relief after eight years where she felt like her way of life was not only ignored, but despised by the other side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The progressive party looks at people like us as though we are the devil,” says Billie Roney. “It makes it really hard to find common ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most everyone I talked to in Tehama County said the only way to bridge the divide in California—and the nation—is for everyone to be at the table.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump's Budget Plan Cuts Funding for Arts, Humanities and Public Media",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump's proposed budget calls for big cuts in a wide array of domestic programs — among them, agencies that fund the arts, humanities and public media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting would be cut to zero under the proposal, and the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities would be eliminated entirely, the first time any president has proposed such a measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spending outline is what White House Budget Director Mick Mulvaney calls a \"hard-power budget,\" with spending increases for defense and homeland security at the expense of many other programs in the discretionary part of the budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe\">Mulvaney appeared on MSNBC\u003c/a> Thursday morning to defend the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"J32OS9R8jFNhbWGymrFpsee2o6LENZTG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can we really continue to ask a coal miner in West Virginia or a single mom in Detroit to pay for these programs?\" he asked. \"The answer was no. We can ask them to pay for defense and we will, but we can't ask them to continue to pay for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPB received $445 million in federal funding in the last fiscal year; the NEA and NEH got about $148 million each — a tiny portion of the roughly $4 trillion federal budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpb.org/pressroom/statement-cpb-president%E2%80%99s-budget-proposal-eliminating-funding-public-media\">CPB President and CEO Patricia Harrison said\u003c/a>, \"There is no viable substitute for federal funding that ensures Americans have universal access to public media's education and informational programming and services.\" She called public media \"one of America's best investments,\" costing \"approximately $1.35 per citizen per year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most CPB funds go directly to local radio and TV stations. NPR's funding sources include the program fees those stations pay, and the network receives less than 2 percent of its budget directly from CPB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NPR COO Loren Mayor said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Americans depend on their local public radio station for the fact-based, objective, public service journalism they need to stay informed about the world and about the news in their own communities. Public media serves the public interest with essential educational, news and cultural programming not found anywhere else, as well as vital information during local and regional emergencies. Federal funding is an essential ingredient to making this possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The federal funds are especially crucial for local stations, as well as local arts groups, which often receive matching funds from other donors based on their federal allocations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xKC1Uq6kUcv73UNQkCR2pcc7jgefivjR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NEH Chairman William D. Adams \u003ca href=\"https://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2017-03-16\">issued a statement\u003c/a> saying his agency is \"greatly saddened to learn of this proposal for elimination.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.arts.gov/news/2017/statement-national-endowment-arts-chairman-jane-chu-fy-18-budget\">NEA Chairman Jane Chu\u003c/a> said, \"We are disappointed because we see our funding actively making a difference with individuals of all ages in thousands of communities, large, small, urban and rural, and in every Congressional District in the nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That reference to every congressional district is key for the survival prospects of all three agencies. Congress will have the final say about the fate of Trump's budget, and while some conservatives have long targeted arts and public media for cuts, lawmakers from both parties have supported the agencies in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NEH says its grants \"have reached into every part of the country,\" noting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Residents in Whitesburg, Kentucky are preserving the photographs and films of their local Appalachian region through \u003ca href=\"https://www.appalshop.org/\">Appalshop\u003c/a> cultural center. Veterans returning from war in Iraq and Afghanistan connect with classic texts and the public through \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquilatheatre.com/warrior-chorus/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquila Theatre\u003c/a>. Students, teachers and historians have access to the \u003ca href=\"https://50.neh.gov/projects/papers-george-washington\" target=\"_blank\">papers\u003c/a> of Founding Father George Washington.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/news-room/press-releases/americans-for-the-arts-statement-on-proposed-elimination-of-funding-for-the-national-endowment-for\">According to Americans for the Arts\u003c/a>, NEA's annual appropriation supports a $730 billion arts and culture industry, 4.8 million jobs and a $26 billion trade surplus for the nation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump%27s+Budget+Plan+Cuts+Funding+For+Arts%2C+Humanities+And+Public+Media&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The proposed spending cuts released on Thursday would affect local arts groups as well as public radio and TV stations nationwide.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump's proposed budget calls for big cuts in a wide array of domestic programs — among them, agencies that fund the arts, humanities and public media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting would be cut to zero under the proposal, and the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities would be eliminated entirely, the first time any president has proposed such a measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spending outline is what White House Budget Director Mick Mulvaney calls a \"hard-power budget,\" with spending increases for defense and homeland security at the expense of many other programs in the discretionary part of the budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe\">Mulvaney appeared on MSNBC\u003c/a> Thursday morning to defend the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Can we really continue to ask a coal miner in West Virginia or a single mom in Detroit to pay for these programs?\" he asked. \"The answer was no. We can ask them to pay for defense and we will, but we can't ask them to continue to pay for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CPB received $445 million in federal funding in the last fiscal year; the NEA and NEH got about $148 million each — a tiny portion of the roughly $4 trillion federal budget.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cpb.org/pressroom/statement-cpb-president%E2%80%99s-budget-proposal-eliminating-funding-public-media\">CPB President and CEO Patricia Harrison said\u003c/a>, \"There is no viable substitute for federal funding that ensures Americans have universal access to public media's education and informational programming and services.\" She called public media \"one of America's best investments,\" costing \"approximately $1.35 per citizen per year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most CPB funds go directly to local radio and TV stations. NPR's funding sources include the program fees those stations pay, and the network receives less than 2 percent of its budget directly from CPB.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, NPR COO Loren Mayor said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Americans depend on their local public radio station for the fact-based, objective, public service journalism they need to stay informed about the world and about the news in their own communities. Public media serves the public interest with essential educational, news and cultural programming not found anywhere else, as well as vital information during local and regional emergencies. Federal funding is an essential ingredient to making this possible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The federal funds are especially crucial for local stations, as well as local arts groups, which often receive matching funds from other donors based on their federal allocations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NEH Chairman William D. Adams \u003ca href=\"https://www.neh.gov/news/press-release/2017-03-16\">issued a statement\u003c/a> saying his agency is \"greatly saddened to learn of this proposal for elimination.\" \u003ca href=\"https://www.arts.gov/news/2017/statement-national-endowment-arts-chairman-jane-chu-fy-18-budget\">NEA Chairman Jane Chu\u003c/a> said, \"We are disappointed because we see our funding actively making a difference with individuals of all ages in thousands of communities, large, small, urban and rural, and in every Congressional District in the nation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That reference to every congressional district is key for the survival prospects of all three agencies. Congress will have the final say about the fate of Trump's budget, and while some conservatives have long targeted arts and public media for cuts, lawmakers from both parties have supported the agencies in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NEH says its grants \"have reached into every part of the country,\" noting:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"Residents in Whitesburg, Kentucky are preserving the photographs and films of their local Appalachian region through \u003ca href=\"https://www.appalshop.org/\">Appalshop\u003c/a> cultural center. Veterans returning from war in Iraq and Afghanistan connect with classic texts and the public through \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquilatheatre.com/warrior-chorus/\" target=\"_blank\">Aquila Theatre\u003c/a>. Students, teachers and historians have access to the \u003ca href=\"https://50.neh.gov/projects/papers-george-washington\" target=\"_blank\">papers\u003c/a> of Founding Father George Washington.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americansforthearts.org/news-room/press-releases/americans-for-the-arts-statement-on-proposed-elimination-of-funding-for-the-national-endowment-for\">According to Americans for the Arts\u003c/a>, NEA's annual appropriation supports a $730 billion arts and culture industry, 4.8 million jobs and a $26 billion trade surplus for the nation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump%27s+Budget+Plan+Cuts+Funding+For+Arts%2C+Humanities+And+Public+Media&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Lawmakers Outraged Over Trump's Push to Eliminate Federal Refinery Regulator",
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"content": "\u003cp>Local leaders and health officials in Contra Costa County, home to four oil refineries, are blasting a part of President Trump's budget that calls for cutting all money for the federal agency that investigates chemical accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's spending plan aims to eliminate funding for the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), which has conducted hundreds of probes, including one into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency gained prominent attention in the Bay Area when it investigated the 2012 fire at Chevron's Richmond refinery that prompted 15,000 people to seek medical treatment for breathing problems. The Chevron incident prompted the board to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/16/chevron-fire-report/\" target=\"_blank\">call for changes\u003c/a> in how California oversees its oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-final-report-on-facility-safety-culture-following-a-series-of-sulfuric-acid-releases-at-the-tesoro-martinez-refinery-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">blamed Tesoro\u003c/a> for two major acid releases that injured four workers at the company's Martinez refinery in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just crazy, like the rest of the budget,\" said Contra Costa County congressman Mark DeSaulnier in an interview Friday. \"It's counterproductive to public health, to the environment and to business.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical safety board's annual budget is about $12 million. It's among a number of independent agencies the president is looking to kill. \"The budget eliminates hundreds of programs and focuses funding to redefine the proper role of the federal government,\" Trump's budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">blueprint \u003c/a>states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSaulnier was among a number of federal legislators who pressured former CSB chairman Rafael Moure-Eraso to resign in 2015 amid management problems at the agency. Since then, DeSaulnier said, the board had made significant strides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Democrats and Republicans will work to save the agency, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don't, the region will be in trouble, according to Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, Randy Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Congress approves the defunding of the Chemical Safety Board, the public and the workers at the refining and chemical facilities will lose,\" said Sawyer, whose office audits local refineries and responds to facility malfunctions, in an email. \"I also believe the chemical industry will be the biggest loser.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry group that represents oil refineries in California is taking a wait-and-see approach to the president's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are issues that we are monitoring closely,\" said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association in an emailed statement. \"Our member companies believe in transparency and operate in an environment that is highly regulated by federal, state and local agencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for reaction to the proposal, a Chevron spokesman deferred to the American Petroleum Institute, which has yet to respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Tesoro official rejected the idea of eliminating the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry does not support the abolition of the agency,\" Stephen Brown, vice president of federal affairs at the company, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.bna.com/cutting-chemical-safety-n57982085347/\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chemical board goes away, local and state regulators will have to fill a void in regulation, according to Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area of Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will step up our own investigations if the U.S. Chemical Safety Board is not around,\" Gioia said in an interview Friday. \"It will mean greater resources spent by local and state agencies to replace the work that the board has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The critique from environmentalists is more harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Chemical Safety Board saves lives and holds dangerous facilities accountable,\" said Maya Golden-Krasner, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Californians live near refineries where life-threatening explosions and chemical releases are not uncommon,\" Golden-Krasner said. \"Without the board's oversight, the root causes and full extent of accidents that we've seen at Chevron and other refineries most likely would never be known.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Local leaders and health officials in Contra Costa County, home to four oil refineries, are blasting a part of President Trump's budget that calls for cutting all money for the federal agency that investigates chemical accidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's spending plan aims to eliminate funding for the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB), which has conducted hundreds of probes, including one into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency gained prominent attention in the Bay Area when it investigated the 2012 fire at Chevron's Richmond refinery that prompted 15,000 people to seek medical treatment for breathing problems. The Chevron incident prompted the board to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/12/16/chevron-fire-report/\" target=\"_blank\">call for changes\u003c/a> in how California oversees its oil refineries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.csb.gov/csb-releases-final-report-on-facility-safety-culture-following-a-series-of-sulfuric-acid-releases-at-the-tesoro-martinez-refinery-in-california/\" target=\"_blank\">blamed Tesoro\u003c/a> for two major acid releases that injured four workers at the company's Martinez refinery in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's just crazy, like the rest of the budget,\" said Contra Costa County congressman Mark DeSaulnier in an interview Friday. \"It's counterproductive to public health, to the environment and to business.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical safety board's annual budget is about $12 million. It's among a number of independent agencies the president is looking to kill. \"The budget eliminates hundreds of programs and focuses funding to redefine the proper role of the federal government,\" Trump's budget \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/03/16/520379061/read-president-trumps-budget-blueprint\">blueprint \u003c/a>states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeSaulnier was among a number of federal legislators who pressured former CSB chairman Rafael Moure-Eraso to resign in 2015 amid management problems at the agency. Since then, DeSaulnier said, the board had made significant strides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>House Democrats and Republicans will work to save the agency, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they don't, the region will be in trouble, according to Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer, Randy Sawyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If Congress approves the defunding of the Chemical Safety Board, the public and the workers at the refining and chemical facilities will lose,\" said Sawyer, whose office audits local refineries and responds to facility malfunctions, in an email. \"I also believe the chemical industry will be the biggest loser.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The industry group that represents oil refineries in California is taking a wait-and-see approach to the president's proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are issues that we are monitoring closely,\" said Catherine Reheis-Boyd, president of the Western States Petroleum Association in an emailed statement. \"Our member companies believe in transparency and operate in an environment that is highly regulated by federal, state and local agencies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for reaction to the proposal, a Chevron spokesman deferred to the American Petroleum Institute, which has yet to respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a Tesoro official rejected the idea of eliminating the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The industry does not support the abolition of the agency,\" Stephen Brown, vice president of federal affairs at the company, told \u003ca href=\"https://www.bna.com/cutting-chemical-safety-n57982085347/\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the chemical board goes away, local and state regulators will have to fill a void in regulation, according to Contra Costa Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area of Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will step up our own investigations if the U.S. Chemical Safety Board is not around,\" Gioia said in an interview Friday. \"It will mean greater resources spent by local and state agencies to replace the work that the board has done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The critique from environmentalists is more harsh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Chemical Safety Board saves lives and holds dangerous facilities accountable,\" said Maya Golden-Krasner, a senior attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Millions of Californians live near refineries where life-threatening explosions and chemical releases are not uncommon,\" Golden-Krasner said. \"Without the board's oversight, the root causes and full extent of accidents that we've seen at Chevron and other refineries most likely would never be known.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Berkeley Becomes First City to ‘Divest’ From Trump’s Border Wall",
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"content": "\u003cp>Berkeley won’t have anything to do with the construction of a U.S.-Mexico border wall, for which $4.1 billion was allocated in the budget plan released by President Trump Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week the City Council voted to be the first city in the nation to “divest” from businesses involved in the construction of a border wall. On Tuesday, the council denounced Trump’s January executive order directing the construction of the wall, and directed the Peace and Justice Commission to identify companies involved in paying for, or building, the wall. Berkeley will slash any existing contracts with those businesses “as soon as practical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"e1RLUywzTEpnCxS5g5TV3FBAOkRyAASw\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as a community do not stand for building walls, but breaking down walls,” said Mayor Jesse Arreguin, who sponsored the item with City Council members Ben Bartlett, Lori Droste and Cheryl Davila, at the meeting. “We’re not going to stand for what I think are racist and xenophobic policies that marginalize our immigrant population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the Old City Hall chamber cheered in response to the mayor’s pronouncement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important that our values are reflected in our budgets and in our partnerships,” Bartlett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council agenda item stressed how damaging the wall would be to the Latino population, stating: “The City of Berkeley recognizes the harm and stigma such action causes Latino people in California and throughout the nation. We recognize that immigration has been a part of our country’s history since its founding and do not believe in demonizing people of Mexican and Latin American descent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arreguin is Berkeley’s first Latino mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The item also said building a border wall “would waste an enormous amount of taxpayer money, hurt the environment, contribute to climate change, divide ancestral native lands, disrupt tribal communities, increase international tensions, and reinforce failed Cold War policies of isolationism and exclusion.” (\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2017-03-14-Item-16-Denouncing-Presidential-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the agenda item.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar move, the council is also \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/03/14/berkeley-city-council-may-consider-dropping-wells-fargo/\" target=\"_blank\">considering severing ties with Wells Fargo\u003c/a> because of the bank’s investment in the Dakota Access Pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Express reports that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2017/03/14/these-bay-area-businesses-want-to-build-trumps-border-wall\" target=\"_blank\">several Bay Area-based companies\u003c/a> -- including some contracted with BART and other local government agencies -- are among the hundreds that have expressed interest in working on the border wall. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/15/oakland-considers-boycotting-companies-that-work-on-trumps-proposed-border-wall/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland is considering divestment as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363984\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363984\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Mayor Jesse Arreguín and council members reaffirm Berkeley’s sanctuary city status in November 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-375x281.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-520x390.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayor Jesse Arreguin and City Council members reaffirm Berkeley’s sanctuary city status in November 2016. \u003ccite>(Tracey Taylor/Berkeleyside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the same day Trump signed the executive order to build the border wall, he signed another \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/01/25/trump-threatens-cut-funds-sanctuary-cities-berkeley-stands-lose-11-5m/\" target=\"_blank\">threatening to withdraw federal funds from sanctuary cities\u003c/a>. Arreguin has said he remains committed to preserving Berkeley’s status as a sanctuary for undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley received $11.5 million in federal funds in 2015, but it is unclear how much of that the city would lose under Trump’s order.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Follow Berkeleyside on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/berkeleyside\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/berkeleyside\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook\u003c/a> or get the latest news in your inbox with \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/e-news-signup/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside’s Daily Briefing\u003c/a>. Email us at tips@berkeleyside.com. Keep Berkeleyside running and support independent local journalism by \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/support-us-by-becoming-a-member/\" target=\"_blank\">becoming a member\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Berkeley won’t have anything to do with the construction of a U.S.-Mexico border wall, for which $4.1 billion was allocated in the budget plan released by President Trump Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week the City Council voted to be the first city in the nation to “divest” from businesses involved in the construction of a border wall. On Tuesday, the council denounced Trump’s January executive order directing the construction of the wall, and directed the Peace and Justice Commission to identify companies involved in paying for, or building, the wall. Berkeley will slash any existing contracts with those businesses “as soon as practical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We as a community do not stand for building walls, but breaking down walls,” said Mayor Jesse Arreguin, who sponsored the item with City Council members Ben Bartlett, Lori Droste and Cheryl Davila, at the meeting. “We’re not going to stand for what I think are racist and xenophobic policies that marginalize our immigrant population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many in the Old City Hall chamber cheered in response to the mayor’s pronouncement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important that our values are reflected in our budgets and in our partnerships,” Bartlett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The council agenda item stressed how damaging the wall would be to the Latino population, stating: “The City of Berkeley recognizes the harm and stigma such action causes Latino people in California and throughout the nation. We recognize that immigration has been a part of our country’s history since its founding and do not believe in demonizing people of Mexican and Latin American descent.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arreguin is Berkeley’s first Latino mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The item also said building a border wall “would waste an enormous amount of taxpayer money, hurt the environment, contribute to climate change, divide ancestral native lands, disrupt tribal communities, increase international tensions, and reinforce failed Cold War policies of isolationism and exclusion.” (\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2017-03-14-Item-16-Denouncing-Presidential-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Read the agenda item.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar move, the council is also \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/03/14/berkeley-city-council-may-consider-dropping-wells-fargo/\" target=\"_blank\">considering severing ties with Wells Fargo\u003c/a> because of the bank’s investment in the Dakota Access Pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The East Bay Express reports that \u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/SevenDays/archives/2017/03/14/these-bay-area-businesses-want-to-build-trumps-border-wall\" target=\"_blank\">several Bay Area-based companies\u003c/a> -- including some contracted with BART and other local government agencies -- are among the hundreds that have expressed interest in working on the border wall. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/15/oakland-considers-boycotting-companies-that-work-on-trumps-proposed-border-wall/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland is considering divestment as well\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11363984\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11363984\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-800x600.jpeg\" alt=\"Mayor Jesse Arreguín and council members reaffirm Berkeley’s sanctuary city status in November 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-160x120.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-240x180.jpeg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-375x281.jpeg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/IMG_9251-720x540-520x390.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayor Jesse Arreguin and City Council members reaffirm Berkeley’s sanctuary city status in November 2016. \u003ccite>(Tracey Taylor/Berkeleyside)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the same day Trump signed the executive order to build the border wall, he signed another \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2017/01/25/trump-threatens-cut-funds-sanctuary-cities-berkeley-stands-lose-11-5m/\" target=\"_blank\">threatening to withdraw federal funds from sanctuary cities\u003c/a>. Arreguin has said he remains committed to preserving Berkeley’s status as a sanctuary for undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Berkeley received $11.5 million in federal funds in 2015, but it is unclear how much of that the city would lose under Trump’s order.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Follow Berkeleyside on \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/berkeleyside\" target=\"_blank\">Twitter\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/berkeleyside\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook\u003c/a> or get the latest news in your inbox with \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/e-news-signup/\" target=\"_blank\">Berkeleyside’s Daily Briefing\u003c/a>. Email us at tips@berkeleyside.com. Keep Berkeleyside running and support independent local journalism by \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/support-us-by-becoming-a-member/\" target=\"_blank\">becoming a member\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Immigration Judges to Be Sent to Border Detention Centers",
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"content": "\u003cp>SAN DIEGO -- The Justice Department said Friday that it will temporarily transfer immigration judges to six detention centers mostly near the border with Mexico in an effort to put President Donald Trump's immigration directives into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department's Executive Office for Immigration Review said the transfers to four locations in Texas and one each in Louisiana and New Mexico will occur Monday. Judges were previously moved to two immigration detention centers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's executive order on border and immigration enforcement in January says judges should immediately be assigned to immigration detention centers. Many work in courts where immigrants are freed before their cases are heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's executive order also calls for construction of a wall on the 2,000-mile border with Mexico and the addition of 5,000 Border Patrol agents and 10,000 Immigration and Customs and Enforcement officers and agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president's budget proposal for the 2018 fiscal year released Thursday calls for a 19 percent increase in immigration judges to 449 positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are currently 300 judges, even though the office is funded for 374 slots. Kathryn Mattingly, a spokeswoman for the Executive Office of Immigration Review, said 50 applicants are in various stages of the hiring process, which can take up to 12 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting Monday, a detention center in Jena, Louisiana, will have three more judges, Mattingly said. Detention centers in Dilley, Karnes City, Laredo and Livingston -- all in Texas -- and in Chaparral, New Mexico, will each have one more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judges were previously transferred to detention centers in San Diego and Adelanto in California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SAN DIEGO -- The Justice Department said Friday that it will temporarily transfer immigration judges to six detention centers mostly near the border with Mexico in an effort to put President Donald Trump's immigration directives into effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department's Executive Office for Immigration Review said the transfers to four locations in Texas and one each in Louisiana and New Mexico will occur Monday. Judges were previously moved to two immigration detention centers in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's executive order on border and immigration enforcement in January says judges should immediately be assigned to immigration detention centers. Many work in courts where immigrants are freed before their cases are heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's executive order also calls for construction of a wall on the 2,000-mile border with Mexico and the addition of 5,000 Border Patrol agents and 10,000 Immigration and Customs and Enforcement officers and agents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president's budget proposal for the 2018 fiscal year released Thursday calls for a 19 percent increase in immigration judges to 449 positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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