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"content": "\u003cp>An attempt to create a pilot project that would place speed cameras on the streets of San Francisco and San Jose to test their effectiveness on traffic safety is on hold after encountering opposition — mostly from law enforcement groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman David Chiu, D-San Francisco, withdrew the bill from consideration earlier this week prior to a scheduled vote in the Assembly Transportation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 342\u003c/a> would have allowed the use of the enforcement devices on streets in San Jose and San Francisco with a documented history of speeding and traffic collisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aim of the five-year pilot program: to see whether automated speed enforcement would help reduce the number of fatal collisions in the two cities, which each have recorded a total of more than 100 traffic fatalities over the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we know from the more than 140 jurisdictions across the country that have used automated speed enforcement is that when it’s done right, it can be absolutely effective in reducing vehicle speeds and traffic collisions — and in some cases it can do so dramatically,” Ed Reiskin, head of San Francisco’s Municipal Transportation Agency, told the Assembly panel during its Monday hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would impose a number of restrictions on the five-year automated speed enforcement pilot: Fines would be limited to $100 and would be levied only against vehicles detected traveling 10 mph or more over posted speed limits, for instance, and tickets issued under the program would not count as a point on drivers’ records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer privacy concerns, the bill would have prohibited snapping drivers’ pictures — only pictures of license plates would be allowed — and set strict limits on how long the cities could retain data captured by the speed cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Chiu’s proposal won wide local support, including San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee and San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and pedestrian and cycling advocacy groups, it encountered vehement opposition from law enforcement groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Officer Tom Maguire, representing the CHP’s rank-and-file union, challenged the notion that speed cameras would help improve street safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his 21-year career patrolling the East Bay, Maguire said, “I have never investigated or assisted in an investigation that involved a vehicle and a pedestrian or a vehicle and a bicycle that resulted in a fatality where speed was the primary collision factor. Never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argued that most pedestrian and cyclist fatalities involve other types of violations — motorists’ failure to yield to pedestrians, for instance, or violating a state law that mandates a 3-foot safety zone when drivers pass cyclists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maguire also argued that speed cameras could inspire hostility toward police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this day when unprovoked violence and mistrust against law enforcement may be at an all-time high … this method of blindly citing drivers by the thousands will completely undermine any and all efforts of the law enforcement community to regain the trust of the public,” Maguire told the committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In withdrawing AB 342 for the time being, Chiu emphasized that the bill had the support of the California Police Chiefs Association and the leadership of the police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the CHP knows, I am very open and willing and have pushed our sponsors to ensure that this pilot is structured in such a way that the California Highway Patrol and others can have input on the data we are going to collect and the data that at the end of a four- or five-year would be analyzed,” Chiu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu added he would begin work immediately on amendments to satisfy opponents’ concerns. The bill would come up for consideration in early 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An attempt to create a pilot project that would place speed cameras on the streets of San Francisco and San Jose to test their effectiveness on traffic safety is on hold after encountering opposition — mostly from law enforcement groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman David Chiu, D-San Francisco, withdrew the bill from consideration earlier this week prior to a scheduled vote in the Assembly Transportation Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AB 342\u003c/a> would have allowed the use of the enforcement devices on streets in San Jose and San Francisco with a documented history of speeding and traffic collisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The aim of the five-year pilot program: to see whether automated speed enforcement would help reduce the number of fatal collisions in the two cities, which each have recorded a total of more than 100 traffic fatalities over the past five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we know from the more than 140 jurisdictions across the country that have used automated speed enforcement is that when it’s done right, it can be absolutely effective in reducing vehicle speeds and traffic collisions — and in some cases it can do so dramatically,” Ed Reiskin, head of San Francisco’s Municipal Transportation Agency, told the Assembly panel during its Monday hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill would impose a number of restrictions on the five-year automated speed enforcement pilot: Fines would be limited to $100 and would be levied only against vehicles detected traveling 10 mph or more over posted speed limits, for instance, and tickets issued under the program would not count as a point on drivers’ records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer privacy concerns, the bill would have prohibited snapping drivers’ pictures — only pictures of license plates would be allowed — and set strict limits on how long the cities could retain data captured by the speed cameras.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Chiu’s proposal won wide local support, including San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee and San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo, the Metropolitan Transportation Commission and pedestrian and cycling advocacy groups, it encountered vehement opposition from law enforcement groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Highway Patrol Officer Tom Maguire, representing the CHP’s rank-and-file union, challenged the notion that speed cameras would help improve street safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his 21-year career patrolling the East Bay, Maguire said, “I have never investigated or assisted in an investigation that involved a vehicle and a pedestrian or a vehicle and a bicycle that resulted in a fatality where speed was the primary collision factor. Never.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He argued that most pedestrian and cyclist fatalities involve other types of violations — motorists’ failure to yield to pedestrians, for instance, or violating a state law that mandates a 3-foot safety zone when drivers pass cyclists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maguire also argued that speed cameras could inspire hostility toward police officers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this day when unprovoked violence and mistrust against law enforcement may be at an all-time high … this method of blindly citing drivers by the thousands will completely undermine any and all efforts of the law enforcement community to regain the trust of the public,” Maguire told the committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In withdrawing AB 342 for the time being, Chiu emphasized that the bill had the support of the California Police Chiefs Association and the leadership of the police departments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the CHP knows, I am very open and willing and have pushed our sponsors to ensure that this pilot is structured in such a way that the California Highway Patrol and others can have input on the data we are going to collect and the data that at the end of a four- or five-year would be analyzed,” Chiu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu added he would begin work immediately on amendments to satisfy opponents’ concerns. The bill would come up for consideration in early 2018.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Flying Cars Are (Still) Coming: Should We Believe the Hype?",
"title": "Flying Cars Are (Still) Coming: Should We Believe the Hype?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>In the 1950s, when America was hopeful and reckless conjecture was encouraged, prognosticators had some wild ideas about 21st century technology. A few came true, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ald.softbankrobotics.com/en/cool-robots/pepper\">robot companions\u003c/a>. Most didn't, like \u003ca href=\"http://signsfromthenearfuture.tumblr.com/image/157825581640\">lunar shuttles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one concept in particular has endured without quite being realized -- the flying car. Check those special \"future\" editions of \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/g462/future-that-never-was-next-gen-tech-concepts/\">old magazines\u003c/a> and you'll find plenty of stalwart citizens commuting to work in hovering sedans, with tail fins. So where did the dream go wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, you may have noticed that flying cars have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/technology/flying-car-technology.html\">buzzing the headlines\u003c/a> this week, with new \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMma4c2SPdY\">prototype footage\u003c/a> making the rounds and Uber's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/summit/\">flying car tech summit\u003c/a> in Texas. The timing seems right for a reappraisal of our retro-future dreams. The good news is that flying cars are no longer science fiction -- in fact, several designs are already in the air. The bad news is that you won't be flying one anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the good news. Depending on how you define your terms, flying cars have been around for several years now. Straightforward hybrids like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.terrafugia.com/the-transition/\">Terrafugia Transition\u003c/a> are basically cars with folding wings -- keep 'em folded up when you're driving around; drop 'em down when you hit the runway. Of course, these vehicles are essentially private planes -- you'll need a pilot's license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Terrafugia Transition extends its fold-up wings when it hits the runway.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6.jpg 958w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terrafugia Transition extends its fold-up wings when it hits the runway. \u003ccite>(Terrfugia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there are the rotor-driven aerial vehicles that function like miniaturized helicopters or maximized drones. Click around online and you can find several projects in this area, from high-tech specimens like the newly unveiled \u003ca href=\"https://kittyhawk.aero/about/\">Kitty Hawk\u003c/a> (backed by Google's Larry Page) to old-school da Vinci-style \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerovelo.com/ornithopter-summary\">pedal-powered ornithopters\u003c/a>. Depending on where you're flying, many of these personal aircraft are classified as recreational ultralight vehicles and don't require a pilot's license at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMma4c2SPdY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they're not strictly flying cars of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yjy-fnsmWR4\">\"The Jetsons\"\u003c/a> flavor we've been promised. For the real space-age stuff, you want vehicles with enclosed cabins that can launch and land in crowded urban environments. That means expanding on existing Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) technology, employed by military vehicles like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2014/06/why-harrier-jets-crash/\">Harrier Jump Jet\u003c/a>. For a good example of this approach, check out the \u003ca href=\"https://lilium.com/\">Lilium\u003c/a> jet from Germany, backed by the European Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that pesky pilot's license issue remains. If we're already worried about too many drones in the air, do we really want to consider a sky full of personal aerial vehicles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 578px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11426673\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a.jpg\" alt=\"Lilium Aviation is already testing its all-electric personal jet, which takes off and lands vertically.\" width=\"578\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a.jpg 578w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lilium Aviation is already testing its all-electric personal jet, which takes off and lands vertically. \u003ccite>(Lilium Aviation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To address this concern, the biggest players in the flying car game are banking on one more critical innovation: flying cars that can pilot themselves. That's what Uber is aiming for with its new \u003ca href=\"https://www.uber.com/elevate.pdf\">Elevate initiative\u003c/a>, which imagines a future of semi-autonomous flying vehicles that can be hailed from designated rooftops and helipads around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Holden, Uber chief product officer, described a future service, tentatively called Uber Air. \"You literally push a button and you get a flight,\" he said at the company's Elevate Summit in Dallas on Tuesday. A car trip between San Francisco and San Jose can take up to 2½ hours, depending on traffic, and \"this is like a 15-minute flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is giving you freedom, radically reducing time from point A to point B,\" Holden said. Uber hopes to launch working prototypes by 2020 and to eventually reduce the cost so that it's comparable to an UberX ride, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11426674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d.jpg\" alt=\"Uber is planning to expand its transportation services skyward with the Elevate program.\" width=\"447\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d.jpg 447w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uber is planning to expand its transportation services skyward with the Elevate program. \u003ccite>(Uber)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Uber's \"taxi planes\" would initially use a combination of human pilots and automation, and could eventually move to a fully artificial intelligence-controlled flight network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that seems crazy, consider that the city of Dubai has already announced it will deploy a fleet of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5Q2W0r5e-s\">air taxis\u003c/a> this summer, using the Chinese \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehang.com/ehang184\">EHang 184\u003c/a> passenger drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uber is not the only heavy hitter moving into this area. European aviation behemoth Airbus has been gradually unveiling elements of its ambitious autonomous vehicle project, which it hopes to start testing as early as next year. Airbus' proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/news-media/corporate-magazine/Forum-90/PopUp.html\">Pop.Up system\u003c/a> would employ modular passenger cabins that can be affixed to a set of wheels on the bottom or an array of rotors on the top, depending on whether you're driving or flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus envisions a future of hybrid modular vehicles for road and sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60.jpg 1061w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Airbus envisions a future of hybrid modular vehicles for road and sky. \u003ccite>(Italdesign)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Uber and Airbus projects also incorporate that other major auto innovation of recent years -- electric vehicles. Both systems envision a future of fully electric flying taxis and buses, to cut down on weight, noise and pollution. In fact, almost all of the recent flying car proposals are banking on batteries, with the exception of those \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerovelo.com/atlas-helicopter\">pedal-powered contraptions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent issue of Airbus' \u003ca href=\"http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/news-media/corporate-magazine/Forum-88/My-Kind-Of-Flyover.html\">corporate magazine\u003c/a>, CEO Tom Enders said he fully expects to have a sky full of flying coaches and cabs over major cities: \"In a not-too-distant future, we'll use our smartphones to book a fully automated flying taxi that will land outside our front door -- without any pilot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Different Point of View\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It all seems very exciting and imminent, but obviously some enormous obstacles remain -- true autonomous vehicle technology and air traffic control, to name two. Adding millions of flying cars and taxis to the existing airspace would require a colossal reboot of air traffic control systems, most likely managed by some kind of future artificial intelligence. The more you think it through, the more daunting it all becomes. If you'd rather keep the 1950s dream alive in your mind, stop reading now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aviation consultant \u003ca href=\"http://www.richardaboulafia.com/\">Richard Aboulafia\u003c/a> is squarely among the skeptics. As a veteran industry analyst, Aboulafia makes his living assessing nuts-and-bolt realities, not concept drawings. When it comes to hybrid vehicles that can drive on roads and fly in the air, there's a core design dilemma, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus is one of more than a dozen companies actively developing flying cars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Airbus is one of more than a dozen companies actively developing flying cars. \u003ccite>(Airbus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You know, I'd like to have a good product that combines shampoo and conditioner in one bottle, but you can't do it,\" he says. \"And it's the same here with flying cars -- you have a perfectly inadequate plane crossed with a perfectly inadequate car. You've got two very different animals here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for those fleets of ski taxis and autonomous flying vehicles being proposed by Uber, Airbus and others, Aboulafia sees another mountain of practical problems: \"More issues than I can count, really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aboulafia says the first thing that jumped out at him in Uber's Elevate \u003ca href=\"http://www.uber.com/elevate/whitepaper/\">white paper\u003c/a> is an old industry dilemma: Electric vehicles have a fundamental battery problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest issue with the Elevate manifesto is that it assumes the existence of a truly amazing battery with a phenomenal energy density,\" he says. \"We've been striving for this for the last century. You'd need the kind of reliability that puts you in the air and keeps you there safely. This isn't a Tesla -- you can't just pull over to the side of the road.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5wMFtawn7I\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-piloting aspect has him worried as well. With flying cars, after all, we're adding an entire extra dimension to problems we have yet to solve in 2-D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we have a safe self-driving car, we'll be part of the way there,\" Aboulafia says. \"But we'll need some dramatic improvements in sense-and-avoid technology, to be able to track everything in all directions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the maintenance issues. \"Aircraft have a lot of moving parts, you know,\" Aboulafia says. \"And aircraft maintenance is a lot more expensive than car maintenance -- ask any pilot. If nothing else, we'd need a total maintenance revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is there any hope? Is our cherished 1950s vision of flying cars just an impossible sci-fi dream? Well, Aboulafia doesn't want to be a total bummer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could be that one day we have this amazing confluence of unlimited and safe battery power, combined with truly autonomous capabilities, where the machine is truly flying itself,\" Aboulafia said. \"All of that may trigger some kind of intra-urban mobility revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that's many, many decades away -- if ever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glenn-mcdonald.com/\">Glenn McDonald\u003c/a> \u003cem>is a freelance writer, editor and game designer based in Chapel Hill, N.C. You can follow him\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/glennmcdonald1\">@glennmcdonald1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Flying+Cars+Are+%28Still%29+Coming%3A+Should+We+Believe+The+Hype%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Airbus and Uber are planning for a future of flying cars and sky taxis. 'You literally push a button and you get a flight,' an Uber executive says. But will our Tomorrowland ever really arrive?",
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"description": "Airbus and Uber are planning for a future of flying cars and sky taxis. 'You literally push a button and you get a flight,' an Uber executive says. But will our Tomorrowland ever really arrive?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the 1950s, when America was hopeful and reckless conjecture was encouraged, prognosticators had some wild ideas about 21st century technology. A few came true, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ald.softbankrobotics.com/en/cool-robots/pepper\">robot companions\u003c/a>. Most didn't, like \u003ca href=\"http://signsfromthenearfuture.tumblr.com/image/157825581640\">lunar shuttles\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one concept in particular has endured without quite being realized -- the flying car. Check those special \"future\" editions of \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/g462/future-that-never-was-next-gen-tech-concepts/\">old magazines\u003c/a> and you'll find plenty of stalwart citizens commuting to work in hovering sedans, with tail fins. So where did the dream go wrong?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, you may have noticed that flying cars have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/24/technology/flying-car-technology.html\">buzzing the headlines\u003c/a> this week, with new \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMma4c2SPdY\">prototype footage\u003c/a> making the rounds and Uber's \u003ca href=\"https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/summit/\">flying car tech summit\u003c/a> in Texas. The timing seems right for a reappraisal of our retro-future dreams. The good news is that flying cars are no longer science fiction -- in fact, several designs are already in the air. The bad news is that you won't be flying one anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the good news. Depending on how you define your terms, flying cars have been around for several years now. Straightforward hybrids like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.terrafugia.com/the-transition/\">Terrafugia Transition\u003c/a> are basically cars with folding wings -- keep 'em folded up when you're driving around; drop 'em down when you hit the runway. Of course, these vehicles are essentially private planes -- you'll need a pilot's license.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426672\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426672\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The Terrafugia Transition extends its fold-up wings when it hits the runway.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/transition-e8e204780be4b9a1734b739eb413dfbcbd7ec2e6.jpg 958w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Terrafugia Transition extends its fold-up wings when it hits the runway. \u003ccite>(Terrfugia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there are the rotor-driven aerial vehicles that function like miniaturized helicopters or maximized drones. Click around online and you can find several projects in this area, from high-tech specimens like the newly unveiled \u003ca href=\"https://kittyhawk.aero/about/\">Kitty Hawk\u003c/a> (backed by Google's Larry Page) to old-school da Vinci-style \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerovelo.com/ornithopter-summary\">pedal-powered ornithopters\u003c/a>. Depending on where you're flying, many of these personal aircraft are classified as recreational ultralight vehicles and don't require a pilot's license at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lMma4c2SPdY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lMma4c2SPdY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But they're not strictly flying cars of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yjy-fnsmWR4\">\"The Jetsons\"\u003c/a> flavor we've been promised. For the real space-age stuff, you want vehicles with enclosed cabins that can launch and land in crowded urban environments. That means expanding on existing Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) technology, employed by military vehicles like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2014/06/why-harrier-jets-crash/\">Harrier Jump Jet\u003c/a>. For a good example of this approach, check out the \u003ca href=\"https://lilium.com/\">Lilium\u003c/a> jet from Germany, backed by the European Space Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, that pesky pilot's license issue remains. If we're already worried about too many drones in the air, do we really want to consider a sky full of personal aerial vehicles?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 578px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11426673\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a.jpg\" alt=\"Lilium Aviation is already testing its all-electric personal jet, which takes off and lands vertically.\" width=\"578\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a.jpg 578w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/lilium-c3a1ef27516dfb630216ac9a3bd968fe01205a3a-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lilium Aviation is already testing its all-electric personal jet, which takes off and lands vertically. \u003ccite>(Lilium Aviation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To address this concern, the biggest players in the flying car game are banking on one more critical innovation: flying cars that can pilot themselves. That's what Uber is aiming for with its new \u003ca href=\"https://www.uber.com/elevate.pdf\">Elevate initiative\u003c/a>, which imagines a future of semi-autonomous flying vehicles that can be hailed from designated rooftops and helipads around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeff Holden, Uber chief product officer, described a future service, tentatively called Uber Air. \"You literally push a button and you get a flight,\" he said at the company's Elevate Summit in Dallas on Tuesday. A car trip between San Francisco and San Jose can take up to 2½ hours, depending on traffic, and \"this is like a 15-minute flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is giving you freedom, radically reducing time from point A to point B,\" Holden said. Uber hopes to launch working prototypes by 2020 and to eventually reduce the cost so that it's comparable to an UberX ride, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426674\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11426674\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d.jpg\" alt=\"Uber is planning to expand its transportation services skyward with the Elevate program.\" width=\"447\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d.jpg 447w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/uber-650bbf4dbd9ca95f9a6ce4797a13384b8f7f690d-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Uber is planning to expand its transportation services skyward with the Elevate program. \u003ccite>(Uber)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Uber's \"taxi planes\" would initially use a combination of human pilots and automation, and could eventually move to a fully artificial intelligence-controlled flight network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that seems crazy, consider that the city of Dubai has already announced it will deploy a fleet of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5Q2W0r5e-s\">air taxis\u003c/a> this summer, using the Chinese \u003ca href=\"http://www.ehang.com/ehang184\">EHang 184\u003c/a> passenger drone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Uber is not the only heavy hitter moving into this area. European aviation behemoth Airbus has been gradually unveiling elements of its ambitious autonomous vehicle project, which it hopes to start testing as early as next year. Airbus' proposed \u003ca href=\"http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/news-media/corporate-magazine/Forum-90/PopUp.html\">Pop.Up system\u003c/a> would employ modular passenger cabins that can be affixed to a set of wheels on the bottom or an array of rotors on the top, depending on whether you're driving or flying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426675\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426675\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus envisions a future of hybrid modular vehicles for road and sky.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-960x719.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-ac91de84242c894abe628882b3fa9d7d473ffb60.jpg 1061w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Airbus envisions a future of hybrid modular vehicles for road and sky. \u003ccite>(Italdesign)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both the Uber and Airbus projects also incorporate that other major auto innovation of recent years -- electric vehicles. Both systems envision a future of fully electric flying taxis and buses, to cut down on weight, noise and pollution. In fact, almost all of the recent flying car proposals are banking on batteries, with the exception of those \u003ca href=\"http://www.aerovelo.com/atlas-helicopter\">pedal-powered contraptions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent issue of Airbus' \u003ca href=\"http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/news-media/corporate-magazine/Forum-88/My-Kind-Of-Flyover.html\">corporate magazine\u003c/a>, CEO Tom Enders said he fully expects to have a sky full of flying coaches and cabs over major cities: \"In a not-too-distant future, we'll use our smartphones to book a fully automated flying taxi that will land outside our front door -- without any pilot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Different Point of View\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It all seems very exciting and imminent, but obviously some enormous obstacles remain -- true autonomous vehicle technology and air traffic control, to name two. Adding millions of flying cars and taxis to the existing airspace would require a colossal reboot of air traffic control systems, most likely managed by some kind of future artificial intelligence. The more you think it through, the more daunting it all becomes. If you'd rather keep the 1950s dream alive in your mind, stop reading now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aviation consultant \u003ca href=\"http://www.richardaboulafia.com/\">Richard Aboulafia\u003c/a> is squarely among the skeptics. As a veteran industry analyst, Aboulafia makes his living assessing nuts-and-bolt realities, not concept drawings. When it comes to hybrid vehicles that can drive on roads and fly in the air, there's a core design dilemma, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426670\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426670\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Airbus is one of more than a dozen companies actively developing flying cars.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/airbus-flying-car-d781b22144f8ac071029ba51fadefe48e3980d91.jpg 915w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Airbus is one of more than a dozen companies actively developing flying cars. \u003ccite>(Airbus)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"You know, I'd like to have a good product that combines shampoo and conditioner in one bottle, but you can't do it,\" he says. \"And it's the same here with flying cars -- you have a perfectly inadequate plane crossed with a perfectly inadequate car. You've got two very different animals here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for those fleets of ski taxis and autonomous flying vehicles being proposed by Uber, Airbus and others, Aboulafia sees another mountain of practical problems: \"More issues than I can count, really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aboulafia says the first thing that jumped out at him in Uber's Elevate \u003ca href=\"http://www.uber.com/elevate/whitepaper/\">white paper\u003c/a> is an old industry dilemma: Electric vehicles have a fundamental battery problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest issue with the Elevate manifesto is that it assumes the existence of a truly amazing battery with a phenomenal energy density,\" he says. \"We've been striving for this for the last century. You'd need the kind of reliability that puts you in the air and keeps you there safely. This isn't a Tesla -- you can't just pull over to the side of the road.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/g5wMFtawn7I'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/g5wMFtawn7I'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The self-piloting aspect has him worried as well. With flying cars, after all, we're adding an entire extra dimension to problems we have yet to solve in 2-D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we have a safe self-driving car, we'll be part of the way there,\" Aboulafia says. \"But we'll need some dramatic improvements in sense-and-avoid technology, to be able to track everything in all directions.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are the maintenance issues. \"Aircraft have a lot of moving parts, you know,\" Aboulafia says. \"And aircraft maintenance is a lot more expensive than car maintenance -- ask any pilot. If nothing else, we'd need a total maintenance revolution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So is there any hope? Is our cherished 1950s vision of flying cars just an impossible sci-fi dream? Well, Aboulafia doesn't want to be a total bummer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could be that one day we have this amazing confluence of unlimited and safe battery power, combined with truly autonomous capabilities, where the machine is truly flying itself,\" Aboulafia said. \"All of that may trigger some kind of intra-urban mobility revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that's many, many decades away -- if ever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glenn-mcdonald.com/\">Glenn McDonald\u003c/a> \u003cem>is a freelance writer, editor and game designer based in Chapel Hill, N.C. You can follow him\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/glennmcdonald1\">@glennmcdonald1\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Flying+Cars+Are+%28Still%29+Coming%3A+Should+We+Believe+The+Hype%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "NRA, Gun Owners Sue Over Expanded Assault Rifle Ban",
"title": "NRA, Gun Owners Sue Over Expanded Assault Rifle Ban",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The National Rifle Association this week filed what a spokeswoman said will be the first of a half-dozen lawsuits challenging a series of gun control restrictions passed by both lawmakers and voters last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRA spokeswoman Amy Hunter said the suits will target what gun enthusiasts call \"gunmageddon\" -- a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/30/california-legislature-passes-a-dozen-new-gun-regulations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">package of bills signed last July into law by Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/a> combined with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/19/ballot-measure-seeks-to-regulate-ammunition-sales-take-guns-from-felons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition 63\u003c/a>, which voters overwhelmingly approved in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit filed Monday in federal court by the NRA, the California Rifle and Pistol Association and seven California residents takes aim at two of the laws, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Senate Bill 880 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 1135\u003c/a>, passed last summer by the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2017/04/2017-04-27e-tcr.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/GettyImages-540947072-800x607.jpg\" Title=\"NRA, Gun Owners Sue Over Expanded Assault Rifle Ban\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those laws expanded the state’s definition of a banned assault rifle to include semi-automatic rifles with detachable ammunition magazines and guns that can hold more than 10 rounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our issue ... is that these are firearms that are among the most popular and commonly used rifles in America and in California,\" Hunter, the NRA spokeswoman, said. \"I mean, there's millions of them, and they are the most common and popular rifles used for self-defense and for competition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit argues that the laws passed last year are overly broad, banning dozens of popular rifles by classifying them as assault weapons. It also challenges the retroactivity of the laws and says a restriction on passing on the firearms to family members violates the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, the suit argues that the gun features banned by the new laws -- such as pistol grips -- are actually there to make firearms safer to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they expanded the definition, they based it on features that are actually ergonomic features, that make rifles easier to use and safer to use,\" Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the laws don't make anyone safer, but would make otherwise law-abiding gun owners felons if they don't register their rifles by the end of the year. Hunter said that while semi-automatic rifles have been used in some high-profile crimes, \"the vast majority of what gun activists call assault weapons are used by law-abiding people for self-defense and competition,\" not by criminals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine (D-Marin) countered that the guns targeted by the laws are \"military-style weapons with detachable magazines that have been used to murder countless Americans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These have been extraordinarily sad, tragic events that continue to occur,\" said Levine, who wrote the Assembly bill. \"Gun deaths are preventable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the laws simply closed a loophole in earlier gun control measures that the gun industry exploited. And, Levine accused the NRA of waiting to file the suit until it had a more sympathetic U.S. Supreme Court under President Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a cynical ploy by the gun lobby to undermine laws to protect innocent people,\" Levine said of the timing. \"They plotted to wait until they had a Supreme Court stacked in their favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nraila.org/articles/20170424/lawsuit-filed-against-californias-assault-weapons-control-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a>, the NRA stated that the lawsuit \"seeks to have the courts declare the (gun laws) unconstitutional because the ill-conceived law will do nothing to stop terrorists or violent criminals, and infringes on the right to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group added that the suit is one of many \"challenging other aspects of the unconstitutional laws passed last year,\" that will be filed in the coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine predicted that the state will prevail in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[documentcloud url=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3677879-Rupp-v-Becerra-Filed-4-24-17-Complaint\" notes=\"true\" text=\"true\" search=\"true\" sidebar=\"true\" pdf=\"true\" responsive=\"true\" page=\"1\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Rifle Association this week filed what a spokeswoman said will be the first of a half-dozen lawsuits challenging a series of gun control restrictions passed by both lawmakers and voters last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NRA spokeswoman Amy Hunter said the suits will target what gun enthusiasts call \"gunmageddon\" -- a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/30/california-legislature-passes-a-dozen-new-gun-regulations/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">package of bills signed last July into law by Gov. Jerry Brown\u003c/a> combined with \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/19/ballot-measure-seeks-to-regulate-ammunition-sales-take-guns-from-felons/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposition 63\u003c/a>, which voters overwhelmingly approved in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit filed Monday in federal court by the NRA, the California Rifle and Pistol Association and seven California residents takes aim at two of the laws, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB880\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Senate Bill 880 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1135\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assembly Bill 1135\u003c/a>, passed last summer by the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our issue ... is that these are firearms that are among the most popular and commonly used rifles in America and in California,\" Hunter, the NRA spokeswoman, said. \"I mean, there's millions of them, and they are the most common and popular rifles used for self-defense and for competition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit argues that the laws passed last year are overly broad, banning dozens of popular rifles by classifying them as assault weapons. It also challenges the retroactivity of the laws and says a restriction on passing on the firearms to family members violates the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, the suit argues that the gun features banned by the new laws -- such as pistol grips -- are actually there to make firearms safer to handle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When they expanded the definition, they based it on features that are actually ergonomic features, that make rifles easier to use and safer to use,\" Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said the laws don't make anyone safer, but would make otherwise law-abiding gun owners felons if they don't register their rifles by the end of the year. Hunter said that while semi-automatic rifles have been used in some high-profile crimes, \"the vast majority of what gun activists call assault weapons are used by law-abiding people for self-defense and competition,\" not by criminals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Marc Levine (D-Marin) countered that the guns targeted by the laws are \"military-style weapons with detachable magazines that have been used to murder countless Americans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These have been extraordinarily sad, tragic events that continue to occur,\" said Levine, who wrote the Assembly bill. \"Gun deaths are preventable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the laws simply closed a loophole in earlier gun control measures that the gun industry exploited. And, Levine accused the NRA of waiting to file the suit until it had a more sympathetic U.S. Supreme Court under President Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a cynical ploy by the gun lobby to undermine laws to protect innocent people,\" Levine said of the timing. \"They plotted to wait until they had a Supreme Court stacked in their favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nraila.org/articles/20170424/lawsuit-filed-against-californias-assault-weapons-control-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">statement\u003c/a>, the NRA stated that the lawsuit \"seeks to have the courts declare the (gun laws) unconstitutional because the ill-conceived law will do nothing to stop terrorists or violent criminals, and infringes on the right to keep and bear arms under the Second Amendment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group added that the suit is one of many \"challenging other aspects of the unconstitutional laws passed last year,\" that will be filed in the coming weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine predicted that the state will prevail in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — The head of California's water agency on Tuesday repeated his assertion that an emergency spillway at the Oroville Dam worked, drawing an incredulous response from a state lawmaker who represents tens of thousands of people ordered to evacuate when it was feared erosion at the spillway could lead to catastrophic flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Croyle, acting director of the Department of Water Resources, faced lawmakers for the first time since the evacuations in February. Authorities feared a concrete wall at the top of the emergency spillway was on the verge of collapsing and sending a wall of water rushing uncontrolled through downstream communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In my opinion it didn't work at all,\" said Assemblyman James Gallagher, a Republican who represents many of the nearly 200,000 people who were ordered to evacuate. \"When it started flowing and we had that erosion cut back, to me that's a failure. It didn't work as designed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croyle has controversially maintained since the days after the evacuation that the spillway did its job, though he's acknowledged that the erosion was more severe than anticipated. He told lawmakers that experts did not expect water to cut through rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I believe the emergency spillway worked,\" Croyle said. \"It performed an emergency function with the broken (main) spillway.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A breach appeared in the main spillway Feb. 7 as releases from Lake Oroville were ramped up to make room in the reservoir for a surge of runoff from a series of warm winter storms. The breach led dam managers to limit releases out of the damaged structure, and by Feb. 11 the lake filled and water began flowing over the emergency spillway for the first time since the dam went into service in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also questioned Croyle about details of the $275 million contract to shore up both the main and emergency spillway, including who negotiated it and what penalties or incentives it includes for the contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croyle said he didn't know details of the contract but would provide them later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erin Mellon, a spokeswoman for the Natural Resources Agency, said after the hearing that the contract with Kiewit Corp. of Omaha, Nebraska, covers work through January 2019. That should be enough time to repair the entire main spillway and shore up the emergency spillway, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DWR's plan involves rebuilding enough of the main spillway to restore it to service by the anticipated return of the rainy season in November. At the same time, work will proceed on improving the area below the emergency to limit erosion there in the event of another overflow.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — The head of California's water agency on Tuesday repeated his assertion that an emergency spillway at the Oroville Dam worked, drawing an incredulous response from a state lawmaker who represents tens of thousands of people ordered to evacuate when it was feared erosion at the spillway could lead to catastrophic flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Croyle, acting director of the Department of Water Resources, faced lawmakers for the first time since the evacuations in February. Authorities feared a concrete wall at the top of the emergency spillway was on the verge of collapsing and sending a wall of water rushing uncontrolled through downstream communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In my opinion it didn't work at all,\" said Assemblyman James Gallagher, a Republican who represents many of the nearly 200,000 people who were ordered to evacuate. \"When it started flowing and we had that erosion cut back, to me that's a failure. It didn't work as designed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croyle has controversially maintained since the days after the evacuation that the spillway did its job, though he's acknowledged that the erosion was more severe than anticipated. He told lawmakers that experts did not expect water to cut through rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I believe the emergency spillway worked,\" Croyle said. \"It performed an emergency function with the broken (main) spillway.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A breach appeared in the main spillway Feb. 7 as releases from Lake Oroville were ramped up to make room in the reservoir for a surge of runoff from a series of warm winter storms. The breach led dam managers to limit releases out of the damaged structure, and by Feb. 11 the lake filled and water began flowing over the emergency spillway for the first time since the dam went into service in 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers also questioned Croyle about details of the $275 million contract to shore up both the main and emergency spillway, including who negotiated it and what penalties or incentives it includes for the contractor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Croyle said he didn't know details of the contract but would provide them later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erin Mellon, a spokeswoman for the Natural Resources Agency, said after the hearing that the contract with Kiewit Corp. of Omaha, Nebraska, covers work through January 2019. That should be enough time to repair the entire main spillway and shore up the emergency spillway, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DWR's plan involves rebuilding enough of the main spillway to restore it to service by the anticipated return of the rainy season in November. At the same time, work will proceed on improving the area below the emergency to limit erosion there in the event of another overflow.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Women Sell or Donate Breast Milk, Raising Ethical and Safety Questions",
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"content": "\u003cp>Rebecca Soltes walked into a gaily decorated hospital meeting room, pushing her kids in a double stroller and carrying a soft-sided cooler filled with bags of frozen breast milk — 100 ounces of the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She dropped it on a table, and the roomful of lactation consultants and maternal health advocates from California’s Inland Empire erupted in applause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was donating the milk because she didn’t need it anymore. Her son, a young toddler, had recently graduated to solid food, but her freezer at home was still packed with pumped milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know what to do with it,” a harried-looking Soltes told two young staffers from the Mothers’ Milk Bank, a nonprofit group in San Jose, Calif., that provides breast milk for fragile infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing numbers of women who produce more breast milk than they need are handing it over — or selling it — for others to use. It’s a boon to fragile infants and mothers who can’t produce enough milk, but it also poses challenging ethical and public health questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians, regulators and others ask: Should sickly, premature babies get access to this milk before healthy ones? Should women be paid for their milk — even if it might lead some to deprive their own infants? Should greater safeguards be required to ensure the safety of the supply?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration does not require testing for donated human milk. A handful of states, including California and New York, regulate milk banks the way they do tissue banks, enforcing some safety standards, and many nonprofit milk banks screen donors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA has expressed concern about milk-trading websites, warning consumers that the milk offered there carries an increased risk of contamination by drugs or disease, including HIV. The agency further urges mothers not to feed their infants donated milk acquired from other individuals or over the internet, also because of such safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies and medical experts wonder if even established milk banks — whose voluntary screening practices the FDA praised in 2010 — should be doing more to ensure safety. Dr. Jae Hong Kim, a neonatologist at UC-San Diego, said milk banks’ safety efforts have worked well thus far but are not error-free. “The challenge is, if you expand the operations, you increase your risk exposure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Elster, CEO of Prolacta Bioscience, a company that uses human milk to make fortifier products in its pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing facility, said he advocates a more rigorous level of screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that all human milk, whether it is distributed commercially, by a nonprofit or peer-to-peer network, should be tested for drugs of abuse, nicotine and other adulterants,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Milk Magic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the early 1970s, barely a fifth of American babies were breast-fed. Today, more than 80% get at least a taste of their mother’s milk, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The health advantages are well-established, especially for premature infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first class I had on human milk I was blown away,” said Maryanne Perrin, a nutrition scientist at the University of North Carolina-Greensboro. “It’s Harry Potter meets Willy Wonka. It’s a magical food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some breast-feeding enthusiasts refer to human milk as “liquid gold.” At times, it seems as though everyone wants the stuff — from nonprofits like Mothers’ Milk Bank, to high-tech pharmaceutical companies that concentrate it into premium medical products, to your neighbor who might just want a bit more to supplement her baby’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, new human milk banks open and new milk-focused companies are launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows exactly how much of this excess milk is donated or sold, but the volume is increasing. Pauline Sakamoto, executive director of the Mothers’ Milk Bank and former president of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, an association of nonprofit milk banks in the U.S. and Canada, said her organization’s affiliated banks distributed about 4.4 million ounces of human milk to hospitals last year, up from less than half that amount as recently as five years ago. When Sakamoto became president of the organization in 2014, it had 18 milk banks. Now it has more than 30 open or planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Profit Or Not To Profit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mothers’ Milk Bank workers from San Jose traveled nearly 450 miles last year for donation drives in the southern part of the state, including the one at the Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs where they applauded Soltes. The bank collects and pasteurizes donated human milk and provides it at cost to NICUs throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the week, workers planned to conduct risk screenings, including blood testing for HIV and other diseases, on mothers like Soltes. They also planned to ask the women’s doctors — and their babies’ doctors — to approve the donations. The team expected to collect 7,542 ounces of pumped breast milk — enough to provide more than 30,000 feedings for premature infants in NICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we have a consistent flow of milk coming in,” said Leah Carig, donor coordinator at the San Jose-based bank. “In the past, we’ve had to put out [e-mail] blasts” to increase supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For-profit breast milk operations are expanding, too. Elster’s company, Prolacta Bioscience, stocks warehouse-like freezers full of human milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based in City of Industry, Calif., it purchases the milk from women for $1 per ounce. The company uses it to make fortifiers that are added to a mother’s or donor’s milk to deliver extra calories, proteins and minerals to premature babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products are expensive, at $200 to $300 for a one-day supply. But they win praise from NICU physicians like Kim, because they can replace fortifiers made of cow’s milk, which are known to increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the NICU and the gates of industry, informal internet-based sites, with names like Only the Breast and Eats on Feets, also appear to be booming. One report estimated that the number of online milk transactions in the U.S. soared from 22,000 in 2012 to 55,000 in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some milk-sharing networks are run by mothers who sell their milk, while others give it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mandy Lindberg, a board member of the Inland Empire Breastfeeding Coalition, has experience with both formal and informal donation networks. She said that women often opt to donate among themselves because they want to help friends or neighbors who don’t have enough milk for their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice to put a face with the name,” Lindberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows there’s some risk with milk that changes hands on informal sites, however. In 2015, a team of researchers who purchased breast milk on the open market reported in the journal Pediatrics that about 10 percent of samples contained cow’s milk, which could have been added by the sellers to increase volume and thus the size of the payment. The same team had reported in 2013 that milk purchased online was frequently contaminated by pathogenic bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Updegrove, executive director of the nonprofit Mothers’ Milk Bank at Austin, in Texas, says the FDA should regulate informal milk-sharing, ideally requiring all milk to go through a milk bank focused on distributing it according to the greatest medical need. This, she believes, would help make the practice safer and ensure that the sickest babies were given priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updegrove and others fear that if financial gain were to become the dominant factor in distribution of human milk, supplies could be siphoned away from the sickest NICU babies. Poor mothers might sell their milk instead of giving it to their own children, these critics said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women involved in sharing networks don’t always understand the mission and practices of nonprofit milk banks, Perrin reported with colleagues in a 2016 paper that appeared in the Journal of Human Lactation. Better education might encourage more to donate for NICU use, she suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that when she started her research, she thought of human milk as a “scarce resource.” “But I’ve talked to women who have shared 9,600 ounces of milk. Some have freezers full,” she said. “I think it’s a distribution problem, and not a supply problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire concept of breast milk banking — of any type — was new to Soltes. The La Quinta, Calif., mother said that when other members of her breast-feeding group had more milk than they could use, they didn’t know what to do with it. She learned about the milk drive by doing a Google search online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just happened to find this event,” she said. “I thought, wow — I’d rather do this than throw it all out.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": " \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://khn.org/news/author/eryn-brown/\" target=\"_blank\">Eryn Brown\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Kaiser Health News",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Rebecca Soltes walked into a gaily decorated hospital meeting room, pushing her kids in a double stroller and carrying a soft-sided cooler filled with bags of frozen breast milk — 100 ounces of the stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She dropped it on a table, and the roomful of lactation consultants and maternal health advocates from California’s Inland Empire erupted in applause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was donating the milk because she didn’t need it anymore. Her son, a young toddler, had recently graduated to solid food, but her freezer at home was still packed with pumped milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know what to do with it,” a harried-looking Soltes told two young staffers from the Mothers’ Milk Bank, a nonprofit group in San Jose, Calif., that provides breast milk for fragile infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Increasing numbers of women who produce more breast milk than they need are handing it over — or selling it — for others to use. It’s a boon to fragile infants and mothers who can’t produce enough milk, but it also poses challenging ethical and public health questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians, regulators and others ask: Should sickly, premature babies get access to this milk before healthy ones? Should women be paid for their milk — even if it might lead some to deprive their own infants? Should greater safeguards be required to ensure the safety of the supply?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration does not require testing for donated human milk. A handful of states, including California and New York, regulate milk banks the way they do tissue banks, enforcing some safety standards, and many nonprofit milk banks screen donors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the FDA has expressed concern about milk-trading websites, warning consumers that the milk offered there carries an increased risk of contamination by drugs or disease, including HIV. The agency further urges mothers not to feed their infants donated milk acquired from other individuals or over the internet, also because of such safety risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some companies and medical experts wonder if even established milk banks — whose voluntary screening practices the FDA praised in 2010 — should be doing more to ensure safety. Dr. Jae Hong Kim, a neonatologist at UC-San Diego, said milk banks’ safety efforts have worked well thus far but are not error-free. “The challenge is, if you expand the operations, you increase your risk exposure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Elster, CEO of Prolacta Bioscience, a company that uses human milk to make fortifier products in its pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing facility, said he advocates a more rigorous level of screening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that all human milk, whether it is distributed commercially, by a nonprofit or peer-to-peer network, should be tested for drugs of abuse, nicotine and other adulterants,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Milk Magic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As recently as the early 1970s, barely a fifth of American babies were breast-fed. Today, more than 80% get at least a taste of their mother’s milk, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The health advantages are well-established, especially for premature infants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first class I had on human milk I was blown away,” said Maryanne Perrin, a nutrition scientist at the University of North Carolina-Greensboro. “It’s Harry Potter meets Willy Wonka. It’s a magical food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some breast-feeding enthusiasts refer to human milk as “liquid gold.” At times, it seems as though everyone wants the stuff — from nonprofits like Mothers’ Milk Bank, to high-tech pharmaceutical companies that concentrate it into premium medical products, to your neighbor who might just want a bit more to supplement her baby’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, new human milk banks open and new milk-focused companies are launched.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one knows exactly how much of this excess milk is donated or sold, but the volume is increasing. Pauline Sakamoto, executive director of the Mothers’ Milk Bank and former president of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, an association of nonprofit milk banks in the U.S. and Canada, said her organization’s affiliated banks distributed about 4.4 million ounces of human milk to hospitals last year, up from less than half that amount as recently as five years ago. When Sakamoto became president of the organization in 2014, it had 18 milk banks. Now it has more than 30 open or planned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To Profit Or Not To Profit?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mothers’ Milk Bank workers from San Jose traveled nearly 450 miles last year for donation drives in the southern part of the state, including the one at the Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs where they applauded Soltes. The bank collects and pasteurizes donated human milk and provides it at cost to NICUs throughout California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the week, workers planned to conduct risk screenings, including blood testing for HIV and other diseases, on mothers like Soltes. They also planned to ask the women’s doctors — and their babies’ doctors — to approve the donations. The team expected to collect 7,542 ounces of pumped breast milk — enough to provide more than 30,000 feedings for premature infants in NICUs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, we have a consistent flow of milk coming in,” said Leah Carig, donor coordinator at the San Jose-based bank. “In the past, we’ve had to put out [e-mail] blasts” to increase supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For-profit breast milk operations are expanding, too. Elster’s company, Prolacta Bioscience, stocks warehouse-like freezers full of human milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based in City of Industry, Calif., it purchases the milk from women for $1 per ounce. The company uses it to make fortifiers that are added to a mother’s or donor’s milk to deliver extra calories, proteins and minerals to premature babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The products are expensive, at $200 to $300 for a one-day supply. But they win praise from NICU physicians like Kim, because they can replace fortifiers made of cow’s milk, which are known to increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the NICU and the gates of industry, informal internet-based sites, with names like Only the Breast and Eats on Feets, also appear to be booming. One report estimated that the number of online milk transactions in the U.S. soared from 22,000 in 2012 to 55,000 in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some milk-sharing networks are run by mothers who sell their milk, while others give it away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mandy Lindberg, a board member of the Inland Empire Breastfeeding Coalition, has experience with both formal and informal donation networks. She said that women often opt to donate among themselves because they want to help friends or neighbors who don’t have enough milk for their babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice to put a face with the name,” Lindberg said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research shows there’s some risk with milk that changes hands on informal sites, however. In 2015, a team of researchers who purchased breast milk on the open market reported in the journal Pediatrics that about 10 percent of samples contained cow’s milk, which could have been added by the sellers to increase volume and thus the size of the payment. The same team had reported in 2013 that milk purchased online was frequently contaminated by pathogenic bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kim Updegrove, executive director of the nonprofit Mothers’ Milk Bank at Austin, in Texas, says the FDA should regulate informal milk-sharing, ideally requiring all milk to go through a milk bank focused on distributing it according to the greatest medical need. This, she believes, would help make the practice safer and ensure that the sickest babies were given priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Updegrove and others fear that if financial gain were to become the dominant factor in distribution of human milk, supplies could be siphoned away from the sickest NICU babies. Poor mothers might sell their milk instead of giving it to their own children, these critics said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women involved in sharing networks don’t always understand the mission and practices of nonprofit milk banks, Perrin reported with colleagues in a 2016 paper that appeared in the Journal of Human Lactation. Better education might encourage more to donate for NICU use, she suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that when she started her research, she thought of human milk as a “scarce resource.” “But I’ve talked to women who have shared 9,600 ounces of milk. Some have freezers full,” she said. “I think it’s a distribution problem, and not a supply problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entire concept of breast milk banking — of any type — was new to Soltes. The La Quinta, Calif., mother said that when other members of her breast-feeding group had more milk than they could use, they didn’t know what to do with it. She learned about the milk drive by doing a Google search online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Confirmed: Mountain Lion Snatched Dog From Inside Pescadero Home",
"title": "Confirmed: Mountain Lion Snatched Dog From Inside Pescadero Home",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>A trace of mountain lion DNA was found in a blood sample taken from inside a Pescadero home where a dog was snatched last week, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding confirms reports that a mountain lion entered the home and took a dog off the end of the bed where the homeowner was sleeping, CDFW \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2017/04/24/mountain-lion-dna-found-inside-pescadero-home/\">said\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homeowner contacted authorities at 3 a.m. on April 17, reporting that she had seen \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors before her 15-pound Portuguese Podengo was snatched from the foot of the bed where she was sleeping with her child, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding sheriff’s deputies reported seeing wet paw prints at the bedroom's entrance; they didn't find the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"fzXJlrIMhaeNvXxtIctPiibAOF8vajE5\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CDFW wildlife officer later sent to investigate the incident found a small drop of blood on the door, which he took to the department's Wildlife Forensics Laboratory in Sacramento for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Forensic analysis confirmed the blood found in the home was predominantly domestic dog, with trace amounts of mountain lion DNA, confirming a mountain lion had entered the home and taken the dog,\" the department said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officer didn't find any other obvious signs of a mountain lion in the home; the prints spotted by sheriff's deputies had dried and were no longer visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said it would take no further action and said that \"this lion’s behavior is extremely rare. Most mountain lions are elusive in nature and rarely seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains. CDFW has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild\">guidance\u003c/a> on what residents can do to secure their properties and domestic pets to better coexist with mountain lions and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, inhabiting mountains, forests, deserts and even wetlands, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found, said the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">CDFW\u003c/a>. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A trace of mountain lion DNA was found in a blood sample taken from inside a Pescadero home where a dog was snatched last week, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding confirms reports that a mountain lion entered the home and took a dog off the end of the bed where the homeowner was sleeping, CDFW \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2017/04/24/mountain-lion-dna-found-inside-pescadero-home/\">said\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homeowner contacted authorities at 3 a.m. on April 17, reporting that she had seen \"a shadow of an animal\" enter the room through the open French doors before her 15-pound Portuguese Podengo was snatched from the foot of the bed where she was sleeping with her child, according to \u003ca href=\"http://smcsheriff.com/sites/default/files/articles/17-3887%20Mountain%20Lion.pdf\">the San Mateo County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responding sheriff’s deputies reported seeing wet paw prints at the bedroom's entrance; they didn't find the dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A CDFW wildlife officer later sent to investigate the incident found a small drop of blood on the door, which he took to the department's Wildlife Forensics Laboratory in Sacramento for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Forensic analysis confirmed the blood found in the home was predominantly domestic dog, with trace amounts of mountain lion DNA, confirming a mountain lion had entered the home and taken the dog,\" the department said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officer didn't find any other obvious signs of a mountain lion in the home; the prints spotted by sheriff's deputies had dried and were no longer visible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said it would take no further action and said that \"this lion’s behavior is extremely rare. Most mountain lions are elusive in nature and rarely seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wildlife sightings are not uncommon in the area around Pescadero and the Santa Cruz Mountains. CDFW has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild\">guidance\u003c/a> on what residents can do to secure their properties and domestic pets to better coexist with mountain lions and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lions have the greatest range of any living mammal in the Americas, inhabiting mountains, forests, deserts and even wetlands, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Wildlife-Library/Mammals/Mountain-Lion.aspx\">National Wildlife Federation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than half of the state is mountain lion habitat. The animals are generally found where deer — a favorite food — are found, said the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Keep-Me-Wild/Lion\">CDFW\u003c/a>. And while it is in their nature to avoid humans, mountain lions will go after pets, livestock and, in rare cases, people.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mayor Ed Lee has quietly picked a local attorney with a famous name to fill a vacancy on the San Francisco Fire Commission. The move is being interpreted as a step toward reforming one of the largest public safety agencies in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Alioto Veronese is officially being sworn in on Tuesday (April 25), more than 16 months after the commission seat opened up. He is the grandson of the late San Francisco mayor, Joseph Alioto. His mother, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/nevius/article/Angela-Alioto-back-in-politics-after-nearly-18-8313988.php\" target=\"_blank\">Angela Alioto\u003c/a>, and cousin, Michela Alioto-Pier, served on the Board of Supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese says he will work quickly to help bridge a divide \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/14/s-f-firefighter-leaders-say-morale-is-a-problem-and-the-chief-should-go/\" target=\"_blank\">between the firefighting rank and file and Fire Chief Joanne Hayes-White\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can find some consensus there,\" Alioto Veronese, a former police commissioner who ran for state Senate in 2008 and who has been working as a civil rights attorney, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese does not have a background in firefighting policy, and the decision took a while. But the move has been received well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We waited so long for a fire commissioner,\" said Tom O'Connor, president of San Francisco Firefighters Local 798. \"Having a new person there will bring in a new perspective to the commission where they can look at the problem with a fresh set of eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese said the Fire Department needs to improve ambulance response times and do a better job of caring for firefighters going through mental health problems. And the city has to find ways to keep emergency crews from being priced out of San Francisco, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The closer we can keep our first responders, the better off we are if there's a natural disaster,\" he said, adding that he wants to work with other city agencies to give Fire Department employees priority on new affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appointment was made under the radar. There was no announcement from the mayor's office, no Board of Supervisors hearing, and even at his first meeting two weeks ago, Alioto Veronese's name was not on the \u003ca href=\"http://sf-fire.org/meeting/fire-commission-april-12-2017-agenda\" target=\"_blank\">agenda\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Mayor Lee spread vocal praise on the new commissioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Joe Alioto Veronese's exemplary public service makes him an ideal candidate for the Fire Commission,\" Lee said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As police commissioner he worked to make the department more transparent and more accountable to communities. His experience will be an asset to the Fire Department and I am grateful for his willingness to serve on the Commission and work with Chief Hayes-White and the dedicated men and women of the SFFD to protect and ensure the safety of our residents,\" the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor controls the picks for the Fire Commission, and a Board of Supervisors hearing would be held on his appointment only if a supervisor calls for one. It doesn't look that's happened yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>London Breed, president of the board, in the past has called for Chief Hayes-White to be removed and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/21/s-f-supervisor-and-firefighters-union-want-to-shake-up-city-fire-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">floated the idea of chipping away at the mayor's power over the commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed praised the choice, but noted the need for reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope with Joe on the Fire Commission it will take a stronger hand in holding the department leadership accountable for various challenges that have plagued the department in recent years, such as staffing deficiencies, low morale and unacceptable emergency response times,\" Breed said in a statement. \"We need an active Fire Commission and Joe is a welcome addition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the new commissioner Breed and Hayes-White see eye to eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Joe Alioto Veronese is a welcome addition to the Fire Commission,\" Hayes-White said. \"I look forward to working with him.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mayor Ed Lee has quietly picked a local attorney with a famous name to fill a vacancy on the San Francisco Fire Commission. The move is being interpreted as a step toward reforming one of the largest public safety agencies in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe Alioto Veronese is officially being sworn in on Tuesday (April 25), more than 16 months after the commission seat opened up. He is the grandson of the late San Francisco mayor, Joseph Alioto. His mother, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/nevius/article/Angela-Alioto-back-in-politics-after-nearly-18-8313988.php\" target=\"_blank\">Angela Alioto\u003c/a>, and cousin, Michela Alioto-Pier, served on the Board of Supervisors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese says he will work quickly to help bridge a divide \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/14/s-f-firefighter-leaders-say-morale-is-a-problem-and-the-chief-should-go/\" target=\"_blank\">between the firefighting rank and file and Fire Chief Joanne Hayes-White\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can find some consensus there,\" Alioto Veronese, a former police commissioner who ran for state Senate in 2008 and who has been working as a civil rights attorney, said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese does not have a background in firefighting policy, and the decision took a while. But the move has been received well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We waited so long for a fire commissioner,\" said Tom O'Connor, president of San Francisco Firefighters Local 798. \"Having a new person there will bring in a new perspective to the commission where they can look at the problem with a fresh set of eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto Veronese said the Fire Department needs to improve ambulance response times and do a better job of caring for firefighters going through mental health problems. And the city has to find ways to keep emergency crews from being priced out of San Francisco, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The closer we can keep our first responders, the better off we are if there's a natural disaster,\" he said, adding that he wants to work with other city agencies to give Fire Department employees priority on new affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appointment was made under the radar. There was no announcement from the mayor's office, no Board of Supervisors hearing, and even at his first meeting two weeks ago, Alioto Veronese's name was not on the \u003ca href=\"http://sf-fire.org/meeting/fire-commission-april-12-2017-agenda\" target=\"_blank\">agenda\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, Mayor Lee spread vocal praise on the new commissioner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Joe Alioto Veronese's exemplary public service makes him an ideal candidate for the Fire Commission,\" Lee said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As police commissioner he worked to make the department more transparent and more accountable to communities. His experience will be an asset to the Fire Department and I am grateful for his willingness to serve on the Commission and work with Chief Hayes-White and the dedicated men and women of the SFFD to protect and ensure the safety of our residents,\" the statement read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mayor controls the picks for the Fire Commission, and a Board of Supervisors hearing would be held on his appointment only if a supervisor calls for one. It doesn't look that's happened yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>London Breed, president of the board, in the past has called for Chief Hayes-White to be removed and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/04/21/s-f-supervisor-and-firefighters-union-want-to-shake-up-city-fire-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">floated the idea of chipping away at the mayor's power over the commission\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breed praised the choice, but noted the need for reform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hope with Joe on the Fire Commission it will take a stronger hand in holding the department leadership accountable for various challenges that have plagued the department in recent years, such as staffing deficiencies, low morale and unacceptable emergency response times,\" Breed said in a statement. \"We need an active Fire Commission and Joe is a welcome addition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the new commissioner Breed and Hayes-White see eye to eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Joe Alioto Veronese is a welcome addition to the Fire Commission,\" Hayes-White said. \"I look forward to working with him.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Federal Judge Blocks Trump Order on 'Sanctuary City' Funding",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge on Tuesday blocked President Trump's attempt to withhold funding from \"sanctuary cities\" that do not cooperate with U.S. immigration officials, saying the president has no authority to attach new conditions to federal spending.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. District Judge William Orrick of San Francisco issued the preliminary injunction in two lawsuits -- one brought by the city of San Francisco, the other by Santa Clara County -- against an executive order targeting communities that protect immigrants from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The injunction will stay in place while the lawsuits work their way through court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"7SpI0JYpzDn4rqPauHukrLG54o5NVjtS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge rejected the administration's argument that the executive order applies only to a relatively small pot of money and said Trump cannot set new conditions on spending approved by Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Federal funding that bears no meaningful relationship to immigration enforcement cannot be threatened merely because a jurisdiction chooses an immigration enforcement strategy of which the president disapproves,\" the judge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the third major setback for the administration on immigration policy. The Justice Department had no immediate comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera praised the ruling Tuesday and said the president was \"forced to back down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is why we have courts -- to halt the overreach of a president and an attorney general who either don't understand the Constitution or chose to ignore it,\" Herrera said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County Counsel James Williams said the ruling will allow cities and counties across the country to prepare budgets without the \"unconstitutional threat of federal defunding hanging over our heads.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Justice Department attorney, Chad Readler, previously defended the president's executive order as an attempt to use his \"bully pulpit\" to \"encourage communities and states to comply with the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Readler also said the order applied to only three Justice Department and Homeland Security grants that would affect less than $1 million for Santa Clara County and possibly no money for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judge said executive order was written broadly to reach all federal grants and potentially jeopardized hundreds of millions of dollars in funding to San Francisco and Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited comments by the president and Attorney General Jeff Sessions as evidence of the order's scope and said the president himself had called it a \"weapon\" to use against recalcitrant cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government hasn't cut off any money yet or declared any communities to be sanctuary cities. But the Justice Department sent letters last week advising communities to prove they are in compliance. California was informed it could lose $18.2 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanctuary cities is a loosely defined term for jurisdictions that don't comply with immigration authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration argued that the executive order applied narrowly to cities that forbid officials from reporting people's immigration status to federal authorities. But Orrick said it could also be construed to apply to cities that refuse to hold jail inmates for immigration authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says sanctuary cities allow dangerous criminals back on the street and that the order is needed to keep the country safe. San Francisco and other sanctuary cities say turning local police into immigration officers erodes the trust that is needed to get people to report crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order has also led to lawsuits by Seattle; two Massachusetts cities, Lawrence and Chelsea; and a third San Francisco Bay Area government, the city of Richmond. The San Francisco and Santa Clara County lawsuits were the first to get a hearing before a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, mayors from several cities threatened with the loss of federal grants emerged from a meeting with Sessions saying they remain confused about how to prove their police are in compliance with immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sanctuary city order was among a flurry of immigration measures Trump signed after taking office in January, including a ban on travelers from seven Muslim-majority countries and a directive calling for a wall on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal appeals court blocked the travel ban. The administration then revised it, but the new version also is stalled in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Sadie Gurman in Washington contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[documentcloud url=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3678063-U-S-District-Court-Sancutary-City-Injunction\" notes=\"true\" text=\"true\" search=\"true\" sidebar=\"true\" pdf=\"true\" responsive=\"true\" page=\"1\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Federal funding that bears no meaningful relationship to immigration enforcement cannot be threatened merely because a jurisdiction chooses an immigration enforcement strategy of which the president disapproves,\" the judge said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the third major setback for the administration on immigration policy. The Justice Department had no immediate comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera praised the ruling Tuesday and said the president was \"forced to back down.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is why we have courts -- to halt the overreach of a president and an attorney general who either don't understand the Constitution or chose to ignore it,\" Herrera said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Clara County Counsel James Williams said the ruling will allow cities and counties across the country to prepare budgets without the \"unconstitutional threat of federal defunding hanging over our heads.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Justice Department attorney, Chad Readler, previously defended the president's executive order as an attempt to use his \"bully pulpit\" to \"encourage communities and states to comply with the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Readler also said the order applied to only three Justice Department and Homeland Security grants that would affect less than $1 million for Santa Clara County and possibly no money for San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the judge said executive order was written broadly to reach all federal grants and potentially jeopardized hundreds of millions of dollars in funding to San Francisco and Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cited comments by the president and Attorney General Jeff Sessions as evidence of the order's scope and said the president himself had called it a \"weapon\" to use against recalcitrant cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government hasn't cut off any money yet or declared any communities to be sanctuary cities. But the Justice Department sent letters last week advising communities to prove they are in compliance. California was informed it could lose $18.2 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanctuary cities is a loosely defined term for jurisdictions that don't comply with immigration authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration argued that the executive order applied narrowly to cities that forbid officials from reporting people's immigration status to federal authorities. But Orrick said it could also be construed to apply to cities that refuse to hold jail inmates for immigration authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration says sanctuary cities allow dangerous criminals back on the street and that the order is needed to keep the country safe. San Francisco and other sanctuary cities say turning local police into immigration officers erodes the trust that is needed to get people to report crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order has also led to lawsuits by Seattle; two Massachusetts cities, Lawrence and Chelsea; and a third San Francisco Bay Area government, the city of Richmond. The San Francisco and Santa Clara County lawsuits were the first to get a hearing before a judge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, mayors from several cities threatened with the loss of federal grants emerged from a meeting with Sessions saying they remain confused about how to prove their police are in compliance with immigration policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sanctuary city order was among a flurry of immigration measures Trump signed after taking office in January, including a ban on travelers from seven Muslim-majority countries and a directive calling for a wall on the Mexican border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal appeals court blocked the travel ban. The administration then revised it, but the new version also is stalled in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Sadie Gurman in Washington contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Citing budget-busting drug costs, a California lawmaker wants state health programs to band together to negotiate better prices with drug companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember David Chiu (D-San Francisco) has introduced a bill that would strengthen intra-agency collaboration on drug cost-saving strategies. Lawmakers will consider the bill at an Assembly Health Committee hearing on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians and Americans are frustrated with the lack of progress around drug prices,” Chiu said, citing the uproar over EpiPen and hepatitis C medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said state agencies should pool their efforts “so that we can leverage that consumer power and get the best deal for our money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the proposed California Drug Costs Reduction Act does not mandate that various California health programs such as Medi-Cal or Covered California purchase drugs together, it would require administrators of those programs and 17 other state agencies to convene twice a year to strategize about ways to keep costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the California Pharmaceutical Collaborative (CPC), state officials would consider a uniform state drug formulary and look at paying for drugs based on the value they bring to the health system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pharmaceutical collaborative by that name already exists within the California Department of General Services and purchases drugs for state prisons, hospitals and universities. This bill would significantly expand on those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu says it’s unclear what the current program is doing, and if it has been successful in bringing down drug costs. The 2002 legislation that created the collaborative required only a few agencies to participate, and only one report back to the legislature in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2005 report from the California State Auditor suggested the Department of General Services could do more to bring down pharmaceutical costs for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent analysis from the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office showed spending by the Department of General Services has increased at a relatively high rate — about 20 percent annually between 2012 and 2016, although that trend may have been skewed by the release of high-cost hepatitis C drugs during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I haven’t had transparency about the work that’s happened,” Chiu said. During a February 2017 California legislative hearing about drug prices, the lawmaker expressed frustration about not being able to get information about the workings of the CPC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s bill would require annual reports from the pharmaceutical collaborative, which the lawmaker says would ensure more accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman with the Department of General Services, Brian Ferguson, wrote in a statement that it has been meeting “regularly” to create a “roadmap” to cut drug costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal so far has no registered opposition. Priscilla VanderVeer, a spokeswoman with the drug company trade association Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) had no comment on the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states such as Massachusetts have bulk purchasing programs for drugs, according to the National Academy for State Health Policy. And Oregon and Washington have joined together to create a bulk purchasing program. It is one of five multi-state pharmaceutical programs in the country, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of Californians have health care coverage through Medi-Cal alone. Together with Covered California, and the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), these agencies insure more than 16 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the diverse ways state programs pay for drugs would make it hard to implement an across-the-board prescription drug purchasing system in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Johnson, fiscal and policy analyst with the Legislative Analyst’s Office said that the Medi-Cal program has different rules for payment and coverage than the state’s prison system. Medi-Cal is also entitled to deep drug discounts that other state agencies don’t receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of work would have to be done to be able to actually harmonize and create a uniform system of drug procurement in the state,” Johnson said. His agency does not take positions on legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates for AIDS patients and retired people support the bill. The California Public Interest Research Group (CALPIRG), which sponsored the initial legislation to create the collaborative in 2002, supports the current proposal as well. In a letter to the bill’s author, the group said the measure would provide “additional tools and direction” and increase accountability on the state government’s actions to reduce drug prices.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Citing budget-busting drug costs, a California lawmaker wants state health programs to band together to negotiate better prices with drug companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember David Chiu (D-San Francisco) has introduced a bill that would strengthen intra-agency collaboration on drug cost-saving strategies. Lawmakers will consider the bill at an Assembly Health Committee hearing on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians and Americans are frustrated with the lack of progress around drug prices,” Chiu said, citing the uproar over EpiPen and hepatitis C medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said state agencies should pool their efforts “so that we can leverage that consumer power and get the best deal for our money.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the proposed California Drug Costs Reduction Act does not mandate that various California health programs such as Medi-Cal or Covered California purchase drugs together, it would require administrators of those programs and 17 other state agencies to convene twice a year to strategize about ways to keep costs down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the California Pharmaceutical Collaborative (CPC), state officials would consider a uniform state drug formulary and look at paying for drugs based on the value they bring to the health system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pharmaceutical collaborative by that name already exists within the California Department of General Services and purchases drugs for state prisons, hospitals and universities. This bill would significantly expand on those efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu says it’s unclear what the current program is doing, and if it has been successful in bringing down drug costs. The 2002 legislation that created the collaborative required only a few agencies to participate, and only one report back to the legislature in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2005 report from the California State Auditor suggested the Department of General Services could do more to bring down pharmaceutical costs for California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent analysis from the nonpartisan Legislative Analyst’s Office showed spending by the Department of General Services has increased at a relatively high rate — about 20 percent annually between 2012 and 2016, although that trend may have been skewed by the release of high-cost hepatitis C drugs during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I haven’t had transparency about the work that’s happened,” Chiu said. During a February 2017 California legislative hearing about drug prices, the lawmaker expressed frustration about not being able to get information about the workings of the CPC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s bill would require annual reports from the pharmaceutical collaborative, which the lawmaker says would ensure more accountability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman with the Department of General Services, Brian Ferguson, wrote in a statement that it has been meeting “regularly” to create a “roadmap” to cut drug costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal so far has no registered opposition. Priscilla VanderVeer, a spokeswoman with the drug company trade association Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) had no comment on the proposal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other states such as Massachusetts have bulk purchasing programs for drugs, according to the National Academy for State Health Policy. And Oregon and Washington have joined together to create a bulk purchasing program. It is one of five multi-state pharmaceutical programs in the country, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a third of Californians have health care coverage through Medi-Cal alone. Together with Covered California, and the California Public Employees’ Retirement System (CalPERS), these agencies insure more than 16 million people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts say the diverse ways state programs pay for drugs would make it hard to implement an across-the-board prescription drug purchasing system in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Johnson, fiscal and policy analyst with the Legislative Analyst’s Office said that the Medi-Cal program has different rules for payment and coverage than the state’s prison system. Medi-Cal is also entitled to deep drug discounts that other state agencies don’t receive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of work would have to be done to be able to actually harmonize and create a uniform system of drug procurement in the state,” Johnson said. His agency does not take positions on legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates for AIDS patients and retired people support the bill. The California Public Interest Research Group (CALPIRG), which sponsored the initial legislation to create the collaborative in 2002, supports the current proposal as well. In a letter to the bill’s author, the group said the measure would provide “additional tools and direction” and increase accountability on the state government’s actions to reduce drug prices.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Trump Election Complicates Noncitizen Voting in S.F.",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lost amid Donald Trump’s stunning upset in the election in November was the passage of a controversial San Francisco ballot measure. \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/San_Francisco,_California,_Non-Citizen_Voting_in_School_Board_Elections_Amendment,_Proposition_N_(November_2016)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition N\u003c/a> will allow noncitizens with children to vote in local school board elections. But now, with immigrant communities worried over the Trump administration cracking down on sanctuary cities, that might be easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really unfortunate that the national rhetoric and the Trump administration has become so hostile to immigrants that they fear to participate in this very basic American right,\" said David Lee, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/engagevoters\" target=\"_blank\">Chinese American Voters Education Committee \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee's group encourages Chinese-Americans to get involved in politics. Lee supported Proposition N, but now worries that many immigrants will prefer to stay under the radar, even if they’re here legally. He notes that while the city is nearly a third Asian, the school board currently has no Chinese-American members. He thinks encouraging noncitizens to vote could help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot to gain as a community because we’re getting a voice that is rarely heard from involved in politics,\" Lee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lee sees Proposition N as a shining example of the city’s progressive, forward-thinking policies, not everyone agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"San Francisco, I’ve called it the utopian petri dish of California,\" said Harmeet Dhillon, national committeewoman from California for the Republican National Committee. \"Bad ideas that survive the chemical process here tend to spread and metastasize throughout California. And I’m afraid that's what’s really going on behind this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an attorney, Dhillon handles election law cases. And she thinks the idea of letting noncitizens participate in elections, including people here illegally, is likely to encourage voter fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think a lot of people who don't speak English may misunderstand their right to vote more generally,\" Dhillon said. \"You vote in this election and it feels good. Your candidate won and so you might decide to register for a general election as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dhillon and many other Republicans criticize California for not doing a better job of checking voter rolls and cross-referencing them with undocumented immigrants who get benefits, such as a California identification card for driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not saying turn them in,\" Dhillon says, \"but just for the integrity of the ballot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the record, California Secretary of State Alex Padilla says there's no evidence to support allegations that the state's voter rolls include many undocumented people who are ineligible to cast ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfusd.edu/en/employment/certificated-careers/teaching-careers/why-teach-with-sfusd/our-district-snapshot.html\" target=\"_blank\">K-12 students\u003c/a> in San Francisco's public schools are Latino or Asian-American. Of all students, at least one in three are believed to have a parent who’s an immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of Proposition N made San Francisco the first city in California to allow noncitizens with school-age children to vote, but only in school board elections. The idea is to give immigrant parents more of a voice in how the city’s public schools are run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That got a big thumbs-up from Carmen Flores at a recent school board meeting. Flores is from Nicaragua and has two kids in public schools. She's now a naturalized citizen and therefore allowed to vote in all elections. But she thinks noncitizens should also have a voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you allow the children to attend school, why can't a parent have the right to vote?\" Flores said. \"It doesn’t make sense not to do it. Schools in San Francisco are not good. You have to fight to get a really good public school. That’s what I did for my child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the idea of noncitizens voting does not sit well with parent Nicole Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s why we pay taxes, this is why we vote,\" Powell said. \"These are things that are in place for a reason. So I personally feel like, you should be a citizen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco rejected ballot measures to allow noncitizen voting twice before finally passing it in November. San Francisco school board President \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartvoter.org/2014/11/04/ca/sf/vote/walton_s/bio.html\">Shamann Walton\u003c/a> acknowledges backers of Proposition N never imagined it would be enacted during a presidency deemed hostile to immigrants. But he says that shouldn't be a long-term concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We thought we would probably have a different leader in the White House,\" Walton said. \"But remember, presidencies don't last forever, thank God. But hopefully this policy does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will take effect for November elections in 2018, 2020 and 2022, and will expire after that unless the Board of Supervisors adopts an ordinance to continue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man responsible for implementing Proposition N is city elections chief John Arntz. He says his main focus isn’t the politics of this. It’s just making sure it comes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Potentially, there’s going to be a lot of attention to this and a lot of activity,\" Arntz said. \"Just stay to the goal and get it implemented and run the election, and everything else will pass by.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s up and running, San Francisco will join several small towns in Maryland that also allow noncitizens to cast ballots in school board elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's note: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated that the San Francisco School Board currently has no Asian-American members. KQED regrets the error.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lost amid Donald Trump’s stunning upset in the election in November was the passage of a controversial San Francisco ballot measure. \u003ca href=\"https://ballotpedia.org/San_Francisco,_California,_Non-Citizen_Voting_in_School_Board_Elections_Amendment,_Proposition_N_(November_2016)\" target=\"_blank\">Proposition N\u003c/a> will allow noncitizens with children to vote in local school board elections. But now, with immigrant communities worried over the Trump administration cracking down on sanctuary cities, that might be easier said than done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really unfortunate that the national rhetoric and the Trump administration has become so hostile to immigrants that they fear to participate in this very basic American right,\" said David Lee, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/engagevoters\" target=\"_blank\">Chinese American Voters Education Committee \u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee's group encourages Chinese-Americans to get involved in politics. Lee supported Proposition N, but now worries that many immigrants will prefer to stay under the radar, even if they’re here legally. He notes that while the city is nearly a third Asian, the school board currently has no Chinese-American members. He thinks encouraging noncitizens to vote could help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have a lot to gain as a community because we’re getting a voice that is rarely heard from involved in politics,\" Lee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Lee sees Proposition N as a shining example of the city’s progressive, forward-thinking policies, not everyone agrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"San Francisco, I’ve called it the utopian petri dish of California,\" said Harmeet Dhillon, national committeewoman from California for the Republican National Committee. \"Bad ideas that survive the chemical process here tend to spread and metastasize throughout California. And I’m afraid that's what’s really going on behind this.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an attorney, Dhillon handles election law cases. And she thinks the idea of letting noncitizens participate in elections, including people here illegally, is likely to encourage voter fraud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think a lot of people who don't speak English may misunderstand their right to vote more generally,\" Dhillon said. \"You vote in this election and it feels good. Your candidate won and so you might decide to register for a general election as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dhillon and many other Republicans criticize California for not doing a better job of checking voter rolls and cross-referencing them with undocumented immigrants who get benefits, such as a California identification card for driving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm not saying turn them in,\" Dhillon says, \"but just for the integrity of the ballot.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the record, California Secretary of State Alex Padilla says there's no evidence to support allegations that the state's voter rolls include many undocumented people who are ineligible to cast ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than two-thirds of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfusd.edu/en/employment/certificated-careers/teaching-careers/why-teach-with-sfusd/our-district-snapshot.html\" target=\"_blank\">K-12 students\u003c/a> in San Francisco's public schools are Latino or Asian-American. Of all students, at least one in three are believed to have a parent who’s an immigrant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passage of Proposition N made San Francisco the first city in California to allow noncitizens with school-age children to vote, but only in school board elections. The idea is to give immigrant parents more of a voice in how the city’s public schools are run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That got a big thumbs-up from Carmen Flores at a recent school board meeting. Flores is from Nicaragua and has two kids in public schools. She's now a naturalized citizen and therefore allowed to vote in all elections. But she thinks noncitizens should also have a voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you allow the children to attend school, why can't a parent have the right to vote?\" Flores said. \"It doesn’t make sense not to do it. Schools in San Francisco are not good. You have to fight to get a really good public school. That’s what I did for my child.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the idea of noncitizens voting does not sit well with parent Nicole Powell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s why we pay taxes, this is why we vote,\" Powell said. \"These are things that are in place for a reason. So I personally feel like, you should be a citizen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco rejected ballot measures to allow noncitizen voting twice before finally passing it in November. San Francisco school board President \u003ca href=\"http://www.smartvoter.org/2014/11/04/ca/sf/vote/walton_s/bio.html\">Shamann Walton\u003c/a> acknowledges backers of Proposition N never imagined it would be enacted during a presidency deemed hostile to immigrants. But he says that shouldn't be a long-term concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We thought we would probably have a different leader in the White House,\" Walton said. \"But remember, presidencies don't last forever, thank God. But hopefully this policy does.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure will take effect for November elections in 2018, 2020 and 2022, and will expire after that unless the Board of Supervisors adopts an ordinance to continue it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man responsible for implementing Proposition N is city elections chief John Arntz. He says his main focus isn’t the politics of this. It’s just making sure it comes off without a hitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Potentially, there’s going to be a lot of attention to this and a lot of activity,\" Arntz said. \"Just stay to the goal and get it implemented and run the election, and everything else will pass by.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s up and running, San Francisco will join several small towns in Maryland that also allow noncitizens to cast ballots in school board elections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's note: A previous version of this story incorrectly stated that the San Francisco School Board currently has no Asian-American members. KQED regrets the error.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender",
"title": "Boy? Girl? Both? Neither? A New Generation Overthrows Gender",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>ax, age 13, does not identify as male. Ordinarily, working through the process of elimination, that should be enough to deduce Max's gender.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Update: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Max does not identify as female, either. Max is agender. When referring to Max, you don't use \"he\" or \"she;\" you use \"they.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once strictly\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a pronoun of the plural variety, “they” is now doing double duty as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/donald-trump-may-win-this-years-word-of-the-year/?utm_term=.4a34699bdbdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">singular\u003c/a>, referring to individuals, like Max, who do not see gender as an either/or option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can be awkward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t expect anyone to use the right pronouns for me because it’s not a thing that people know,” Max says. “It’s been great being myself, but it’s also been really hard for people to get it, and for even family to get pronouns and stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re talking in Max’s room, where posters on the wall showcase Max's appearance in school theatrical productions: \"Peter Pan,” “Tarzan,” “The Pirates of Penzance.” Max is old enough now to make use of a makeup area—blush, foundation, lipstick—but young enough to enjoy going with their mom to see “Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory.\" (The review from Max: Gene Wilder's great!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these surroundings, you wouldn't think the room's occupant is someone who has poked and prodded at the most fundamental sense of who they are. Really, this is just a kid's room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does \"agender\" mean? I need to ask that kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What it means is I’m neither guy or girl, and that’s how I feel, which is different than terms like 'gender fluid'—which means you feel like a guy or girl at different times—because I don’t feel like I’m both guy and girl; I’m neither.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max sounds a bit didactic, here, teaching me Nonbinary Gender 101. A crash course for someone who never considered that gender didn't mean just male and female.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are seeing more and more kids saying, ‘You know what? What’s with this either/or business? What’s with this boy-girl and you have to fit in one box or the other?’”\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft,\u003cbr>\nChild and Adolescent Gender Center,\u003cbr>\nUCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Outside Max's room, out in the world, being nonbinary means having to do a lot of explaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When did you first feel different? I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’ve been feeling different than just a boy for all my life, really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max frames the transition from who they (that is, Max) were to who they are as a journey of self-discovery. In elementary school, there were girl friends and dressing in pink boas. That, Max says, was \"awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years ago, someone at school called Max a \"girl-boy.\" Later, Max walked upstairs to the third floor of the house and stepped out onto the balcony, weighing whether or not to jump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40 percent of transgender or \"gender non-conforming\" people have attempted suicide, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf\">surveys\u003c/a>, with school bullying playing a significant role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why, I ask, did that particular insult hit so deeply that you would think about ending your life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max answers in spare, even-toned summation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like no one loved me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Leaping the Gender Boundary\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>hat day, on the balcony, Max had summoned up the presence of mind to call a transgender hotline. A counselor talked Max back into the house, to continue a struggle that appears remarkably profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Gender vs. Sexual Orientation vs. Biology\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>“Gender identity is different from gender expression, being different from biology,” says Adam Chang, a consultant with Berkeley's \u003ca href=\"https://www.genderspectrum.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Spectrum\u003c/a>, a provider of gender identity resources and services. “Identity is what you know in your heart and mind, and expression is external—hair, makeup, the roles you take on in society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biology, of course, means the physical attributes that have always been used as a proxy for gender. And all of those are different from sexual orientation.“Gender is the way you express yourself to the world, and your sexual orientation is who do you go to bed with,” says Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, who identifies as gender neutral. “They’re different things but they do cross paths a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang puts it this way: “Sexuality is in and of itself not enough information to reveal a person’s gender identity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If same-sex marriage was yesterday’s battle to redefine gender roles and privileges, and transgender rights today's, we just may be on the cusp of the most transformational stage yet. This you-ain’t-seen-nothin’-yet development involves the splintering of what heretofore has been one of the most resilient organizing principles of American society—the division of the entire human race into male and female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who now erase that line may identify as both male and female, as neither male nor female, or as sometimes male and sometimes female. \"They\" is often the pronoun of choice. These individuals may use any number of terms to describe their gender identity: genderqueer, gender-fluid, gender-creative, gender-expansive. While definitions fluctuate, \"nonbinary gender\" has emerged as an umbrella description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we're seeing a new gender revolution,\" says clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft. \"It's erased boxes and created gender infinity instead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft directs mental health at the Child and Adolescent Gender Center at the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco. At 70, she has been practicing her profession for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing more and more kids saying, ‘You know what? What’s with this either/or business? What’s with this boy-girl and you have to fit in one box or the other?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329380\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-329380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto2-1-800x1067.jpg\" alt='Cypress, 14, who identifies as gender fluid, with her mother, Christine Chrisman. \". I’ve never really felt all the way over on one side of the spectrum,\" Cypress says.' width=\"393\" height=\"524\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cypress, 14, who identifies as gender fluid, with her mother, Christine Chrisman. \"I’ve never really felt all the way over on one side of the spectrum,\" Cypress says. \u003ccite>(Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How widespread is the nonbinary phenomenon? The results of the most recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustranssurvey.org/report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> by the National Center for Transgender Equality attest to how many transgender people are opting to identify this way. Out of almost 28,000 respondents, more than a third chose “nonbinary/genderqueer” when given a choice of terms to best describe themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the number of transgender clients seeking help has swollen into a \"tsunami,\" according to Ehrensaft, the number who want to transition to the opposite sex has been steadily dropping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A much greater percentage, she says, say they're \"kind of the person that matches the sex on my birth certificate, but kind of not, as well. I'm going to use 'they' instead of 'he' or 'she' because those are not choices that fit me at all.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is growing evidence that even those outside the transgender community are buying in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A January 2015 general population \u003ca href=\"http://fusion.net/series/massive-millennial-poll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> of 1,000 people age 18-34, conducted for Fusion media, \u003ca href=\"https://fusiondotnet.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/fusion-poll-gender-spectrum.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> just 46 percent agreed that “there are only two genders, male and female.” Fifty percent, meanwhile, said “gender is a spectrum, and some people fall outside conventional categories.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online survey\u003c/a> by Harris Poll, commissioned by the LGBTQ advocacy group GLAAD, found that a startling 12 percent identified as either transgender or some form of nonbinary identity, like gender fluid or genderqueer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xTf7Hze2Ir3HytynFurybpKeyTnmr3pe\"]As more people redefine their gender identity in nonbinary terms, schools, governments, workplaces and parents are having to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Chrisman, 46, has a 14-year-old, Cypress, who identifies as gender-fluid. Chrisman says she was fully aware of transgender people who wanted to transition completely to the opposite sex. But, she says, “It didn’t really occur to me you could just hang out in the neutral, the in-between spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know what to think about it,” she says, adding that she knows a lot of parents who feel similarly. “Everybody seems sort of bewildered.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Legal Recognition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">H\u003c/span>ere in this state, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthy Youth Act\u003c/a>, signed into law in 2015, requires comprehensive sex education for grades 7-12 to \"teach pupils about gender, gender expression, gender identity, and explore the harm of negative gender stereotypes.” A \u003ca href=\"http://ccsesa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/LGBTQ-and-Gender-Checklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">checklist\u003c/a> from the California County of Superintendents, designed for school systems to evaluate their compliance with the law, includes this definition of gender identity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One’s internal, deeply-held sense of being male, female, \u003cem>neither of these, both, or other gender(s)\u003c/em>. All people have a gender identity.” (Emphasis ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QszfBJEBoW8&ab_channel=ABC10News\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phyllida Burlingame of the ACLU of Northern California calls the law the nation’s first of its kind. She says districts are currently working to come into compliance with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Official recognition of nonbinary gender appears to be accelerating. Last June, a county circuit court judge in Oregon, in what transgender advocates believed was a first in the U.S., affirmed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2016/06/oregon_court_allows_person_to.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legal change\u003c/a> of 52-year-old Jamie Shupe’s gender from female to \"nonbinary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in September, a judge in Santa Cruz, California issued an order recognizing \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"nonbinary\" as the legal gender\u003c/a> of 55-year-old Sara Kelly Keenan. Since then, California courts have granted nonbinary status to at least 11 more people, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.intersexrecognition.org/litigation.html\">Gendersex and Queer Recognition project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 179\u003c/a>, which would make the state the first to recognize \"nonbinary\" as a legal gender on official documents, is making its way through the Legislature. If passed, California would join a growing number of national and sub-national jurisdictions \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around the world\u003c/a> that recognize genders other than male or female. (Update Oct. 17, 2017: The bill has now been signed into law.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an Oregon school district last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/education/index.ssf/2016/05/gresham_barlow_transgender_tea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settled\u003c/a> with a nonbinary-identified fifth-grade teacher for $60,000 after the teacher complained of harassment, partly due to coworkers refusing to refer to the teacher as “they” and “them.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hanging Out in 'the In-Between'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>hink about this: Max, at 13, has already shed not only a gender identity of origin—male—but also one that turned out to be temporary—transgender female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329392\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-329392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto11-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"genderphoto11\" width=\"392\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max and family. “I was taken very much by surprise in terms of gender. It came from left field, I knew nothing, I was scared,” says Max's mom. (Jon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Max lives with their mother, father and brother in a roomy East Bay home. Two years ago, after first coming out as someone who identified as a girl, Max learned on Tumblr about terms like “nonbinary,” “gender neutral,” and “agender.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, you know what? This describes me a little better than ‘girl,’” Max says. “I’ve been rolling with that for over a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max’s mother, Margaret, 52, acknowledges she was clueless about gender issues when Max came out. “Sexuality--no big deal,” she says, explaining the commitment she and Max's father, BZ, have always made to gay and lesbian rights. “We’re super lefties.” (She asked we not use last names due to online threats against other transgender families.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Max’s nonbinary identity definitely threw her. “I was taken very much by surprise in terms of gender. It came from left field, I knew nothing, I was scared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even here, in the ultra-progressive San Francisco Bay Area, a region that rarely meets an iconoclastic idea it won't embrace, Max has felt isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it’s a lot harder as nonbinary than trans,\" Max says. \"I'm not saying it’s not hard as trans, but you can’t really say 'Oh I’m not a boy, I’m a girl.' If you say 'I’m not a boy, I’m not a girl'—so what’s left? It's hard to define what that means.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Being in the middle, what does that mean about your body?'\u003ccite>Margaret, Max's mother\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an existential quandary with real-world implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were at a mall somewhere,” Margaret, says, “and there was the men’s room to the right and the women’s room to the left, and Max walked right into the wall, in the middle, to make a point. Because where do you go to the bathroom? Where do you feel comfortable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the question of who can go to the bathroom where may sound prosaic, about a third of transgender people have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustranssurvey.org/preliminary-findings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> abstaining from eating or drinking in order to avoid using one, because of frequent harassment and confrontations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At school, Max would use the boy's room only during class, when it was less crowded, and only when desperate. The girls room was not an option, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would just feel like ‘I’m in the wrong place, I’m not supposed to be here,\" Max says. \"Something in your stomach—this just doesn’t feel right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family lobbied Oakland School for the Arts, where Max is in the 8th grade, for a gender-neutral bathroom. It took awhile, but the school converted a faculty restroom, which can now be used by anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue that comes up daily is being referred to in the wrong way, as he or she. Max says it hurts to be misgendered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means I’m not passing, especially when people use he/him, it really makes me feel like I’m not doing enough,\" Max says with some passion, \"and I’m never going to look the right way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max's father says pronouns have been difficult for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has taken awhile to get those right,\" BZ says. \"Max was born male. I’ve had 11 years of ‘he.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with other people is only part of Max's struggle as a nonbinary youth. Max must also wrestle with the decision of whether to go through male or female puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Max is on this exploration, but it’s harder [than], like, ‘I’m absolutely a girl, I’m absolutely a boy,” Margaret says. “Being in the middle, what does that mean about your body?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, taking \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/19/transgender-youth-using-puberty-blockers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medication\u003c/a> that prevents the emergence of secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts or facial hair, has bought Max more time to grapple with the choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We were trained to see a certain reality, and now we see it everywhere and we can’t not see it until we work to untrain ourselves.'\u003ccite>Dot Brauer, director LGBTQA Center, University of Vermont\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft’s clinic now sees a growing number of people, mostly teenagers, who want to transform their bodies in ways that don’t fit a binary model. One client, Ehrensaft says, doesn’t want testosterone or a lower voice or facial hair, but doesn’t want breasts either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, a soft-spoken 20-year-old who identifies as gender neutral and uses plural pronouns, is someone who has taken that route, having their breasts removed but with no plans to have genital reconstruction surgery or to take hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says removing their breasts wasn’t a hard decision. “When puberty hit, when my breasts started to develop, that was very defining. It was just dead weight to my body.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>In the Gender Vanguard\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>t Oakland School for the Arts, I'm talking gender with principal Mike Oz and creative writing teacher Jordan Karnes, who also runs the Gender and Sexuality Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interview is not what I expect. Neither Oz nor Karnes, both in their 30s, speak as if slowly crafting a press release, something journalists often come up against when interviewing anyone in an official capacity. The conversation is one we might have in a café about an extremely interesting topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_337545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-337545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland School of the Arts High School Principal Mike Oz\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland School for the Arts High School Principal Mike Oz \u003ccite>(Oakland School for the Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oz does seem sensitive about one thing, though: that the school might be portrayed as “that transgender school,” obscuring everything else it has to offer. That worry is not without some foundation. Some OSA parents do seem to feel that for better or worse, the school is on the cutting edge of the gender revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oz recounts how these conversations often start: “‘I hear your school is a place that turns boys into girls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karnes hasn't heard that before now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about gender that people find so threatening,\" she says. \"It’s telling that we have a small portion of students that may be nonbinary or trans, that [we] would earn a reputation like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she has one or two transgender or nonbinary students in each of her classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many more have begun to reject the male/female dichotomy, Oz says, simply to support their fellow students. That's not something he saw coming. “That’s the most beautiful piece of this,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I really don’t feel like it’s a trend. I feel like it’s the future.'\u003ccite>Jordan Karnes,\u003cbr>\nOakland School for the Arts\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Besides the gender-neutral bathroom, the school accommodates both nonbinary and binary transgender students by changing their email addresses to reflect the new names they have chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents are not always on board. Karnes has been at school events, she says, in which students and teachers call transgender students by their new name and pronoun, while parents do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's one question, impolitic as it is, I’ve wanted to ask:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is nonbinary identity a trend? A passing fad?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t feel like it’s a trend,” Karnes says. “I feel like it’s the future.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Trained to See a Certain Reality'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he acceptable rules and privileges within a binary male-female gender system have long been challenged, and ultimately expanded, by feminists and LGBT activists. And while the concept of other genders may be novel to Americans, it's nothing new to many cultures around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1zDWxhBN5aOofwpE-FkZWQsiFDlE&ll=22.971037270290903%2C151.89697199999998&z=2\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biologist Ann Fausto Sterling titled her seminal 1993 \u003ca href=\"http://capone.mtsu.edu/phollowa/5sexes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essay\u003c/a> about individuals who are born with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=intersex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ambiguous sex characteristics\u003c/a> “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the state and the legal system have an interest in maintaining a two-party sexual system, they are in defiance of nature,” she wrote. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For, biologically speaking, there are many gradations running from female to male.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that is so, one may well imagine a number of these \"gradations\" applying to those who identify as nonbinary. Sari Van Enders, an endocrinology researcher and gender theorist, says while some \u003ca href=\"http://transcience-project.org/brain_sex.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physiological research\u003c/a> has been done on binary transgender people (including studies showing the brains of transgender individuals more closely resemble those of the gender they adopt), she has not come across any addressing people who are nonbinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My sense is [therapists] have been thinking about this longer than scientists and researchers have,” Van Enders says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underlying the nonbinary phenomenon is the belief that gender is a social construct, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/media/1650/butler_performative_acts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">theory\u003c/a> most famously posited by the philosopher and gender theorist \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/judith-butler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Judith Butler\u003c/a>. This view sees the duality of gender, so entrenched in human society, as not a fundamental truth, but a perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDc&ab_channel=BigThink\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gender researcher Dot Brauer, director of the LGBTQA Center at the University of Vermont, agrees. “We were trained to see a certain reality, and now we see it everywhere and we can’t not see it until we work to untrain ourselves. It’s not unlike a lot of other social frames that have shifted in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For all of us, gender is complexly biopsychosocial,” says Meg-John Barker, a UK academic, psychotherapist and author. “That means that it's really impossible to completely tease apart which elements of our gender experience come from our genetic makeup, which from our life experiences, and which from the wider social forces around us.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Not Hiding Myself'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>t’s virtually impossible to sit listening to the experiences of young people like Max and Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson without feeling their deep longing to communicate the truth of who they are, and without experiencing their bravery in continuing to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the 2010s may yet become the decade that binary gender broke, it's interesting to note that many of my baby-boomer cohort have not necessarily noticed, preoccupied as we are with refinancing mortgages and herniating discs. While reporting this story, I noticed more than one of my friends who no longer recognize the bands on \"Saturday Night Live\" rolling their eyes when I told them the menu of gender options, traditionally limited but at least easy to understand, had expanded. I myself had been so out of the loop on these developments that I realized that a lifelong predilection for new ideas may have finally met its match. Here, now, was a notion with good potential to turn me into my father, who met the provocative social changes of the 1960s and '70s by retreating into the refuge of mockery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did I now hear an echo of the man in my talks with nonbinary youth? As I sputtered to one interviewee, \"You gotta understand, this wasn’t even a \u003cem>thing\u003c/em> when I was growing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how organic and authentic the nonbinary movement is, might we assume, in this time of great economic and social dislocation, that once it shows up at the offices and high schools of the great mass of Americans, many are—to say the least—not going to like it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_359539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-359539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost.jpg\" alt=\"Colin Jost of 'Saturday Night Live' was criticized for this joke about gender identities after the election.\" width=\"719\" height=\"798\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost.jpg 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-160x178.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-240x266.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-375x416.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-520x577.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colin Jost of 'Saturday Night Live' was criticized for this joke making fun of gender identities after the election. \u003ccite>(Saturday Night Live)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On this, some of my interviewees, most of them transgender, agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you’re absolutely right,” says Dot Brauer, the University of Vermont academic. “And at the same time I think one of the reasons it has gained as much of a foothold as it has is that while politically and in terms of social norms it is revolutionary and radical, inside of people it’s always been there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Tate, a psychology professor and gender researcher at San Francisco State University, expects some amount of backlash against nonbinary identity. Her research has shown non-transgender (cisgender, in the parlance), heterosexual people are more negative toward nonbinary people than they are toward transgender males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Looking at cisgender, heterosexual respondents, they seem to exist in a world that has two suppositions,\" Tate says. \"The first is that everyone is static in their gender category. The other supposition is that there are only two of those gender categories.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While transgender men and women violate the first, nonbinary individuals shatter both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Happier as a Being and Not Hiding Myself'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, considering the current trend, one might ask whether the arc of history will bend toward \"infinite\" gender categories, as Diane Ehrensaft predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this score, a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/daphnajoel/files/2014/11/Joel_gender_identity_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Israeli study\u003c/a> is provocative. Researchers gave 2,135 heterosexual, non-transgender men and women a questionnaire designed to gauge sexual identity. Among the results, significant percentages reported sometimes feeling like the opposite gender, sometimes wishing to be the opposite gender, and sometimes disliking their body because it was male or female.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s a journey and it’s fun. It’s rewarding but it’s also difficult. But it’s worth it.'\u003ccite>Max, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We conclude that the current view of gender identity as binary and unitary does not reflect the experience of many individuals, and call for a new conceptualisation of gender, which relates to multiplicity and fluidity in the experience of gender,\" the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought about that after experiencing a moment of sadness during my interview with Dot Brauer. We'd been talking about the stringent gender roles both of us had grown up with, and I flashed back to my schoolyard years, when the smallest deviation from acceptable male behavior—backing out of a fight or wearing the wrong color shirt—could prompt insinuations of insufficient masculinity, if you were lucky, a pronouncement of “faggot” if you were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, it was quite oppressive—we kids, acting as unwitting enforcers in a kind of gender prison camp. So I wonder: As a veil against such rigid scrutiny, which unacceptable parts of myself had been forever disowned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of those strictures, in some parts of the country, at least, have all but faded. (All hail the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourtango.com/2013185939/signs-your-boyfriend-metrosexual\">metrosexual\u003c/a>.) After such a steady dismantling of strict gender codes, you might say binary gender's lone remaining bulwark against collapse has been biology. If we really are witnessing the first cracks in that wall as well, one wonders if its failure is really a matter of when, not if. (Diane Ehrensaft wishes she could live another 50 years to see it, she said. )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the current generation of nonbinary pioneers, though, the issue isn't the ultimate success or not of a breakthrough vision of gender, it's a matter of simple truthfulness and dignity. At the end of our interview, I asked gender-neutral Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson how things have been going since coming out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes I feel like I don’t exist because I have to fight my way through the world,\" Davi said. \"But I certainly feel happier as a being and not hiding myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Max, covering all the bases: \"It’s a journey and it’s fun. It’s rewarding but it’s also difficult. But it’s worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">M\u003c/span>ax, age 13, does not identify as male. Ordinarily, working through the process of elimination, that should be enough to deduce Max's gender.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Update: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/10/15/california-third-gender-nonbinary/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Recognizes a Third Gender\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Max does not identify as female, either. Max is agender. When referring to Max, you don't use \"he\" or \"she;\" you use \"they.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once strictly\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>a pronoun of the plural variety, “they” is now doing double duty as \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/donald-trump-may-win-this-years-word-of-the-year/?utm_term=.4a34699bdbdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">singular\u003c/a>, referring to individuals, like Max, who do not see gender as an either/or option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This can be awkward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t expect anyone to use the right pronouns for me because it’s not a thing that people know,” Max says. “It’s been great being myself, but it’s also been really hard for people to get it, and for even family to get pronouns and stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re talking in Max’s room, where posters on the wall showcase Max's appearance in school theatrical productions: \"Peter Pan,” “Tarzan,” “The Pirates of Penzance.” Max is old enough now to make use of a makeup area—blush, foundation, lipstick—but young enough to enjoy going with their mom to see “Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory.\" (The review from Max: Gene Wilder's great!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From these surroundings, you wouldn't think the room's occupant is someone who has poked and prodded at the most fundamental sense of who they are. Really, this is just a kid's room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does \"agender\" mean? I need to ask that kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What it means is I’m neither guy or girl, and that’s how I feel, which is different than terms like 'gender fluid'—which means you feel like a guy or girl at different times—because I don’t feel like I’m both guy and girl; I’m neither.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max sounds a bit didactic, here, teaching me Nonbinary Gender 101. A crash course for someone who never considered that gender didn't mean just male and female.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We are seeing more and more kids saying, ‘You know what? What’s with this either/or business? What’s with this boy-girl and you have to fit in one box or the other?’”\u003ccite>Diane Ehrensaft,\u003cbr>\nChild and Adolescent Gender Center,\u003cbr>\nUCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Outside Max's room, out in the world, being nonbinary means having to do a lot of explaining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When did you first feel different? I ask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’ve been feeling different than just a boy for all my life, really.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max frames the transition from who they (that is, Max) were to who they are as a journey of self-discovery. In elementary school, there were girl friends and dressing in pink boas. That, Max says, was \"awesome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two years ago, someone at school called Max a \"girl-boy.\" Later, Max walked upstairs to the third floor of the house and stepped out onto the balcony, weighing whether or not to jump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 40 percent of transgender or \"gender non-conforming\" people have attempted suicide, according to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf\">surveys\u003c/a>, with school bullying playing a significant role.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why, I ask, did that particular insult hit so deeply that you would think about ending your life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max answers in spare, even-toned summation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like no one loved me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Leaping the Gender Boundary\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>hat day, on the balcony, Max had summoned up the presence of mind to call a transgender hotline. A counselor talked Max back into the house, to continue a struggle that appears remarkably profound.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">Gender vs. Sexual Orientation vs. Biology\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>“Gender identity is different from gender expression, being different from biology,” says Adam Chang, a consultant with Berkeley's \u003ca href=\"https://www.genderspectrum.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gender Spectrum\u003c/a>, a provider of gender identity resources and services. “Identity is what you know in your heart and mind, and expression is external—hair, makeup, the roles you take on in society.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biology, of course, means the physical attributes that have always been used as a proxy for gender. And all of those are different from sexual orientation.“Gender is the way you express yourself to the world, and your sexual orientation is who do you go to bed with,” says Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, who identifies as gender neutral. “They’re different things but they do cross paths a little bit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chang puts it this way: “Sexuality is in and of itself not enough information to reveal a person’s gender identity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If same-sex marriage was yesterday’s battle to redefine gender roles and privileges, and transgender rights today's, we just may be on the cusp of the most transformational stage yet. This you-ain’t-seen-nothin’-yet development involves the splintering of what heretofore has been one of the most resilient organizing principles of American society—the division of the entire human race into male and female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who now erase that line may identify as both male and female, as neither male nor female, or as sometimes male and sometimes female. \"They\" is often the pronoun of choice. These individuals may use any number of terms to describe their gender identity: genderqueer, gender-fluid, gender-creative, gender-expansive. While definitions fluctuate, \"nonbinary gender\" has emerged as an umbrella description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we're seeing a new gender revolution,\" says clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft. \"It's erased boxes and created gender infinity instead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft directs mental health at the Child and Adolescent Gender Center at the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital in San Francisco. At 70, she has been practicing her profession for some time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing more and more kids saying, ‘You know what? What’s with this either/or business? What’s with this boy-girl and you have to fit in one box or the other?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329380\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 393px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-329380\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto2-1-800x1067.jpg\" alt='Cypress, 14, who identifies as gender fluid, with her mother, Christine Chrisman. \". I’ve never really felt all the way over on one side of the spectrum,\" Cypress says.' width=\"393\" height=\"524\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cypress, 14, who identifies as gender fluid, with her mother, Christine Chrisman. \"I’ve never really felt all the way over on one side of the spectrum,\" Cypress says. \u003ccite>(Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>How widespread is the nonbinary phenomenon? The results of the most recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustranssurvey.org/report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> by the National Center for Transgender Equality attest to how many transgender people are opting to identify this way. Out of almost 28,000 respondents, more than a third chose “nonbinary/genderqueer” when given a choice of terms to best describe themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the number of transgender clients seeking help has swollen into a \"tsunami,\" according to Ehrensaft, the number who want to transition to the opposite sex has been steadily dropping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A much greater percentage, she says, say they're \"kind of the person that matches the sex on my birth certificate, but kind of not, as well. I'm going to use 'they' instead of 'he' or 'she' because those are not choices that fit me at all.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there is growing evidence that even those outside the transgender community are buying in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A January 2015 general population \u003ca href=\"http://fusion.net/series/massive-millennial-poll/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">survey\u003c/a> of 1,000 people age 18-34, conducted for Fusion media, \u003ca href=\"https://fusiondotnet.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/fusion-poll-gender-spectrum.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found\u003c/a> just 46 percent agreed that “there are only two genders, male and female.” Fifty percent, meanwhile, said “gender is a spectrum, and some people fall outside conventional categories.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">online survey\u003c/a> by Harris Poll, commissioned by the LGBTQ advocacy group GLAAD, found that a startling 12 percent identified as either transgender or some form of nonbinary identity, like gender fluid or genderqueer\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As more people redefine their gender identity in nonbinary terms, schools, governments, workplaces and parents are having to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christine Chrisman, 46, has a 14-year-old, Cypress, who identifies as gender-fluid. Chrisman says she was fully aware of transgender people who wanted to transition completely to the opposite sex. But, she says, “It didn’t really occur to me you could just hang out in the neutral, the in-between spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know what to think about it,” she says, adding that she knows a lot of parents who feel similarly. “Everybody seems sort of bewildered.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Legal Recognition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">H\u003c/span>ere in this state, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Healthy Youth Act\u003c/a>, signed into law in 2015, requires comprehensive sex education for grades 7-12 to \"teach pupils about gender, gender expression, gender identity, and explore the harm of negative gender stereotypes.” A \u003ca href=\"http://ccsesa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/LGBTQ-and-Gender-Checklist.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">checklist\u003c/a> from the California County of Superintendents, designed for school systems to evaluate their compliance with the law, includes this definition of gender identity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One’s internal, deeply-held sense of being male, female, \u003cem>neither of these, both, or other gender(s)\u003c/em>. All people have a gender identity.” (Emphasis ours.)\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/QszfBJEBoW8'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/QszfBJEBoW8'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Phyllida Burlingame of the ACLU of Northern California calls the law the nation’s first of its kind. She says districts are currently working to come into compliance with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Official recognition of nonbinary gender appears to be accelerating. Last June, a county circuit court judge in Oregon, in what transgender advocates believed was a first in the U.S., affirmed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2016/06/oregon_court_allows_person_to.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">legal change\u003c/a> of 52-year-old Jamie Shupe’s gender from female to \"nonbinary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in September, a judge in Santa Cruz, California issued an order recognizing \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"nonbinary\" as the legal gender\u003c/a> of 55-year-old Sara Kelly Keenan. Since then, California courts have granted nonbinary status to at least 11 more people, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.intersexrecognition.org/litigation.html\">Gendersex and Queer Recognition project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB179\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 179\u003c/a>, which would make the state the first to recognize \"nonbinary\" as a legal gender on official documents, is making its way through the Legislature. If passed, California would join a growing number of national and sub-national jurisdictions \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">around the world\u003c/a> that recognize genders other than male or female. (Update Oct. 17, 2017: The bill has now been signed into law.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And an Oregon school district last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/education/index.ssf/2016/05/gresham_barlow_transgender_tea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">settled\u003c/a> with a nonbinary-identified fifth-grade teacher for $60,000 after the teacher complained of harassment, partly due to coworkers refusing to refer to the teacher as “they” and “them.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hanging Out in 'the In-Between'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>hink about this: Max, at 13, has already shed not only a gender identity of origin—male—but also one that turned out to be temporary—transgender female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329392\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 392px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-329392\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto11-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"genderphoto11\" width=\"392\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Max and family. “I was taken very much by surprise in terms of gender. It came from left field, I knew nothing, I was scared,” says Max's mom. (Jon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Max lives with their mother, father and brother in a roomy East Bay home. Two years ago, after first coming out as someone who identified as a girl, Max learned on Tumblr about terms like “nonbinary,” “gender neutral,” and “agender.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was like, you know what? This describes me a little better than ‘girl,’” Max says. “I’ve been rolling with that for over a year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max’s mother, Margaret, 52, acknowledges she was clueless about gender issues when Max came out. “Sexuality--no big deal,” she says, explaining the commitment she and Max's father, BZ, have always made to gay and lesbian rights. “We’re super lefties.” (She asked we not use last names due to online threats against other transgender families.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Max’s nonbinary identity definitely threw her. “I was taken very much by surprise in terms of gender. It came from left field, I knew nothing, I was scared.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even here, in the ultra-progressive San Francisco Bay Area, a region that rarely meets an iconoclastic idea it won't embrace, Max has felt isolated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it’s a lot harder as nonbinary than trans,\" Max says. \"I'm not saying it’s not hard as trans, but you can’t really say 'Oh I’m not a boy, I’m a girl.' If you say 'I’m not a boy, I’m not a girl'—so what’s left? It's hard to define what that means.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Being in the middle, what does that mean about your body?'\u003ccite>Margaret, Max's mother\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That is an existential quandary with real-world implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we were at a mall somewhere,” Margaret, says, “and there was the men’s room to the right and the women’s room to the left, and Max walked right into the wall, in the middle, to make a point. Because where do you go to the bathroom? Where do you feel comfortable?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the question of who can go to the bathroom where may sound prosaic, about a third of transgender people have \u003ca href=\"http://www.ustranssurvey.org/preliminary-findings/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> abstaining from eating or drinking in order to avoid using one, because of frequent harassment and confrontations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At school, Max would use the boy's room only during class, when it was less crowded, and only when desperate. The girls room was not an option, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would just feel like ‘I’m in the wrong place, I’m not supposed to be here,\" Max says. \"Something in your stomach—this just doesn’t feel right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_329386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-e1486745816629.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-329386\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/01/genderphoto6-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, 20, identifies as gender neutral. (Jon Brooks/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family lobbied Oakland School for the Arts, where Max is in the 8th grade, for a gender-neutral bathroom. It took awhile, but the school converted a faculty restroom, which can now be used by anyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other issue that comes up daily is being referred to in the wrong way, as he or she. Max says it hurts to be misgendered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It means I’m not passing, especially when people use he/him, it really makes me feel like I’m not doing enough,\" Max says with some passion, \"and I’m never going to look the right way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Max's father says pronouns have been difficult for him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has taken awhile to get those right,\" BZ says. \"Max was born male. I’ve had 11 years of ‘he.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dealing with other people is only part of Max's struggle as a nonbinary youth. Max must also wrestle with the decision of whether to go through male or female puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Max is on this exploration, but it’s harder [than], like, ‘I’m absolutely a girl, I’m absolutely a boy,” Margaret says. “Being in the middle, what does that mean about your body?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, taking \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/08/19/transgender-youth-using-puberty-blockers/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medication\u003c/a> that prevents the emergence of secondary sex characteristics, such as breasts or facial hair, has bought Max more time to grapple with the choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We were trained to see a certain reality, and now we see it everywhere and we can’t not see it until we work to untrain ourselves.'\u003ccite>Dot Brauer, director LGBTQA Center, University of Vermont\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Ehrensaft’s clinic now sees a growing number of people, mostly teenagers, who want to transform their bodies in ways that don’t fit a binary model. One client, Ehrensaft says, doesn’t want testosterone or a lower voice or facial hair, but doesn’t want breasts either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson, a soft-spoken 20-year-old who identifies as gender neutral and uses plural pronouns, is someone who has taken that route, having their breasts removed but with no plans to have genital reconstruction surgery or to take hormones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson says removing their breasts wasn’t a hard decision. “When puberty hit, when my breasts started to develop, that was very defining. It was just dead weight to my body.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>In the Gender Vanguard\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>t Oakland School for the Arts, I'm talking gender with principal Mike Oz and creative writing teacher Jordan Karnes, who also runs the Gender and Sexuality Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interview is not what I expect. Neither Oz nor Karnes, both in their 30s, speak as if slowly crafting a press release, something journalists often come up against when interviewing anyone in an official capacity. The conversation is one we might have in a café about an extremely interesting topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_337545\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-337545\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Oakland School of the Arts High School Principal Mike Oz\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/15272134_1204340009611881_6162750522408542844_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oakland School for the Arts High School Principal Mike Oz \u003ccite>(Oakland School for the Arts)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oz does seem sensitive about one thing, though: that the school might be portrayed as “that transgender school,” obscuring everything else it has to offer. That worry is not without some foundation. Some OSA parents do seem to feel that for better or worse, the school is on the cutting edge of the gender revolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oz recounts how these conversations often start: “‘I hear your school is a place that turns boys into girls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karnes hasn't heard that before now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something about gender that people find so threatening,\" she says. \"It’s telling that we have a small portion of students that may be nonbinary or trans, that [we] would earn a reputation like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she has one or two transgender or nonbinary students in each of her classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many more have begun to reject the male/female dichotomy, Oz says, simply to support their fellow students. That's not something he saw coming. “That’s the most beautiful piece of this,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I really don’t feel like it’s a trend. I feel like it’s the future.'\u003ccite>Jordan Karnes,\u003cbr>\nOakland School for the Arts\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Besides the gender-neutral bathroom, the school accommodates both nonbinary and binary transgender students by changing their email addresses to reflect the new names they have chosen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents are not always on board. Karnes has been at school events, she says, in which students and teachers call transgender students by their new name and pronoun, while parents do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's one question, impolitic as it is, I’ve wanted to ask:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is nonbinary identity a trend? A passing fad?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t feel like it’s a trend,” Karnes says. “I feel like it’s the future.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Trained to See a Certain Reality'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he acceptable rules and privileges within a binary male-female gender system have long been challenged, and ultimately expanded, by feminists and LGBT activists. And while the concept of other genders may be novel to Americans, it's nothing new to many cultures around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1zDWxhBN5aOofwpE-FkZWQsiFDlE&ll=22.971037270290903%2C151.89697199999998&z=2\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biologist Ann Fausto Sterling titled her seminal 1993 \u003ca href=\"http://capone.mtsu.edu/phollowa/5sexes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">essay\u003c/a> about individuals who are born with \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=intersex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ambiguous sex characteristics\u003c/a> “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the state and the legal system have an interest in maintaining a two-party sexual system, they are in defiance of nature,” she wrote. \"\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For, biologically speaking, there are many gradations running from female to male.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that is so, one may well imagine a number of these \"gradations\" applying to those who identify as nonbinary. Sari Van Enders, an endocrinology researcher and gender theorist, says while some \u003ca href=\"http://transcience-project.org/brain_sex.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">physiological research\u003c/a> has been done on binary transgender people (including studies showing the brains of transgender individuals more closely resemble those of the gender they adopt), she has not come across any addressing people who are nonbinary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My sense is [therapists] have been thinking about this longer than scientists and researchers have,” Van Enders says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underlying the nonbinary phenomenon is the belief that gender is a social construct, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/media/1650/butler_performative_acts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">theory\u003c/a> most famously posited by the philosopher and gender theorist \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/judith-butler\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Judith Butler\u003c/a>. This view sees the duality of gender, so entrenched in human society, as not a fundamental truth, but a perspective.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Bo7o2LYATDc'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Bo7o2LYATDc'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Gender researcher Dot Brauer, director of the LGBTQA Center at the University of Vermont, agrees. “We were trained to see a certain reality, and now we see it everywhere and we can’t not see it until we work to untrain ourselves. It’s not unlike a lot of other social frames that have shifted in our lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For all of us, gender is complexly biopsychosocial,” says Meg-John Barker, a UK academic, psychotherapist and author. “That means that it's really impossible to completely tease apart which elements of our gender experience come from our genetic makeup, which from our life experiences, and which from the wider social forces around us.”\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>'Not Hiding Myself'\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">I\u003c/span>t’s virtually impossible to sit listening to the experiences of young people like Max and Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson without feeling their deep longing to communicate the truth of who they are, and without experiencing their bravery in continuing to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the 2010s may yet become the decade that binary gender broke, it's interesting to note that many of my baby-boomer cohort have not necessarily noticed, preoccupied as we are with refinancing mortgages and herniating discs. While reporting this story, I noticed more than one of my friends who no longer recognize the bands on \"Saturday Night Live\" rolling their eyes when I told them the menu of gender options, traditionally limited but at least easy to understand, had expanded. I myself had been so out of the loop on these developments that I realized that a lifelong predilection for new ideas may have finally met its match. Here, now, was a notion with good potential to turn me into my father, who met the provocative social changes of the 1960s and '70s by retreating into the refuge of mockery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did I now hear an echo of the man in my talks with nonbinary youth? As I sputtered to one interviewee, \"You gotta understand, this wasn’t even a \u003cem>thing\u003c/em> when I was growing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No matter how organic and authentic the nonbinary movement is, might we assume, in this time of great economic and social dislocation, that once it shows up at the offices and high schools of the great mass of Americans, many are—to say the least—not going to like it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_359539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 719px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-359539\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost.jpg\" alt=\"Colin Jost of 'Saturday Night Live' was criticized for this joke about gender identities after the election.\" width=\"719\" height=\"798\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost.jpg 719w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-160x178.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-240x266.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-375x416.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/jost-520x577.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Colin Jost of 'Saturday Night Live' was criticized for this joke making fun of gender identities after the election. \u003ccite>(Saturday Night Live)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On this, some of my interviewees, most of them transgender, agree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you’re absolutely right,” says Dot Brauer, the University of Vermont academic. “And at the same time I think one of the reasons it has gained as much of a foothold as it has is that while politically and in terms of social norms it is revolutionary and radical, inside of people it’s always been there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlotte Tate, a psychology professor and gender researcher at San Francisco State University, expects some amount of backlash against nonbinary identity. Her research has shown non-transgender (cisgender, in the parlance), heterosexual people are more negative toward nonbinary people than they are toward transgender males and females.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Looking at cisgender, heterosexual respondents, they seem to exist in a world that has two suppositions,\" Tate says. \"The first is that everyone is static in their gender category. The other supposition is that there are only two of those gender categories.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While transgender men and women violate the first, nonbinary individuals shatter both.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Happier as a Being and Not Hiding Myself'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, considering the current trend, one might ask whether the arc of history will bend toward \"infinite\" gender categories, as Diane Ehrensaft predicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this score, a 2014 \u003ca href=\"http://people.socsci.tau.ac.il/mu/daphnajoel/files/2014/11/Joel_gender_identity_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Israeli study\u003c/a> is provocative. Researchers gave 2,135 heterosexual, non-transgender men and women a questionnaire designed to gauge sexual identity. Among the results, significant percentages reported sometimes feeling like the opposite gender, sometimes wishing to be the opposite gender, and sometimes disliking their body because it was male or female.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It’s a journey and it’s fun. It’s rewarding but it’s also difficult. But it’s worth it.'\u003ccite>Max, 13\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We conclude that the current view of gender identity as binary and unitary does not reflect the experience of many individuals, and call for a new conceptualisation of gender, which relates to multiplicity and fluidity in the experience of gender,\" the researchers wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I thought about that after experiencing a moment of sadness during my interview with Dot Brauer. We'd been talking about the stringent gender roles both of us had grown up with, and I flashed back to my schoolyard years, when the smallest deviation from acceptable male behavior—backing out of a fight or wearing the wrong color shirt—could prompt insinuations of insufficient masculinity, if you were lucky, a pronouncement of “faggot” if you were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Really, it was quite oppressive—we kids, acting as unwitting enforcers in a kind of gender prison camp. So I wonder: As a veil against such rigid scrutiny, which unacceptable parts of myself had been forever disowned?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of those strictures, in some parts of the country, at least, have all but faded. (All hail the rise of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourtango.com/2013185939/signs-your-boyfriend-metrosexual\">metrosexual\u003c/a>.) After such a steady dismantling of strict gender codes, you might say binary gender's lone remaining bulwark against collapse has been biology. If we really are witnessing the first cracks in that wall as well, one wonders if its failure is really a matter of when, not if. (Diane Ehrensaft wishes she could live another 50 years to see it, she said. )\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the current generation of nonbinary pioneers, though, the issue isn't the ultimate success or not of a breakthrough vision of gender, it's a matter of simple truthfulness and dignity. At the end of our interview, I asked gender-neutral Davi Mühlinghaus-Anderson how things have been going since coming out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes I feel like I don’t exist because I have to fight my way through the world,\" Davi said. \"But I certainly feel happier as a being and not hiding myself.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Max, covering all the bases: \"It’s a journey and it’s fun. It’s rewarding but it’s also difficult. But it’s worth it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "photos-the-best-and-nerdiest-signs-from-the-marchforscience",
"title": "PHOTOS: The Best -- and Nerdiest -- Signs from the #MarchForScience",
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"content": "\u003cp>Thousands of people joined the March for Science in the Bay Area on Saturday. We’ve already done some \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/22/live-san-francisco-march-for-science/\">extensive coverage\u003c/a> of the marches, but we thought we’d dedicate a post to something there was just no hiding from: Those really gnarly signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some were as simple as a piece of paper with the words “Facts Matter!” Others were just plain nerdy. In case anyone forgot what demonstrators were marching for, look no further than the sign that read “More mitosis, less division.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are photos of some of our favorite signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579310 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1020x1544.jpg\" alt=\"A woman marches on Market Street.\" width=\"640\" height=\"969\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1020x1544.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-160x242.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-800x1211.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-768x1162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1180x1786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-960x1453.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-240x363.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-375x567.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-520x787.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858.jpg 1847w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman marches on Market Street in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1578627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1578627 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Creative signs abound at the San Francisco March for Science.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Creative signs abound at Justin Herman Plaza near Pier 39. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579307 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1020x707.jpg\" alt='A woman carries her \"sine.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1020x707.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-800x555.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1920x1331.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1180x818.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-960x666.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-375x260.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman carries her “sine” as she walks through Market Street in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1020x1400.jpg\" alt=\"A woman's sign references controversial videotape of President Donald Trump conversing with Access Hollywood host Billy Bush about women on the set of Days of Our Lives.\" width=\"640\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1020x1400.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-160x220.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-800x1098.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-768x1054.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1920x2636.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1180x1620.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-960x1318.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-240x329.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-375x515.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-520x714.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman’s sign references controversial videotape of President Donald Trump conversing with Access Hollywood host Billy Bush about women on the set of Days of Our Lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain View resident James Balkite says his daughter Parker loves the owls she sees in their neighborhood.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain View resident James Balkite says his daughter Parker loves the owls she sees in their neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579319 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1020x656.jpg\" alt=\"His message was simple.\" width=\"640\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1020x656.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1920x1235.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-960x618.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-520x335.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man participating in the march in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Image)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 520px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1579318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693.jpg\" alt=\"A man holds a sign in Downtown San Francisco that says “More mitosis less division.”\" width=\"520\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-375x500.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds a sign in Downtown San Francisco that says “More mitosis less division.” \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"Liz Darner holds up a sign while participating in the March for Science in San Francisco.\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1920x1308.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liz Darner holds up a sign while participating in the March for Science in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Image)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Some were as simple as a piece of paper with the words 'Facts Matter!' Others were just plain nerdy, reading things like: 'More mitosis, less division.'",
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"title": "PHOTOS: The Best -- and Nerdiest -- Signs from the #MarchForScience | KQED",
"description": "Some were as simple as a piece of paper with the words 'Facts Matter!' Others were just plain nerdy, reading things like: 'More mitosis, less division.'",
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"headline": "PHOTOS: The Best -- and Nerdiest -- Signs from the #MarchForScience",
"datePublished": "2017-04-22T17:14:22-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thousands of people joined the March for Science in the Bay Area on Saturday. We’ve already done some \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/04/22/live-san-francisco-march-for-science/\">extensive coverage\u003c/a> of the marches, but we thought we’d dedicate a post to something there was just no hiding from: Those really gnarly signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some were as simple as a piece of paper with the words “Facts Matter!” Others were just plain nerdy. In case anyone forgot what demonstrators were marching for, look no further than the sign that read “More mitosis, less division.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are photos of some of our favorite signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579310 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1020x1544.jpg\" alt=\"A woman marches on Market Street.\" width=\"640\" height=\"969\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1020x1544.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-160x242.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-800x1211.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-768x1162.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-1180x1786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-960x1453.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-240x363.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-375x567.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858-520x787.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671624858.jpg 1847w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman marches on Market Street in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1578627\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1578627 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Creative signs abound at the San Francisco March for Science.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5203.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Creative signs abound at Justin Herman Plaza near Pier 39. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579307\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579307 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1020x707.jpg\" alt='A woman carries her \"sine.\"' width=\"640\" height=\"444\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1020x707.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-800x555.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-768x532.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1920x1331.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-1180x818.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-960x666.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-240x166.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-375x260.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621052-520x361.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman carries her “sine” as she walks through Market Street in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579309\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1020x1400.jpg\" alt=\"A woman's sign references controversial videotape of President Donald Trump conversing with Access Hollywood host Billy Bush about women on the set of Days of Our Lives.\" width=\"640\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1020x1400.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-160x220.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-800x1098.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-768x1054.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1920x2636.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-1180x1620.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-960x1318.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-240x329.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-375x515.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671621428-520x714.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woman’s sign references controversial videotape of President Donald Trump conversing with Access Hollywood host Billy Bush about women on the set of Days of Our Lives. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579070\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain View resident James Balkite says his daughter Parker loves the owls she sees in their neighborhood.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/RS25017_IMG_5361-1-qut.jpg 1632w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain View resident James Balkite says his daughter Parker loves the owls she sees in their neighborhood. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579319\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1579319 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1020x656.jpg\" alt=\"His message was simple.\" width=\"640\" height=\"412\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1020x656.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-160x103.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-800x515.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-768x494.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1920x1235.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-1180x759.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-960x618.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-240x154.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-375x241.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671620592-520x335.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man participating in the march in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Image)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579318\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 520px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1579318\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693.jpg\" alt=\"A man holds a sign in Downtown San Francisco that says “More mitosis less division.”\" width=\"520\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/IMG_5365-e1492895381846-520x693-375x500.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 520px) 100vw, 520px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A man holds a sign in Downtown San Francisco that says “More mitosis less division.” \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1579321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1579321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1020x695.jpg\" alt=\"Liz Darner holds up a sign while participating in the March for Science in San Francisco.\" width=\"640\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-800x545.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-768x523.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1920x1308.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-960x654.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-240x164.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-375x256.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/04/GettyImages-671617320-520x354.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Liz Darner holds up a sign while participating in the March for Science in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/AFP/Getty Image)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"description": "Get informed in minutes with our Voter Guide for California’s November 3 election."
},
"podcasts-radio": {},
"video-tv": {},
"events": {},
"support": {}
}
}
}
