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"content": "\u003cp>More than 70 people were arrested on Wednesday afternoon near the proposed route of the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota, as Western lawmakers expressed opposing views on the future of the $3.8 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3442476-16403117-399878563697821-7864851794017244646-O.html\">Morton County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a> said it had arrested “approximately 76” people who were camping on land the sheriff’s department said was privately owned, north of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation and south of the pipeline’s proposed crossing under the Missouri River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called Last Child Camp was near the larger, and still occupied, Oceti Sakowin Camp established last year on nearby federal land, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/dallasgoldtooth\">Facebook post\u003c/a> yesterday by Dallas Goldtooth of the Indigenous Environmental Network, one of the groups that has organized protests against the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11298229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11298229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Source: North Dakota state government, Natural Earth, U.S. Census Bureau, USGS, Energy Transfer Partners, Bakken Pipeline Map, Carl Sack, staff reports\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-1020x611.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-1180x707.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: North Dakota state government, Natural Earth, U.S. Census Bureau, USGS, Energy Transfer Partners, Bakken Pipeline Map, Carl Sack, staff reports \u003ccite>(Katie Park/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the Cannonball River, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CampOfTheSacredStone/?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">Sacred Stone Camp\u003c/a> is also still occupied by protesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction of the final piece of the more than 1,700-mile pipeline is awaiting approval from the U.S. Army. On Jan. 24, President Trump signed a memorandum encouraging the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/assets/news/2017/01/DakotaAccessConstruction.pdf\">expedite the review and approval process\u003c/a>, and earlier this week the Army said that it had been directed to expedite its review of the route, which requires an easement in order to cross under a portion of the Missouri river north of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These initial steps do not mean the easement has been approved,” the Army wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported, on Jan. 18, the Army announced it was gathering information for an environmental impact assessment, and that it would accept public comments through Feb. 20, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/18/2017-00937/notice-of-intent-to-prepare-an-environmental-impact-statement-in-connection-with-dakota-access-llcs\">notice published in the Federal Register\u003c/a>. It was unclear what, if any, effect the presidential directive will have on that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uEyJrhpB6xw2YKoWTDSRntiwSuVaYAfl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Sen. Maria Cantwell of Washington, Sen. Tom Udall of New Mexico and Sen. Jon Tester of Montana \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3442509-2017-02-01-White-House-Dakota-Access-Pipeline.html\">co-signed a letter\u003c/a> to the president saying they were “deeply concerned,” and arguing that truncating or overriding the environmental review process would be illegal. All are Democrats and members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.indian.senate.gov/about/committee-members\">Senate Indian Affairs Committee\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Long standing legal precedent requires the United States to uphold its trust responsibility to tribes and to protect the lands and resources that were guaranteed to them by treaty,” they wrote. “By ‘expediting’ this process and proceeding without appropriate consultation and pushing for a predetermined outcome, the United States would be turning its back on its most solemn trust responsibility with the Tribe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other members of Congress disagreed. Rep. Kevin Cramer, R-N.D., repeatedly referred to the “approval” of the pipeline project, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepKevinCramer/status/826583675462676480\">tweeting\u003c/a> “Start your engines. #DAPL #Approved” on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Got word from the White House today and the Dakota Access pipeline now has its final green light,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepKevinCramer/status/826589191458914304\">video\u003c/a> posted to Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Hoeven, R-N.D., and the current chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, issued a statement celebrating the imminent approval of the easement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe \u003ca href=\"http://standwithstandingrock.net/standing-rock-will-challenge-suspension-pipelines-environmental-review/\">promised\u003c/a> to “vigorously pursue legal action to ensure the environmental impact statement order issued late last year is followed so the pipeline process is legal, fair and accurate.” As of Thursday, no formal legal action had been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chairman of the Standing Rock Sioux, Dave Archambault II, requested that the president meet with tribal leaders, and challenged the president’s authority to change the ongoing environmental review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump, the [Environmental Review Statement] is already underway,” Archambault wrote. “This change in course is arbitrary and without justification; the law requires that changes in agency positions be backed by new circumstances or new evidence, not simply by the President’s whim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 70 people were arrested on Wednesday afternoon near the proposed route of the Dakota Access Pipeline in North Dakota, as Western lawmakers expressed opposing views on the future of the $3.8 billion project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3442476-16403117-399878563697821-7864851794017244646-O.html\">Morton County Sheriff’s Office\u003c/a> said it had arrested “approximately 76” people who were camping on land the sheriff’s department said was privately owned, north of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation and south of the pipeline’s proposed crossing under the Missouri River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called Last Child Camp was near the larger, and still occupied, Oceti Sakowin Camp established last year on nearby federal land, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/dallasgoldtooth\">Facebook post\u003c/a> yesterday by Dallas Goldtooth of the Indigenous Environmental Network, one of the groups that has organized protests against the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11298229\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11298229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-800x480.jpg\" alt=\"Source: North Dakota state government, Natural Earth, U.S. Census Bureau, USGS, Energy Transfer Partners, Bakken Pipeline Map, Carl Sack, staff reports\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-800x480.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-160x96.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-1020x611.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-1180x707.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-960x576.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-240x144.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-375x225.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/PipelineMap-520x312.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: North Dakota state government, Natural Earth, U.S. Census Bureau, USGS, Energy Transfer Partners, Bakken Pipeline Map, Carl Sack, staff reports \u003ccite>(Katie Park/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Across the Cannonball River, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CampOfTheSacredStone/?hc_ref=SEARCH&fref=nf\">Sacred Stone Camp\u003c/a> is also still occupied by protesters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Construction of the final piece of the more than 1,700-mile pipeline is awaiting approval from the U.S. Army. On Jan. 24, President Trump signed a memorandum encouraging the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/assets/news/2017/01/DakotaAccessConstruction.pdf\">expedite the review and approval process\u003c/a>, and earlier this week the Army said that it had been directed to expedite its review of the route, which requires an easement in order to cross under a portion of the Missouri river north of the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These initial steps do not mean the easement has been approved,” the Army wrote in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported, on Jan. 18, the Army announced it was gathering information for an environmental impact assessment, and that it would accept public comments through Feb. 20, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/18/2017-00937/notice-of-intent-to-prepare-an-environmental-impact-statement-in-connection-with-dakota-access-llcs\">notice published in the Federal Register\u003c/a>. It was unclear what, if any, effect the presidential directive will have on that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Sen. Maria Cantwell of Washington, Sen. Tom Udall of New Mexico and Sen. Jon Tester of Montana \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3442509-2017-02-01-White-House-Dakota-Access-Pipeline.html\">co-signed a letter\u003c/a> to the president saying they were “deeply concerned,” and arguing that truncating or overriding the environmental review process would be illegal. All are Democrats and members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.indian.senate.gov/about/committee-members\">Senate Indian Affairs Committee\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Long standing legal precedent requires the United States to uphold its trust responsibility to tribes and to protect the lands and resources that were guaranteed to them by treaty,” they wrote. “By ‘expediting’ this process and proceeding without appropriate consultation and pushing for a predetermined outcome, the United States would be turning its back on its most solemn trust responsibility with the Tribe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other members of Congress disagreed. Rep. Kevin Cramer, R-N.D., repeatedly referred to the “approval” of the pipeline project, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepKevinCramer/status/826583675462676480\">tweeting\u003c/a> “Start your engines. #DAPL #Approved” on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Got word from the White House today and the Dakota Access pipeline now has its final green light,” he said in a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/RepKevinCramer/status/826589191458914304\">video\u003c/a> posted to Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sen. John Hoeven, R-N.D., and the current chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee, issued a statement celebrating the imminent approval of the easement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Standing Rock Sioux tribe \u003ca href=\"http://standwithstandingrock.net/standing-rock-will-challenge-suspension-pipelines-environmental-review/\">promised\u003c/a> to “vigorously pursue legal action to ensure the environmental impact statement order issued late last year is followed so the pipeline process is legal, fair and accurate.” As of Thursday, no formal legal action had been announced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chairman of the Standing Rock Sioux, Dave Archambault II, requested that the president meet with tribal leaders, and challenged the president’s authority to change the ongoing environmental review process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Trump, the [Environmental Review Statement] is already underway,” Archambault wrote. “This change in course is arbitrary and without justification; the law requires that changes in agency positions be backed by new circumstances or new evidence, not simply by the President’s whim.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Astounding' Snowpack Bodes Well for Summer Water Supply",
"headTitle": "‘Astounding’ Snowpack Bodes Well for Summer Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Two years ago, as the Sierra snowpack would normally be peaking, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">stood on a barren mountain\u003c/a> slope near Lake Tahoe and announced statewide emergency drought measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing in the same spot today, he’d be buried under more than seven feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a transformed landscape,” observed Tom Painter, a snow hydrologist and principal investigator at the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, source of about a third of California’s water, stands at 173 percent of the long-term average for early February. In fact, it’s already more than 100 percent of the average for Apr. 1, when the snowpack usually tops out for the year. In other words, there’s essentially an entire winter’s worth of snow already on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s unbelievable how much water fell out of the sky during that period.’\u003ccite>Tom Painter, snow hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more impressive, though, is how much of it fell during just two prolonged “atmospheric river” storms in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unbelievable how much water fell out of the sky during that period of ‘snow-pocalypse,'” said Painter, who was digging into the snow 10,000 feet up Mammoth Mountain this week, to take measurements that will provide more accurate runoff predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painter told KQED that the volume of water that fell on the Sierra from multi-day storms that began on Jan. 7 and 18, respectively, was 25 percent more than the average annual flow of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/305803770″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painter’s colleague, Noah Molotch was a bit more understated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Impressive,” is how Molotch describes it. He and Painter co-authored a study suggesting that January’s snows by themselves \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-018\">might have erased as much as 37 percent\u003c/a> of the snow-water deficit accrued over more than five years of California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1372918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1252px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201.png\" alt=\"Snow hydrologist Tom Painter takes a break after digging out a snow pit, to measure density and other parameters.\" width=\"1252\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201.png 1252w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-800x1063.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-768x1021.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-1020x1356.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-1180x1568.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-960x1276.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-240x319.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-375x498.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-520x691.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1252px) 100vw, 1252px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow hydrologist Tom Painter takes a break after digging out a snow pit, to measure density, temperature, and other parameters. \u003ccite>(Kat Borman/NASA-JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It is a fairly astounding quantity when you think about it,” says Molotch, a snow hydrologist at the University of Colorado, “but it still is only about a third of the total snow-water deficit that we experienced during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major remaining concern is the state’s groundwater supply. The enormous draw-down of California’s aquifers during the recent dry years — especially in the Central Valley — is one reason that state officials have been hesitant to declare an official \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">end to the drought\u003c/a>. Molotch says recharging that vast underground reservoir will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big part of why one or even two big snow years is not going to make up for the long-term water deficit that has resulted from the very intense groundwater pumping that has occurred during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ever-buoyant Painter pointed to a bonus: the high-elevation snow remains extremely cold, which means it’s likely to stay in place longer into the spring. That will produce a gradual, measured runoff that should keep rivers and reservoirs at healthy levels, and keep hydroelectric plants humming well into the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this year’s eye-popping snowpack, scientists still expect California’s “frozen reservoir” to decline in coming decades, as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns shift with the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two years ago, as the Sierra snowpack would normally be peaking, Gov. Jerry Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/31/record-low-sierra-snowpack-will-drive-home-drought-impacts/\">stood on a barren mountain\u003c/a> slope near Lake Tahoe and announced statewide emergency drought measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing in the same spot today, he’d be buried under more than seven feet of snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a transformed landscape,” observed Tom Painter, a snow hydrologist and principal investigator at the \u003ca href=\"http://aso.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NASA Airborne Snow Observatory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, \u003ca href=\"http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cdecapp/snowapp/sweq.action\">the Sierra snowpack\u003c/a>, source of about a third of California’s water, stands at 173 percent of the long-term average for early February. In fact, it’s already more than 100 percent of the average for Apr. 1, when the snowpack usually tops out for the year. In other words, there’s essentially an entire winter’s worth of snow already on the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s unbelievable how much water fell out of the sky during that period.’\u003ccite>Tom Painter, snow hydrologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even more impressive, though, is how much of it fell during just two prolonged “atmospheric river” storms in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s unbelievable how much water fell out of the sky during that period of ‘snow-pocalypse,'” said Painter, who was digging into the snow 10,000 feet up Mammoth Mountain this week, to take measurements that will provide more accurate runoff predictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painter told KQED that the volume of water that fell on the Sierra from multi-day storms that began on Jan. 7 and 18, respectively, was 25 percent more than the average annual flow of the Colorado River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/305803770″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/305803770″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Painter’s colleague, Noah Molotch was a bit more understated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Impressive,” is how Molotch describes it. He and Painter co-authored a study suggesting that January’s snows by themselves \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-018\">might have erased as much as 37 percent\u003c/a> of the snow-water deficit accrued over more than five years of California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1372918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1252px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1372918\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201.png\" alt=\"Snow hydrologist Tom Painter takes a break after digging out a snow pit, to measure density and other parameters.\" width=\"1252\" height=\"1664\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201.png 1252w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-160x213.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-800x1063.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-768x1021.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-1020x1356.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-1180x1568.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-960x1276.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-240x319.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-375x498.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/02/Painter_snowpit-Mammoth_170201-520x691.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1252px) 100vw, 1252px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snow hydrologist Tom Painter takes a break after digging out a snow pit, to measure density, temperature, and other parameters. \u003ccite>(Kat Borman/NASA-JPL)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It is a fairly astounding quantity when you think about it,” says Molotch, a snow hydrologist at the University of Colorado, “but it still is only about a third of the total snow-water deficit that we experienced during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The major remaining concern is the state’s groundwater supply. The enormous draw-down of California’s aquifers during the recent dry years — especially in the Central Valley — is one reason that state officials have been hesitant to declare an official \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Home/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?CA\">end to the drought\u003c/a>. Molotch says recharging that vast underground reservoir will take time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a big part of why one or even two big snow years is not going to make up for the long-term water deficit that has resulted from the very intense groundwater pumping that has occurred during the drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ever-buoyant Painter pointed to a bonus: the high-elevation snow remains extremely cold, which means it’s likely to stay in place longer into the spring. That will produce a gradual, measured runoff that should keep rivers and reservoirs at healthy levels, and keep hydroelectric plants humming well into the dry season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite this year’s eye-popping snowpack, scientists still expect California’s “frozen reservoir” to decline in coming decades, as temperatures rise and precipitation patterns shift with the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California's Climate Policy Depends on Federal Waivers -- What if Trump Doesn’t Grant Them?",
"title": "California's Climate Policy Depends on Federal Waivers -- What if Trump Doesn’t Grant Them?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>California officials have discerned a chilling signal that the Trump administration may be willing to halt the state’s unique authority to impose its own vehicle emission rules -- a move that could undercut its pioneering effort to battle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat arose during the confirmation hearing for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/18/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency/\" target=\"_blank\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, Trump’s choice to head the Environmental Protection Agency. Pruitt was asked by California Democratic Sen. Kamala Harris if he would pledge to continue the EPA’s decades-long policy of granting California waivers from the federal Clean Air Act, giving the state the right to set its own more stringent clean air standards. Pruitt -- who as Oklahoma’s attorney general sued the EPA more than a dozen times -- refused to commit to continuing California’s authority, instead saying he would have to study the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waivers have been the bedrock on which much of California’s climate change goals stand. The state’s emissions from passenger cars and light trucks have been reduced by more than 30 percent since 2009, when California expanded its use of the air quality waiver to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of the state to chart its own course has brought California to a place of national and international leadership in combating climate change, often without the partnership of recalcitrant elected officials in Washington. In many cases, California’s regulations have become the de facto federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"LWc9n20Vd2Wax7CwZJJMoTBbRQo7b8LC\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fran Pavley, the recently retired Democratic state senator who authored most of California’s climate change legislation, said in an interview that the state would “absolutely not” have been able to achieve the current greenhouse gas reductions without waivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing that flexibility under the Trump administration would be a crushing blow to more than a decade of carefully crafted policies that, stitched together across multiple state and local agencies, aim to reduce California’s carbon footprint and dramatically reshape how the state generates and uses energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clean air waivers also play a critical role in improving public health across California -- and although they’ve helped clean pollutants from the air, large parts of the state still have air quality that violates federal ozone thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no way that the 10 million Californians living in areas with smoggy air will be able to breathe healthy air without the state keeping (waiver) authority,” said Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1967, California has requested more than 100 waivers, covering an array of issues related to air quality, ranging from requiring more advanced engine diagnostic information on heavy duty trucks to emissions standards for forklifts. All but one was approved. That pushback came as George W. Bush was leaving office, and the state’s application was granted in Barack Obama’s first term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, said the state does not have any waiver requests pending -- and that emission standards for passenger cars and light trucks are in place until 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s intentions are not yet clear. But should a Pruitt-run EPA elect not to grant, the state would likely mount a legal challenge bolstered by 50 years of precedent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it would be a heavy lift to say no now,\" said David Pettit, a senior attorney in the Natural Resources Defense Council’s Southern California Air Program. “The EPA can’t do something that is arbitrary or capricious. If you show a judge a 1,000-page administrative record, that judge is going to ask EPA what has changed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that because California’s right to seek an EPA waiver is written into statute, the \"nightmare scenario\" would come into play should Congress undertake to rewrite the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have been rumblings,\" Pettit said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11296758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11296758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Pruitt, Trump's choice to head the EPA, testifies during his confirmation hearing. Pruitt refused to commit to continuing California's authority to set its own more stringent clean air standards.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Pruitt, Trump's choice to head the EPA, testifies during his confirmation hearing. Pruitt refused to commit to continuing California's authority to set its own more stringent clean air standards. \u003ccite>(Aaron P. Bernstein/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some conservatives, who contend that regulations often saddle businesses with unfair burdens, welcome the notion of eliminating the right of states to make their own rules. Former state Assemblyman Tim Donnelly recently wrote a column for the alt-right Breitbart website supporting dismantling both the state air board (CARB) and the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But now, CARB could be on the ropes for a change,” Donnelly wrote. “If President Trump’s pick for EPA picks a serious fight with CARB, this could be the first ray of hope for the long-suffering Americans living behind enemy lines in the Socialist Republic of California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect California’s leaders to strike back at any such move. Since the November election, the state has girded for a fight, bringing aboard a legal hired gun, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, to look out for the state’s interests. California’s new attorney general, Xavier Becerra, also intends to defend state policies from erosion by federal decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"JqHZrjxo6NKLM3ZVFbu9WdmKBzHi3nky\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s right to set its own clean air standards dates back to the mid 1960s, when the federal Clean Air Act was written. In acknowledgement of the state’s smog crisis -- when the mountain backdrop of Los Angeles resembled a brown smudge -- California was the only state granted the ability to seek a waiver from federal regulations so that it could set stricter emission standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed exceptional regulations in order to meet federal standards,” Clegern said. “We have unique geography, a large population and millions of vehicles on the road of all ages and conditions. The one-size-fits-all national rule did not get us anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many instances, policies California put in place through waivers were adopted as national and even international standards. For example, the state used waivers to mandate the adoption of unleaded gasoline and to require that vehicles be fitted with catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An engineer from China told me several years ago, ‘If it weren’t for California, we wouldn’t have catalytic converters in China,’” Pavley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley was in the delegation that went to Washington in 2008 to negotiate when the EPA issued its only waiver denial. She said that today California has a target on its back with the Trump administration, but the battle isn’t just about one state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe that Americans and other states don’t care about clean air,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>CALmatters.org is a nonprofit, nonpartisan news venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Officials have discerned a chilling signal that the Trump administration may be willing to halt California's unique authority to impose its own vehicle emission rules.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CALmatters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California officials have discerned a chilling signal that the Trump administration may be willing to halt the state’s unique authority to impose its own vehicle emission rules -- a move that could undercut its pioneering effort to battle climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The threat arose during the confirmation hearing for \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/18/epa-critic-to-get-sharp-questions-on-industry-ties-as-he-vies-to-run-agency/\" target=\"_blank\">Scott Pruitt\u003c/a>, Trump’s choice to head the Environmental Protection Agency. Pruitt was asked by California Democratic Sen. Kamala Harris if he would pledge to continue the EPA’s decades-long policy of granting California waivers from the federal Clean Air Act, giving the state the right to set its own more stringent clean air standards. Pruitt -- who as Oklahoma’s attorney general sued the EPA more than a dozen times -- refused to commit to continuing California’s authority, instead saying he would have to study the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The waivers have been the bedrock on which much of California’s climate change goals stand. The state’s emissions from passenger cars and light trucks have been reduced by more than 30 percent since 2009, when California expanded its use of the air quality waiver to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of the state to chart its own course has brought California to a place of national and international leadership in combating climate change, often without the partnership of recalcitrant elected officials in Washington. In many cases, California’s regulations have become the de facto federal standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fran Pavley, the recently retired Democratic state senator who authored most of California’s climate change legislation, said in an interview that the state would “absolutely not” have been able to achieve the current greenhouse gas reductions without waivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Losing that flexibility under the Trump administration would be a crushing blow to more than a decade of carefully crafted policies that, stitched together across multiple state and local agencies, aim to reduce California’s carbon footprint and dramatically reshape how the state generates and uses energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clean air waivers also play a critical role in improving public health across California -- and although they’ve helped clean pollutants from the air, large parts of the state still have air quality that violates federal ozone thresholds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no way that the 10 million Californians living in areas with smoggy air will be able to breathe healthy air without the state keeping (waiver) authority,” said Bill Magavern, policy director for the Coalition for Clean Air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1967, California has requested more than 100 waivers, covering an array of issues related to air quality, ranging from requiring more advanced engine diagnostic information on heavy duty trucks to emissions standards for forklifts. All but one was approved. That pushback came as George W. Bush was leaving office, and the state’s application was granted in Barack Obama’s first term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Clegern, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, said the state does not have any waiver requests pending -- and that emission standards for passenger cars and light trucks are in place until 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s intentions are not yet clear. But should a Pruitt-run EPA elect not to grant, the state would likely mount a legal challenge bolstered by 50 years of precedent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think it would be a heavy lift to say no now,\" said David Pettit, a senior attorney in the Natural Resources Defense Council’s Southern California Air Program. “The EPA can’t do something that is arbitrary or capricious. If you show a judge a 1,000-page administrative record, that judge is going to ask EPA what has changed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that because California’s right to seek an EPA waiver is written into statute, the \"nightmare scenario\" would come into play should Congress undertake to rewrite the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have been rumblings,\" Pettit said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11296758\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11296758\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Pruitt, Trump's choice to head the EPA, testifies during his confirmation hearing. Pruitt refused to commit to continuing California's authority to set its own more stringent clean air standards.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Pruitt-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Pruitt, Trump's choice to head the EPA, testifies during his confirmation hearing. Pruitt refused to commit to continuing California's authority to set its own more stringent clean air standards. \u003ccite>(Aaron P. Bernstein/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But some conservatives, who contend that regulations often saddle businesses with unfair burdens, welcome the notion of eliminating the right of states to make their own rules. Former state Assemblyman Tim Donnelly recently wrote a column for the alt-right Breitbart website supporting dismantling both the state air board (CARB) and the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But now, CARB could be on the ropes for a change,” Donnelly wrote. “If President Trump’s pick for EPA picks a serious fight with CARB, this could be the first ray of hope for the long-suffering Americans living behind enemy lines in the Socialist Republic of California.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Expect California’s leaders to strike back at any such move. Since the November election, the state has girded for a fight, bringing aboard a legal hired gun, former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, to look out for the state’s interests. California’s new attorney general, Xavier Becerra, also intends to defend state policies from erosion by federal decree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s right to set its own clean air standards dates back to the mid 1960s, when the federal Clean Air Act was written. In acknowledgement of the state’s smog crisis -- when the mountain backdrop of Los Angeles resembled a brown smudge -- California was the only state granted the ability to seek a waiver from federal regulations so that it could set stricter emission standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We needed exceptional regulations in order to meet federal standards,” Clegern said. “We have unique geography, a large population and millions of vehicles on the road of all ages and conditions. The one-size-fits-all national rule did not get us anywhere.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many instances, policies California put in place through waivers were adopted as national and even international standards. For example, the state used waivers to mandate the adoption of unleaded gasoline and to require that vehicles be fitted with catalytic converters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An engineer from China told me several years ago, ‘If it weren’t for California, we wouldn’t have catalytic converters in China,’” Pavley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavley was in the delegation that went to Washington in 2008 to negotiate when the EPA issued its only waiver denial. She said that today California has a target on its back with the Trump administration, but the battle isn’t just about one state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t believe that Americans and other states don’t care about clean air,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Thousands of UC, Cal State Faculty Urge Trump Turnaround on Climate",
"headTitle": "Thousands of UC, Cal State Faculty Urge Trump Turnaround on Climate | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week, Governor Jerry Brown turned up on public radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/episodes/january-27-2017/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> program, urging scientists to stand up and be heard on the impacts of climate change and other “existential threats,” from mass extinction of species to nuclear war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Catastrophe — it does loom,” said Brown, calling on scientists to, “speak the truth as they know it and thereby combat the error and the falsity that is spreading like a cancerous plague.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, more than 2,300 faculty members from Caltech, the University of California and Cal State University systems responded by sending an \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/1/d/1PKBnTWIGk__YNnmDqaO_7ckSK_s5P3J2Gygy7WTQCfY/pub\">open letter to President Donald Trump\u003c/a>, imploring him to rethink his position on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">\u003cspan class=\"c3 c5\">The letter, written by Berkeley astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/faculty-profile/aaron-parsons\">Aaron Parsons\u003c/a>, urged Trump and his administration “\u003cspan class=\"c11\">in the most urgent terms possible\u003c/span>” to stand by the international climate agreement signed in Paris by the U.S. (under President Barack Obama) and nearly 200 other nations. Trump has threatened to “tear up” the agreement, while on other occasions saying he has an “open mind” on the matter.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We run an increasing risk of major damage to America’s economy and security.’\u003ccite>Aaron Parsons, Letter Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">The letter, to which signatures are still being added electronically, warns that the rapidly warming globe will lead to “catastrophic, unstoppable consequences,” if “bold and decisive action” isn’t taken to reduce burning of fossil fuels. Trump has aggressively promoted fossil fuels, with his words and appointments .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“We’re really at a critical crossroads here and there doesn’t seem to be any time to lose,” Parsons told KQED. “And I really felt compelled to have to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">Parsons is under no illusions that the letter will be taken to heart in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“I’m pretty sure the people to whom this letter is directly addressed are going to ignore it,” he said. Parsons explained that he hopes the effort will spur more people within the science and academic communities to stand up and be heard, and also that California’s state and federal representatives will rally to the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">Parsons thus joins the ranks of academics such as Harvard’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/09/why-climate-change-continues-to-be-a-tough-sell/\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a> and Ed Maibach of George Mason University, who have been calling on scientists to become more vocal advocates of, well, science, while well-established facts such as the warming planet and humans’ role in that process continue to be challenged in the national political arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“These aren’t things that are, in our minds, subject to debate,” said Parsons, “but if they’re subject to debate in political circles, then scientists have to weigh in on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">And indeed, scientists are planning to weigh in with their own “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/scientists-are-planning-the-next-big-washington-march/\">March on Washington,\u003c/a>” scheduled for Earth Day, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">\u003cspan class=\"c3 c5\">Full text of the letter:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"c11\">An Open Letter to President Donald Trump and His Administration\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">We the undersigned are calling on you, in the most urgent terms possible, to maintain our country’s commitment to meeting the greenhouse gas emission targets set forth in the Paris Climate Agreement. This agreement is the first of a series of steps required to avert substantial\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\"> climate change. The Earth’s climate is entering a state that has not been experienced in human history. Continuing to produce greenhouse gases at current rates will have catastrophic, unstoppable consequences for our environment, our economy, and our country. Bold and decisive action may still avoid the worst scenarios, allow for adaptation to the changes, mitigate the damage, and bring new economic opportunities to our country. To this end, we ask that you ensure America’s place as the global leader on climate action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">With this letter, we aim to express the degree to which the scientists and intellectual leaders of our state, speaking for themselves and not on behalf of their respective employers, agree on the facts of climate change. Despite misleading portrayals, there is widespread consensus in the scientific and academic communities that human-caused climate change is real, with consequences that are already being felt.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\"> The science of how greenhouse gases trap heat is unimpeachable. Climate records are being broken as human-caused changes add onto natural oscillations (e.g., El Niño) in the climate system. Fossil records from pre-human times show much higher sea levels and a reorganization of vegetation patterns when greenhouse gases were higher and Earth’s climate was much warmer than today. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere set in motion regional variations in weather, weather extremes, the loss of major ice sheets, and declining biodiversity that has been associated with mass extinctions in Earth’s past.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">Scientists have warned for decades of the dangers of overreliance on fossil fuels. The world has been slow to respond and, as a result, we run an increasing risk of major damage to America’s economy and security. We have had an unusually large number of serious natural disasters in the past decade that are in line with climate change predictions. The Southeast and West suffer from increasing droughts. Miami floods at high tide as sea levels rise. Major cities on the Eastern and Gulf coasts regularly suffer major damage from violent weather. Western forests die because winters are insufficiently cold to prevent insect infestation of drought-stressed trees. Left unchecked, the frequency and severity of these climate change events will increase with time, as will their economic impact. To secure and conserve our way of life, our economy, and our environment, we need immediate action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">The United States now has a unique opportunity to lead the world in developing innovative ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By investing in and incentivizing clean energy and carbon sequestration technologies now, we position ourselves to be the economic and political leaders of the 21st century. To do otherwise cedes these opportunities to others and undermines our national security, food security, water security, and the future of our children and grandchildren. For these reasons, we ask you to maintain and increase our country’s commitment to taking action on climate change, beginning with the current Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">Signed by\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\">,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">2344 \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2kNeOSa\">faculty members\u003c/a>, (as of 5 p.m. Tuesday) listed on \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2kNeOSa\">the following pages\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last week, Governor Jerry Brown turned up on public radio’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/episodes/january-27-2017/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> program, urging scientists to stand up and be heard on the impacts of climate change and other “existential threats,” from mass extinction of species to nuclear war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Catastrophe — it does loom,” said Brown, calling on scientists to, “speak the truth as they know it and thereby combat the error and the falsity that is spreading like a cancerous plague.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, more than 2,300 faculty members from Caltech, the University of California and Cal State University systems responded by sending an \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/u/1/d/1PKBnTWIGk__YNnmDqaO_7ckSK_s5P3J2Gygy7WTQCfY/pub\">open letter to President Donald Trump\u003c/a>, imploring him to rethink his position on climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">\u003cspan class=\"c3 c5\">The letter, written by Berkeley astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://astro.berkeley.edu/faculty-profile/aaron-parsons\">Aaron Parsons\u003c/a>, urged Trump and his administration “\u003cspan class=\"c11\">in the most urgent terms possible\u003c/span>” to stand by the international climate agreement signed in Paris by the U.S. (under President Barack Obama) and nearly 200 other nations. Trump has threatened to “tear up” the agreement, while on other occasions saying he has an “open mind” on the matter.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We run an increasing risk of major damage to America’s economy and security.’\u003ccite>Aaron Parsons, Letter Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">The letter, to which signatures are still being added electronically, warns that the rapidly warming globe will lead to “catastrophic, unstoppable consequences,” if “bold and decisive action” isn’t taken to reduce burning of fossil fuels. Trump has aggressively promoted fossil fuels, with his words and appointments .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“We’re really at a critical crossroads here and there doesn’t seem to be any time to lose,” Parsons told KQED. “And I really felt compelled to have to do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">Parsons is under no illusions that the letter will be taken to heart in Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“I’m pretty sure the people to whom this letter is directly addressed are going to ignore it,” he said. Parsons explained that he hopes the effort will spur more people within the science and academic communities to stand up and be heard, and also that California’s state and federal representatives will rally to the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">Parsons thus joins the ranks of academics such as Harvard’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/09/why-climate-change-continues-to-be-a-tough-sell/\">Naomi Oreskes\u003c/a> and Ed Maibach of George Mason University, who have been calling on scientists to become more vocal advocates of, well, science, while well-established facts such as the warming planet and humans’ role in that process continue to be challenged in the national political arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">“These aren’t things that are, in our minds, subject to debate,” said Parsons, “but if they’re subject to debate in political circles, then scientists have to weigh in on that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">And indeed, scientists are planning to weigh in with their own “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/01/25/scientists-are-planning-the-next-big-washington-march/\">March on Washington,\u003c/a>” scheduled for Earth Day, April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c7\">\u003cspan class=\"c3 c5\">Full text of the letter:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"c11\">An Open Letter to President Donald Trump and His Administration\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">We the undersigned are calling on you, in the most urgent terms possible, to maintain our country’s commitment to meeting the greenhouse gas emission targets set forth in the Paris Climate Agreement. This agreement is the first of a series of steps required to avert substantial\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\"> climate change. The Earth’s climate is entering a state that has not been experienced in human history. Continuing to produce greenhouse gases at current rates will have catastrophic, unstoppable consequences for our environment, our economy, and our country. Bold and decisive action may still avoid the worst scenarios, allow for adaptation to the changes, mitigate the damage, and bring new economic opportunities to our country. To this end, we ask that you ensure America’s place as the global leader on climate action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">With this letter, we aim to express the degree to which the scientists and intellectual leaders of our state, speaking for themselves and not on behalf of their respective employers, agree on the facts of climate change. Despite misleading portrayals, there is widespread consensus in the scientific and academic communities that human-caused climate change is real, with consequences that are already being felt.\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\"> The science of how greenhouse gases trap heat is unimpeachable. Climate records are being broken as human-caused changes add onto natural oscillations (e.g., El Niño) in the climate system. Fossil records from pre-human times show much higher sea levels and a reorganization of vegetation patterns when greenhouse gases were higher and Earth’s climate was much warmer than today. Increasing levels of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere set in motion regional variations in weather, weather extremes, the loss of major ice sheets, and declining biodiversity that has been associated with mass extinctions in Earth’s past.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">Scientists have warned for decades of the dangers of overreliance on fossil fuels. The world has been slow to respond and, as a result, we run an increasing risk of major damage to America’s economy and security. We have had an unusually large number of serious natural disasters in the past decade that are in line with climate change predictions. The Southeast and West suffer from increasing droughts. Miami floods at high tide as sea levels rise. Major cities on the Eastern and Gulf coasts regularly suffer major damage from violent weather. Western forests die because winters are insufficiently cold to prevent insect infestation of drought-stressed trees. Left unchecked, the frequency and severity of these climate change events will increase with time, as will their economic impact. To secure and conserve our way of life, our economy, and our environment, we need immediate action.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">The United States now has a unique opportunity to lead the world in developing innovative ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By investing in and incentivizing clean energy and carbon sequestration technologies now, we position ourselves to be the economic and political leaders of the 21st century. To do otherwise cedes these opportunities to others and undermines our national security, food security, water security, and the future of our children and grandchildren. For these reasons, we ask you to maintain and increase our country’s commitment to taking action on climate change, beginning with the current Paris Climate Agreement.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c11\">Signed by\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"c0\">,\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"c8\">\u003cspan class=\"c0\">2344 \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2kNeOSa\">faculty members\u003c/a>, (as of 5 p.m. Tuesday) listed on \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2kNeOSa\">the following pages\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A tiny unhatched hummingbird is getting in the way of -- but not stopping -- a project on the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of a nest and egg in a tree is stalling the start of upgrades on the bridge, officials said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species, \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Annas_Hummingbird/id\" target=\"_blank\">Anna's hummingbird\u003c/a>, is protected under the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php\" target=\"_blank\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> that forbids the removal of the egg and offers other protections to birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nest — about half the size of a fist — was discovered about a week ago when work was set to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was found on the Richmond side of the $70 million bridge project, in one of about two dozen trees that were to be removed to widen Interstate 580, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the federal law, the tree must stay put until the hummingbird baby is gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goals of the act are to protect, restore and manage migratory bird populations to ensure long-term sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've dealt with this on all sorts of things on every project we've worked with in the Bay Area,\" Metropolitan Transportation Commission spokesman Randy Rentschler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audubon California spokesman Garrison Frost said cliff swallows were building their intricate nests beneath an overpass in Petaluma, and cormorants held up deconstruction of the old eastern span of the Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some work on the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge could be delayed a few weeks by the discovery of the egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Rentschler said the lag is not expected to increase the cost of the project because there are other tasks that crews can do in the meantime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project includes adding a bike path on the upper deck of the bridge that will allow riders to cross in both directions. Plans also call for a third traffic lane on the lower deck to ease congestion for drivers heading eastbound.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A tiny unhatched hummingbird is getting in the way of -- but not stopping -- a project on the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of a nest and egg in a tree is stalling the start of upgrades on the bridge, officials said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The species, \u003ca href=\"https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Annas_Hummingbird/id\" target=\"_blank\">Anna's hummingbird\u003c/a>, is protected under the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.fws.gov/birds/policies-and-regulations/laws-legislations/migratory-bird-treaty-act.php\" target=\"_blank\">Migratory Bird Treaty Act\u003c/a> that forbids the removal of the egg and offers other protections to birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nest — about half the size of a fist — was discovered about a week ago when work was set to begin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was found on the Richmond side of the $70 million bridge project, in one of about two dozen trees that were to be removed to widen Interstate 580, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>BART has agreed to settle allegations that at dozens of the transit agency's facilities it failed to appropriately plan for the possibility of hazardous materials spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lawsuit filed by prosecutors in Alameda, Contra Costa and San Mateo counties claimed BART failed to prepare emergency responders in the event of chemical spills from storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alameda County Superior Court Judge Morris Jacobson has ordered BART to pay nearly $1.3 million to the three counties as part of an agreement announced Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We certainly learned our lesson,\" BART spokesman Jim Allison said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit claimed that more than 30 of the transit agency's 190 facilities in the three counties did not establish and implement plans for emergency response in the event of a release of large amounts of diesel fuel, petroleum, sulfuric acid contained in industrial batteries, and fire-extinguishing chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allegations were prompted by routine inspections in January 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those inspections, hazardous materials inspectors with the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health discovered large above-ground storage tanks containing diesel fuel at BART facilities in East Dublin/Pleasanton, West Dublin and Castro Valley. The facilities did not include hazardous materials business plans, something they are required to do by law. The tanks, which contained 500 to more than 1,700 gallons of diesel, were located near areas used by thousands of BART commuters, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we did our investigation we found that there was either an inadequate plan submitted or there was no plan at all,\" Contra Costa County Deputy District Attorney Stacey Grassini said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART will pay $675,000 in civil penalties, $300,000 to reimburse the costs of the investigation and $300,000 for extra staffing to make sure the agency complies with hazardous materials rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money will come from BART's general fund, according to Allison. The agency's board of directors approved the settlement in a closed session meeting in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART settled the lawsuit because it agrees that it was not complying with the regulations, Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to note that the public and the environment were not endangered by this noncompliance,\" Allison said. \"But it was a serious issue, nonetheless, and BART has taken steps to correct it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The allegations were prompted by routine inspections in January 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During those inspections, hazardous materials inspectors with the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health discovered large above-ground storage tanks containing diesel fuel at BART facilities in East Dublin/Pleasanton, West Dublin and Castro Valley. The facilities did not include hazardous materials business plans, something they are required to do by law. The tanks, which contained 500 to more than 1,700 gallons of diesel, were located near areas used by thousands of BART commuters, officials said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we did our investigation we found that there was either an inadequate plan submitted or there was no plan at all,\" Contra Costa County Deputy District Attorney Stacey Grassini said Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART will pay $675,000 in civil penalties, $300,000 to reimburse the costs of the investigation and $300,000 for extra staffing to make sure the agency complies with hazardous materials rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That money will come from BART's general fund, according to Allison. The agency's board of directors approved the settlement in a closed session meeting in November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART settled the lawsuit because it agrees that it was not complying with the regulations, Allison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important to note that the public and the environment were not endangered by this noncompliance,\" Allison said. \"But it was a serious issue, nonetheless, and BART has taken steps to correct it.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On the coast of Northern California, two years of unusually warm water temperatures have wreaked havoc with the marine ecosystem. Kelp forests stretching from the Bay Area to the Oregon border have shrunk by more than 90 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says the size of a kelp forest varies from year to year, but the recent low levels are unprecedented. “We’re in a new phase,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed forms a habitat for juvenile fish, which hide in its stalks. It’s also a food source for many undersea animals, including abalone and urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says the kelp forests north of the Bay Area were hit by a “perfect storm of large-scale ecosystem stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Marine biologist Cynthia Catton\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all began in 2013, when a wasting disease nearly wiped out sea star populations along the entire Pacific coast of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars were sea urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific–even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “Pacific warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, income for urchin divers in Mendocino County has plummeted by 90 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crisis has led to an alliance between fishermen and regulators. Both groups are concerned about the rapid decline of the kelp forest. Catton says that when they first met last spring, they “didn’t have to spend a lot of time thinking about what’s happening.” Instead, they thought about “what we can do together to solve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they’re experimenting with new methods of restoring the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of Purple Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, he motored out to a cove by the town of Mendocino. It’s a test site, where Holcomb and a few other divers volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb says when he first started fishing here in the mid-’80s, this area was “a complete mat” of kelp “you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, just a few dark green kelp heads bob in the water. “It’s like a lake,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by purple urchins. Compared to red urchins — the species that Holcomb harvests — they’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp. “Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of the California coast north of the Bay Area have turned into what scientists call an “urchin barren.” There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, these urchins keep reproducing even while they have little to eat. Holcomb calls them “starving animals that don’t die from starvation. They just keep breeding, and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a pilot project with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, Holcomb has been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins. He’s hoping that their effort to remove urchin in a few test sites will allow kelp to grow back in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Homemade Underwater Vacuum Cleaner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of homemade underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his method, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures. Holcomb puts on his scuba gear and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s almost no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” he says. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have enabled kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the entire coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point toward a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.shtml\">The warm blob in the Pacific has abated\u003c/a>. The coastal storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160524-starfish-baby-boom-surprises-biologists/\">sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering\u003c/a>. If the baby sea stars survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring balance back to the ecosystem by eating the urchins that have been destroying kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On the coast of Northern California, two years of unusually warm water temperatures have wreaked havoc with the marine ecosystem. Kelp forests stretching from the Bay Area to the Oregon border have shrunk by more than 90 percent since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cynthia Catton, a marine biologist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, says the size of a kelp forest varies from year to year, but the recent low levels are unprecedented. “We’re in a new phase,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kelp beds play a key role in marine ecology. The fast-growing seaweed forms a habitat for juvenile fish, which hide in its stalks. It’s also a food source for many undersea animals, including abalone and urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catton says the kelp forests north of the Bay Area were hit by a “perfect storm of large-scale ecosystem stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The kelp forest has just gotten it from all sides.’\u003ccite>Marine biologist Cynthia Catton\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It all began in 2013, when a wasting disease nearly wiped out sea star populations along the entire Pacific coast of North America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea stars were sea urchins’ main predator. With sea stars in decline, urchins went on a kelp-eating rampage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a friend who calls them the goats of the sea,” says Catton. “They form these feeding fronts and they just munch through everywhere they’re walking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next problem: Kelp need cold water. In 2014, oceanographers noticed an unusual warming in the Northern Pacific–even more than could be explained by climate science. For lack of a better term, they called it the “Pacific warm blob.” Then, last year’s El Niño made the water even warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last three years, income for urchin divers in Mendocino County has plummeted by 90 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20950_IMG_1862-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marine biologist Cynthia Catton meets divers Carson Bell and Jon Holcomb on a seafood processing dock in Fort Bragg.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crisis has led to an alliance between fishermen and regulators. Both groups are concerned about the rapid decline of the kelp forest. Catton says that when they first met last spring, they “didn’t have to spend a lot of time thinking about what’s happening.” Instead, they thought about “what we can do together to solve it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together, they’re experimenting with new methods of restoring the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Getting Rid of Purple Urchins\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jon Holcomb is an old-time urchin diver with the leathery skin of a man who spends a lot of time on his boat. For 42 years, Holcomb has made his living diving for red urchins. Their buttery insides are a delicacy in Japanese restaurants where they show up on menus as uni.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, he motored out to a cove by the town of Mendocino. It’s a test site, where Holcomb and a few other divers volunteered to help biologist Catton with a restoration effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb says when he first started fishing here in the mid-’80s, this area was “a complete mat” of kelp “you couldn’t swim through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, just a few dark green kelp heads bob in the water. “It’s like a lake,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kelp here has been devoured by purple urchins. Compared to red urchins — the species that Holcomb harvests — they’re smaller, less meaty and not worth fishing for. And they’re voracious eaters of kelp. “Nothing can survive their appetite,” says Holcomb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many parts of the California coast north of the Bay Area have turned into what scientists call an “urchin barren.” There’s not much life besides a mass of spiny purple creatures carpeting the seafloor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paradoxically, these urchins keep reproducing even while they have little to eat. Holcomb calls them “starving animals that don’t die from starvation. They just keep breeding, and there’s more and more of them every year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of a pilot project with the Department of Fish and Wildlife, Holcomb has been diving underwater to remove masses of purple urchins. He’s hoping that their effort to remove urchin in a few test sites will allow kelp to grow back in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge is collecting thousands of urchins at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202000\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202000\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/RS20910_IMG_1586-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jon Holcomb, a veteran diver with his urchin airlift.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Homemade Underwater Vacuum Cleaner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb assembles the device he’s developed for just this purpose. He slaps together 10-foot-long pieces of fiberglass tubing to make a sort of homemade underwater vacuum cleaner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a modified version of a tool called an airlift, which is used to clear sand and silt from the seafloor. This one is built for purple urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaXExXw4R0A\">videos\u003c/a> he’s made of his method, the seafloor looks like a minefield of spiky purple creatures. Holcomb puts on his scuba gear and connects the pipes to an air compressor on deck. Then he dives down with the equipment to depths of about 30 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses a little metal rake to scrape the urchins off the rocks and into his fiberglass tube. The device sucks the urchins up and deposits them into a large net.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes him almost two hours to clear off an area smaller than a tennis court.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin. It’s not gonna be easy.’\u003ccite>Jon Holcomb, urchin diver\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he finally comes up, his net is packed with thousands of purple urchins with wiggly spines. They’re much lighter than the same number of urchins would be in a healthy kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holcomb smashes one open to show that there’s almost no flesh inside. “They’re all empty,” he says. “There’s no food value in them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11202020\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11202020\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/12/RS20924_IMG_1735-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holcomb shows the insides of an empty purple urchin, surviving without much kelp to eat.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We head back to a dock in Fort Bragg, where Catton has brought a group of local volunteers to count and measure the urchins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to be able to say, ‘How much effort does this take?’ ” says Catton. “How effective is this on a small scale? How can we expand this effectively? And if not, what do we need to do differently?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a few months, her team will return to the test sites to find out if the divers’ efforts have enabled kelp to grow back. But even if their experiment succeeds, the problem of restoring the entire coastline is vast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much like trying to scratch the paint off a house with a pin,” says Holcomb. “It’s not gonna be easy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently though, a few changes in the ocean may point toward a recovery for the kelp forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/map/clim/sst.shtml\">The warm blob in the Pacific has abated\u003c/a>. The coastal storms of the last few months have cooled off the ocean, and water temperatures are closer to normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, many \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160524-starfish-baby-boom-surprises-biologists/\">sea star populations along the coast appear to be recovering\u003c/a>. If the baby sea stars survive to adulthood without dying of the wasting disease, they could help bring balance back to the ecosystem by eating the urchins that have been destroying kelp forests.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Trump Acts to Roll Back Regulations on Businesses",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump signed another executive order Monday morning, fulfilling another campaign pledge, this one to eliminate two federal regulations for every new regulation enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed the order during an Oval Office photo op, saying, \"We're cutting regulations massively for small business and large business,\" adding, \"This will be the biggest such act our country has ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\">The order stipulates\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Unless prohibited by law, whenever an executive department or agency (agency) publicly proposes for notice and comment or otherwise promulgates a new regulation, it shall identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Trump said earlier Monday that he wants to eliminate \"a little more than 75 percent\" of the regulations now on the books. \"We don't need 97 different rules to take care of one element,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive exempts regulations relating to the military, national security and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups applauded Trump's order. The National Federation of Independent Business calls it \"a good first step on the long road toward eliminating ball-and-chain regulations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, however, were dismayed. Center for Biological Diversity director Kieran Suckling called the new policy \"as dumb as it gets.\" In a statement, Suckling said, \"So you'll protect my drinking water but only in exchange for allowing oil drilling in national parks and more lead in my paint?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back regulations has long been a goal of Republican and Democratic administrations, but it's not easy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/23/503108918/trump-team-to-discover-rolling-back-regulatons-isnt-easy\">as we've reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some 80,000 pages in the Federal Register, where all federal rules are published. But in order to repeal a regulation, a federal agency has to go through the same notice and comment rule-making process used to formulate new regulations. And that generally takes at least a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a workaround for newly enacted regulations, the Congressional Review Act. It gives lawmakers the opportunity to repeal regulations approved in the last 60 days of the congressional session. But that, too, is a time-consuming process. And given the Senate's need to act on Trump's nominations, it's likely that only a relatively few regulations will be repealed in this manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is likely to come up this week. House leaders say they will attempt to repeal the stream protection rule, an Obama administration regulation that forbids coal companies from dumping rocks and other debris created by mountaintop removal mining into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans and the coal industry say the regulation threatens jobs. The Natural Resources Defense Council says mountaintop removal mining, in which ground is blasted to access coal seams below, has been responsible for the destruction of 2,000 miles of streams in Appalachia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Acts+To+Roll+Back+Regulations+On+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Trump signed another executive order Monday morning, fulfilling another campaign pledge, this one to eliminate two federal regulations for every new regulation enacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed the order during an Oval Office photo op, saying, \"We're cutting regulations massively for small business and large business,\" adding, \"This will be the biggest such act our country has ever seen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/30/presidential-executive-order-reducing-regulation-and-controlling\">The order stipulates\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Unless prohibited by law, whenever an executive department or agency (agency) publicly proposes for notice and comment or otherwise promulgates a new regulation, it shall identify at least two existing regulations to be repealed.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Trump said earlier Monday that he wants to eliminate \"a little more than 75 percent\" of the regulations now on the books. \"We don't need 97 different rules to take care of one element,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The directive exempts regulations relating to the military, national security and foreign affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business groups applauded Trump's order. The National Federation of Independent Business calls it \"a good first step on the long road toward eliminating ball-and-chain regulations.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups, however, were dismayed. Center for Biological Diversity director Kieran Suckling called the new policy \"as dumb as it gets.\" In a statement, Suckling said, \"So you'll protect my drinking water but only in exchange for allowing oil drilling in national parks and more lead in my paint?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rolling back regulations has long been a goal of Republican and Democratic administrations, but it's not easy, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/23/503108918/trump-team-to-discover-rolling-back-regulatons-isnt-easy\">as we've reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some 80,000 pages in the Federal Register, where all federal rules are published. But in order to repeal a regulation, a federal agency has to go through the same notice and comment rule-making process used to formulate new regulations. And that generally takes at least a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a workaround for newly enacted regulations, the Congressional Review Act. It gives lawmakers the opportunity to repeal regulations approved in the last 60 days of the congressional session. But that, too, is a time-consuming process. And given the Senate's need to act on Trump's nominations, it's likely that only a relatively few regulations will be repealed in this manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is likely to come up this week. House leaders say they will attempt to repeal the stream protection rule, an Obama administration regulation that forbids coal companies from dumping rocks and other debris created by mountaintop removal mining into nearby streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans and the coal industry say the regulation threatens jobs. The Natural Resources Defense Council says mountaintop removal mining, in which ground is blasted to access coal seams below, has been responsible for the destruction of 2,000 miles of streams in Appalachia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Trump+Acts+To+Roll+Back+Regulations+On+Businesses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shell Not Revealing Full List of Gases Released in December Martinez Refinery Flares",
"title": "Shell Not Revealing Full List of Gases Released in December Martinez Refinery Flares",
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"content": "\u003cp>Electrical engineers inadvertently caused a power outage at the Shell Oil company's Martinez refinery last month that led to a loud flaring operation, sending thousands of pounds of toxic gas into the air, prompting a health alert for nearby residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery workers were troubleshooting a separate problem with an alarm, discovered six days earlier, when they mistakenly tripped a circuit breaker connected to a decades-old substation that feeds electricity to the facility, according to a company investigation obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Documents Regarding the Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737977/Emissions-Report-From-Shell-Oil-Regarding-the-Dec-19-2016-Shell-Martinez-Refinery-Flaring-Incident\" target=\"_blank\">Emissions Report From Shell Oil Regarding the Dec. 19, 2016, Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737567/72-Hour-Report-on-the-Flaring-Incident-on-Dec-19-2016-at-the-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">72-Hour Report on the Flaring Incident on Dec. 19, 2016, at the Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737359/30-Day-Report-for-Dec-19-2016-Partial-Power-Outage-and-Flaring-Incident-at-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">30-Day Report for Dec. 19, 2016, Partial Power Outage and Flaring Incident at Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Shell's report, recently sent to Contra Costa County health officials, does not satisfy a promise the oil company made in the days after the incident: to explain what exactly was released into the air after close to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/23/shells-martinez-refinery-sent-close-to-20-tons-of-gas-to-its-flares-during-monday-outage/\" target=\"_blank\">20 tons of gas was sent to its flares\u003c/a> on Dec. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will have the emissions information by the 30-day report,\" the initial Shell assessment said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery has said that a significant portion of the gas sent to its flares was hydrogen sulfide. When that gas burns through flaring it turns into sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that can harm the respiratory system, make breathing difficult, and also harm the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of information on the release angers environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty troubling what we know and what we don't know,\" said Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, who read the company's report. \"What Shell isn't telling us is what other toxic contaminants might have been released.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month Shell revealed that the flaring restarted a day after the power outage. Altogether, close to 5,000 pounds of sulfur dioxide was released into the air on those two days, the company said in a letter to the Contra Costa County Health Services Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell spokesman Ray Fisher said the incident was \"minor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"kHChisn0VGADhKxCizMNwS9iOmuBlW3T\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another company representative, Ann Notarangelo, stressed that while close to 39,000 pounds of light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide were released to one of its flares, that's not necessarily the same amount of gas that was released into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't release specifics beyond what's in the public record of our reports to the county and the EPA, but what comes out of the flare is primarily a combination of carbon dioxide and water,\" Notarangelo said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That answer does not sit well with Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Shell's refusal to come clean on its dangerous air emissions ought to be a wake-up call for local officials,\" Kretzmann said. \" 'We don't release specifics' is a completely unacceptable position, given the dangers of these air pollutants, and demonstrates Shell's contempt for public health and safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gases that could have been released include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides and other hydrocarbons, according to Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators, who are investigating Shell's malfunction, haven't revealed the chemical makeup of the release either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which launched an investigation on the day of the outage, has not released any information about its probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and other oil companies that operate refineries in the Bay Area consistently emphasize that flaring is a safe way to relieve pressure, burn gases and operate safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts note that the technique averts major disasters but unfortunately releases toxic chemicals into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell's December breakdown, instead, highlights concerns about the refinery's old equipment and need for better training, according to Alexandra von Meier, an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel for the guy who wiggled the relay, and bam, the lights go out,\" said von Meier, who reviewed Shell's investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's electrical staff \"had an incorrect mental map\" and \"misinterpreted the connections between different parts of the system,\" von Meier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell bought the substation at the center of the outage from PG&E more than 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is an outdated and dangerous piece of equipment that should have been taken care of by the company but just wasn't,\" Kretzmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell plans to spend the next year implementing changes to avoid a repeat. That will include adding more electrical staff to troubleshoot circuit breaker problems and adding labels that show which devices could lead to outages, according to its 30-day report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County officials plan to ensure the reforms are made when they audit the Martinez refinery in the next few years, Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shell incident was one of several Bay Area refinery malfunctions blamed for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\">recent rise in California gas prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Electrical engineers inadvertently caused a power outage at the Shell Oil company's Martinez refinery last month that led to a loud flaring operation, sending thousands of pounds of toxic gas into the air, prompting a health alert for nearby residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery workers were troubleshooting a separate problem with an alarm, discovered six days earlier, when they mistakenly tripped a circuit breaker connected to a decades-old substation that feeds electricity to the facility, according to a company investigation obtained by KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Documents Regarding the Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737977/Emissions-Report-From-Shell-Oil-Regarding-the-Dec-19-2016-Shell-Martinez-Refinery-Flaring-Incident\" target=\"_blank\">Emissions Report From Shell Oil Regarding the Dec. 19, 2016, Shell Martinez Refinery Flaring Incident\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737567/72-Hour-Report-on-the-Flaring-Incident-on-Dec-19-2016-at-the-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">72-Hour Report on the Flaring Incident on Dec. 19, 2016, at the Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/337737359/30-Day-Report-for-Dec-19-2016-Partial-Power-Outage-and-Flaring-Incident-at-Shell-Martinez-Refinery\" target=\"_blank\">30-Day Report for Dec. 19, 2016, Partial Power Outage and Flaring Incident at Shell Martinez Refinery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But Shell's report, recently sent to Contra Costa County health officials, does not satisfy a promise the oil company made in the days after the incident: to explain what exactly was released into the air after close to \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/12/23/shells-martinez-refinery-sent-close-to-20-tons-of-gas-to-its-flares-during-monday-outage/\" target=\"_blank\">20 tons of gas was sent to its flares\u003c/a> on Dec. 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will have the emissions information by the 30-day report,\" the initial Shell assessment said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The refinery has said that a significant portion of the gas sent to its flares was hydrogen sulfide. When that gas burns through flaring it turns into sulfur dioxide, a pollutant that can harm the respiratory system, make breathing difficult, and also harm the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of information on the release angers environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's pretty troubling what we know and what we don't know,\" said Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, who read the company's report. \"What Shell isn't telling us is what other toxic contaminants might have been released.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month Shell revealed that the flaring restarted a day after the power outage. Altogether, close to 5,000 pounds of sulfur dioxide was released into the air on those two days, the company said in a letter to the Contra Costa County Health Services Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell spokesman Ray Fisher said the incident was \"minor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another company representative, Ann Notarangelo, stressed that while close to 39,000 pounds of light hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide were released to one of its flares, that's not necessarily the same amount of gas that was released into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't release specifics beyond what's in the public record of our reports to the county and the EPA, but what comes out of the flare is primarily a combination of carbon dioxide and water,\" Notarangelo said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That answer does not sit well with Kretzmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Shell's refusal to come clean on its dangerous air emissions ought to be a wake-up call for local officials,\" Kretzmann said. \" 'We don't release specifics' is a completely unacceptable position, given the dangers of these air pollutants, and demonstrates Shell's contempt for public health and safety.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other gases that could have been released include water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides and other hydrocarbons, according to Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa County's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators, who are investigating Shell's malfunction, haven't revealed the chemical makeup of the release either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District, which launched an investigation on the day of the outage, has not released any information about its probe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell and other oil companies that operate refineries in the Bay Area consistently emphasize that flaring is a safe way to relieve pressure, burn gases and operate safely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Experts note that the technique averts major disasters but unfortunately releases toxic chemicals into the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell's December breakdown, instead, highlights concerns about the refinery's old equipment and need for better training, according to Alexandra von Meier, an adjunct professor at UC Berkeley's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel for the guy who wiggled the relay, and bam, the lights go out,\" said von Meier, who reviewed Shell's investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company's electrical staff \"had an incorrect mental map\" and \"misinterpreted the connections between different parts of the system,\" von Meier said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell bought the substation at the center of the outage from PG&E more than 30 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is an outdated and dangerous piece of equipment that should have been taken care of by the company but just wasn't,\" Kretzmann said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell plans to spend the next year implementing changes to avoid a repeat. That will include adding more electrical staff to troubleshoot circuit breaker problems and adding labels that show which devices could lead to outages, according to its 30-day report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contra Costa County officials plan to ensure the reforms are made when they audit the Martinez refinery in the next few years, Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Shell incident was one of several Bay Area refinery malfunctions blamed for a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/01/13/bay-area-refinery-malfunctions-lead-to-jump-in-gasoline-prices/\" target=\"_blank\">recent rise in California gas prices\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Four of seven Greenpeace activists will return to the Bay Area next week after they were arrested for scaling a 270-foot crane to hang a massive banner reading “Resist” just blocks from the White House on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The activists unfurled the banner a day after President Donald Trump issued executive orders to restart the controversial Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline projects. The protest also comes after the Trump administration placed new restrictions on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, including a media blackout and a halt on the awarding of new grants and contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven environmentalists were arrested on their descent Wednesday night and charged with misdemeanor offenses in Washington, D.C. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mission district muralist Nancy Pili Hernandez was among those arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was us sending a visual message to not only the new administration that we will not just roll over and accept the injustices we see in front of us, but also to the people who are feeling fear and feeling divided because of this current administration,” Pili Hernandez said on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/greenpeaceusa/videos/vb.5435784683/10155101622694684/\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook Live video she posted on Wednesday\u003c/a>, Hernandez showed viewers her perspective of Washington, D.C. from atop the crane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the arrest -- and her fear of heights -- she says she sticks by her decision to volunteer to hang the banner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We felt like it was important to inspire others, to hold our heads up high and not give up, and to figure out how we can resist racism, resist social injustice, and resist anybody who chooses to attempt to destroy the planet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pili Hernandez will return to San Francisco on Monday where she will resume her job as a Latino youth educator of in the Mission district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pili Hernandez is a also social justice muralist, according to KQED Arts, and she's one of the subjects in a series of short documentaries called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyJo22hTsK8\" target=\"_blank\">Real Hood Heroes\u003c/a>.\" She’s also a member of the artist collective Trust Your Struggle.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Four of seven Greenpeace activists will return to the Bay Area next week after they were arrested for scaling a 270-foot crane to hang a massive banner reading “Resist” just blocks from the White House on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The activists unfurled the banner a day after President Donald Trump issued executive orders to restart the controversial Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline projects. The protest also comes after the Trump administration placed new restrictions on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, including a media blackout and a halt on the awarding of new grants and contracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seven environmentalists were arrested on their descent Wednesday night and charged with misdemeanor offenses in Washington, D.C. on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco Mission district muralist Nancy Pili Hernandez was among those arrested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was us sending a visual message to not only the new administration that we will not just roll over and accept the injustices we see in front of us, but also to the people who are feeling fear and feeling divided because of this current administration,” Pili Hernandez said on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/greenpeaceusa/videos/vb.5435784683/10155101622694684/\" target=\"_blank\">Facebook Live video she posted on Wednesday\u003c/a>, Hernandez showed viewers her perspective of Washington, D.C. from atop the crane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the arrest -- and her fear of heights -- she says she sticks by her decision to volunteer to hang the banner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We felt like it was important to inspire others, to hold our heads up high and not give up, and to figure out how we can resist racism, resist social injustice, and resist anybody who chooses to attempt to destroy the planet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pili Hernandez will return to San Francisco on Monday where she will resume her job as a Latino youth educator of in the Mission district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pili Hernandez is a also social justice muralist, according to KQED Arts, and she's one of the subjects in a series of short documentaries called \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyJo22hTsK8\" target=\"_blank\">Real Hood Heroes\u003c/a>.\" She’s also a member of the artist collective Trust Your Struggle.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Donald Trump's First Week as President: What's Reality in the Show",
"title": "Donald Trump's First Week as President: What's Reality in the Show",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The first week of the Trump administration has been marked by a flurry of executive actions — and lots of bombast and argument with the press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump's executive actions — in the form of orders and memorandums, \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/01/24/executive-order-vs-presidential-memorandum-whats-difference/96979014/\">which differ slightly\u003c/a> — aim to show that President Trump will deliver on the promises made by Candidate Trump. And the actions hit on many of the most contentious issues in American politics: Trump moved to repeal the Affordable Care Act, remove roadblocks from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, impose a hiring freeze on federal employees, withdraw the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border and withhold federal funds from so-called\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/19/502684089/trump-vows-to-end-sanctuary-cities-but-no-one-can-agree-what-that-label-means\"> sanctuary cities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Trump and his surrogates claimed to have drawn the largest-ever inauguration crowd (\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/21/510994742/trump-administration-goes-to-war-with-the-media-over-inauguration-crowd-size\">he didn't\u003c/a>), said that 3 million to 5 million votes were illegally cast (no evidence of that), softened his stance toward the CIA and said that he would announce his pick for the Supreme Court next week. The Senate approved four of his nominees for high-level positions, and 10 others have finished their confirmation hearings and await votes. And it comes as congressional Republicans huddle to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/26/511800216/gop-200-day-agenda-calls-for-spending-tax-cuts-but-what-about-the-deficit\">figure out a legislative way forward \u003c/a>with the new president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, we take a look at the biggest issues and where they stand, one week into the Trump presidency:\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Affordable Care Act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Within hours of being inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/2/executive-order-minimizing-economic-burden-patient-protection-and\">signed an executive order\u003c/a> that seeks to \"ease the burdens\" of the Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare. The order allows the head of the Department of Health and Human Services, or any other agency with authority under the law, to not enforce regulations that impose a financial burden on a state, company or individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"pgKMryTgISmJDjMtS22xMvS2thYG1Lg7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong> It's not totally clear yet. The order is so broad that it's possible it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/21/510901402/trumps-executive-order-could-dismantle-parts-of-aca-before-replacement-is-ready\">could dismantle key parts of the ACA before a replacement plan is ready\u003c/a>, owing to a potential lack of enforcement of some of the tax provisions like the mandate, the requirement that if you don't have health insurance, you have to buy it. That's despite previous statements from Republican lawmakers that a replacement plan would immediately follow repeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action adds a lot of confusion to an already complicated system. Trump's pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, Rep. Tom Price, hasn't yet had his confirmation hearing or vote. He will be responsible for administering the program and exchanges run by the federal government for states that opted not to create their own systems. Price is an opponent of the ACA, and congressional Republicans are vowing to repeal the law. But they haven't yet settled on an alternative. Trump has also confused matters with a pledge to offer \"insurance for everybody,\" though congressional Republicans say they assume he means \"access\" for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Immigration and a border wall\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Trump signed two executive orders related to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\">immigration\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/executive-order-border-security-and-immigration-enforcement-improvementshttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/executive-order-border-security-and-immigration-enforcement-improvements\">border security\u003c/a>, shortly after the new head of the Department of Homeland Security, Marine Gen. John Kelly, was sworn in. \"Beginning today, the United States of America gets back control of its borders,\" Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2TsJ7oOUBNeZ3eLXE1acR8rESwevk256\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move communicated that Trump planned to follow through with his oft-spoken-of plan to build a border wall, estimated to cost $15 billion or more. The fallout was immediate: Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto canceled a planned visit to Trump in Washington next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump and Congress need to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511619026/donald-trumps-moving-forward-with-his-wall-is-it-really-going-to-happen\">figure out how to pay for it, for starters\u003c/a>. Though Trump has repeatedly said he would make Mexico pay for the wall, on Wednesday he told ABC News that the U.S. will be \"reimbursed at a later date\" by Mexico for the costs of building the wall. Congressional Republicans vowed to come up with the funding during a policy retreat Thursday in Philadelphia, though they did not specify how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, White House press secretary Sean Spicer told reporters that one way the administration is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/26/511861462/trumps-suggested-import-tax-would-mean-americans-pay-for-that-wall\">considering paying for the wall is via a 20 percent tax on imports \u003c/a>from Mexico — a cost that would mean that U.S. consumers would, in fact, pay for the wall. Ironically, that was part of a congressional plan that Trump, less than two weeks ago, derided as \"too complicated.\" Hours later, the White House walked it back, saying there are many funding options being considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Voter fraud\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump told congressional leaders in a bipartisan, bicameral meeting at the White House that he would have won the popular vote, were it not for 3 million to 5 million votes cast against him by \"illegals.\" When asked about it at the Tuesday press briefing, Spicer affirmed that \"the president does believe that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"xWChhHh17HtsA6vCkHkj3le4BQC0D1Z7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was revealed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/trump-bernhard-langer-voting-fraud.html?_r=0\">New York Times\u003c/a> that Trump is partially basing his belief on a story he heard thirdhand from a professional golfer, born in Germany, who wasn't allowed to vote in Florida and claimed there were people in line behind him who looked like they shouldn't be allowed to vote. After NPR's Mara Liasson pressed Spicer at a White House briefing on why the president wouldn't call for an investigation into something that could be the biggest scandal in U.S. history, Trump tweeted, in fact, that he would. On Thursday, Spicer told reporters Trump will issue an executive action calling for a probe of voter fraud in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's insistence that massive voter fraud occurred would seem to set up a showdown between the White House and ... the evidence. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511420960/trump-still-insists-millions-voted-illegally-theres-no-evidence-of-that\">no evidence of significant voter fraud has come to light\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, it's unclear. The White House insists it will issue an executive action to launch an investigation, but it's uncertain what form a probe would take. Would it be run by the White House? Would the Justice Department take it up (even though the Justice Department is supposed to operate independently of the White House)? The U.S. has already conducted a voter fraud investigation, by the way, during the Bush administration — and found no evidence of widespread voter fraud, turning up only \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/washington/12fraud.html\">120 people charged and 86 convicted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>The environment and infrastructure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Trump signed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511402501/trump-to-give-green-light-to-keystone-dakota-access-pipelines\">five executive actions \u003c/a>relating to the Keystone XL pipeline, the Dakota Access Pipeline, using American materials when building pipelines, reducing regulations for domestic manufacturing, and \"expediting environmental reviews and approval for high-priority infrastructure projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1iJ9trT1sQFLGlk9BQ2F99r2YDXq9d7f\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipelines had been stopped during the Obama administration. Trump's actions mean that the owner of the Keystone XL pipeline could apply again for a construction permit, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/26/511892321/transcanada-submits-new-application-to-build-keystone-xl-pipeline\">did exactly that Thursday night\u003c/a>. Trump also encouraged the Army Corps of Engineers to\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/assets/news/2017/01/DakotaAccessConstruction.pdf\"> expedite the review and approval process\u003c/a> for the section of the Dakota Access Pipeline that hasn't been built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dakota Access issue will probably head back to federal court: The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe said it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/24/511411653/trumps-move-on-keystone-xl-dakota-access-outrages-activists\">will take legal action \u003c/a>to fight Trump's decision, saying the pipeline \"risks contaminating tribal and American water supplies while disregarding treaty rights.\" Demonstrators remain camped near the site where the Dakota Access Pipeline is slated to cross under the Missouri River.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Hiring freeze for federal workers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump signed a presidential memorandum imposing a hiring freeze on federal workers, with exceptions for military positions and national security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ramifications are immediate: The freeze is now in effect and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pentagon-sill-scrambling-to-understand-trump-hiring-freeze/2017/01/24/390a8c2a-e24f-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html\">is scheduled to last 90 days\u003c/a>. It's expected that by then the Office of Management and Budget will have a longer-term plan for shrinking the federal government. The impact, though, is far-reaching. The federal government employs some 2.8 million people, \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/federal-employees-workforce-numbers-by-state.html\">more than 80 percent of whom live outside \u003c/a>Washington, D.C., Maryland or Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"vjg58R7BVdorsMHxjIlonufU1rnuJz1B\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next steps are for the exceptions to be hammered out; the memorandum states that \"the head of any executive department or agency may exempt from the hiring freeze any positions that it deems necessary to meet national security or public safety responsibilities.\" That could give agency heads at least some flexibility to hire as needed. Other exceptions could also emerge. The Department of Veterans Affairs, for example, has 45,000 job openings, and Trump's nominee to lead the VA had \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511469982/hiring-freeze-and-obamacare-repeal-could-clobber-veterans-affairs\">said he needs to fill those openings \u003c/a> to serve veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first week of the Trump administration has been marked by a flurry of executive actions — and lots of bombast and argument with the press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump's executive actions — in the form of orders and memorandums, \u003ca href=\"http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/01/24/executive-order-vs-presidential-memorandum-whats-difference/96979014/\">which differ slightly\u003c/a> — aim to show that President Trump will deliver on the promises made by Candidate Trump. And the actions hit on many of the most contentious issues in American politics: Trump moved to repeal the Affordable Care Act, remove roadblocks from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, impose a hiring freeze on federal employees, withdraw the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, build a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border and withhold federal funds from so-called\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/11/19/502684089/trump-vows-to-end-sanctuary-cities-but-no-one-can-agree-what-that-label-means\"> sanctuary cities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, Trump and his surrogates claimed to have drawn the largest-ever inauguration crowd (\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/21/510994742/trump-administration-goes-to-war-with-the-media-over-inauguration-crowd-size\">he didn't\u003c/a>), said that 3 million to 5 million votes were illegally cast (no evidence of that), softened his stance toward the CIA and said that he would announce his pick for the Supreme Court next week. The Senate approved four of his nominees for high-level positions, and 10 others have finished their confirmation hearings and await votes. And it comes as congressional Republicans huddle to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/26/511800216/gop-200-day-agenda-calls-for-spending-tax-cuts-but-what-about-the-deficit\">figure out a legislative way forward \u003c/a>with the new president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, we take a look at the biggest issues and where they stand, one week into the Trump presidency:\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Affordable Care Act\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Within hours of being inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States, Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/2/executive-order-minimizing-economic-burden-patient-protection-and\">signed an executive order\u003c/a> that seeks to \"ease the burdens\" of the Affordable Care Act, otherwise known as Obamacare. The order allows the head of the Department of Health and Human Services, or any other agency with authority under the law, to not enforce regulations that impose a financial burden on a state, company or individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong> It's not totally clear yet. The order is so broad that it's possible it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/01/21/510901402/trumps-executive-order-could-dismantle-parts-of-aca-before-replacement-is-ready\">could dismantle key parts of the ACA before a replacement plan is ready\u003c/a>, owing to a potential lack of enforcement of some of the tax provisions like the mandate, the requirement that if you don't have health insurance, you have to buy it. That's despite previous statements from Republican lawmakers that a replacement plan would immediately follow repeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The action adds a lot of confusion to an already complicated system. Trump's pick to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, Rep. Tom Price, hasn't yet had his confirmation hearing or vote. He will be responsible for administering the program and exchanges run by the federal government for states that opted not to create their own systems. Price is an opponent of the ACA, and congressional Republicans are vowing to repeal the law. But they haven't yet settled on an alternative. Trump has also confused matters with a pledge to offer \"insurance for everybody,\" though congressional Republicans say they assume he means \"access\" for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Immigration and a border wall\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, Trump signed two executive orders related to \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/presidential-executive-order-enhancing-public-safety-interior-united\">immigration\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/executive-order-border-security-and-immigration-enforcement-improvementshttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/25/executive-order-border-security-and-immigration-enforcement-improvements\">border security\u003c/a>, shortly after the new head of the Department of Homeland Security, Marine Gen. John Kelly, was sworn in. \"Beginning today, the United States of America gets back control of its borders,\" Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move communicated that Trump planned to follow through with his oft-spoken-of plan to build a border wall, estimated to cost $15 billion or more. The fallout was immediate: Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto canceled a planned visit to Trump in Washington next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump and Congress need to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511619026/donald-trumps-moving-forward-with-his-wall-is-it-really-going-to-happen\">figure out how to pay for it, for starters\u003c/a>. Though Trump has repeatedly said he would make Mexico pay for the wall, on Wednesday he told ABC News that the U.S. will be \"reimbursed at a later date\" by Mexico for the costs of building the wall. Congressional Republicans vowed to come up with the funding during a policy retreat Thursday in Philadelphia, though they did not specify how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, White House press secretary Sean Spicer told reporters that one way the administration is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/26/511861462/trumps-suggested-import-tax-would-mean-americans-pay-for-that-wall\">considering paying for the wall is via a 20 percent tax on imports \u003c/a>from Mexico — a cost that would mean that U.S. consumers would, in fact, pay for the wall. Ironically, that was part of a congressional plan that Trump, less than two weeks ago, derided as \"too complicated.\" Hours later, the White House walked it back, saying there are many funding options being considered.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Voter fraud\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump told congressional leaders in a bipartisan, bicameral meeting at the White House that he would have won the popular vote, were it not for 3 million to 5 million votes cast against him by \"illegals.\" When asked about it at the Tuesday press briefing, Spicer affirmed that \"the president does believe that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was revealed by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/trump-bernhard-langer-voting-fraud.html?_r=0\">New York Times\u003c/a> that Trump is partially basing his belief on a story he heard thirdhand from a professional golfer, born in Germany, who wasn't allowed to vote in Florida and claimed there were people in line behind him who looked like they shouldn't be allowed to vote. After NPR's Mara Liasson pressed Spicer at a White House briefing on why the president wouldn't call for an investigation into something that could be the biggest scandal in U.S. history, Trump tweeted, in fact, that he would. On Thursday, Spicer told reporters Trump will issue an executive action calling for a probe of voter fraud in the coming days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump's insistence that massive voter fraud occurred would seem to set up a showdown between the White House and ... the evidence. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511420960/trump-still-insists-millions-voted-illegally-theres-no-evidence-of-that\">no evidence of significant voter fraud has come to light\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, it's unclear. The White House insists it will issue an executive action to launch an investigation, but it's uncertain what form a probe would take. Would it be run by the White House? Would the Justice Department take it up (even though the Justice Department is supposed to operate independently of the White House)? The U.S. has already conducted a voter fraud investigation, by the way, during the Bush administration — and found no evidence of widespread voter fraud, turning up only \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/12/washington/12fraud.html\">120 people charged and 86 convicted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>The environment and infrastructure\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Trump signed \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/24/511402501/trump-to-give-green-light-to-keystone-dakota-access-pipelines\">five executive actions \u003c/a>relating to the Keystone XL pipeline, the Dakota Access Pipeline, using American materials when building pipelines, reducing regulations for domestic manufacturing, and \"expediting environmental reviews and approval for high-priority infrastructure projects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pipelines had been stopped during the Obama administration. Trump's actions mean that the owner of the Keystone XL pipeline could apply again for a construction permit, and it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/26/511892321/transcanada-submits-new-application-to-build-keystone-xl-pipeline\">did exactly that Thursday night\u003c/a>. Trump also encouraged the Army Corps of Engineers to\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/assets/news/2017/01/DakotaAccessConstruction.pdf\"> expedite the review and approval process\u003c/a> for the section of the Dakota Access Pipeline that hasn't been built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dakota Access issue will probably head back to federal court: The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe said it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/24/511411653/trumps-move-on-keystone-xl-dakota-access-outrages-activists\">will take legal action \u003c/a>to fight Trump's decision, saying the pipeline \"risks contaminating tribal and American water supplies while disregarding treaty rights.\" Demonstrators remain camped near the site where the Dakota Access Pipeline is slated to cross under the Missouri River.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Hiring freeze for federal workers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump signed a presidential memorandum imposing a hiring freeze on federal workers, with exceptions for military positions and national security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are the consequences?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ramifications are immediate: The freeze is now in effect and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/pentagon-sill-scrambling-to-understand-trump-hiring-freeze/2017/01/24/390a8c2a-e24f-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html\">is scheduled to last 90 days\u003c/a>. It's expected that by then the Office of Management and Budget will have a longer-term plan for shrinking the federal government. The impact, though, is far-reaching. The federal government employs some 2.8 million people, \u003ca href=\"http://www.governing.com/gov-data/federal-employees-workforce-numbers-by-state.html\">more than 80 percent of whom live outside \u003c/a>Washington, D.C., Maryland or Virginia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happens next?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next steps are for the exceptions to be hammered out; the memorandum states that \"the head of any executive department or agency may exempt from the hiring freeze any positions that it deems necessary to meet national security or public safety responsibilities.\" That could give agency heads at least some flexibility to hire as needed. Other exceptions could also emerge. The Department of Veterans Affairs, for example, has 45,000 job openings, and Trump's nominee to lead the VA had \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/01/25/511469982/hiring-freeze-and-obamacare-repeal-could-clobber-veterans-affairs\">said he needs to fill those openings \u003c/a> to serve veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "huge-federal-climate-enterprise-at-stake-as-trump-team-moves-in",
"title": "Huge Federal Climate Enterprise at Stake as Trump Team Moves In",
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"content": "\u003cp>This week, President Trump’s transition team put \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/25/511572169/epa-scientists-work-may-face-case-by-case-review-by-trump-team-official-says\">new restrictions\u003c/a> on government scientists’ freedom to communicate. The restrictions are being characterized as temporary, and some have already been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate scientists, in particular, are on edge because the federal government generates a huge amount of data on climate. That information is used in everything from farming to weather forecasting and insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of a single agency: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. NOAA operates 17 environmental satellites, along with myriad instruments that collect data on land and in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you add \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science\">NASA\u003c/a>‘s satellites and instruments and scientists, as well as those at other agencies, you get the country’s biggest source of climate data — by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data are the main way we know what’s going on with the climate, says \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/asnerlab/\">Greg Asner\u003c/a>, who studies forests at Stanford University. “Nobody has databases like NOAA; nobody has instrumentation networks like NASA,” Asner says. “Without it, we will go blind. It’s like turning off the lights — we’re not going to know what’s happening at the Earth scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511681532/511851773\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government’s role doesn’t stop with just collecting data. Federal scientists analyze the information and eventually release it to the public in reports such as the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>. There have been three so far, and a fourth is due out next year. The assessments are required by law. Scientists from several federal agencies, including NOAA, write them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/profiles/aug09/sweet.html\">William Sweet\u003c/a> at NOAA is currently working on the section about sea level rise. “Sea level rise is already happening and the impacts can be felt,” Sweet says. But those impacts, he notes, are not the same everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is not a bathtub. It may rise in one place; it may drop in the other,” he says. Ocean currents and wind patterns distribute ocean water unevenly. And coastlines actually move up and down — sometimes it’s a long-term response to the retreat of glaciers during the latest ice age, and sometimes it’s from people draining groundwater. That “vertical land movement” influences how far inland water will encroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”RXYwmM1OoblKGusqPnJZZXG0iXzR9pwx”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet says research prepared for the new assessment shows that the East Coast and parts of the Gulf Coast, for example, will experience even higher sea levels than the world average. And that world average? It could be 8 feet higher than it is now by the end of the century — about a foot and a half higher than predicted in the latest assessment, in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the worst-case scenario. Sweet says it probably will be less — a lot depends on how much more carbon dioxide humans put into the atmosphere and how much of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, he says, the assessment will provide news you can use. For example, there’s been an uptick in abnormally high tides — these cause “sunny day” flooding that occurs even when there’s no storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At what point do these damaging, disruptive tidal flood events become the new norm?” Sweet says. He adds that the latest climate assessment will help answer that question by pinpointing where and how often these extra-high tides will hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local municipalities can use this information to prepare by deploying pumps, cordoning off streets or even building sea walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a small part of what’s in the assessments. They also cover everything from drought to extreme rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if the Trump administration tries to censor this huge scientific enterprise? \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/site/Home.html\">Peter de Menocal\u003c/a>, the dean of science at Columbia University, says there just isn’t any substitute for what federal climate scientists produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States, I think, has the best organized and some of the top talent in climate science and engineering in the world,” he says. “The concern is that brain trust, that amazing compendium of knowledge, is going to disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This week, President Trump’s transition team put \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/25/511572169/epa-scientists-work-may-face-case-by-case-review-by-trump-team-official-says\">new restrictions\u003c/a> on government scientists’ freedom to communicate. The restrictions are being characterized as temporary, and some have already been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate scientists, in particular, are on edge because the federal government generates a huge amount of data on climate. That information is used in everything from farming to weather forecasting and insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of a single agency: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>. NOAA operates 17 environmental satellites, along with myriad instruments that collect data on land and in the oceans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you add \u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science\">NASA\u003c/a>‘s satellites and instruments and scientists, as well as those at other agencies, you get the country’s biggest source of climate data — by far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those data are the main way we know what’s going on with the climate, says \u003ca href=\"https://dge.carnegiescience.edu/labs/asnerlab/\">Greg Asner\u003c/a>, who studies forests at Stanford University. “Nobody has databases like NOAA; nobody has instrumentation networks like NASA,” Asner says. “Without it, we will go blind. It’s like turning off the lights — we’re not going to know what’s happening at the Earth scale.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/511681532/511851773\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government’s role doesn’t stop with just collecting data. Federal scientists analyze the information and eventually release it to the public in reports such as the \u003ca href=\"http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a>. There have been three so far, and a fourth is due out next year. The assessments are required by law. Scientists from several federal agencies, including NOAA, write them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ocean scientist \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/profiles/aug09/sweet.html\">William Sweet\u003c/a> at NOAA is currently working on the section about sea level rise. “Sea level rise is already happening and the impacts can be felt,” Sweet says. But those impacts, he notes, are not the same everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ocean is not a bathtub. It may rise in one place; it may drop in the other,” he says. Ocean currents and wind patterns distribute ocean water unevenly. And coastlines actually move up and down — sometimes it’s a long-term response to the retreat of glaciers during the latest ice age, and sometimes it’s from people draining groundwater. That “vertical land movement” influences how far inland water will encroach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sweet says research prepared for the new assessment shows that the East Coast and parts of the Gulf Coast, for example, will experience even higher sea levels than the world average. And that world average? It could be 8 feet higher than it is now by the end of the century — about a foot and a half higher than predicted in the latest assessment, in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the worst-case scenario. Sweet says it probably will be less — a lot depends on how much more carbon dioxide humans put into the atmosphere and how much of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the short term, he says, the assessment will provide news you can use. For example, there’s been an uptick in abnormally high tides — these cause “sunny day” flooding that occurs even when there’s no storm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At what point do these damaging, disruptive tidal flood events become the new norm?” Sweet says. He adds that the latest climate assessment will help answer that question by pinpointing where and how often these extra-high tides will hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local municipalities can use this information to prepare by deploying pumps, cordoning off streets or even building sea walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a small part of what’s in the assessments. They also cover everything from drought to extreme rain and snowfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happens if the Trump administration tries to censor this huge scientific enterprise? \u003ca href=\"http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~peter/site/Home.html\">Peter de Menocal\u003c/a>, the dean of science at Columbia University, says there just isn’t any substitute for what federal climate scientists produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States, I think, has the best organized and some of the top talent in climate science and engineering in the world,” he says. “The concern is that brain trust, that amazing compendium of knowledge, is going to disappear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
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