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"content": "\u003cp>The eternal question asked by students around the world: what is this math good for?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his \u003ca href=\"https://www.ted.com/talks/eduardo_saenz_de_cabezon_math_is_forever#t-568659\" target=\"_blank\">funny TED talk\u003c/a>, Spanish mathematician Eduardo Saenz de Cabezon says most mathematicians either defend math by arguing it exists all around us or attack the questioner by pointing out that math is beautiful and doesn't need a reason to exist, like poetry. But Saenz de Cabezon says the real reason math is worth studying is that it's forever. A proved theorem is more permanent than any diamond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ted id=2186]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>In discussions of progressive and constructivist teaching practices, math is often the odd subject out. Teachers and schools that are capable of creating real-world, contextualized, project-based learning activities in every other area of school often struggle to do the same for mathematics, even as prospective employers and universities put more emphasis on its importance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This struggle may come from a fundamental misunderstanding about the discipline and how it should be taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the stance David Wees has arrived at after more than 20 years of teaching at many different kinds of schools all over the world. It has taken a long time, but Wees has stopped labeling student work with the word “mistake” and has started paying attention to \u003ca href=\"http://davidwees.com/content/fractions-are-hard/\" target=\"_blank\">what he can learn about how students are thinking\u003c/a>, based on the work (right or wrong) they produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to know the ways that they are thinking rather than the ways they are making mistakes,” said Wees, who now works as a formative assessment specialist in mathematics for New Visions for Public Schools, an organization supporting public school teachers in New York City. “My interpretation that they’re making a mistake is a judgment and usually ends my thinking about what they are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that situation, it’s extremely tempting to tell the student where he or she went “wrong” and move on. But what does the student learn in that scenario? Not much, beyond how to memorize computational formulas, said Wees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It was clear to me that the mistakes in some cases were a function of the mathematics and the way kids think about the math rather than whether the kid is rich or poor.'\u003ccite>David Wees, Formative Assessment Specialist, New Visions for Public Schools\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“My goal is for them to become the truthmakers,” Wees said. “I'm trying to build a mathematical community where something is true when everyone agrees it’s true.” To do that, he asks students to talk through mathematical ideas, struggle with them and give one another feedback. “A major goal of math classrooms should be to develop people who look for evidence and try to prove that things are true or not true,” Wees said. “You can do that at any age”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fundamentally, Wees wants to increase the amount of thinking “at the edge of their knowledge” that students do. “There’s lots of evidence that what we think about is what we know later,\" he said. \"I want to increase the amount of thinking going on in math class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wees points out that while practice is important, students are repeating an action with which they are at least a little familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wants students to struggle in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/21/whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning/\" target=\"_blank\">zone of proximal development, where they don’t quite understand\u003c/a> yet but aren't frustrated. When working in New York public schools, Wees found if he gave students problems to solve that allowed for different points of entry, all students could struggle together. One student might be more advanced than another, but if each could access some element of the problem, they discussed it together and either relearned core concepts or were exposed to more advanced ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Wees asked his students to solve the \u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\" target=\"_blank\">Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem\u003c/a>. It goes like this: A river flows through the middle of Konigsberg, forming an island in the middle and then separating into two branches. The citizens of Konigsberg have built seven bridges to get from place to place. The people wondered if they could walk around the city in such a way that they would cross each bridge once and only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 388px\">\u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-40544 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/05/Konigsberg.jpg\" alt=\"Konigsberg\" width=\"388\" height=\"145\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization of the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\">Math Forum\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The kids understood the problem and virtually all attacked it,” Wees said. “Some kids worked on it for weeks.” Wees posted it in the hallway and at one point almost all the ninth-graders were working on the problem. Students got tired of carefully drawing the bridges, river and city over and over, so they naturally began to abstract the map into something that looked like a graph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No student solved the problem -- in fact, the mathematician Leonhard Euler proved it was impossible. Wees showed his students \u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Euler’s proof\u003c/a>, and pointed out how similar their graphing was to his. Wees said kids were a little mad when they discovered there was no answer, but they enjoyed the experience and along the way realized that learning is about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time I tended to embed projects of various kinds because at the time I was thinking I needed to get them interested,” Wees said. “They weren’t interested directly in the mathematics itself because they’d experienced so much failure, so I was trying to get them excited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly throughout his career, Wees began to see that projects could be more than just excitement builders -- they could be the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/02/03/math-and-inquiry-the-importance-of-letting-students-stumble/\" target=\"_blank\">vehicle for teaching content\u003c/a> and the assessment. And the range of mathematical ideas was much broader than he thought if he used his imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The range of mathematical ideas the kids struggled with were pretty wide,” Wees said. After working in inner-city schools, Canadian schools and international schools for expat kids in London and Bangkok, Wees has come to the conclusion that all kids make the same kinds of mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was clear to me that the mistakes in some cases were a function of the mathematics and the way kids think about the math, rather than whether the kid is rich or poor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MATHEMATICIAN'S LAMENT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of his career, through trial and error, Wees came to see what Paul Lockhart describes in his essay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/LockhartsLament.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Mathematician's Lament\"\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>By concentrating on what, and leaving out why, mathematics is reduced to an empty shell. The art is not in the “truth” but in the explanation, the argument. It is the argument itself which gives the truth its context, and determines what is really being said and meant. Mathematics is the art of explanation. If you deny students the opportunity to engage in this activity— to pose their own problems, make their own conjectures and discoveries, to be wrong, to be creatively frustrated, to have an inspiration, and to cobble together their own explanations and proofs— you deny them mathematics itself. So no, I’m not complaining about the presence of facts and formulas in our mathematics classes, I’m complaining about the lack of mathematics in our mathematics classes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KIDS ASK THREE KINDS OF QUESTIONS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When doing his master's in education technology and the pedagogy around it, Wees learned to categorize the three kinds of questions students ask and changed his teaching practice entirely. Kids ask questions: 1) to find out if they did the problem right; 2) because the teacher is standing near them and they can, and; 3) occasionally they ask “I wonder what if” questions, which show they are thinking about the math. Wees took to not answering the first two kinds of questions and encouraging the third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"yU0gXwEGAsJohzmDj3ytcFIES2pvNZLG\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from really trying to answer questions and support them in that way, to really trying to think of questions that would support them to learn it themselves,” Wees said. He found himself often asking the same question, whether a student had gotten the problem right or wrong. He’d ask them to explain their answer or how they could check to see if they were right or wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I became better at having a poker face so I wasn’t communicating whether they were right or wrong,” Wees laughed. When students asked questions because he was nearby, he deferred them to their peers, who often explained the math quite well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>THE TIME FACTOR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many math teachers will say a community of learners like Wees describes is a fairytale classroom with no time constraints and no standards to cover. They say their jobs depend on covering all the topics on the test and helping students correct their errors, not taking days to uncover the thinking behind that error. Wees acknowledges the limitations that many math teachers struggle with, but points out the way most people teach math now doesn’t work, so it could be considered a waste of time anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'There's lots of evidence that what we think about is what we know later. I want to increase the amount of thinking going on in math class.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whatever time people are putting in to teach mathematics is kind of wasted in many cases,” Wees said. “Are [students] learning anything that they can transfer, that they can use in other contexts? If they’re not doing these things, then I don’t know what they’ve learned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out students often did very well on the New York Regents test when teachers focused on teaching specific kinds of problems, but whether kids learned the full range of mathematics possible that year is another thing entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond time limitations, a broader problem is that many math teachers know only one way to solve the problems they teach. Even professional development often focuses on breadth instead of depth, with the result that many teachers carry the same fundamental gaps in math understanding as their students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have generations of math-phobia,” said Laura Thomas, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochne.edu/acsr/\" target=\"_blank\">Antioch Center for School Renewal\u003c/a>. “A lot of teachers who teach math are second- and third-generation math-phobic, so our system is really calculation-based as opposed to applying in context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas said it takes a person with deep understanding of both math and project-based pedagogy and coaching to effectively lead students through what is often a very messy process requiring students to use problem-solving skills to figure out solutions, rather than being told what skills to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wees is frustrated at how linear math learning has become. “The standards are a list of things the kids are supposed to do, not a list of things you have to teach,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, many standards can be embedded in a problem so that students are exposed to lots of ideas in different ways. When teachers focus on clusters of standards as opposed to individual ones, “that kid who doesn't get one idea on Thursday is going to get 10 or 12 other ways of looking at the idea in the unit,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a teacher might give students this math problem: “I’m traveling 50 mph. How far will I have driven in 10 minutes?” This problem does not confuse students. They know what they are being asked and in discussing it they could hit many standards -- multiplication, number lines, writing down possible solutions to think it through and fractions, to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids get exposed to all of the standards every day in different ways,” Wees said. And more importantly, they’re having to think through the standards every day, leading to a deeper level of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really have to understand math is a range of ideas and not individual standards,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When teachers are comfortable teaching in this more complex style, they are able to offer the multiple points of entry that allow for differentiation to take place -- but in community, not isolation. If students are segmented out to learn only with the students \"at their level,” some students will be in danger of never moving past fractions.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In discussions of progressive and constructivist teaching practices, math is often the odd subject out. Teachers and schools that are capable of creating real-world, contextualized, project-based learning activities in every other area of school often struggle to do the same for mathematics, even as prospective employers and universities put more emphasis on its importance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This struggle may come from a fundamental misunderstanding about the discipline and how it should be taught.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the stance David Wees has arrived at after more than 20 years of teaching at many different kinds of schools all over the world. It has taken a long time, but Wees has stopped labeling student work with the word “mistake” and has started paying attention to \u003ca href=\"http://davidwees.com/content/fractions-are-hard/\" target=\"_blank\">what he can learn about how students are thinking\u003c/a>, based on the work (right or wrong) they produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to know the ways that they are thinking rather than the ways they are making mistakes,” said Wees, who now works as a formative assessment specialist in mathematics for New Visions for Public Schools, an organization supporting public school teachers in New York City. “My interpretation that they’re making a mistake is a judgment and usually ends my thinking about what they are doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that situation, it’s extremely tempting to tell the student where he or she went “wrong” and move on. But what does the student learn in that scenario? Not much, beyond how to memorize computational formulas, said Wees.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'It was clear to me that the mistakes in some cases were a function of the mathematics and the way kids think about the math rather than whether the kid is rich or poor.'\u003ccite>David Wees, Formative Assessment Specialist, New Visions for Public Schools\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“My goal is for them to become the truthmakers,” Wees said. “I'm trying to build a mathematical community where something is true when everyone agrees it’s true.” To do that, he asks students to talk through mathematical ideas, struggle with them and give one another feedback. “A major goal of math classrooms should be to develop people who look for evidence and try to prove that things are true or not true,” Wees said. “You can do that at any age”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fundamentally, Wees wants to increase the amount of thinking “at the edge of their knowledge” that students do. “There’s lots of evidence that what we think about is what we know later,\" he said. \"I want to increase the amount of thinking going on in math class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wees points out that while practice is important, students are repeating an action with which they are at least a little familiar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wants students to struggle in the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/03/21/whats-the-sweet-spot-of-difficulty-for-learning/\" target=\"_blank\">zone of proximal development, where they don’t quite understand\u003c/a> yet but aren't frustrated. When working in New York public schools, Wees found if he gave students problems to solve that allowed for different points of entry, all students could struggle together. One student might be more advanced than another, but if each could access some element of the problem, they discussed it together and either relearned core concepts or were exposed to more advanced ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, Wees asked his students to solve the \u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\" target=\"_blank\">Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem\u003c/a>. It goes like this: A river flows through the middle of Konigsberg, forming an island in the middle and then separating into two branches. The citizens of Konigsberg have built seven bridges to get from place to place. The people wondered if they could walk around the city in such a way that they would cross each bridge once and only once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40544\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 388px\">\u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-40544 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/05/Konigsberg.jpg\" alt=\"Konigsberg\" width=\"388\" height=\"145\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visualization of the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.html\">Math Forum\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The kids understood the problem and virtually all attacked it,” Wees said. “Some kids worked on it for weeks.” Wees posted it in the hallway and at one point almost all the ninth-graders were working on the problem. Students got tired of carefully drawing the bridges, river and city over and over, so they naturally began to abstract the map into something that looked like a graph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No student solved the problem -- in fact, the mathematician Leonhard Euler proved it was impossible. Wees showed his students \u003ca href=\"http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Euler’s proof\u003c/a>, and pointed out how similar their graphing was to his. Wees said kids were a little mad when they discovered there was no answer, but they enjoyed the experience and along the way realized that learning is about the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over time I tended to embed projects of various kinds because at the time I was thinking I needed to get them interested,” Wees said. “They weren’t interested directly in the mathematics itself because they’d experienced so much failure, so I was trying to get them excited.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly throughout his career, Wees began to see that projects could be more than just excitement builders -- they could be the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2014/02/03/math-and-inquiry-the-importance-of-letting-students-stumble/\" target=\"_blank\">vehicle for teaching content\u003c/a> and the assessment. And the range of mathematical ideas was much broader than he thought if he used his imagination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The range of mathematical ideas the kids struggled with were pretty wide,” Wees said. After working in inner-city schools, Canadian schools and international schools for expat kids in London and Bangkok, Wees has come to the conclusion that all kids make the same kinds of mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was clear to me that the mistakes in some cases were a function of the mathematics and the way kids think about the math, rather than whether the kid is rich or poor,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MATHEMATICIAN'S LAMENT\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the course of his career, through trial and error, Wees came to see what Paul Lockhart describes in his essay, \u003ca href=\"https://www.maa.org/external_archive/devlin/LockhartsLament.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\"The Mathematician's Lament\"\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>By concentrating on what, and leaving out why, mathematics is reduced to an empty shell. The art is not in the “truth” but in the explanation, the argument. It is the argument itself which gives the truth its context, and determines what is really being said and meant. Mathematics is the art of explanation. If you deny students the opportunity to engage in this activity— to pose their own problems, make their own conjectures and discoveries, to be wrong, to be creatively frustrated, to have an inspiration, and to cobble together their own explanations and proofs— you deny them mathematics itself. So no, I’m not complaining about the presence of facts and formulas in our mathematics classes, I’m complaining about the lack of mathematics in our mathematics classes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KIDS ASK THREE KINDS OF QUESTIONS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When doing his master's in education technology and the pedagogy around it, Wees learned to categorize the three kinds of questions students ask and changed his teaching practice entirely. Kids ask questions: 1) to find out if they did the problem right; 2) because the teacher is standing near them and they can, and; 3) occasionally they ask “I wonder what if” questions, which show they are thinking about the math. Wees took to not answering the first two kinds of questions and encouraging the third.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I went from really trying to answer questions and support them in that way, to really trying to think of questions that would support them to learn it themselves,” Wees said. He found himself often asking the same question, whether a student had gotten the problem right or wrong. He’d ask them to explain their answer or how they could check to see if they were right or wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I became better at having a poker face so I wasn’t communicating whether they were right or wrong,” Wees laughed. When students asked questions because he was nearby, he deferred them to their peers, who often explained the math quite well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>THE TIME FACTOR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many math teachers will say a community of learners like Wees describes is a fairytale classroom with no time constraints and no standards to cover. They say their jobs depend on covering all the topics on the test and helping students correct their errors, not taking days to uncover the thinking behind that error. Wees acknowledges the limitations that many math teachers struggle with, but points out the way most people teach math now doesn’t work, so it could be considered a waste of time anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'There's lots of evidence that what we think about is what we know later. I want to increase the amount of thinking going on in math class.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Whatever time people are putting in to teach mathematics is kind of wasted in many cases,” Wees said. “Are [students] learning anything that they can transfer, that they can use in other contexts? If they’re not doing these things, then I don’t know what they’ve learned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He points out students often did very well on the New York Regents test when teachers focused on teaching specific kinds of problems, but whether kids learned the full range of mathematics possible that year is another thing entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond time limitations, a broader problem is that many math teachers know only one way to solve the problems they teach. Even professional development often focuses on breadth instead of depth, with the result that many teachers carry the same fundamental gaps in math understanding as their students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have generations of math-phobia,” said Laura Thomas, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochne.edu/acsr/\" target=\"_blank\">Antioch Center for School Renewal\u003c/a>. “A lot of teachers who teach math are second- and third-generation math-phobic, so our system is really calculation-based as opposed to applying in context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thomas said it takes a person with deep understanding of both math and project-based pedagogy and coaching to effectively lead students through what is often a very messy process requiring students to use problem-solving skills to figure out solutions, rather than being told what skills to apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wees is frustrated at how linear math learning has become. “The standards are a list of things the kids are supposed to do, not a list of things you have to teach,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, many standards can be embedded in a problem so that students are exposed to lots of ideas in different ways. When teachers focus on clusters of standards as opposed to individual ones, “that kid who doesn't get one idea on Thursday is going to get 10 or 12 other ways of looking at the idea in the unit,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a teacher might give students this math problem: “I’m traveling 50 mph. How far will I have driven in 10 minutes?” This problem does not confuse students. They know what they are being asked and in discussing it they could hit many standards -- multiplication, number lines, writing down possible solutions to think it through and fractions, to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The kids get exposed to all of the standards every day in different ways,” Wees said. And more importantly, they’re having to think through the standards every day, leading to a deeper level of learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You really have to understand math is a range of ideas and not individual standards,” Wees said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When teachers are comfortable teaching in this more complex style, they are able to offer the multiple points of entry that allow for differentiation to take place -- but in community, not isolation. If students are segmented out to learn only with the students \"at their level,” some students will be in danger of never moving past fractions.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Teaching With Symmetry Improves Math Understanding",
"title": "How Teaching With Symmetry Improves Math Understanding",
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"content": "\u003cp>There's a part of the brain that enables us to perceive magnitude -- we can compare loudness when hearing different tones or compare the number of dots in a group at a glance. Neuroscientists have identified this region responsible for perceptual comparison (the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus\" target=\"_blank\">intraparietal sulcus\u003c/a>) as linked to symbolic comparisons, including integers in math. That discovery led scientists to realize that symmetry plays a big role in how humans compare integers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'On these problems where you have to learn new things, suddenly you see that symmetry stuff showing up and it's basically because kids had a much better structure to organize new ideas and new information.'\u003ccite>Dan Schwartz, Director of Stanford AAALab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Building on this background research, Stanford education researchers tested a teaching strategy explicitly focused on using symmetry to teach integers to fourth-graders. They wanted to see if recruiting the visual symmetry parts of the brain would improve students’ facility and understanding of the concept. \u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tsang2015LearningToSeeLessThanNothing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Their findings\u003c/a>, published in \"Cognition and Instruction\" in May, indicate that teaching with symmetry could have a big impact not just on students’ understanding of integers, but also on more advanced concepts that go well beyond the scope of instruction as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding a fundamental discovery in neuroscience about how the brain is processing these numbers led us to realize the instruction needs to change,” said Daniel Schwartz, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">AAALab\u003c/a> and one of the authors of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people are asked to find the distance between a negative integer and a positive integer oriented in a blank space, they are able to do so much more quickly when the numbers are spaced around zero. For example, people can more quickly calculate the difference between -2 and 3 than they can -5 and 3. Furthermore, an fMRI scan of the brain while this calculation is taking place reveals that visual symmetry is in play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-41239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on fourth-graders. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jessica Tsang)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In math instruction “nobody had been focusing on the significance of zero, which is the reflection point,” Schwartz said. There are two common instructional methods used to teach integers in current curricula: the first uses distances on a number line, asking students to jump forward and backward between integers. The other uses the idea of cancellation, where students are taught that positive and negative numbers represent opposite quantities that cancel each other out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAALab researchers split students into three groups and used these two accepted instructional models to teach integers to two of the groups. The third group used a custom-built manipulative that bends at zero so students could visually see the symmetry. All the groups played with hands-on manipulatives for a while to get the hang of the idea and then practiced problems using the condition they had been taught on computer games to increase their facility. Schwartz called this practice time “increasing the dosage.” At the end, researchers gave them all the same test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"0WGscchUQTkXn2ClRWJuo8zQNzsK35gD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in all three conditions performed well on the straightforward symbolic problems on the test, the core of the material that had been taught. Schwartz said that’s good because it shows that all the instruction given was good, and variables like poor teaching did not influence the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difference showed up on bigger problems, harder problems, where you really had to start organizing the numbers in your head,” Schwartz said. “You couldn’t just do fact retrieval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one question asked: In a Tug of War game, the red team has five people and the blue team has three people. The blue team thought that was unfair, so they added four more players to their team. How many players does the red team now need to make the teams even? Another question asked about negative and positive fractions. Even without understanding fractions, students correctly found the mirrored version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On these problems where you have to learn new things, suddenly you see that symmetry stuff showing up and it’s basically because kids had a much better structure to organize new ideas and new information,” Schwartz explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tsang2015LearningToSeeLessThanNothing.pdf\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-41224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen shot 2015-07-17 at 1.39.18 PM\" width=\"515\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM.png 515w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM-400x193.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, even better in his mind, the test included a few questions that would be hard to solve using the symmetry method the test group learned. As Schwartz hoped, the students who were using the symmetry methods struggled with those problems. He said that’s good because it proves that the intervention improved their knowledge in a specific way, not just generally. The prowess the symmetry condition students showed on more difficult tasks and even pre-algebraic tasks was not a halo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really showed [the intervention] improved them on many things we really care about and made them worse at something that we don’t care about,” Schwartz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study points to a clear instructional method that could improve student learning not just on simple integer problems, but on many other concepts using symmetry. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/03/26/why-kids-need-to-move-touch-and-experience-to-learn/\" target=\"_blank\">Students often struggle with the idea of equivalence\u003c/a>, but recruiting symmetry could provide the structure they need to grasp this concept that is so central to algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be for someone to go out and build manipulatives that bend at 0, like the ones Schwartz’s lab fashioned for this experiment. He thinks it’s possible a computer program could simulate this idea as well, but it would need to make sure the student’s eyes were following the hands and focusing on the point of inflection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41251\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives.jpeg\" alt=\"Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-800x450.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1440x810.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1400x788.jpeg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1180x664.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-960x540.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jessica Tsang)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's a part of the brain that enables us to perceive magnitude -- we can compare loudness when hearing different tones or compare the number of dots in a group at a glance. Neuroscientists have identified this region responsible for perceptual comparison (the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus\" target=\"_blank\">intraparietal sulcus\u003c/a>) as linked to symbolic comparisons, including integers in math. That discovery led scientists to realize that symmetry plays a big role in how humans compare integers.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'On these problems where you have to learn new things, suddenly you see that symmetry stuff showing up and it's basically because kids had a much better structure to organize new ideas and new information.'\u003ccite>Dan Schwartz, Director of Stanford AAALab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Building on this background research, Stanford education researchers tested a teaching strategy explicitly focused on using symmetry to teach integers to fourth-graders. They wanted to see if recruiting the visual symmetry parts of the brain would improve students’ facility and understanding of the concept. \u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tsang2015LearningToSeeLessThanNothing.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Their findings\u003c/a>, published in \"Cognition and Instruction\" in May, indicate that teaching with symmetry could have a big impact not just on students’ understanding of integers, but also on more advanced concepts that go well beyond the scope of instruction as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding a fundamental discovery in neuroscience about how the brain is processing these numbers led us to realize the instruction needs to change,” said Daniel Schwartz, director of Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">AAALab\u003c/a> and one of the authors of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people are asked to find the distance between a negative integer and a positive integer oriented in a blank space, they are able to do so much more quickly when the numbers are spaced around zero. For example, people can more quickly calculate the difference between -2 and 3 than they can -5 and 3. Furthermore, an fMRI scan of the brain while this calculation is taking place reveals that visual symmetry is in play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-41239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1400x788.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/BlocksRig-002-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on fourth-graders. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jessica Tsang)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In math instruction “nobody had been focusing on the significance of zero, which is the reflection point,” Schwartz said. There are two common instructional methods used to teach integers in current curricula: the first uses distances on a number line, asking students to jump forward and backward between integers. The other uses the idea of cancellation, where students are taught that positive and negative numbers represent opposite quantities that cancel each other out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAALab researchers split students into three groups and used these two accepted instructional models to teach integers to two of the groups. The third group used a custom-built manipulative that bends at zero so students could visually see the symmetry. All the groups played with hands-on manipulatives for a while to get the hang of the idea and then practiced problems using the condition they had been taught on computer games to increase their facility. Schwartz called this practice time “increasing the dosage.” At the end, researchers gave them all the same test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in all three conditions performed well on the straightforward symbolic problems on the test, the core of the material that had been taught. Schwartz said that’s good because it shows that all the instruction given was good, and variables like poor teaching did not influence the results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The difference showed up on bigger problems, harder problems, where you really had to start organizing the numbers in your head,” Schwartz said. “You couldn’t just do fact retrieval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, one question asked: In a Tug of War game, the red team has five people and the blue team has three people. The blue team thought that was unfair, so they added four more players to their team. How many players does the red team now need to make the teams even? Another question asked about negative and positive fractions. Even without understanding fractions, students correctly found the mirrored version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On these problems where you have to learn new things, suddenly you see that symmetry stuff showing up and it’s basically because kids had a much better structure to organize new ideas and new information,” Schwartz explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://aaalab.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Tsang2015LearningToSeeLessThanNothing.pdf\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-41224\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM.png\" alt=\"Screen shot 2015-07-17 at 1.39.18 PM\" width=\"515\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM.png 515w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/Screen-shot-2015-07-17-at-1.39.18-PM-400x193.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 515px) 100vw, 515px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, even better in his mind, the test included a few questions that would be hard to solve using the symmetry method the test group learned. As Schwartz hoped, the students who were using the symmetry methods struggled with those problems. He said that’s good because it proves that the intervention improved their knowledge in a specific way, not just generally. The prowess the symmetry condition students showed on more difficult tasks and even pre-algebraic tasks was not a halo effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really showed [the intervention] improved them on many things we really care about and made them worse at something that we don’t care about,” Schwartz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study points to a clear instructional method that could improve student learning not just on simple integer problems, but on many other concepts using symmetry. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2015/03/26/why-kids-need-to-move-touch-and-experience-to-learn/\" target=\"_blank\">Students often struggle with the idea of equivalence\u003c/a>, but recruiting symmetry could provide the structure they need to grasp this concept that is so central to algebra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step will be for someone to go out and build manipulatives that bend at 0, like the ones Schwartz’s lab fashioned for this experiment. He thinks it’s possible a computer program could simulate this idea as well, but it would need to make sure the student’s eyes were following the hands and focusing on the point of inflection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_41251\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-41251\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives.jpeg\" alt=\"Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives.jpeg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-800x450.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1440x810.jpeg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1400x788.jpeg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-1180x664.jpeg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2015/07/manipulatives-960x540.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers from Stanford's AAALab built a manipulative to emphasize symmetry and tested it on 4th graders. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Jessica Tsang)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last weekend, a TV host in Singapore posted a math logic problem that had people all over the world arguing about the answer. It's a good example of the kind of math that has won Singapore accolades for math instruction and high scores on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) test. Finally, math took center stage for a moment of viral Internet fun. Terrance Foss broke down the short-lived phenomenon for \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/04/the-math-question-that-went-viral/390411/\" target=\"_blank\">The Atlantic \u003c/a>and Katherine Schulten turned the fuss \u003ca href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/6-qs-about-the-news-a-math-problem-from-singapore-goes-viral/?ref=education\" target=\"_blank\">into a lesson\u003c/a> for the New York Times Learning Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real question is--can you figure out when Cheryl's birthday is?\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/04/the-math-question-that-went-viral/390411/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last weekend, a TV host in Singapore posted a math logic problem that had people all over the world arguing about the answer. It's a good example of the kind of math that has won Singapore accolades for math instruction and high scores on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) test. Finally, math took center stage for a moment of viral Internet fun. Terrance Foss broke down the short-lived phenomenon for \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/04/the-math-question-that-went-viral/390411/\" target=\"_blank\">The Atlantic \u003c/a>and Katherine Schulten turned the fuss \u003ca href=\"http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/6-qs-about-the-news-a-math-problem-from-singapore-goes-viral/?ref=education\" target=\"_blank\">into a lesson\u003c/a> for the New York Times Learning Network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the real question is--can you figure out when Cheryl's birthday is?\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/04/the-math-question-that-went-viral/390411/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Relevant Math For Students' Lives: Creating Context With Social Justice Issues",
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"content": "\u003cp>Perhaps one of the most common questions teachers hear from students who struggle with math is, “When will I ever need this in the real world?” Concepts educators are covering can often feel archaic and remote from the things students care about in their immediate lives. But when educators think creatively about helping students see the applications of math in the real world, it provides a unique point of entry and interest into a subject that many kids may dislike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers at the public magnet school \u003ca href=\"https://www.scienceleadership.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Leadership Academy\u003c/a> use a project-based inquiry model of teaching in an effort to connect all subjects to students’ lives. Examining social justice issues by the numbers has proven to be one strong way teachers can connect student passions to math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one project, groups of three or four students were responsible for a written mathematical analysis of their topic, two visual representations of the data, an engaging public service announcement video explaining the data and a list of recommendations for how the issue could be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest part of this was finding this information and saying, 'Now what do I do with it?'” said Zack, a junior at Science Leadership Academy who did this project in his sophomore year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack’s group examined incarceration rates in the United States, with each group member looking at an aspect of the issue, like educational attainment or geographical location of prisoners. As they each researched their own part, they kept a shared Google doc with information they were finding, sharing relevant research with one another when appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2hX0SNgVDCoBtjqKzOO0pmH5FUbccszx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the hardest parts of the assignment was taking research and framing it in ways that would be useful for their claims, Zack said. Without that step they couldn’t be sure they were accurately comparing different numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that just five states in the South account for 20 percent of the country's total prisoners,” Zack said, a disproportionately high number for the population of that part of the country. When his research led him to that point, Zack decided to hone in on those five states to make his case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Simplifying the information made the info more digestible and applicable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack’s group also found that the majority of prisoners are high school dropouts, most are living under the poverty line, and 33 percent of the nation’s black males will be incarcerated during their lifetime. The group recommended the government look at issues of bias within the criminal justice system based on this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was taking concepts we’ve learned, making them more complex or advanced, and seeing real world application for the math,” Zack said. “It’s important for getting students into math because you hear every day kids asking, 'When will we ever use this?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demonstrating mathematical concepts, like central tendency or odds, and probability, suddenly felt very real to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to give students a lot of room to have choice,” said math teacher Brad Latimer of a project in his algebra II class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students chose social justice-themed issues that interested them and then used research and data analysis to prove how the topic connected to social justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students had to document specific mathematical concepts laid out by their teachers in the assignment. While this was a group project, the assignment clearly states individuals are responsible for analyzing an aspect of the data in terms of central tendency. The assignments reads, “This should include a focus on mean, median, mode, range, quartiles, and IQR (interquartile range), and should also include at least two original percentage-based statements about your data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://spotfire.cloud.tibco.com/spotfire/wp/render/17984223502/analysis?file=/users/dmosenkis/Public/paschools1&waid=QAzEF3uH5kKTQRk2M7lF_-310628dda9wfHe\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/01/equity-map-640x424.jpg\" alt=\"The interactive graph plots per-student Pennsylvania state funding as a function of district wealth. This graph sparked a lot of discussion about equity in school funding while reinforcing math concepts in statistics like a best fit linear regression line, as well as how data is used to make arguments to the public. (David Mosenkis)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://spotfire.cloud.tibco.com/spotfire/wp/render/17984223502/analysis?file=/users/dmosenkis/Public/paschools1&waid=QAzEF3uH5kKTQRk2M7lF_-310628dda9wfHe\">The interactive graph\u003c/a> plots per-student Pennsylvania state funding as a function of district wealth. This graph sparked a lot of discussion about equity in school funding while reinforcing math concepts in statistics like a best fit regression line, as well as how data is used to make arguments to the public. (David Mosenkis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOCIAL JUSTICE AND STATISTICS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics is arguably one of the most useful math disciplines, since citizens encounter numbers proving claims everyday in the news and as justification for various political policies. That also makes studying statistics a powerful vehicle for interdisciplinary learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SLA’s statistics and “Science and Society” teachers teamed up to examine the differences between organic and non-organic foods, as well as their cost and prevalence in different parts of the city. Students learned about the science behind different growing methods and how they affect nutritional qualities of food in science, while doing a statistical analysis of food availability in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in groups of three to five visited grocery stores, sometimes of the same brand, in different zip codes throughout Philadelphia. No student in the class could go to the same store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It increased our analysis because we had more data from around the city,” explained Adam, an SLA senior.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'This was taking concepts we've learned, making them more complex or advanced, and seeing real world application for the math.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They had to look for and note the prices of the organic and non-organic versions of different food items their teacher, Mark Miles, had selected. Students took selfies of themselves in the stores to prove that they’d actually gone. Each student was responsible for calculating and interpreting the 5-number summaries and IQRs, and means and standard deviations. They also had to draw and interpret box plots and histograms for all the group’s prices together, non-organic prices, organic prices and the difference between non-organic and organic prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up in Philadelphia, there were a lot more stores with non-organic because it’s cheaper,” Adam said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to note that after learning about the nutritional value of organics he felt it was unfair that poor people in his city didn't even have access to products that might improve their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even students who struggled in math were engaged in these social justice-oriented projects because teachers were careful to build in authentic choices that allowed students to investigate an area of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of kids who struggle in math don’t see the relevance or they say they don’t care about that application,” math teacher Erin Giorgio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that even the kids who say they hate math grab onto these projects, and the best part is that their research leads them to ask lots of questions as they grapple with their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OTHER SOCIAL JUSTICE IDEAS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of ways to make math applicable to problems in the real world, but it takes creativity on the part of teachers and students. Giorgio will sometimes ask her students to analyze attendance data in Philadelphia based on the kind of school students attend: magnet, charter or neighborhood. As they notice things like the fact that attendance is much higher at magnet schools, they start asking more questions and talk about the reasons why that trend holds true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end game is to get kids to recognize that math is important in their life,” Giorgio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ideas might include using physics to engineer a product that helps someone else or using geometry to investigate architecture in different neighborhoods or acreage of vacant lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power of investigating social justice issues by the numbers lies in high school students' passion for changing the world. Adolescents are becoming aware of their place within the wider world and many want to have a positive impact on it. Understanding how math will help them do that only makes them more prepared.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"headline": "Relevant Math For Students' Lives: Creating Context With Social Justice Issues",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Perhaps one of the most common questions teachers hear from students who struggle with math is, “When will I ever need this in the real world?” Concepts educators are covering can often feel archaic and remote from the things students care about in their immediate lives. But when educators think creatively about helping students see the applications of math in the real world, it provides a unique point of entry and interest into a subject that many kids may dislike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers at the public magnet school \u003ca href=\"https://www.scienceleadership.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Science Leadership Academy\u003c/a> use a project-based inquiry model of teaching in an effort to connect all subjects to students’ lives. Examining social justice issues by the numbers has proven to be one strong way teachers can connect student passions to math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one project, groups of three or four students were responsible for a written mathematical analysis of their topic, two visual representations of the data, an engaging public service announcement video explaining the data and a list of recommendations for how the issue could be addressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest part of this was finding this information and saying, 'Now what do I do with it?'” said Zack, a junior at Science Leadership Academy who did this project in his sophomore year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack’s group examined incarceration rates in the United States, with each group member looking at an aspect of the issue, like educational attainment or geographical location of prisoners. As they each researched their own part, they kept a shared Google doc with information they were finding, sharing relevant research with one another when appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the hardest parts of the assignment was taking research and framing it in ways that would be useful for their claims, Zack said. Without that step they couldn’t be sure they were accurately comparing different numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turns out that just five states in the South account for 20 percent of the country's total prisoners,” Zack said, a disproportionately high number for the population of that part of the country. When his research led him to that point, Zack decided to hone in on those five states to make his case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Simplifying the information made the info more digestible and applicable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zack’s group also found that the majority of prisoners are high school dropouts, most are living under the poverty line, and 33 percent of the nation’s black males will be incarcerated during their lifetime. The group recommended the government look at issues of bias within the criminal justice system based on this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was taking concepts we’ve learned, making them more complex or advanced, and seeing real world application for the math,” Zack said. “It’s important for getting students into math because you hear every day kids asking, 'When will we ever use this?'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demonstrating mathematical concepts, like central tendency or odds, and probability, suddenly felt very real to students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to give students a lot of room to have choice,” said math teacher Brad Latimer of a project in his algebra II class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students chose social justice-themed issues that interested them and then used research and data analysis to prove how the topic connected to social justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students had to document specific mathematical concepts laid out by their teachers in the assignment. While this was a group project, the assignment clearly states individuals are responsible for analyzing an aspect of the data in terms of central tendency. The assignments reads, “This should include a focus on mean, median, mode, range, quartiles, and IQR (interquartile range), and should also include at least two original percentage-based statements about your data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39394\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://spotfire.cloud.tibco.com/spotfire/wp/render/17984223502/analysis?file=/users/dmosenkis/Public/paschools1&waid=QAzEF3uH5kKTQRk2M7lF_-310628dda9wfHe\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-39394\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/01/equity-map-640x424.jpg\" alt=\"The interactive graph plots per-student Pennsylvania state funding as a function of district wealth. This graph sparked a lot of discussion about equity in school funding while reinforcing math concepts in statistics like a best fit linear regression line, as well as how data is used to make arguments to the public. (David Mosenkis)\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003ca href=\"https://spotfire.cloud.tibco.com/spotfire/wp/render/17984223502/analysis?file=/users/dmosenkis/Public/paschools1&waid=QAzEF3uH5kKTQRk2M7lF_-310628dda9wfHe\">The interactive graph\u003c/a> plots per-student Pennsylvania state funding as a function of district wealth. This graph sparked a lot of discussion about equity in school funding while reinforcing math concepts in statistics like a best fit regression line, as well as how data is used to make arguments to the public. (David Mosenkis)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOCIAL JUSTICE AND STATISTICS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statistics is arguably one of the most useful math disciplines, since citizens encounter numbers proving claims everyday in the news and as justification for various political policies. That also makes studying statistics a powerful vehicle for interdisciplinary learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SLA’s statistics and “Science and Society” teachers teamed up to examine the differences between organic and non-organic foods, as well as their cost and prevalence in different parts of the city. Students learned about the science behind different growing methods and how they affect nutritional qualities of food in science, while doing a statistical analysis of food availability in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students in groups of three to five visited grocery stores, sometimes of the same brand, in different zip codes throughout Philadelphia. No student in the class could go to the same store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It increased our analysis because we had more data from around the city,” explained Adam, an SLA senior.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'This was taking concepts we've learned, making them more complex or advanced, and seeing real world application for the math.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>They had to look for and note the prices of the organic and non-organic versions of different food items their teacher, Mark Miles, had selected. Students took selfies of themselves in the stores to prove that they’d actually gone. Each student was responsible for calculating and interpreting the 5-number summaries and IQRs, and means and standard deviations. They also had to draw and interpret box plots and histograms for all the group’s prices together, non-organic prices, organic prices and the difference between non-organic and organic prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growing up in Philadelphia, there were a lot more stores with non-organic because it’s cheaper,” Adam said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went on to note that after learning about the nutritional value of organics he felt it was unfair that poor people in his city didn't even have access to products that might improve their health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even students who struggled in math were engaged in these social justice-oriented projects because teachers were careful to build in authentic choices that allowed students to investigate an area of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of kids who struggle in math don’t see the relevance or they say they don’t care about that application,” math teacher Erin Giorgio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She found that even the kids who say they hate math grab onto these projects, and the best part is that their research leads them to ask lots of questions as they grapple with their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>OTHER SOCIAL JUSTICE IDEAS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of ways to make math applicable to problems in the real world, but it takes creativity on the part of teachers and students. Giorgio will sometimes ask her students to analyze attendance data in Philadelphia based on the kind of school students attend: magnet, charter or neighborhood. As they notice things like the fact that attendance is much higher at magnet schools, they start asking more questions and talk about the reasons why that trend holds true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The end game is to get kids to recognize that math is important in their life,” Giorgio said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other ideas might include using physics to engineer a product that helps someone else or using geometry to investigate architecture in different neighborhoods or acreage of vacant lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The power of investigating social justice issues by the numbers lies in high school students' passion for changing the world. Adolescents are becoming aware of their place within the wider world and many want to have a positive impact on it. Understanding how math will help them do that only makes them more prepared.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Playing With Math: How Math Circles Bring Learners Together For Fun",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Golden-Ratio-Math.gif\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38286\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">One day more than a year ago, an 8-year-old named Andrew told his parents he wanted to learn to do long division. His dad, Tim Sylvester, looked up a YouTube video explaining the basic steps and began working with him through simple problems on a whiteboard in their house. A half-hour later, the child was dividing two-digit numbers into 20-digit numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was ecstatic, running around,” said Sylvester, describing the moment as a “math high.” Several months later, when Andrew’s third-grade class at a public school in Santa Cruz, California, began tackling long division, the boy had it down cold and read a book on his own during the lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sylvester and his wife, Barbara Meister, wanted to keep Andrew, who is profoundly gifted with numbers, engaged and learning. So last fall, the father launched the \u003ca href=\"http://xacademy.org/\">Santa Cruz Math Circle\u003c/a>: a six-week enrichment program that brought in mathematicians for two hours on Sunday afternoons to explore and discuss fascinating numerical puzzles and concepts with fourth- through eighth-graders. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org\">Math circles\u003c/a> are an Eastern European and Russian tradition that spread across the U.S. in the last two decades. The goal wasn’t to plod through the standard formulas in preparation for a test, but to provide a stimulating and interactive environment in which Andrew and other kids with a knack for numbers could experience “math that was challenging and fun at the same time,” said Sylvester, a software engineer who works in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new course in Santa Cruz has been “a huge success,” said Evelyn Strauss, whose 10-year-old son was an avid participant. “There's a wide range of kids who are really enjoying the program.” Most students go through elementary school thinking that mathematics is only about adding and subtracting and arithmetic, “but there's this whole world of math that's not typically covered in school and that's really interesting,” she said. Math circle reveals that world to kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nIn the U.S., “most of the kids come to the math circle because they don’t like what they see in school and they’re looking for something else.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Creating a math circle takes a lot of energy and planning -- from finding dynamic instructors to booking classroom space -- but it can be well worth the effort if no similar enrichment opportunities are available nearby. Parents might consider forming a circle when their children come home from school saying they’re bored with the level of mathematics that’s being taught, Sylvester said. “If your kid comes back and wants more challenging math, or if they love math or they love puzzles, then start one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Sunday last November, the fledgling program was underway at a community center, with around 19 boys and seven girls mulling over a game called Conway’s checkers. The visiting instructor that day was Zvezdelina Stankova, a Mills College professor and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://mathcircle.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Math Circle\u003c/a>. Each student was given a sheet of paper with a grid of squares -- divided in half by a thick line -- and a pile of pennies to serve as checkers. Beginning at one end of the board, and given particular rules for checker-jumping and a theoretically endless supply of coins, Stankova asked: How far could the coins be advanced?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students experimented with jumping the checkers to the third row on the other side of the line, and then the fourth, and Stankova demonstrated the winning solutions. What about the fifth row? Many kids became so engrossed, chattering among themselves, they didn’t want to stop to hear the next part of the lesson. “No touching the coins!” Stankova finally admonished. “It’s impossible to reach the fifth row,” she said, briefly explaining that the reason had to do with the quadratic equation and the Golden Ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stankova grew up in Bulgaria, where it was common for children to attend circles in math, physics, chemistry and poetry. “Kids went to the math circle because they loved what was happening in class and they wanted more of it,” she said. By contrast, in the U.S., “most of the kids come to the math circle because they don't like what they see in school and they're looking for something else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A COMFORTABLE PLACE FOR MATH GEEKS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three years ago, Sylvester wanted to take Andrew to a math circle after hearing of the programs at Berkeley as well as Stanford, but those courses are popular and hard to get into. He and his wife have fostered their son’s passion for numbers in various ways, including online courses and a summer camp in mathematics, as well as math competitions. Although UC Santa Cruz was offering a monthly math circle at one point, that course was put on hold when the professor who ran it went on sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ajVWdKoGTSzNaY9PHn6Av0sySOm2F3Hg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, Sylvester decided to start a circle through the X Academy, a nonprofit that he founded to offer enrichment activities, and he reached out to math professor Paul Zeitz, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmathcircle.org/\">San Francisco Math Circle\u003c/a>. Zeitz promptly volunteered to give an introductory math circle session in Santa Cruz and connected him with Stankova and other willing expert instructors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought I’d be lucky to get five kids in a room on a Sunday afternoon,” Sylvester said. To his surprise, 50 students and their parents signed up to attend the free kickoff session by Zeitz. Through an application process, the Santa Cruz Math Circle ended up with around 25 regular attendees for the rest of the fall course; registration cost $75, but scholarships were available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sylvester ran the course with help from X Academy board members (including Meister) and other parent volunteers, who assisted with promotion and setup. Meeting the needs of students from fourth through eighth grades in a single class proved too wide of a spread in ability and maturity to manage, so the software engineer brought in an extra instructor and split the students into two tracks; but younger kids such as Andrew who were ready for the math of the upper-level group could move up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many attendees, being in a place where they could dive into math and interact with other number-loving geeks was a welcome shift from the standard school environment, where the subject isn’t exactly popular. The circle “creates this community where it's safe to come and talk about math,” said teacher Nicholas Bugayong of Rolling Hills Middle School in Watsonville, who volunteered to drive four eighth-grade math students, all from Latino families, to the Sunday sessions. Some of these pupils were otherwise unable to make the 17-mile trek -- their parents couldn’t bring them -- or to afford the course without X Academy scholarships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people don’t like math and they say it’s a waste of time, but I think it’s interesting to learn things that you don’t learn in school,” said Rolling Hills student Monica Alvarez, 13. Listening to the other students as they volunteered different ideas and strategies for tackling challenging problems “helps you to learn other ways to solve a puzzle,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Andrew Sylvester, now age 10, the program prompted some more “math highs,” such as when he got into thinking about the Conway’s checkers conundrum. And the lessons spurred lively discussions. During one pizza break, he stayed behind in the classroom with two other boys who are also profoundly gifted at math. “They were bent over a piece of paper scribbling, in animated conversation,” recalled Strauss, whose son was part of the confab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just like learning the math and arguing with my friends about math stuff -- for example, stuff like if one over infinity equals zero,” said 10-year-old Olin Ottemann-Strauss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MATH CIRCLE STARTUP LESSONS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Cruz Math Circle resumes this spring. A major challenge will be continuing to arrange for high-quality instructors, Tim Sylvester said. While ideal teachers include math professors or scientists or engineers with doctorates in math, not all such experts have the experience or classroom management skills to instruct young pupils in a dynamic way. But Sylvester hopes to eventually join forces with UC Santa Cruz’s math circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is no nearby college to collaborate with, anyone interested in launching a math circle program can find helpful, step-by-step resources on the National Association of Math Circles website, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/content/getting-started-new-organizers\">lesson plans\u003c/a> from the book, \u003cem>Circle in a Box\u003c/em>. Teachers at some Bay Area schools have created their own programs, Sylvester noted, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuevaschool.org/outreach/math-circles\">Nueva School\u003c/a> in Hillsborough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sustaining a circle does require adequate financing, which can be an ongoing challenge if registration fees are to remain affordable. The Santa Cruz program recently got a donation from Cisco Systems, where Sylvester used to work, and parents can make contributions to X Academy through its website. The academy has also applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/content/math-circle-grants\">a seed grant\u003c/a> from the Berkeley-based nonprofit Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, which has funded many math circles over the years. But the institute is currently reviewing that grant program and has ended its support of the San Francisco Math Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many students often question why they need to learn algebra or calculus that they might not use later in life, Sylvester sees the ability to figure out tough math problems as being an essential life skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons you learn math is for the thought process and the problem-solving process,” he said. “That's why you do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misidentified Barbara Meister as Barbara Sylvester. It also stated that Andrew Sylvester's third grade lessons in long division were at a private school, which is incorrect. He was attending a public school. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38286\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/10/Golden-Ratio-Math.gif\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38286\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">One day more than a year ago, an 8-year-old named Andrew told his parents he wanted to learn to do long division. His dad, Tim Sylvester, looked up a YouTube video explaining the basic steps and began working with him through simple problems on a whiteboard in their house. A half-hour later, the child was dividing two-digit numbers into 20-digit numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was ecstatic, running around,” said Sylvester, describing the moment as a “math high.” Several months later, when Andrew’s third-grade class at a public school in Santa Cruz, California, began tackling long division, the boy had it down cold and read a book on his own during the lessons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sylvester and his wife, Barbara Meister, wanted to keep Andrew, who is profoundly gifted with numbers, engaged and learning. So last fall, the father launched the \u003ca href=\"http://xacademy.org/\">Santa Cruz Math Circle\u003c/a>: a six-week enrichment program that brought in mathematicians for two hours on Sunday afternoons to explore and discuss fascinating numerical puzzles and concepts with fourth- through eighth-graders. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org\">Math circles\u003c/a> are an Eastern European and Russian tradition that spread across the U.S. in the last two decades. The goal wasn’t to plod through the standard formulas in preparation for a test, but to provide a stimulating and interactive environment in which Andrew and other kids with a knack for numbers could experience “math that was challenging and fun at the same time,” said Sylvester, a software engineer who works in Silicon Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new course in Santa Cruz has been “a huge success,” said Evelyn Strauss, whose 10-year-old son was an avid participant. “There's a wide range of kids who are really enjoying the program.” Most students go through elementary school thinking that mathematics is only about adding and subtracting and arithmetic, “but there's this whole world of math that's not typically covered in school and that's really interesting,” she said. Math circle reveals that world to kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\nIn the U.S., “most of the kids come to the math circle because they don’t like what they see in school and they’re looking for something else.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Creating a math circle takes a lot of energy and planning -- from finding dynamic instructors to booking classroom space -- but it can be well worth the effort if no similar enrichment opportunities are available nearby. Parents might consider forming a circle when their children come home from school saying they’re bored with the level of mathematics that’s being taught, Sylvester said. “If your kid comes back and wants more challenging math, or if they love math or they love puzzles, then start one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Sunday last November, the fledgling program was underway at a community center, with around 19 boys and seven girls mulling over a game called Conway’s checkers. The visiting instructor that day was Zvezdelina Stankova, a Mills College professor and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://mathcircle.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley Math Circle\u003c/a>. Each student was given a sheet of paper with a grid of squares -- divided in half by a thick line -- and a pile of pennies to serve as checkers. Beginning at one end of the board, and given particular rules for checker-jumping and a theoretically endless supply of coins, Stankova asked: How far could the coins be advanced?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students experimented with jumping the checkers to the third row on the other side of the line, and then the fourth, and Stankova demonstrated the winning solutions. What about the fifth row? Many kids became so engrossed, chattering among themselves, they didn’t want to stop to hear the next part of the lesson. “No touching the coins!” Stankova finally admonished. “It’s impossible to reach the fifth row,” she said, briefly explaining that the reason had to do with the quadratic equation and the Golden Ratio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stankova grew up in Bulgaria, where it was common for children to attend circles in math, physics, chemistry and poetry. “Kids went to the math circle because they loved what was happening in class and they wanted more of it,” she said. By contrast, in the U.S., “most of the kids come to the math circle because they don't like what they see in school and they're looking for something else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A COMFORTABLE PLACE FOR MATH GEEKS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About three years ago, Sylvester wanted to take Andrew to a math circle after hearing of the programs at Berkeley as well as Stanford, but those courses are popular and hard to get into. He and his wife have fostered their son’s passion for numbers in various ways, including online courses and a summer camp in mathematics, as well as math competitions. Although UC Santa Cruz was offering a monthly math circle at one point, that course was put on hold when the professor who ran it went on sabbatical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, Sylvester decided to start a circle through the X Academy, a nonprofit that he founded to offer enrichment activities, and he reached out to math professor Paul Zeitz, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmathcircle.org/\">San Francisco Math Circle\u003c/a>. Zeitz promptly volunteered to give an introductory math circle session in Santa Cruz and connected him with Stankova and other willing expert instructors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought I’d be lucky to get five kids in a room on a Sunday afternoon,” Sylvester said. To his surprise, 50 students and their parents signed up to attend the free kickoff session by Zeitz. Through an application process, the Santa Cruz Math Circle ended up with around 25 regular attendees for the rest of the fall course; registration cost $75, but scholarships were available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sylvester ran the course with help from X Academy board members (including Meister) and other parent volunteers, who assisted with promotion and setup. Meeting the needs of students from fourth through eighth grades in a single class proved too wide of a spread in ability and maturity to manage, so the software engineer brought in an extra instructor and split the students into two tracks; but younger kids such as Andrew who were ready for the math of the upper-level group could move up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many attendees, being in a place where they could dive into math and interact with other number-loving geeks was a welcome shift from the standard school environment, where the subject isn’t exactly popular. The circle “creates this community where it's safe to come and talk about math,” said teacher Nicholas Bugayong of Rolling Hills Middle School in Watsonville, who volunteered to drive four eighth-grade math students, all from Latino families, to the Sunday sessions. Some of these pupils were otherwise unable to make the 17-mile trek -- their parents couldn’t bring them -- or to afford the course without X Academy scholarships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Other people don’t like math and they say it’s a waste of time, but I think it’s interesting to learn things that you don’t learn in school,” said Rolling Hills student Monica Alvarez, 13. Listening to the other students as they volunteered different ideas and strategies for tackling challenging problems “helps you to learn other ways to solve a puzzle,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Andrew Sylvester, now age 10, the program prompted some more “math highs,” such as when he got into thinking about the Conway’s checkers conundrum. And the lessons spurred lively discussions. During one pizza break, he stayed behind in the classroom with two other boys who are also profoundly gifted at math. “They were bent over a piece of paper scribbling, in animated conversation,” recalled Strauss, whose son was part of the confab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just like learning the math and arguing with my friends about math stuff -- for example, stuff like if one over infinity equals zero,” said 10-year-old Olin Ottemann-Strauss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>MATH CIRCLE STARTUP LESSONS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Cruz Math Circle resumes this spring. A major challenge will be continuing to arrange for high-quality instructors, Tim Sylvester said. While ideal teachers include math professors or scientists or engineers with doctorates in math, not all such experts have the experience or classroom management skills to instruct young pupils in a dynamic way. But Sylvester hopes to eventually join forces with UC Santa Cruz’s math circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if there is no nearby college to collaborate with, anyone interested in launching a math circle program can find helpful, step-by-step resources on the National Association of Math Circles website, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/content/getting-started-new-organizers\">lesson plans\u003c/a> from the book, \u003cem>Circle in a Box\u003c/em>. Teachers at some Bay Area schools have created their own programs, Sylvester noted, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nuevaschool.org/outreach/math-circles\">Nueva School\u003c/a> in Hillsborough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sustaining a circle does require adequate financing, which can be an ongoing challenge if registration fees are to remain affordable. The Santa Cruz program recently got a donation from Cisco Systems, where Sylvester used to work, and parents can make contributions to X Academy through its website. The academy has also applied for \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/content/math-circle-grants\">a seed grant\u003c/a> from the Berkeley-based nonprofit Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, which has funded many math circles over the years. But the institute is currently reviewing that grant program and has ended its support of the San Francisco Math Circle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While many students often question why they need to learn algebra or calculus that they might not use later in life, Sylvester sees the ability to figure out tough math problems as being an essential life skill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons you learn math is for the thought process and the problem-solving process,” he said. “That's why you do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misidentified Barbara Meister as Barbara Sylvester. It also stated that Andrew Sylvester's third grade lessons in long division were at a private school, which is incorrect. He was attending a public school. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38720\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/Deprogramming.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/Deprogramming.gif\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">One day, \u003ca href=\"http://www.adamholman.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Holman\u003c/a> decided he was fed up with trying to cram knowledge into the brains of the high school students he taught. They weren’t grasping the physics he was teaching at the level he knew they were capable of, so he decided to change up his teaching style. It wasn’t that his students didn’t care about achieving -- he taught at high performing, affluent schools where students knew they needed high grades to get into good colleges. They argued for every point to make sure their grades were as high as possible, but were they learning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt I had to remove all the barriers I could on my end before I could ask my kids to meet me halfway,” Holman said. The first thing he did was move to standards-based grading. He told his students to show him they’d learned the material, it didn’t matter how long it took them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'We know how kids learn; we know what classes should look like, and yet our classes look almost the opposite.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The kids realized this made sense,” Holman said. He taught physics and math at Anderson High School in Austin, before moving on to become a vice-principal. His students were mostly well-off, high achievers, and they knew how to play the game to get the grades they needed. But Holman found when he changed the grading policy, students worried about grades less and focused more on working together to understand the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turned my students into classmates and collaborators because I didn’t have a system in place to deny the collaboration,” Holman said. His students stopped copying homework. There was no curve that guaranteed some kids would be at the bottom. Instead, the class moved at its regular pace, but if a student persisted at a topic until they could show they understood it, Holman would give them credit. “It turned the kids on my side,” Holman said. “I was there to help them learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BUILDING TRUST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holman didn’t just change his grading policies. He also changed his teaching style to focus on inquiry, good questions and independent discovery. Starting off, he knew juniors and seniors weren’t used to learning that way, so first he had to build trust with them so they’d understand why he was asking so much of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of each class period Holman and his students did icebreakers and read and discussed articles about how human brains learn best. Holman knew he was asking students to be vulnerable with one another--to share their misperceptions about math and physics--and so he spent precious class time working to make sure students trusted one another and him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"raasozgPmILWw5ntfcxfANYVHysGaz8S\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The class read Timothy Slater’s article, “\u003ca href=\"https://esledu.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/when-is-good-teaching-a-bad-thing2.pdf\">When Is a Good Day Teaching a Bad Thing?\u003c/a>” which discusses the unspoken contract that can exist between teachers and students by which a teacher will pass a student as long as he or she doesn’t make trouble. Students recognized their own experience of education in the article. “It wasn’t meant to be a bash on teachers, but just to say we are aware that teaching is really complex,” Holman said. “It’s really difficult and sometimes we don’t know how to handle kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holman also asked students to read “\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293604312_Sermons_for_grumpy_campers\">Sermons For Grumpy Campers\u003c/a>,” by Richard Felder, a graduate level professor who never lectured. In it, Felder describes his students grumbling that they hated group work and that it was his job to teach them, not the other way around. Holman’s students said the complaints sounded like they came from kindergarteners or themselves and were amazed to find out the complainers were graduate level engineering students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking about these issues openly validated the inevitable complaints of students and helped them buy into the new approach. If an article was a little harder, Holman would use it as differentiated instruction, asking his best readers to take it on and summarize it for the class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t perfect and it didn’t turn my kids into all physics majors, but for the kids who were on the border, it made a difference,” Holman said. Discussing their learning with them, switching grading policies and assigning more inquiry-based, hands on lessons all helped Holman’s students feel he trusted and respected them. And they rose to the challenge. “I think the kids were just waiting to be let loose and to be treated like adults,” Holman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STUDENT RESPONSES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the students responded well to the new teaching style, Holman said, but he was most touched by his struggling math class. “I saw that my kids had been told they were stupid and failures, but I saw so much potential in them,” Holman said. They’ve never been given the time to master a concept through multiple tries. So when Holman opened his door to help them after school and during lunch for as long as it took, many seized the opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'I think many students didn't realize that they could learn without a textbook or without step by step instruction.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Holman remember one struggling math student, Isabel, particularly well. She was taking algebra, convinced she was terrible at math. But when the grading policy was changed and she had a little more time to work on units that were difficult for her, she became a top student in the class. “She said, ‘for the first time in my life I’m trying to learn everything instead of just get a 70 [percent],’” Holman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students clearly learned in Mr. Holman's class, and he never pushed fear,” wrote a former student, Kate Nunke, in an email. She described the rest of her high school experience as one long fear fest: “Fear of not getting into college, fear of not passing, fear of disappointing parents, fear of looking like a fool in front of your peers,” the list goes on. But Nunke says Holman’s teaching style jolted students into thinking about their learning in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think many students didn't realize that they could learn without a textbook or without step by step instruction,” Nunke wrote. “At times I felt that Mr. Holman's physics class was the hardest class ever because I didn't get a step-by-step instruction. We are used to being handed the answer, thus not necessarily learning, just being told.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nunke said she’s been thinking a lot about Holman’s approach now that she has graduated and is taking a gap year in which she spent a semester at an outdoor education school focused entirely on experiential learning. “A lot of the teaching that Mr. Holman did, now that I think back to it, was teaching his students how to ask questions and investigate by themselves,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS RESIST WHAT WORKS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his success, Holman has had a hard time convincing other teachers to try some of his more progressive approaches. He became a vice-principal to spread and support the instructional practices he believes work, modeling lessons and pushing teachers to step out of their comfort zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know how kids learn; we know what classes should look like, and yet our classes look almost the opposite,” Holman said. He says there’s a particular deficit in math, where teachers and parents expect things to be taught the way they learned them. Not everyone has \u003ca href=\"http://davidwees.com/content/why-it-so-hard-change-math-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experienced good math instruction\u003c/a> themselves, Holman said, so they can’t even begin to conceptualize a new way of doing it. “Imagine explaining color to someone who has never seen it,” Holman said. “You have to show them, you have to model it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all of these approaches require taking a leap of faith and many teachers don’t feel they have that luxury. Teachers often complain that more progressive approaches like this suck up time and they can’t cover everything in the jam-packed curriculum. These arguments are excuses, Holman said. He said he never covered every single topic in the curriculum, but he did delve deeply into the ones he saw as most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HOLMAN'S READING LIST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those interested in building metacognitive moments into the day, here are the articles Holman found to be useful and more or less reading-level appropriate for his high school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/degrading-de-grading/\">\"From Degrading to De-Grading\u003c/a>,” by Alfie Kohn\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293604312_Sermons_for_grumpy_campers\">\"Sermons For Grumpy Campers\u003c/a>,” Richard Felder\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://esledu.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/when-is-good-teaching-a-bad-thing2.pdf\">\"When Is a Good Day of Teaching a Bad Thing?\u003c/a>,” by Timothy Slater\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232994665_Navigating_the_Bumpy_Road_to_Student-Centered_Instruction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Navigating the Bumpy Road to Student-Centered Instruction\u003c/a>,” by Richard Felder\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/minimizing_resistance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Minimizing resistance to inquiry-oriented science instruction: The importance of climate setting\u003c/a>,” by Carl J. Wenning\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/well-duh-ten-obvious-truths-shouldnt-ignoring/\">\"Well, Duh!” -- Ten Obvious Truths That We Shouldn’t Be Ignoring,\u003c/a>” by Alfie Kohn\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tech.mit.edu/V130/N49/normandin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Opinion: Why TEAL Works: 10 Years Ago MIT Had a Physics Problem. TEAL Fixed It\u003c/a>,” by Ryan Normandin\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38720\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/Deprogramming.gif\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38720\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/Deprogramming.gif\" alt=\"iStock\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">iStock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">One day, \u003ca href=\"http://www.adamholman.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adam Holman\u003c/a> decided he was fed up with trying to cram knowledge into the brains of the high school students he taught. They weren’t grasping the physics he was teaching at the level he knew they were capable of, so he decided to change up his teaching style. It wasn’t that his students didn’t care about achieving -- he taught at high performing, affluent schools where students knew they needed high grades to get into good colleges. They argued for every point to make sure their grades were as high as possible, but were they learning?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt I had to remove all the barriers I could on my end before I could ask my kids to meet me halfway,” Holman said. The first thing he did was move to standards-based grading. He told his students to show him they’d learned the material, it didn’t matter how long it took them.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'We know how kids learn; we know what classes should look like, and yet our classes look almost the opposite.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“The kids realized this made sense,” Holman said. He taught physics and math at Anderson High School in Austin, before moving on to become a vice-principal. His students were mostly well-off, high achievers, and they knew how to play the game to get the grades they needed. But Holman found when he changed the grading policy, students worried about grades less and focused more on working together to understand the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It turned my students into classmates and collaborators because I didn’t have a system in place to deny the collaboration,” Holman said. His students stopped copying homework. There was no curve that guaranteed some kids would be at the bottom. Instead, the class moved at its regular pace, but if a student persisted at a topic until they could show they understood it, Holman would give them credit. “It turned the kids on my side,” Holman said. “I was there to help them learn.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BUILDING TRUST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holman didn’t just change his grading policies. He also changed his teaching style to focus on inquiry, good questions and independent discovery. Starting off, he knew juniors and seniors weren’t used to learning that way, so first he had to build trust with them so they’d understand why he was asking so much of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of each class period Holman and his students did icebreakers and read and discussed articles about how human brains learn best. Holman knew he was asking students to be vulnerable with one another--to share their misperceptions about math and physics--and so he spent precious class time working to make sure students trusted one another and him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The class read Timothy Slater’s article, “\u003ca href=\"https://esledu.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/when-is-good-teaching-a-bad-thing2.pdf\">When Is a Good Day Teaching a Bad Thing?\u003c/a>” which discusses the unspoken contract that can exist between teachers and students by which a teacher will pass a student as long as he or she doesn’t make trouble. Students recognized their own experience of education in the article. “It wasn’t meant to be a bash on teachers, but just to say we are aware that teaching is really complex,” Holman said. “It’s really difficult and sometimes we don’t know how to handle kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holman also asked students to read “\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293604312_Sermons_for_grumpy_campers\">Sermons For Grumpy Campers\u003c/a>,” by Richard Felder, a graduate level professor who never lectured. In it, Felder describes his students grumbling that they hated group work and that it was his job to teach them, not the other way around. Holman’s students said the complaints sounded like they came from kindergarteners or themselves and were amazed to find out the complainers were graduate level engineering students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Talking about these issues openly validated the inevitable complaints of students and helped them buy into the new approach. If an article was a little harder, Holman would use it as differentiated instruction, asking his best readers to take it on and summarize it for the class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t perfect and it didn’t turn my kids into all physics majors, but for the kids who were on the border, it made a difference,” Holman said. Discussing their learning with them, switching grading policies and assigning more inquiry-based, hands on lessons all helped Holman’s students feel he trusted and respected them. And they rose to the challenge. “I think the kids were just waiting to be let loose and to be treated like adults,” Holman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>STUDENT RESPONSES\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the students responded well to the new teaching style, Holman said, but he was most touched by his struggling math class. “I saw that my kids had been told they were stupid and failures, but I saw so much potential in them,” Holman said. They’ve never been given the time to master a concept through multiple tries. So when Holman opened his door to help them after school and during lunch for as long as it took, many seized the opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'I think many students didn't realize that they could learn without a textbook or without step by step instruction.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Holman remember one struggling math student, Isabel, particularly well. She was taking algebra, convinced she was terrible at math. But when the grading policy was changed and she had a little more time to work on units that were difficult for her, she became a top student in the class. “She said, ‘for the first time in my life I’m trying to learn everything instead of just get a 70 [percent],’” Holman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Students clearly learned in Mr. Holman's class, and he never pushed fear,” wrote a former student, Kate Nunke, in an email. She described the rest of her high school experience as one long fear fest: “Fear of not getting into college, fear of not passing, fear of disappointing parents, fear of looking like a fool in front of your peers,” the list goes on. But Nunke says Holman’s teaching style jolted students into thinking about their learning in a new way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think many students didn't realize that they could learn without a textbook or without step by step instruction,” Nunke wrote. “At times I felt that Mr. Holman's physics class was the hardest class ever because I didn't get a step-by-step instruction. We are used to being handed the answer, thus not necessarily learning, just being told.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nunke said she’s been thinking a lot about Holman’s approach now that she has graduated and is taking a gap year in which she spent a semester at an outdoor education school focused entirely on experiential learning. “A lot of the teaching that Mr. Holman did, now that I think back to it, was teaching his students how to ask questions and investigate by themselves,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>TEACHERS RESIST WHAT WORKS\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite his success, Holman has had a hard time convincing other teachers to try some of his more progressive approaches. He became a vice-principal to spread and support the instructional practices he believes work, modeling lessons and pushing teachers to step out of their comfort zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know how kids learn; we know what classes should look like, and yet our classes look almost the opposite,” Holman said. He says there’s a particular deficit in math, where teachers and parents expect things to be taught the way they learned them. Not everyone has \u003ca href=\"http://davidwees.com/content/why-it-so-hard-change-math-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experienced good math instruction\u003c/a> themselves, Holman said, so they can’t even begin to conceptualize a new way of doing it. “Imagine explaining color to someone who has never seen it,” Holman said. “You have to show them, you have to model it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all of these approaches require taking a leap of faith and many teachers don’t feel they have that luxury. Teachers often complain that more progressive approaches like this suck up time and they can’t cover everything in the jam-packed curriculum. These arguments are excuses, Holman said. He said he never covered every single topic in the curriculum, but he did delve deeply into the ones he saw as most important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>HOLMAN'S READING LIST\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those interested in building metacognitive moments into the day, here are the articles Holman found to be useful and more or less reading-level appropriate for his high school students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/degrading-de-grading/\">\"From Degrading to De-Grading\u003c/a>,” by Alfie Kohn\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293604312_Sermons_for_grumpy_campers\">\"Sermons For Grumpy Campers\u003c/a>,” Richard Felder\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://esledu.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/when-is-good-teaching-a-bad-thing2.pdf\">\"When Is a Good Day of Teaching a Bad Thing?\u003c/a>,” by Timothy Slater\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232994665_Navigating_the_Bumpy_Road_to_Student-Centered_Instruction\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Navigating the Bumpy Road to Student-Centered Instruction\u003c/a>,” by Richard Felder\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www2.phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/minimizing_resistance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"Minimizing resistance to inquiry-oriented science instruction: The importance of climate setting\u003c/a>,” by Carl J. Wenning\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.alfiekohn.org/article/well-duh-ten-obvious-truths-shouldnt-ignoring/\">\"Well, Duh!” -- Ten Obvious Truths That We Shouldn’t Be Ignoring,\u003c/a>” by Alfie Kohn\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tech.mit.edu/V130/N49/normandin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Opinion: Why TEAL Works: 10 Years Ago MIT Had a Physics Problem. TEAL Fixed It\u003c/a>,” by Ryan Normandin\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38654\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/preschool-math1_slide-b6d1042a22890c2e89ef42319b5db7975c86bec8-e1418129160422.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/preschool-math1_slide-b6d1042a22890c2e89ef42319b5db7975c86bec8-e1418129160422.jpg\" alt=\"There's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a full preschool day was spent on math activities. (Kaylhew/Flikr Creative Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a full preschool day was spent on math activities. (Kaylhew/Flikr Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Anya Kamenetz, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/ed/2014/12/09/367814446/why-math-might-be-the-secret-to-school-success\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little children are big news this week, as the White House holds a summit on early childhood education December 10. The President wants every four year old to go to preschool, but the new Congress is unlikely to foot that bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since last year, more than 30 states have expanded access to preschool. But there's still a lack of evidence about exactly what kinds of interventions are most effective in those crucial early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York City, an ambitious, $25 million dollar study is collecting evidence on the best way to raise outcomes for kids in poverty. Their hunch is that it may begin with math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Time That Counts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One! Two! Three! Four! Five!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gayle Conigliaro's preschool class are jumping as they count, to get the feeling of the numbers into their bodies--a concept called \"embodied cognition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P.S. 43 is located in Far Rockaway, Queens, just steps from the ocean. The area is still recovering from Hurricane Sandy. But now it's been chosen as one of 69 high-poverty sites around New York City for a research study to test whether stronger math teaching can make all the difference for young kids. The study is funded by the Robin Hood Foundation, which is dedicated to ending poverty in New York. Pamela Morris, with research group MDRC, is lead investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MDRC and the Robin Hood Foundation developed a partnership really with a broad goal,\" she says, \"Which is, they want to change the trajectories of low income children. And to do so by focusing on preschool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"HAm5nUFzQhXpp3OgwCnGnRpWNsTqXr5z\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's plenty of evidence on the long-term importance of preschool. But why math? Morris says that a 2013 study by Greg Duncan, at the University of California, Irvine, showed that math knowledge at the beginning of elementary school was the single most powerful predictor determining whether a student would graduate from high school and attend college. \"We think math might be sort of a lever to improve outcomes for kids longer term,\" Morris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a five-hour preschool day was spent on math activities. Part of the problem, says Doug Clements, at the University of Denver, is that \"Most teachers, of course, have been through our United States mathematics education, so they tend to think of math as just skills. They tend to think of it as a quiet activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements is the creator of Building Blocks, the math curriculum being tested in this new study. Building Blocks is designed to be just the opposite: engaging, exciting, and loud. \"We want kids running around the classroom and bumping into mathematics at every turn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At P.S. 43, math games, toys, and activities are woven through the entire day. At transition time, the teacher asks the students to line up and touches their heads with the \"counting wand.\" At circle time, fittingly, the children talk about shapes. Just a few months into the school year, they observe correctly that a geometric shape must be a \"closed figure\" and that a square is \"a special rectangle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you know it's a circle?\" asks the teacher. \"Because it goes round and round,\" says one girl with a bear barrette in her hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ms. Conigliaro asks, \"how do you know,\" she's asking the kids to think about their own thinking. That's a skill called metacognition. Explaining your reasoning out loud also develops verbal ability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At choice time, besides the play-dough and pattern blocks, there are computer games matched to Building Blocks that keep track of each student's progress. And two children play a game called Number Match (\"Is three more than two? How do you know?\") as a teacher watches. The teacher is keeping notes of each child's level of understanding. The idea of developmental paths, or \"trajectories of understanding,\" is a core concept in Building Blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are reliable levels of thinking through which kids pass on their way to achieving a certain understanding in mathematics,\" Clements says. For example, children go from simply chanting \"onetwothreefourfive,\" to separating out each number word, to associating a number word with a given amount, to knowing that when you stop counting, the last number tells you \"how many.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the classroom is a coach from Bank Street College of Education, who comes every other week to help the teacher put Building Blocks into practice. This is important to the study design. The coaches ensure that the curriculum is being implemented. Pamela Morris says, \"Often we ask teachers what curriculum they're delivering and we find it's a book on their bookshelf collecting dust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study will follow up with these students and a control group all the way through the third grade. They'll be directly assessing their math and reading abilities and looking at their grades and test scores later on. Morris is curious whether working on math will enhance the children's ability to self-regulate, inhibit impulses, pay attention appropriately and hold important concepts in working memory. This is a group of skills known as executive functioning. For example, if the teacher says \"clap and count to five,\" will you be able to stop clapping before you get to six?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Conigliaro, a 24-year veteran teacher, is already convinced of the value of this curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just feel like the aha moment. This is what teaching should be. Where's the literacy program?\" she says. \"We would just like it to be a research based program so we can give our kids the best.\" She says the kids' progress amazes her every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Why+Math+Might+Be+The+Secret+To+School+Success&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38654\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/preschool-math1_slide-b6d1042a22890c2e89ef42319b5db7975c86bec8-e1418129160422.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-38654\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/12/preschool-math1_slide-b6d1042a22890c2e89ef42319b5db7975c86bec8-e1418129160422.jpg\" alt=\"There's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a full preschool day was spent on math activities. (Kaylhew/Flikr Creative Commons)\" width=\"640\" height=\"960\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a full preschool day was spent on math activities. (Kaylhew/Flikr Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Anya Kamenetz, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/ed/2014/12/09/367814446/why-math-might-be-the-secret-to-school-success\">NPR\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little children are big news this week, as the White House holds a summit on early childhood education December 10. The President wants every four year old to go to preschool, but the new Congress is unlikely to foot that bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since last year, more than 30 states have expanded access to preschool. But there's still a lack of evidence about exactly what kinds of interventions are most effective in those crucial early years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In New York City, an ambitious, $25 million dollar study is collecting evidence on the best way to raise outcomes for kids in poverty. Their hunch is that it may begin with math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Time That Counts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One! Two! Three! Four! Five!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gayle Conigliaro's preschool class are jumping as they count, to get the feeling of the numbers into their bodies--a concept called \"embodied cognition.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>P.S. 43 is located in Far Rockaway, Queens, just steps from the ocean. The area is still recovering from Hurricane Sandy. But now it's been chosen as one of 69 high-poverty sites around New York City for a research study to test whether stronger math teaching can make all the difference for young kids. The study is funded by the Robin Hood Foundation, which is dedicated to ending poverty in New York. Pamela Morris, with research group MDRC, is lead investigator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"MDRC and the Robin Hood Foundation developed a partnership really with a broad goal,\" she says, \"Which is, they want to change the trajectories of low income children. And to do so by focusing on preschool.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's plenty of evidence on the long-term importance of preschool. But why math? Morris says that a 2013 study by Greg Duncan, at the University of California, Irvine, showed that math knowledge at the beginning of elementary school was the single most powerful predictor determining whether a student would graduate from high school and attend college. \"We think math might be sort of a lever to improve outcomes for kids longer term,\" Morris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a real lack of math learning in pre-K. In one study, in fact, just 58 seconds out of a five-hour preschool day was spent on math activities. Part of the problem, says Doug Clements, at the University of Denver, is that \"Most teachers, of course, have been through our United States mathematics education, so they tend to think of math as just skills. They tend to think of it as a quiet activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clements is the creator of Building Blocks, the math curriculum being tested in this new study. Building Blocks is designed to be just the opposite: engaging, exciting, and loud. \"We want kids running around the classroom and bumping into mathematics at every turn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At P.S. 43, math games, toys, and activities are woven through the entire day. At transition time, the teacher asks the students to line up and touches their heads with the \"counting wand.\" At circle time, fittingly, the children talk about shapes. Just a few months into the school year, they observe correctly that a geometric shape must be a \"closed figure\" and that a square is \"a special rectangle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do you know it's a circle?\" asks the teacher. \"Because it goes round and round,\" says one girl with a bear barrette in her hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ms. Conigliaro asks, \"how do you know,\" she's asking the kids to think about their own thinking. That's a skill called metacognition. Explaining your reasoning out loud also develops verbal ability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At choice time, besides the play-dough and pattern blocks, there are computer games matched to Building Blocks that keep track of each student's progress. And two children play a game called Number Match (\"Is three more than two? How do you know?\") as a teacher watches. The teacher is keeping notes of each child's level of understanding. The idea of developmental paths, or \"trajectories of understanding,\" is a core concept in Building Blocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are reliable levels of thinking through which kids pass on their way to achieving a certain understanding in mathematics,\" Clements says. For example, children go from simply chanting \"onetwothreefourfive,\" to separating out each number word, to associating a number word with a given amount, to knowing that when you stop counting, the last number tells you \"how many.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in the classroom is a coach from Bank Street College of Education, who comes every other week to help the teacher put Building Blocks into practice. This is important to the study design. The coaches ensure that the curriculum is being implemented. Pamela Morris says, \"Often we ask teachers what curriculum they're delivering and we find it's a book on their bookshelf collecting dust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study will follow up with these students and a control group all the way through the third grade. They'll be directly assessing their math and reading abilities and looking at their grades and test scores later on. Morris is curious whether working on math will enhance the children's ability to self-regulate, inhibit impulses, pay attention appropriately and hold important concepts in working memory. This is a group of skills known as executive functioning. For example, if the teacher says \"clap and count to five,\" will you be able to stop clapping before you get to six?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Conigliaro, a 24-year veteran teacher, is already convinced of the value of this curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just feel like the aha moment. This is what teaching should be. 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"content": "\u003cp>A good portion of the adult population hates math, and a lot of people believe they aren't good at it so they avoid it completely. Those perceptions often come from their experiences learning math in school, which may not have been positive. In her \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/10/teaching-math-to-people-who-think-they-hate-it/381125/2/\" target=\"_blank\">Atlantic article\u003c/a> Jessica Lahey writes about a Cornell professor who takes special pride in teaching non-math majors to appreciate numbers. He does it with an inquiry-based, hands-on approach that would likely work for kids learning math for the first time too. Lahey writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Twelve years of compulsory education in mathematics leaves us with a populace that is proud to announce they cannot balance their checkbook, when they would never share that they were illiterate. What we are doing — the way we are doing it — results in an enormous sector of the population that hates mathematics. The current system disenfranchises so many students.\"\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/10/teaching-math-to-people-who-think-they-hate-it/381125/\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36999\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/07/DNA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36999\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/07/DNA.jpg\" alt=\"Getty Images\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/07/DNA.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/07/DNA-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/07/DNA-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Getty Images\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/07/10/330063232/math-nerd-or-bookworm-many-of-the-same-genes-shape-both-abilities\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>By Maanvi Singh, NPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Many of us tend to align ourselves with either numbers or words. We're either math brains or we're reading brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In college, my fellow English majors joked about how none of us could long-divide to save our lives, while our friends in engineering groaned about the fact that Lit 101 was a graduation requirement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it turns out that about half the genes that influence a child's math ability also seem to influence reading ability, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140708/ncomms5204/abs/ncomms5204.html\">study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"People who are good at reading, you can bet, are pretty good at math too.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"You'd think that cognitively what's going on with math and reading is very different,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.iop.kcl.ac.uk/staff/profile/default.aspx?go=10628\">Robert Plomin\u003c/a>, a behavioral geneticist at Kings College London, and one of the authors of the study. \"Actually, people who are good at reading, you can bet, are pretty good at math too.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at 2,800 pairs of 12-year-old British twins who were part of the larger \u003ca href=\"http://www.teds.ac.uk/\">Twins Early Development Study\u003c/a>. Some pairs were very nearly genetically identical; the other pairs were fraternal twins, meaning they are the same age and shared a quite similar early environment, but are no more genetically similar than other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists assessed each child's math and reading skills based on standardized tests. To gauge how genes influenced the students' aptitude, the researchers compared the test results of twin siblings as well as the results of unrelated children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also analyzed the participants' DNA, in hopes of turning up a particular gene or set of genes shared by people with high math or reading ability — genes that were, perhaps, missing in people with low abilities. (Some earlier, smaller studies had suggested such highly influential gene variants might exist). But no particular gene or sets of genes emerged. That may be because a lot — maybe thousands — of genes may be involved in helping to shape these abilities, Plomin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the study did find was that children's reading ability and math ability seem to be related — and much of that relationship can be explained by genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"nHDQrM6d1PlFwrVyqsn9vb3xNWoijQCx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also showed that genes can't explain everything about our abilities, Plomin says. \"These genetic propensities are like little nudges,\" he says. Slight variations in your genes may nudge you to read more for pleasure. \"And that can snowball,\" Plomin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids who like reading may spend more time at the library or may ask their parents to buy them more books — and all of that practice reading will push their skills even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other kids may find reading to be a bit harder due to genetics, Plomin says. \"It's not that the child just isn't motivated, or that he's just not trying hard enough.\" But with some extra encouragement and support, these children can become good readers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors may also explain why, among genetically identical twins, one may prefer math while the other prefers reading, Plomin says. One twin may end up with a really good math teacher, while the other doesn't. Or one may fall ill, and that may set her back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we don't have all the answers, Plomin says. \"I wish I knew what some of the genes are,\" he says. That would allow scientists to learn more about how we each learn best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's going to be needed is very large samples of people to be able to isolate these genes,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/intelligence/editorial-board/d-detterman/\">Douglas Detterman\u003c/a>, an emeritus professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University and editor of the journal \u003cem>Intelligence\u003c/em>. Detterman, who wasn't involved in this study, says scientists would likely have to look at the DNA of millions of people in order to start figuring out which genes affect our academic aptitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a daunting task, he says, \"but I think it'll happen faster than we expect.\" As we learn more about the influence of genetics on learning, we'll be able to more easily figure out which learning environment works best for each child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, teachers are a bit like farmers, Detterman says. And children are a bit like corn. \"You have corn plants that do well in certain environments, and don't in others. And the farmer's job is to get the corn plants into the right soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Math+Nerd+Or+Bookworm%3F+Many+Of+The+Same+Genes+Shape+Both+Abilities&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers looked at 2,800 pairs of 12-year-old British twins who were part of the larger \u003ca href=\"http://www.teds.ac.uk/\">Twins Early Development Study\u003c/a>. Some pairs were very nearly genetically identical; the other pairs were fraternal twins, meaning they are the same age and shared a quite similar early environment, but are no more genetically similar than other siblings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists assessed each child's math and reading skills based on standardized tests. To gauge how genes influenced the students' aptitude, the researchers compared the test results of twin siblings as well as the results of unrelated children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also analyzed the participants' DNA, in hopes of turning up a particular gene or set of genes shared by people with high math or reading ability — genes that were, perhaps, missing in people with low abilities. (Some earlier, smaller studies had suggested such highly influential gene variants might exist). But no particular gene or sets of genes emerged. That may be because a lot — maybe thousands — of genes may be involved in helping to shape these abilities, Plomin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the study did find was that children's reading ability and math ability seem to be related — and much of that relationship can be explained by genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research also showed that genes can't explain everything about our abilities, Plomin says. \"These genetic propensities are like little nudges,\" he says. Slight variations in your genes may nudge you to read more for pleasure. \"And that can snowball,\" Plomin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kids who like reading may spend more time at the library or may ask their parents to buy them more books — and all of that practice reading will push their skills even further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other kids may find reading to be a bit harder due to genetics, Plomin says. \"It's not that the child just isn't motivated, or that he's just not trying hard enough.\" But with some extra encouragement and support, these children can become good readers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental factors may also explain why, among genetically identical twins, one may prefer math while the other prefers reading, Plomin says. One twin may end up with a really good math teacher, while the other doesn't. Or one may fall ill, and that may set her back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, we don't have all the answers, Plomin says. \"I wish I knew what some of the genes are,\" he says. That would allow scientists to learn more about how we each learn best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's going to be needed is very large samples of people to be able to isolate these genes,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/intelligence/editorial-board/d-detterman/\">Douglas Detterman\u003c/a>, an emeritus professor of psychology at Case Western Reserve University and editor of the journal \u003cem>Intelligence\u003c/em>. Detterman, who wasn't involved in this study, says scientists would likely have to look at the DNA of millions of people in order to start figuring out which genes affect our academic aptitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a daunting task, he says, \"but I think it'll happen faster than we expect.\" As we learn more about the influence of genetics on learning, we'll be able to more easily figure out which learning environment works best for each child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here, teachers are a bit like farmers, Detterman says. And children are a bit like corn. \"You have corn plants that do well in certain environments, and don't in others. And the farmer's job is to get the corn plants into the right soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Math+Nerd+Or+Bookworm%3F+Many+Of+The+Same+Genes+Shape+Both+Abilities&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Educators have been talking about changing the traditional way of teaching math for a long time, but nothing seems to change. Elizabeth Green's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/magazine/why-do-americans-stink-at-math.html?ref=education&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times Magazine article\u003c/a> digs into why it has been so hard for U.S schools to effectively implement changes to math pedagogy, and just how far American students have fallen behind as a result. A lot of it comes down to ensuring teachers are comfortable with the new methods, she writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In fact, efforts to introduce a better way of teaching math stretch back to the 1800s. The story is the same every time: a big, excited push, followed by mass confusion and then a return to conventional practices. The trouble always starts when teachers are told to put innovative ideas into practice without much guidance on how to do it. In the hands of unprepared teachers, the reforms turn to nonsense, perplexing students more than helping them.\"\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/magazine/why-do-americans-stink-at-math.html\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Educators have been talking about changing the traditional way of teaching math for a long time, but nothing seems to change. Elizabeth Green's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/magazine/why-do-americans-stink-at-math.html?ref=education&_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">New York Times Magazine article\u003c/a> digs into why it has been so hard for U.S schools to effectively implement changes to math pedagogy, and just how far American students have fallen behind as a result. A lot of it comes down to ensuring teachers are comfortable with the new methods, she writes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In fact, efforts to introduce a better way of teaching math stretch back to the 1800s. The story is the same every time: a big, excited push, followed by mass confusion and then a return to conventional practices. The trouble always starts when teachers are told to put innovative ideas into practice without much guidance on how to do it. In the hands of unprepared teachers, the reforms turn to nonsense, perplexing students more than helping them.\"\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/magazine/why-do-americans-stink-at-math.html\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "A School Built Entirely Around the Love of Math",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36562\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744.jpg\" alt=\"Getty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Prodigies in piano or dance can study at schools like Juilliard to develop their musical or performing arts talent. By contrast, nothing like Juilliard exists for children who show great promise at math. But an ambitious experiment will soon change that: In fall 2015, a small, independent school that's exclusively tailored for math whizzes will open in downtown San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the new, non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/2013/12/01/welcome-to-proof-school/\">Proof School\u003c/a> intend to provide mathematically gifted youth an intensive and complete education in grades 6-12 that typical schools can't muster. The pupils will learn advanced areas of math, such as number theory topics that a university math major or graduate student might tackle. They'll work on math research projects, and engage in community service through math tutoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're going to be involved in math in a really different way, a really exciting and dynamic way,\" said Sam Vandervelde, who is leaving his math professorship at St. Lawrence University in New York to become the new school's dean of mathematical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proof School will initially open with roughly 45 children in three grades, with plans to grow to around 250 students in a decade. Getting in \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/about/admissions/\">won't be easy\u003c/a>, but the school's mission is to serve the needs of \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/faq/do-you-have-a-math-kid/\">\"math kids\"\u003c/a> in the Bay Area -- ranging from high-IQ wunderkind types to students who participate in math competitions or math circles, to children who love to play with numbers. \"What we want is kids who are passionate about math,\" said Paul Zeitz, school co-founder and chair of mathematics at the University of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Roots in Math Circle Culture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The new school takes its inspiration from \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/Wiki_WhatIsAMathCircle_HistoryOfMathCircles\">math circles\u003c/a>, an Eastern European and Russian tradition that spread to the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.themathcircle.org/history.php\">starting in the 1990s\u003c/a>. These weekly extracurricular clubs bring youngsters together with a mathematician who guides them in exploring numerical ideas and concepts in depth. It's often a highly interactive conversation, with the kids avidly chiming in with questions and thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We want to develop and nurture every one of those kids and bring them along as far as they are capable of going.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For kids who live and breathe for numbers, the experience can be transformative, as Ian Brown of Marin County, Calif., can attest. In 2011, he began taking his 10-year-old son, Nico, to \u003ca href=\"http://www.themonthly.com/feature1404.html\">local math circles\u003c/a>. Nico hadn't been happy or thriving in his public elementary school, because \"he wasn't finding kids in his classes who understood what he was going on about when he was talking about higher mathematics,\" Brown said. But math circle changed everything. \"Not only did the lights go on, but the heart went on,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year later, Nico joined an advanced, invitation-only math circle for a half dozen students that was led by Zeitz. \"Here they all are, for two hours once a week, joyful, joyful, joyful,\" Brown recalled. One day in January 2013, as he watched the group animatedly discussing how many ways there are to color a cube with two colors, he turned to another student's father, Dennis Leary, and marveled: \"Look at these guys, they're thrilled to be working together. Why don't we do this all day long -- and every day?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown wanted to build a school for kids like his son \"that they feel is really meant for them.\" One conversation led to another and to the birth of Proof School, with him, Leary, and Zeitz as co-founders. To jumpstart it, Brown left his job as a language-arts teacher and dean at a private school for gifted and talented youth where his son, now 13, currently attends seventh grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has several high-caliber schools, including Lowell High School, it lacks specialized science schools such as Stuyvesant High School in New York City or the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncssm.edu/\"> North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics\u003c/a> in Durham. But Proof School won't be like any school out there, anywhere, Zeitz said. Not only will its student body be different -- they'll all have exceptional math ability -- but so will its teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a traditional school, a teacher in a top-notch math classroom might take students on the intellectual equivalent of a strenuous hike that brings them to top of the hill. But as Zeitz put it, \"what they don't realize is that they're in this incredible mountain range, which they can't see because their teacher doesn't know how to get them to put on a hang glider and jump off the cliff and see the entire topography at once.\" Proof School teachers will ideally have math Ph.D.s and the deep expertise to do that, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in math-circle style, the curriculum will emphasize working on and communicating about interesting math problems. Because one of Proof School's guiding principles or \"axioms\" is not to waste their pupils' time, the kids will be spared the unchallenging busy work or mind-numbing exercises that are common in standard schools, Zeitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Afternoons Dedicated to Numbers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Every afternoon, students will spend two-and-a-half to three hours learning mathematical sciences, including computer science. Following an unconventional block curriculum structure, the academic year will be broken into six blocks of math instruction that each immerse the entire school in a single topic (such as problem solving or algebra) for five weeks straight. For each topic, kids will be placed into 10 to 12 different tiers by their skill level, Vandervelde said, which allows a lot of flexibility in meeting their individual needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll sort kids into groups based on what they're ready for,\" he said, not by age or grade. Some off-the-charts precocious students will be able to take on very advanced problems at the level of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.org/news/usa-mathematical-olympiad\">U.S.A. Mathematical Olympiad\u003c/a>, and \"we're going to be ready for them too,\" said Vandervelde, who, like Zeitz, competed in the International Mathematical Olympiad as a teenager. \"We want to develop and nurture every one of those kids and bring them along as far as they are capable of going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recruiting girls to the school is a high priority, Zeitz said, noting that many young girls are enthusiastic about math but often drop out in their interest between sixth and ninth grades. \"We would like to fight that trend as much as possible,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1da5b991e20a8c0bff3dbd091fd87aad\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond numbers, the school will offer a full education, with non-math courses in English, history, languages, and science all scheduled in the mornings in a traditional grade-level manner. Proof School's teaching style will also draw upon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/08/four-essential-principles-of-blended-learning/\">blended learning\u003c/a> methods that make use of technology in the classroom, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/07/the-challenges-and-realities-of-inquiry-based-learning/\">inquiry-based learning\u003c/a> practices. Because classroom facility space will initially be limited, the founders plan to tap nearby educational resources: Students might go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science-jan-june13-science_05-07/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> for hands-on science learning, to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moadsf.org/\">Museum of the African Diaspora\u003c/a> for history, and to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/11/business/11ping.html?dbk\">TechShop\u003c/a> for 21st century shop class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since some math kids are not exactly social butterflies when it comes to people skills, the school's guiding axioms also make a point of teaching students how to engage with and navigate the world around them. \"We will work as hard on social-emotional intelligence and communication skills -- writing and public speaking -- as we will on anything else,\" Zeitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Turning a Math Dream into Reality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Zeitz and his colleagues have much work ahead to make all the prime factors of their creative ideas, logistical plans, and hiring goals -- which includes finding a charismatic humanities dean who \"is able to stand up to math nerds,\" he said -- add up to an equation for success. They're getting ready to launch an early admissions program and give \"a day in the life\" school preview this summer. Currently in fundraising mode, the founders hope to secure at least $1 million in order to keep the private tuition as low as possible and provide ample scholarships and financial aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the school accessible to math kids around the Bay Area, the campus will be located near public transit, most likely in San Francisco's South Financial District area. The founders also plan to share their math curriculum and resources with the world in an open-source way, which will include hosting math talks and events for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families in Silicon Valley have expressed strong interest in Proof School, but other reactions have ranged from \u003ca href=\"http://quomodocumque.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/proof-school-its-not-just-for-math-kids-anymore/\">initial skepticism\u003c/a> to some concerns that the school will be elitist. \"We're not going to be elitist but we will be elite,\" Brown said. \"We're not going to be snobby. We're simply taking kids who operate at this [intellectual] level and putting them together with their peers, which they haven't had in the past. And many have suffered for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own son, for example, is leaving his private middle school after this academic year because he has no math peers there, Brown said. If all goes well, after a gap year of homeschooling, the plan is to start Nico in ninth grade at Proof School in September 2015. \"Oh, he can't wait!\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_36562\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-36562\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744.jpg\" alt=\"Getty\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2014/06/4521936771-e1403927077744-320x180.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"dropcap-serif\">Prodigies in piano or dance can study at schools like Juilliard to develop their musical or performing arts talent. By contrast, nothing like Juilliard exists for children who show great promise at math. But an ambitious experiment will soon change that: In fall 2015, a small, independent school that's exclusively tailored for math whizzes will open in downtown San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designers of the new, non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/2013/12/01/welcome-to-proof-school/\">Proof School\u003c/a> intend to provide mathematically gifted youth an intensive and complete education in grades 6-12 that typical schools can't muster. The pupils will learn advanced areas of math, such as number theory topics that a university math major or graduate student might tackle. They'll work on math research projects, and engage in community service through math tutoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're going to be involved in math in a really different way, a really exciting and dynamic way,\" said Sam Vandervelde, who is leaving his math professorship at St. Lawrence University in New York to become the new school's dean of mathematical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proof School will initially open with roughly 45 children in three grades, with plans to grow to around 250 students in a decade. Getting in \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/about/admissions/\">won't be easy\u003c/a>, but the school's mission is to serve the needs of \u003ca href=\"http://proofschool.org/faq/do-you-have-a-math-kid/\">\"math kids\"\u003c/a> in the Bay Area -- ranging from high-IQ wunderkind types to students who participate in math competitions or math circles, to children who love to play with numbers. \"What we want is kids who are passionate about math,\" said Paul Zeitz, school co-founder and chair of mathematics at the University of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Roots in Math Circle Culture\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The new school takes its inspiration from \u003ca href=\"http://www.mathcircles.org/Wiki_WhatIsAMathCircle_HistoryOfMathCircles\">math circles\u003c/a>, an Eastern European and Russian tradition that spread to the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.themathcircle.org/history.php\">starting in the 1990s\u003c/a>. These weekly extracurricular clubs bring youngsters together with a mathematician who guides them in exploring numerical ideas and concepts in depth. It's often a highly interactive conversation, with the kids avidly chiming in with questions and thoughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We want to develop and nurture every one of those kids and bring them along as far as they are capable of going.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For kids who live and breathe for numbers, the experience can be transformative, as Ian Brown of Marin County, Calif., can attest. In 2011, he began taking his 10-year-old son, Nico, to \u003ca href=\"http://www.themonthly.com/feature1404.html\">local math circles\u003c/a>. Nico hadn't been happy or thriving in his public elementary school, because \"he wasn't finding kids in his classes who understood what he was going on about when he was talking about higher mathematics,\" Brown said. But math circle changed everything. \"Not only did the lights go on, but the heart went on,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About a year later, Nico joined an advanced, invitation-only math circle for a half dozen students that was led by Zeitz. \"Here they all are, for two hours once a week, joyful, joyful, joyful,\" Brown recalled. One day in January 2013, as he watched the group animatedly discussing how many ways there are to color a cube with two colors, he turned to another student's father, Dennis Leary, and marveled: \"Look at these guys, they're thrilled to be working together. Why don't we do this all day long -- and every day?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown wanted to build a school for kids like his son \"that they feel is really meant for them.\" One conversation led to another and to the birth of Proof School, with him, Leary, and Zeitz as co-founders. To jumpstart it, Brown left his job as a language-arts teacher and dean at a private school for gifted and talented youth where his son, now 13, currently attends seventh grade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While San Francisco has several high-caliber schools, including Lowell High School, it lacks specialized science schools such as Stuyvesant High School in New York City or the\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncssm.edu/\"> North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics\u003c/a> in Durham. But Proof School won't be like any school out there, anywhere, Zeitz said. Not only will its student body be different -- they'll all have exceptional math ability -- but so will its teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a traditional school, a teacher in a top-notch math classroom might take students on the intellectual equivalent of a strenuous hike that brings them to top of the hill. But as Zeitz put it, \"what they don't realize is that they're in this incredible mountain range, which they can't see because their teacher doesn't know how to get them to put on a hang glider and jump off the cliff and see the entire topography at once.\" Proof School teachers will ideally have math Ph.D.s and the deep expertise to do that, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in math-circle style, the curriculum will emphasize working on and communicating about interesting math problems. Because one of Proof School's guiding principles or \"axioms\" is not to waste their pupils' time, the kids will be spared the unchallenging busy work or mind-numbing exercises that are common in standard schools, Zeitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Afternoons Dedicated to Numbers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Every afternoon, students will spend two-and-a-half to three hours learning mathematical sciences, including computer science. Following an unconventional block curriculum structure, the academic year will be broken into six blocks of math instruction that each immerse the entire school in a single topic (such as problem solving or algebra) for five weeks straight. For each topic, kids will be placed into 10 to 12 different tiers by their skill level, Vandervelde said, which allows a lot of flexibility in meeting their individual needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'll sort kids into groups based on what they're ready for,\" he said, not by age or grade. Some off-the-charts precocious students will be able to take on very advanced problems at the level of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.maa.org/news/usa-mathematical-olympiad\">U.S.A. Mathematical Olympiad\u003c/a>, and \"we're going to be ready for them too,\" said Vandervelde, who, like Zeitz, competed in the International Mathematical Olympiad as a teenager. \"We want to develop and nurture every one of those kids and bring them along as far as they are capable of going.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recruiting girls to the school is a high priority, Zeitz said, noting that many young girls are enthusiastic about math but often drop out in their interest between sixth and ninth grades. \"We would like to fight that trend as much as possible,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond numbers, the school will offer a full education, with non-math courses in English, history, languages, and science all scheduled in the mornings in a traditional grade-level manner. Proof School's teaching style will also draw upon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/08/four-essential-principles-of-blended-learning/\">blended learning\u003c/a> methods that make use of technology in the classroom, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2013/07/the-challenges-and-realities-of-inquiry-based-learning/\">inquiry-based learning\u003c/a> practices. Because classroom facility space will initially be limited, the founders plan to tap nearby educational resources: Students might go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science-jan-june13-science_05-07/\">Exploratorium\u003c/a> for hands-on science learning, to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moadsf.org/\">Museum of the African Diaspora\u003c/a> for history, and to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/11/business/11ping.html?dbk\">TechShop\u003c/a> for 21st century shop class.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since some math kids are not exactly social butterflies when it comes to people skills, the school's guiding axioms also make a point of teaching students how to engage with and navigate the world around them. \"We will work as hard on social-emotional intelligence and communication skills -- writing and public speaking -- as we will on anything else,\" Zeitz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Turning a Math Dream into Reality\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Zeitz and his colleagues have much work ahead to make all the prime factors of their creative ideas, logistical plans, and hiring goals -- which includes finding a charismatic humanities dean who \"is able to stand up to math nerds,\" he said -- add up to an equation for success. They're getting ready to launch an early admissions program and give \"a day in the life\" school preview this summer. Currently in fundraising mode, the founders hope to secure at least $1 million in order to keep the private tuition as low as possible and provide ample scholarships and financial aid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the school accessible to math kids around the Bay Area, the campus will be located near public transit, most likely in San Francisco's South Financial District area. The founders also plan to share their math curriculum and resources with the world in an open-source way, which will include hosting math talks and events for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many families in Silicon Valley have expressed strong interest in Proof School, but other reactions have ranged from \u003ca href=\"http://quomodocumque.wordpress.com/2013/12/19/proof-school-its-not-just-for-math-kids-anymore/\">initial skepticism\u003c/a> to some concerns that the school will be elitist. \"We're not going to be elitist but we will be elite,\" Brown said. \"We're not going to be snobby. We're simply taking kids who operate at this [intellectual] level and putting them together with their peers, which they haven't had in the past. And many have suffered for it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His own son, for example, is leaving his private middle school after this academic year because he has no math peers there, Brown said. If all goes well, after a gap year of homeschooling, the plan is to start Nico in ninth grade at Proof School in September 2015. \"Oh, he can't wait!\" Brown said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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