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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=necffi60Fs4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long seen the potential of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/05/aging-japan-robots-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality\u003c/a> in rehabilitating patients with movement disorders. But do treatments using VR have advantages over traditional physical therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Levac at Northeastern University’s ReGame laboratory is trying to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know enough of is when you learn a skill in a virtual environment, to what extent does that actually help you get better at that skill in real life?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levac’s work focuses on children with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders, and to measure any success, she first must come up with a baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, Levac was putting 9-year-old Mattea through a series of games developed by the lab to see how she might ordinarily expect a child to perform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While VR won’t replace traditional physical therapy, Levac sees its promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that these games can provide a very useful adjunct that can potentially offer some extra benefits,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/31/virtual-reality-physical-therapy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/necffi60Fs4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/necffi60Fs4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers have long seen the potential of \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/05/aging-japan-robots-virtual-reality/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">virtual reality\u003c/a> in rehabilitating patients with movement disorders. But do treatments using VR have advantages over traditional physical therapy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Levac at Northeastern University’s ReGame laboratory is trying to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we don’t know enough of is when you learn a skill in a virtual environment, to what extent does that actually help you get better at that skill in real life?” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levac’s work focuses on children with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders, and to measure any success, she first must come up with a baseline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.[contextly_sidebar id=\"M4JEVSEfDDhDw0n3meqWeaJPT6i8AOwO\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sIS8BD5zF1nXJWO6PonqzMGSpfqDl0Bs\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.[contextly_sidebar id=\"enNQmG13yKJp90szHVrMT1LH85pc4uKY\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After learning an ingredient used to make a widely prescribed heart drug contained a substance linked to cancer, the Food and Drug Administration is now testing all drugs in that class for traces of the toxic material.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The probe into angiotensin II receptor blockers is part of a widening investigation into a mystery over an impurity known as NDMA, which was found last month in generic valsartan blood pressure pills made by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. NDMA, which is considered a possible carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, is an organic chemical once used to make rocket fuel and is an unintended by-product of certain chemical reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The finding caused widespread concern and product recalls by several manufacturers as the FDA and regulators from other countries scrambled to determine how the substance found its way into the medicine. The FDA issued a statement saying it believes the problem occurred “through a specific sequence of steps in the manufacturing process,” but the agency is “still not 100 percent sure this is the root cause.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous companies either manufacture or repackage these drugs, which are regularly used to combat high blood pressure and heart failure. As of now, they noted that more than half of all valsartan medicines that are on the market are being recalled.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The episode underscores ongoing concerns about the quality of the pharmaceutical supply chain emanating from countries such as China and India that are large ingredients manufacturers, but have a history of inconsistent — some say inadequate — government oversight. A 2016 \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2017/01/17/fda-drug-safety-inspections/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> by the U.S. Government Accountability Office found the FDA was struggling to assess its overseas inspection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mindful of such concerns, the FDA statement took pains to explain the steps taken by the agency to respond to the NDMA problem. These included \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">alerts\u003c/a> issued to patients and health care providers on the agency \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">web site\u003c/a>; analysis by FDA staff at its St. Louis laboratory; communicating with regulators in Canada, Europe, and Japan; and inspecting Zhejiang Huahai facilities in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, the FDA reiterated an earlier alert that attempted to put the risk into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency estimated that if 8,000 people took the highest valsartan dose of 320 mg in a pill containing NDMA daily for four years — which is the amount of time the FDA believes the affected pill had been on the U.S. market — there may be one additional case of cancer over their lifetimes beyond the average cancer rate among Americans.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This estimate represented the highest possible level of NDMA exposure. It was a measure of the risk under the most extreme circumstances. Most patients who were exposed to the impurity through the use of valsartan received less exposure than this worst-case scenario,” Gottlieb and Woodcock wrote in a bid to reassure the public about the likelihood of the risk of developing cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, they added that they plan to use what they learn from this scare to “inform assessments of product applications being submitted and currently reviewed by the FDA. We will disseminate that information to manufacturers of all drugs and to the scientific community and re-evaluate our existing guidance to manufacturers.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Antidepressant Ketamine Triggers Brain's Opioid System",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests that ketamine, an increasingly popular treatment for depression, has something in common with drugs like fentanyl and oxycodone.[contextly_sidebar id=\"GKOXapuQ5qMV9rgSB9dSKa6ZDrVupWf3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study found evidence that ketamine's effectiveness with depression, demonstrated in many small studies over the past decade, comes from its interaction with the brain's opioid system. A Stanford University team \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>their findings Wednesday in \u003cem>The American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think ketamine is acting as an opioid,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/people/alan-f-schatzberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Schatzberg\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. \"That's why you're getting these rapid effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most researchers have attributed ketamine's success to its effect on the brain's glutamate system, which is involved in learning and memory. The opioid system, in contrast, controls pain, reward and addictive behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketamine is an anesthetic that is frequently given to children in the emergency room. It is also a popular but illicit party drug that can cause an out-of-body experience at high doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the past few years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/20/520169959/ketamine-for-severe-depression-how-do-you-not-offer-this-drug-to-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine has seen increasing use\u003c/a> as an off-label treatment that doctors prescribe for patients with severe depression that doesn't respond to other drugs. Unlike conventional antidepressants like Prozac, which can take weeks to work, an infusion or nasal administration of ketamine typically produces results in hours.[contextly_sidebar id=\"b9ZDNeJgwwqSZavOYEHiljP4WWMQlDiK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study's findings suggests that taking ketamine for depression could lead to abuse or addiction, says Schatzberg, who has financial ties to several drug companies. Ketamine has a less potent effect on opioid receptors than drugs like fentanyl or oxycodone, he says, \"but that doesn't mean it's safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the study's implications aren't so clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results are quite intriguing,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/carlos-zarate.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carlos Zarate Jr.\u003c/a>, an investigator at the National Institute of Mental Health who has been studying ketamine's effects on depression for more than a decade. \"However, this study is preliminary and its results need to be replicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is \"interesting and exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/ronald_duman-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Duman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and neurobiology at Yale University who has published research showing how ketamine causes brain cells to form new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Duman isn't convinced that ketamine's effect on the opioid system is the key to its effectiveness in treating depression. He notes that ketamine's effect on the brain's glutamate system is quite powerful, while the drug has \"a relatively low affinity for opiate receptors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team decided to conduct its study after seeing research that suggested drugs that work on the glutamate system alone aren't very effective antidepressants, Schatzberg says. They researchers also knew that opioid drugs had once been used to treat depression but were largely abandoned because of concern about abuse.[contextly_sidebar id=\"a3FmE4rjr7xcOG9MhJ9mEKI27rlhXnjE\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team designed an experiment that would treat patients with depression in two ways. The first was by giving them an infusion of ketamine alone. The second involved giving each patient the drug naltrexone, which blocks the effects of opioid drugs, before the patient got an infusion of ketamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis of a dozen patients who got both treatments showed a dramatic difference. Seven of the 12 saw their depression symptoms decrease by at least 50 percent a day after they got ketamine alone. But when they got naltrexone first, there was \"virtually no effect,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/carolyn-rodriguez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carolyn Rodriguez\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who has pioneered the use of ketamine to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, says the study doesn't prove that the drug works primarily through the brain's opioid system. Instead, she calls the result \"the beginning of a conversation\" and says it \"highlights that ketamine's mechanism of action is complicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has served as a consultant for several drug companies including Allergan, which is developing a depression drug that acts like ketamine in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that ketamine's effect on opioid receptors may provide immediate but short-term relief of depression symptoms, Rodriguez says, while the drug's effect on the glutamate system may be what makes that relief last for a week or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ketamine%2C+A+Promising+Depression+Treatment%2C+Seems+To+Act+Like+An+Opioid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests that ketamine, an increasingly popular treatment for depression, has something in common with drugs like fentanyl and oxycodone.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small study found evidence that ketamine's effectiveness with depression, demonstrated in many small studies over the past decade, comes from its interaction with the brain's opioid system. A Stanford University team \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18020138\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported \u003c/a>their findings Wednesday in \u003cem>The American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think ketamine is acting as an opioid,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/people/alan-f-schatzberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alan Schatzberg\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University. \"That's why you're getting these rapid effects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, most researchers have attributed ketamine's success to its effect on the brain's glutamate system, which is involved in learning and memory. The opioid system, in contrast, controls pain, reward and addictive behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ketamine is an anesthetic that is frequently given to children in the emergency room. It is also a popular but illicit party drug that can cause an out-of-body experience at high doses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the past few years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/20/520169959/ketamine-for-severe-depression-how-do-you-not-offer-this-drug-to-people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ketamine has seen increasing use\u003c/a> as an off-label treatment that doctors prescribe for patients with severe depression that doesn't respond to other drugs. Unlike conventional antidepressants like Prozac, which can take weeks to work, an infusion or nasal administration of ketamine typically produces results in hours.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study's findings suggests that taking ketamine for depression could lead to abuse or addiction, says Schatzberg, who has financial ties to several drug companies. Ketamine has a less potent effect on opioid receptors than drugs like fentanyl or oxycodone, he says, \"but that doesn't mean it's safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other researchers say the study's implications aren't so clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The results are quite intriguing,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/labs-at-nimh/principal-investigators/carlos-zarate.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carlos Zarate Jr.\u003c/a>, an investigator at the National Institute of Mental Health who has been studying ketamine's effects on depression for more than a decade. \"However, this study is preliminary and its results need to be replicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study is \"interesting and exciting,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://medicine.yale.edu/psychiatry/people/ronald_duman-1.profile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ronald Duman\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and neurobiology at Yale University who has published research showing how ketamine causes brain cells to form new connections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Duman isn't convinced that ketamine's effect on the opioid system is the key to its effectiveness in treating depression. He notes that ketamine's effect on the brain's glutamate system is quite powerful, while the drug has \"a relatively low affinity for opiate receptors.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team decided to conduct its study after seeing research that suggested drugs that work on the glutamate system alone aren't very effective antidepressants, Schatzberg says. They researchers also knew that opioid drugs had once been used to treat depression but were largely abandoned because of concern about abuse.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team designed an experiment that would treat patients with depression in two ways. The first was by giving them an infusion of ketamine alone. The second involved giving each patient the drug naltrexone, which blocks the effects of opioid drugs, before the patient got an infusion of ketamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis of a dozen patients who got both treatments showed a dramatic difference. Seven of the 12 saw their depression symptoms decrease by at least 50 percent a day after they got ketamine alone. But when they got naltrexone first, there was \"virtually no effect,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/carolyn-rodriguez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carolyn Rodriguez\u003c/a>, one of the study's authors and an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez, who has pioneered the use of ketamine to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder, says the study doesn't prove that the drug works primarily through the brain's opioid system. Instead, she calls the result \"the beginning of a conversation\" and says it \"highlights that ketamine's mechanism of action is complicated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodriguez has served as a consultant for several drug companies including Allergan, which is developing a depression drug that acts like ketamine in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that ketamine's effect on opioid receptors may provide immediate but short-term relief of depression symptoms, Rodriguez says, while the drug's effect on the glutamate system may be what makes that relief last for a week or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ketamine%2C+A+Promising+Depression+Treatment%2C+Seems+To+Act+Like+An+Opioid&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Experts from scores of countries are meeting to discuss ways to define and deal with “killer robots” — futuristic weapons systems that could conduct war without human intervention.[contextly_sidebar id=\"JwnbIGuA2qmrjP4cyRW3G5jeg9YBMKbr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weeklong gathering that opened Monday is the second at U.N. offices in Geneva this year to focus on such lethal autonomous weapons systems and to explore possibilities for regulating them, among other issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, fully autonomous, computer-controlled weapons don’t exist yet, U.N. officials say. The debate is still in its infancy, and the experts have at times grappled with basic definitions. The United States has argued that it’s premature to establish a definition of such systems, much less regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Some top advocacy groups say governments and militaries should be prevented from developing such systems, which have sparked fears and led some critics to envisage harrowing scenarios about their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the meeting got underway, Amnesty International urged countries to work toward a ban.[contextly_sidebar id=\"0OgluTdEZx9UFQGbj03uYz6oMpORelQX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer robots are “no longer the stuff of science fiction,” Rasha Abdul Rahim, an artificial intelligence researcher for the human rights organization, said. Rahim warned that technological advances are outpacing international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the trouble for activists, however, is that the U.N.-backed conference that convened the meeting works by consensus. A single participating country — like a big military power — therefore could scuttle efforts to reach an international ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amandeep Gill, who is chairing the meeting and a former Indian ambassador to the U.N.-backed Conference on Disarmament, said progress is being made. He summarized three general camps of countries: One seeks a formal, legal ban on such weapons; another wants a political, but non-binding agreement; and a third wants no changes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming closer to an agreement on what should be the guiding principles — guiding the behavior of states and guiding the development and deployment of such systems around the world,” Gill told reporters Monday. “And this is not an insignificant outcome.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"7CVR44SpGjuPwzybFHNCXk25HyuLfGfX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference hosted by the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jody Williams said the group wanted “meaningful human control” when it comes to the use of military weapons and negotiations toward a ban on computer-controlled weapons systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of movement within the governments: We’re up to 26 now that have called for a ban,” said Williams, who won the 1997 Nobel for her work against land mines. “Logic would dictate — at least in my thinking — that there would be a mandate toward negotiating a binding instrument, and that’s what we’re pushing for here this week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget render-late-effect tbl-feed-container tbl-feed-full-width\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"tbl-feed-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Experts from scores of countries are meeting to discuss ways to define and deal with “killer robots” — futuristic weapons systems that could conduct war without human intervention.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weeklong gathering that opened Monday is the second at U.N. offices in Geneva this year to focus on such lethal autonomous weapons systems and to explore possibilities for regulating them, among other issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In theory, fully autonomous, computer-controlled weapons don’t exist yet, U.N. officials say. The debate is still in its infancy, and the experts have at times grappled with basic definitions. The United States has argued that it’s premature to establish a definition of such systems, much less regulate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"div-gpt-ad-1470255291270-0\" class=\"ad-placeholder\">\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Some top advocacy groups say governments and militaries should be prevented from developing such systems, which have sparked fears and led some critics to envisage harrowing scenarios about their use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the meeting got underway, Amnesty International urged countries to work toward a ban.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer robots are “no longer the stuff of science fiction,” Rasha Abdul Rahim, an artificial intelligence researcher for the human rights organization, said. Rahim warned that technological advances are outpacing international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the trouble for activists, however, is that the U.N.-backed conference that convened the meeting works by consensus. A single participating country — like a big military power — therefore could scuttle efforts to reach an international ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amandeep Gill, who is chairing the meeting and a former Indian ambassador to the U.N.-backed Conference on Disarmament, said progress is being made. He summarized three general camps of countries: One seeks a formal, legal ban on such weapons; another wants a political, but non-binding agreement; and a third wants no changes at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are coming closer to an agreement on what should be the guiding principles — guiding the behavior of states and guiding the development and deployment of such systems around the world,” Gill told reporters Monday. “And this is not an insignificant outcome.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a news conference hosted by the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, Nobel Peace Prize laureate Jody Williams said the group wanted “meaningful human control” when it comes to the use of military weapons and negotiations toward a ban on computer-controlled weapons systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a lot of movement within the governments: We’re up to 26 now that have called for a ban,” said Williams, who won the 1997 Nobel for her work against land mines. “Logic would dictate — at least in my thinking — that there would be a mandate toward negotiating a binding instrument, and that’s what we’re pushing for here this week.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget render-late-effect tbl-feed-container tbl-feed-full-width\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"tbl-feed-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A consumer advocacy organization is asking federal health officials Tuesday to halt a large medical study being conducted at major universities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen says that the study, involving treatment for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sepsis,\u003c/a> puts patients at risk and will at best produce confusing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03434028?term=NCT03434028&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CLOVERS study\u003c/a> seeks to answer a key question about sepsis, which is a common and life-threatening response to infection. Sepsis kills more than 250,000 Americans a year, often by triggering the failure of multiple organs. As patients' blood vessels get leaky as a result of sepsis, it becomes difficult to maintain safe fluid balance and blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors use a combination of IV fluids and blood-pressure medicines called vasopressors, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, to manage this life-threatening complication. But there is no consensus about the best strategy. Some doctors prefer to give lots of fluids and use drugs sparingly; others take the opposite approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, trying to find the sweet spot — or the 'Goldilocks place' — is important,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.surgery.emory.edu/about-us/faculty_directory/faculty_profile_craig_coopersmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Craig Coopersmith\u003c/a>, director of the surgical transplant intensive care unit at Emory University Hospital and an expert on sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CLOVERS trial is an attempt to find that sweet spot. Patients who volunteer for the study are put into one of two groups: One gets plentiful fluids; the other gets limited fluids and more medication. Unlike most research, this study lacks a control group — people who receive the typically given amounts of IV fluids and drugs — as a comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is, both of those experimental ways for treating sepsis may do worse,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.citizen.org/about/michael-carome-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Michael Carome,\u003c/a> head of the Public Citizen Health Research Group, which has lodged a complaint with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be higher mortality rates for both groups compared to usual care,\" Carome says, and without a comparison group there's no way to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if people on one of these experimental treatments do better than those on the other, that doesn't mean it would be better than usual care, he says. This study can't answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carome is also alarmed that, in certain unusual circumstances, the protocol calls for holding off on treating dangerously low blood pressure for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one caring for a sepsis patient would normally do that as part of usual care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, designed at Harvard and funded by the National Institutes of Health, went through multiple reviews by people who concluded that it didn't pose an undue risk to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the fact that it got through these layers of review with these serious design flaws signals that our system for protecting human subjects is broken,\" Carome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith, who is not involved with the CLOVERS study, reviewed Public Citizen's complaint at NPR's request. He doesn't share Carome's sense of alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith agrees that including a comparison group that received the standard of care would be a better study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, \"there's no clear standard of care for the first 24 hours,\" he says. Standard protocols for sepsis treatment dictate what doctors should do during the first six hours of treatment only, whereas the CLOVERS study is guiding treatment over a longer time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he agrees with Carome that the study won't clearly show that one of these experimental treatments is better than a more middle-of-the road approach to fluids and blood pressure medication; so sepsis doctors won't get clear guidance from the results. But the findings might help nudge doctors in one direction or another, he says, if it helps resolve the question of what's better — limited fluids or a lot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the concerns about how to deal with a patient with very low blood pressure, Coopersmith says, \"in a very narrow patient population for a narrow period of time, there is a theoretical chance that someone could have what I would consider to be too low a blood pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he were a doctor involved in this trial and encountered that, he says, he would deviate from the protocol and treat that patient with standard care. He expects his colleagues would do that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study isn't designed the way he would have done it, Coopersmith says, but, he \"would be comfortable enrolling patients in this trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cvbr.hms.harvard.edu/researchers/shapiro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nathan Shapiro\u003c/a>, a professor of Emergency Medicine at Harvard's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and one of the principal investigators for the CLOVERS study, stands by it. He declined a request for an interview, but sent a written response to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The study protocol was designed by expert clinicians in emergency and critical care medicine representing nearly 50 hospitals in the United States and follows a well-accepted design,\" he writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office for Human Research Protections\u003c/a> says the office has not yet seen the Public Citizen complaint, but will review the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Harris can be reached at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Critics+Trying+To+Stop+A+Big+Study+Of+Sepsis+Say+The+Research+Puts+Patients+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A consumer advocacy organization is asking federal health officials Tuesday to halt a large medical study being conducted at major universities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public Citizen says that the study, involving treatment for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/sepsis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sepsis,\u003c/a> puts patients at risk and will at best produce confusing results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03434028?term=NCT03434028&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CLOVERS study\u003c/a> seeks to answer a key question about sepsis, which is a common and life-threatening response to infection. Sepsis kills more than 250,000 Americans a year, often by triggering the failure of multiple organs. As patients' blood vessels get leaky as a result of sepsis, it becomes difficult to maintain safe fluid balance and blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors use a combination of IV fluids and blood-pressure medicines called vasopressors, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, to manage this life-threatening complication. But there is no consensus about the best strategy. Some doctors prefer to give lots of fluids and use drugs sparingly; others take the opposite approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, trying to find the sweet spot — or the 'Goldilocks place' — is important,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.surgery.emory.edu/about-us/faculty_directory/faculty_profile_craig_coopersmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Craig Coopersmith\u003c/a>, director of the surgical transplant intensive care unit at Emory University Hospital and an expert on sepsis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CLOVERS trial is an attempt to find that sweet spot. Patients who volunteer for the study are put into one of two groups: One gets plentiful fluids; the other gets limited fluids and more medication. Unlike most research, this study lacks a control group — people who receive the typically given amounts of IV fluids and drugs — as a comparison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem is, both of those experimental ways for treating sepsis may do worse,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.citizen.org/about/michael-carome-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Michael Carome,\u003c/a> head of the Public Citizen Health Research Group, which has lodged a complaint with federal health officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be higher mortality rates for both groups compared to usual care,\" Carome says, and without a comparison group there's no way to tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if people on one of these experimental treatments do better than those on the other, that doesn't mean it would be better than usual care, he says. This study can't answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carome is also alarmed that, in certain unusual circumstances, the protocol calls for holding off on treating dangerously low blood pressure for several hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one caring for a sepsis patient would normally do that as part of usual care,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, designed at Harvard and funded by the National Institutes of Health, went through multiple reviews by people who concluded that it didn't pose an undue risk to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But the fact that it got through these layers of review with these serious design flaws signals that our system for protecting human subjects is broken,\" Carome says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith, who is not involved with the CLOVERS study, reviewed Public Citizen's complaint at NPR's request. He doesn't share Carome's sense of alarm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coopersmith agrees that including a comparison group that received the standard of care would be a better study design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, \"there's no clear standard of care for the first 24 hours,\" he says. Standard protocols for sepsis treatment dictate what doctors should do during the first six hours of treatment only, whereas the CLOVERS study is guiding treatment over a longer time period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says he agrees with Carome that the study won't clearly show that one of these experimental treatments is better than a more middle-of-the road approach to fluids and blood pressure medication; so sepsis doctors won't get clear guidance from the results. But the findings might help nudge doctors in one direction or another, he says, if it helps resolve the question of what's better — limited fluids or a lot?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the concerns about how to deal with a patient with very low blood pressure, Coopersmith says, \"in a very narrow patient population for a narrow period of time, there is a theoretical chance that someone could have what I would consider to be too low a blood pressure.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If he were a doctor involved in this trial and encountered that, he says, he would deviate from the protocol and treat that patient with standard care. He expects his colleagues would do that as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study isn't designed the way he would have done it, Coopersmith says, but, he \"would be comfortable enrolling patients in this trial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cvbr.hms.harvard.edu/researchers/shapiro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Nathan Shapiro\u003c/a>, a professor of Emergency Medicine at Harvard's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and one of the principal investigators for the CLOVERS study, stands by it. He declined a request for an interview, but sent a written response to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The study protocol was designed by expert clinicians in emergency and critical care medicine representing nearly 50 hospitals in the United States and follows a well-accepted design,\" he writes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesperson for the federal \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Office for Human Research Protections\u003c/a> says the office has not yet seen the Public Citizen complaint, but will review the allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Richard Harris can be reached at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:rharris@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>rharris@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Critics+Trying+To+Stop+A+Big+Study+Of+Sepsis+Say+The+Research+Puts+Patients+At+Risk&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science is Finding Some Truth in ‘Microdosing’ Claims Touted by ’Shroomers and Reddit Users",
"title": "Science is Finding Some Truth in ‘Microdosing’ Claims Touted by ’Shroomers and Reddit Users",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dennis van der Meijden isn’t aiming to see the face of God, feel one with the cosmos, grasp the hidden reality of time and space, or embark on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Psychedelic-Explorers-Guide-Therapeutic-Journeys/dp/1594774021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sacred journey\u003c/a>. What the Dutch graphic designer, producer, and rapper (under the professional name Terilekst) wants — and gets — from his twice-weekly “microdoses” of psilocybin is more modest.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2u046KLqIpjlWqt95jSvMRrGksdXK55L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sharpens all the senses, as if the frequencies of all of your atoms and energy field are raised a little bit and are being slightly more conscious,” said van der Meijden, 39, who told STAT he first microdosed psilocybin — the active ingredient in “magic mushrooms” — three years ago. It makes him energetic enough to skip coffee, “as if I’m kicked in some sort of orbit for that day.” If he becomes distracted, “I’m very much aware of that, as if seeing myself from a bird’s eye view, so I can correct myself very fast.” But van der Meijden says he’s careful not to exceed about 0.4 grams, because 0.5 made him “a bit too joyful and a bit too philosophical,” which wasn’t always appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microdosing involves taking roughly one-tenth the “trip” dose of a psychedelic drug, an amount too little to trigger hallucinations but enough, its proponents say, to sharpen the mind. Psilocybin microdosers (including hundreds on Reddit) report that the mushrooms can increase creativity, calm anxiety, decrease the need for caffeine, and reduce depression. There is enough evidence that trip doses might have the latter effect that, on Wednesday, London-based Compass Pathways received Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/compass-pathways-receives-fda-approval-for-psilocybin-therapy-clinical-trial-for-treatment-resistant-depression-1027477289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approval\u003c/a> for a Phase 2B clinical trial of psilocybin (in larger-than-microdoses) for treatment-resistant depression. But research into microdosing is minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 10 years since psychologist and psychedelics researcher James Fadiman introduced the notion of microdosing and devised a widely followed \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/view/microdosingpsychedelics/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protocol\u003c/a> for it, and three years after microdosing psychedelics became the latest Silicon Valley “\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/11/27/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-in-silicon-valley-and-beyond/#8ece3fe188a8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">productivity hack\u003c/a>,” all the evidence about its effects has been anecdotal. Psilocybin is illegal almost everywhere, so it’s been nearly impossible to study scientifically. That is changing, however, as the Netherlands and other countries effectively decriminalize it and scientists in places where it remains illegal obtain government permission to study it.[contextly_sidebar id=\"uhfAqZqMFWRdicHoQZb7cSTv52omgvqK\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific interest is driven, in part, by numerous reports over the years that psilocybin might have antidepressant or anti-anxiety effects that might guide the development of better psychiatric drugs. But it also reflects an itch to see whether there is any basis for the anecdotal accounts. Now, in the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/11/384412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of its kind, scientists in the Netherlands found that psilocybin microdoses have no noticeable effect on the problem-solving, rational-thinking, and abstract-reasoning ability called fluid intelligence. But they do seem to improve two forms of thinking that underlie creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Performance was significantly higher” on tests of convergent and divergent thinking, said psychologist Bernhard Hommel of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who led the study. Convergent thinking is the ability to focus on abstract concepts to identify a single solution to a well-defined problem. Divergent thinking requires meandering mental forays and mental flexibility. Psychologists consider both to be ingredients of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the dose, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) binds to receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin. The cortex is packed with these 5-HT2A receptors, especially in areas that control reflection, imagination, and introspection, but “whether there is a minimum dose [of psilocybin that’s required to activate them] is an empirical question that we try to tackle,” Hommel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, he and his colleagues zeroed in on the effects that many users report: creativity, problem-solving, and the “cognitive flexibility” deemed crucial to both. Leiden’s Luisa Prochazkova took the lead in inviting members of the Psychedelic Society of the Netherlands to participate in the study; she got 38 takers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before their microdose, the volunteers took three standard psychological tests, two related to creative problem-solving and one an assessment of fluid intelligence. The scientists ran chemical analyses of the mushroom samples to determine how much psilocybin they contained. Since a trip dose is about 3 grams of dried ’shrooms, a microdose is around 0.33 grams. Participants averaged 0.37 grams of the dried preparation, which can be taken with food or packed into gelcaps for easy swallowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 minutes after the microdose, the participants took the three tests again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Picture Concept Task, they saw three rows of three pictures, and had to choose three — one from each row — that were related. That requires converging on the correct solution, like noticing that a bathtub, a sink, and a hose all have something to do with water. The brain must focus, weigh alternatives, and reject wrong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Alternate Uses Task, the microdosers had five minutes to think of ways to use a pen (tracheotomy? finger splint?) or towel. That measures divergent thinking, to move thoughts away from writing, for example, in the case of the pen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also took a “progressive matrices” test: In blocks of two-by-two or three-by-three patterns, with the bottom right one missing, they had to choose which of six possibilities belonged in the blank square — a task that requires fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found no post-microdose difference on the fluid intelligence test. But after microdosing, performance on the picture concept test was significantly higher (an average score of 7.6) than before (6.6). That suggested an improvement in the convergent thinking element of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also came up with significantly more uses for pens and towels, 16.7 vs. 14.7. That suggests a microdose of psilocybin “allowed participants to create more out-of-the-box alternative solutions for a problem,” the scientists wrote. Taken together, the three findings suggest a specific effect of psilocybin microdoses on creativity but not on fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For van der Meijden, a microdose of psilocybin makes his musical brainstorm sessions yield “more concepts, ideas, and solutions,” he said, partly because it lets him “better understand and visualize other people’s concepts.” In his design and illustration work, it produces a “more natural flow of line drawing” and lets him “see more possibilities in how things can be or look.” In his music, it lets him “analyze all the different instruments better” and know, for instance, whether to turn up or down the reverberation effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dutch study, which was published on a preprint site and has not undergone peer review at a journal, has several caveats. For one thing, having seen a test before might make people better at it. More problematic, the study didn’t have a control group of people who took something other than psilocybin. That leaves open the possibility that it wasn’t the compound that improved some forms of thinking, but the expectation that it would do so. Maybe people who microdose believe in its benefits enough to make those expectations reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the results fit with another new \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/07/25/376491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of psilocybin. In this one, scientists led by computational neuroscientist Joana Cabral of the University of Oxford used fMRI scans to study the brain activity of nine people who volunteered to be injected with 2 milligram (trip-inducing) doses. The chemical changed the functional connectivity of various brain regions, so that activity in one became synced with that in another. In particular, the rational, logical, well-behaved frontoparietal regions became “strongly destabilized,” the scientists reported, melding with activity in emotional and other regions to produce “unconstrained consciousness,” “mind wandering,” and a sense that everything is connected to everything else. Seeing connections that elude other people is almost the definition of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings in the microdosing study also fit with many anecdotal reports. One college student who is a member of the Portland, Ore., microdosing community said that although he doesn’t microdose psilocybin with the express purpose of boosting creativity or focus, he has found that “things seem to have quieted down, in terms of racing thoughts.” He can still be distracted, said Alex, 38, who asked not to be further identified because the drug is illegal in the U.S. But “if I want to go about doing something, then I have an easier time with it because I’m not being bogged down by my thoughts,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jakobien van der Weijden takes one psilocybin microdose every three days, with bimonthly breaks, “to work more focused, more efficiently and be more creative” at his marketing job in the Netherlands, he said. “On the downside, I would often feel that the inspiration was still there at night and I would keep working on projects until late. So it was somewhat more difficult to maintain a healthy biorhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As legal strictures loosen, there will likely be more rigorous studies of microdosing psilocybin. “Scientific studies could legitimize the claimed benefits,” said Will Burns, CEO of Wenham, Mass.-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideasicle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideasicle\u003c/a>, which develops branding and marketing ideas. He does not microdose, Burns said, but has \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/willburns/2015/11/29/lsd-microdosing-deserves-more-serious-research/#6824b00d656d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> research into its purported effects, including improving productivity and creativity. “Right now, we’re swimming in a world of anecdotes and almost no one has taken this seriously,” he said. “We need scientific studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/23/science-testing-claimed-benefits-of-psilocybin-microdosing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dennis van der Meijden isn’t aiming to see the face of God, feel one with the cosmos, grasp the hidden reality of time and space, or embark on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Psychedelic-Explorers-Guide-Therapeutic-Journeys/dp/1594774021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sacred journey\u003c/a>. What the Dutch graphic designer, producer, and rapper (under the professional name Terilekst) wants — and gets — from his twice-weekly “microdoses” of psilocybin is more modest.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sharpens all the senses, as if the frequencies of all of your atoms and energy field are raised a little bit and are being slightly more conscious,” said van der Meijden, 39, who told STAT he first microdosed psilocybin — the active ingredient in “magic mushrooms” — three years ago. It makes him energetic enough to skip coffee, “as if I’m kicked in some sort of orbit for that day.” If he becomes distracted, “I’m very much aware of that, as if seeing myself from a bird’s eye view, so I can correct myself very fast.” But van der Meijden says he’s careful not to exceed about 0.4 grams, because 0.5 made him “a bit too joyful and a bit too philosophical,” which wasn’t always appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microdosing involves taking roughly one-tenth the “trip” dose of a psychedelic drug, an amount too little to trigger hallucinations but enough, its proponents say, to sharpen the mind. Psilocybin microdosers (including hundreds on Reddit) report that the mushrooms can increase creativity, calm anxiety, decrease the need for caffeine, and reduce depression. There is enough evidence that trip doses might have the latter effect that, on Wednesday, London-based Compass Pathways received Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/compass-pathways-receives-fda-approval-for-psilocybin-therapy-clinical-trial-for-treatment-resistant-depression-1027477289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">approval\u003c/a> for a Phase 2B clinical trial of psilocybin (in larger-than-microdoses) for treatment-resistant depression. But research into microdosing is minimal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 10 years since psychologist and psychedelics researcher James Fadiman introduced the notion of microdosing and devised a widely followed \u003ca href=\"https://sites.google.com/view/microdosingpsychedelics/home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">protocol\u003c/a> for it, and three years after microdosing psychedelics became the latest Silicon Valley “\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/11/27/lsd-microdosing-the-new-job-enhancer-in-silicon-valley-and-beyond/#8ece3fe188a8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">productivity hack\u003c/a>,” all the evidence about its effects has been anecdotal. Psilocybin is illegal almost everywhere, so it’s been nearly impossible to study scientifically. That is changing, however, as the Netherlands and other countries effectively decriminalize it and scientists in places where it remains illegal obtain government permission to study it.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific interest is driven, in part, by numerous reports over the years that psilocybin might have antidepressant or anti-anxiety effects that might guide the development of better psychiatric drugs. But it also reflects an itch to see whether there is any basis for the anecdotal accounts. Now, in the first \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/08/11/384412\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of its kind, scientists in the Netherlands found that psilocybin microdoses have no noticeable effect on the problem-solving, rational-thinking, and abstract-reasoning ability called fluid intelligence. But they do seem to improve two forms of thinking that underlie creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Performance was significantly higher” on tests of convergent and divergent thinking, said psychologist Bernhard Hommel of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who led the study. Convergent thinking is the ability to focus on abstract concepts to identify a single solution to a well-defined problem. Divergent thinking requires meandering mental forays and mental flexibility. Psychologists consider both to be ingredients of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever the dose, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) binds to receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin. The cortex is packed with these 5-HT2A receptors, especially in areas that control reflection, imagination, and introspection, but “whether there is a minimum dose [of psilocybin that’s required to activate them] is an empirical question that we try to tackle,” Hommel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do so, he and his colleagues zeroed in on the effects that many users report: creativity, problem-solving, and the “cognitive flexibility” deemed crucial to both. Leiden’s Luisa Prochazkova took the lead in inviting members of the Psychedelic Society of the Netherlands to participate in the study; she got 38 takers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before their microdose, the volunteers took three standard psychological tests, two related to creative problem-solving and one an assessment of fluid intelligence. The scientists ran chemical analyses of the mushroom samples to determine how much psilocybin they contained. Since a trip dose is about 3 grams of dried ’shrooms, a microdose is around 0.33 grams. Participants averaged 0.37 grams of the dried preparation, which can be taken with food or packed into gelcaps for easy swallowing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 90 minutes after the microdose, the participants took the three tests again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Picture Concept Task, they saw three rows of three pictures, and had to choose three — one from each row — that were related. That requires converging on the correct solution, like noticing that a bathtub, a sink, and a hose all have something to do with water. The brain must focus, weigh alternatives, and reject wrong ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Alternate Uses Task, the microdosers had five minutes to think of ways to use a pen (tracheotomy? finger splint?) or towel. That measures divergent thinking, to move thoughts away from writing, for example, in the case of the pen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also took a “progressive matrices” test: In blocks of two-by-two or three-by-three patterns, with the bottom right one missing, they had to choose which of six possibilities belonged in the blank square — a task that requires fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists found no post-microdose difference on the fluid intelligence test. But after microdosing, performance on the picture concept test was significantly higher (an average score of 7.6) than before (6.6). That suggested an improvement in the convergent thinking element of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microdosers also came up with significantly more uses for pens and towels, 16.7 vs. 14.7. That suggests a microdose of psilocybin “allowed participants to create more out-of-the-box alternative solutions for a problem,” the scientists wrote. Taken together, the three findings suggest a specific effect of psilocybin microdoses on creativity but not on fluid intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For van der Meijden, a microdose of psilocybin makes his musical brainstorm sessions yield “more concepts, ideas, and solutions,” he said, partly because it lets him “better understand and visualize other people’s concepts.” In his design and illustration work, it produces a “more natural flow of line drawing” and lets him “see more possibilities in how things can be or look.” In his music, it lets him “analyze all the different instruments better” and know, for instance, whether to turn up or down the reverberation effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dutch study, which was published on a preprint site and has not undergone peer review at a journal, has several caveats. For one thing, having seen a test before might make people better at it. More problematic, the study didn’t have a control group of people who took something other than psilocybin. That leaves open the possibility that it wasn’t the compound that improved some forms of thinking, but the expectation that it would do so. Maybe people who microdose believe in its benefits enough to make those expectations reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the results fit with another new \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/07/25/376491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> of psilocybin. In this one, scientists led by computational neuroscientist Joana Cabral of the University of Oxford used fMRI scans to study the brain activity of nine people who volunteered to be injected with 2 milligram (trip-inducing) doses. The chemical changed the functional connectivity of various brain regions, so that activity in one became synced with that in another. In particular, the rational, logical, well-behaved frontoparietal regions became “strongly destabilized,” the scientists reported, melding with activity in emotional and other regions to produce “unconstrained consciousness,” “mind wandering,” and a sense that everything is connected to everything else. Seeing connections that elude other people is almost the definition of creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings in the microdosing study also fit with many anecdotal reports. One college student who is a member of the Portland, Ore., microdosing community said that although he doesn’t microdose psilocybin with the express purpose of boosting creativity or focus, he has found that “things seem to have quieted down, in terms of racing thoughts.” He can still be distracted, said Alex, 38, who asked not to be further identified because the drug is illegal in the U.S. But “if I want to go about doing something, then I have an easier time with it because I’m not being bogged down by my thoughts,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jakobien van der Weijden takes one psilocybin microdose every three days, with bimonthly breaks, “to work more focused, more efficiently and be more creative” at his marketing job in the Netherlands, he said. “On the downside, I would often feel that the inspiration was still there at night and I would keep working on projects until late. So it was somewhat more difficult to maintain a healthy biorhythm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As legal strictures loosen, there will likely be more rigorous studies of microdosing psilocybin. “Scientific studies could legitimize the claimed benefits,” said Will Burns, CEO of Wenham, Mass.-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.ideasicle.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ideasicle\u003c/a>, which develops branding and marketing ideas. He does not microdose, Burns said, but has \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/willburns/2015/11/29/lsd-microdosing-deserves-more-serious-research/#6824b00d656d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called for\u003c/a> research into its purported effects, including improving productivity and creativity. “Right now, we’re swimming in a world of anecdotes and almost no one has taken this seriously,” he said. “We need scientific studies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/23/science-testing-claimed-benefits-of-psilocybin-microdosing/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "America's Vaccine Wars Stoked By Russian Bots and Troll Armies",
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"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In the lead-up to the 2016 U.S. election, Russian bots and trolls took to Twitter and other social media platforms to try to turn Americans against one another. But in addition to spreading false information and interfering in the election, a new study reports, a significant number of these malevolent actors tried to sow discord over vaccines.[contextly_sidebar id=\"U9m2Xosa038xtsfDSwPz5O7TUvqWe42O\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">An \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis of Twitter accounts\u003c/a> previously identified as having been operated by Russian bots and trolls found they dove into the vaccine debate as early as January 2015, the researchers reported. They did not take one side or the other, but seemed to tweet pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine messages in roughly equal measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion by amplifying the number of voices taking part in these debates on social media. But in the case of vaccines, that could have increased the misperception that the science on their safety and effectiveness isn’t settled — as is the case — but rather that it is still subject to debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We do have a very strong suspicion that these accounts were attempting to generate discord,” said David Broniatowski, assistant professor in George Washington University’s department of engineering management and systems engineering and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Thursday in the American Journal of Public Health, Broniatowski and his co-authors focused on Twitter, analyzing tweets from accounts that had been identified as having been operated by Russian trolls, bots, and so-called content polluters whose aim is to disseminate spam and malware. The article is titled “Weaponized Health Communications: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"9QtW5fawtVoxY4YEBFmA2GatrjvQlfvd\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers compared tweets from the accounts to a selection of tweets from other users to see if the trolls and bots commented on vaccines more frequently than average Twitter accounts. They did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, yeah, indeed, this was something that does seem to be part of the lexicon of what some of these bots and trolls use,” Broniatowski told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the division of pro- and anti-vacccine tweets was roughly equal, that still skewed the picture of views on vaccines on Twitter, he noted, pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/02/02/vast-majority-of-americans-say-benefits-of-childhood-vaccines-outweigh-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data from the Pew Trust\u003c/a> that shows the vast majority of Americans support vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always been a little puzzled why social media looks like there are so many anti-vaxxers,” said Broniatowski. “So even if somebody’s posting 50-50, compared to the Pew data, there are going to be more anti-vaxxers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infectious diseases physician and senior scholar at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said any skepticism about the safety of vaccines risks feeding the concerns of parents who are worried about having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more the vaccine ‘debate’… is amplified it gains an undeserved sense of legitimacy and gives vaccine-hesitant individuals a pretense to forgo vaccination for themselves and their children,” said Adalja, who was harshly critical of the use of vaccinations in efforts to turn people against each other, calling it “overtly nihilistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Twitter said that malicious accounts “are likely to target virtually any high profile conversation, since that’s where the views are.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"Q4N5GXoIo4iApYaASdjmnyeqp8POWr3L\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spokesman, Ian Plunkett, told STAT that Twitter has aggressively ramped up preventive measures to try to keep such content from general users. In May, he noted, the platform identified and challenged nearly 10 million potentially automated accounts. “We put preemptive measures in place to ensure automated content is filtered from discoverable areas of the services — like trends and search. It’s possible that may users did not see this content before it was suspended,” Plunkett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts, too, were unsurprised that Russian trolls and bots would delve into vaccines discussions, given the heat the topic can generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination links to deep values around protection, health, harm, and the social contract,” said Julie Leask, an associate professor at the University of Sydney’s Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery who researches vaccine refusal. “People become highly invested in the discussion, and highly reactive to the notion that people refuse vaccines. The expression of sentiment at the margins — very pro- and very anti-vaccine — generates emotional energy and clicks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Dunn, an associate professor in the Center for Health Informatics at Australia’s Macquarie University, said responding to this type of activity by internet bots and trolls would be challenging for public health authorities and may rely on the rooting out of the malicious accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The responsibility of managing the health of online conversations may … fall to Twitter itself, and work like this demonstrating the potential for real harm to human health provides a strong impetus for Twitter to act more often and more quickly to identify, isolate, or remove bots and trolls,” Dunn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the accounts Broniatowski’s group studied have since been shut down, he said. But freeing the Twitter platform of bots and trolls is like playing whack-a-mole, he suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Leask wasn’t certain how Twitter would have an outsized impact on vaccination decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When parents decide not to vaccinate, the decision isn’t usually taken lightly and a few tweets from bots are unlikely to change this trajectory,” she said. “The decision process is much more complex and centered on beliefs, experience and notions of what it means to be a ‘good parent’ held within that community. What we still need to establish is the relative role of social media independent of the influence of peer networks.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">In the lead-up to the 2016 U.S. election, Russian bots and trolls took to Twitter and other social media platforms to try to turn Americans against one another. But in addition to spreading false information and interfering in the election, a new study reports, a significant number of these malevolent actors tried to sow discord over vaccines.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">An \u003ca href=\"https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">analysis of Twitter accounts\u003c/a> previously identified as having been operated by Russian bots and trolls found they dove into the vaccine debate as early as January 2015, the researchers reported. They did not take one side or the other, but seemed to tweet pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine messages in roughly equal measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">On a variety of issues, the overall aim of the Russian campaign appeared to be to erode social cohesion and generate confusion by amplifying the number of voices taking part in these debates on social media. But in the case of vaccines, that could have increased the misperception that the science on their safety and effectiveness isn’t settled — as is the case — but rather that it is still subject to debate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We do have a very strong suspicion that these accounts were attempting to generate discord,” said David Broniatowski, assistant professor in George Washington University’s department of engineering management and systems engineering and lead author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the study, published Thursday in the American Journal of Public Health, Broniatowski and his co-authors focused on Twitter, analyzing tweets from accounts that had been identified as having been operated by Russian trolls, bots, and so-called content polluters whose aim is to disseminate spam and malware. The article is titled “Weaponized Health Communications: Twitter Bots and Russian Trolls Amplify the Vaccine Debate.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers compared tweets from the accounts to a selection of tweets from other users to see if the trolls and bots commented on vaccines more frequently than average Twitter accounts. They did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We found that, yeah, indeed, this was something that does seem to be part of the lexicon of what some of these bots and trolls use,” Broniatowski told STAT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the division of pro- and anti-vacccine tweets was roughly equal, that still skewed the picture of views on vaccines on Twitter, he noted, pointing to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/02/02/vast-majority-of-americans-say-benefits-of-childhood-vaccines-outweigh-risks/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">data from the Pew Trust\u003c/a> that shows the vast majority of Americans support vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve always been a little puzzled why social media looks like there are so many anti-vaxxers,” said Broniatowski. “So even if somebody’s posting 50-50, compared to the Pew data, there are going to be more anti-vaxxers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Amesh Adalja, an infectious diseases physician and senior scholar at the Center for Health Security at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, said any skepticism about the safety of vaccines risks feeding the concerns of parents who are worried about having their children vaccinated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more the vaccine ‘debate’… is amplified it gains an undeserved sense of legitimacy and gives vaccine-hesitant individuals a pretense to forgo vaccination for themselves and their children,” said Adalja, who was harshly critical of the use of vaccinations in efforts to turn people against each other, calling it “overtly nihilistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for Twitter said that malicious accounts “are likely to target virtually any high profile conversation, since that’s where the views are.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spokesman, Ian Plunkett, told STAT that Twitter has aggressively ramped up preventive measures to try to keep such content from general users. In May, he noted, the platform identified and challenged nearly 10 million potentially automated accounts. “We put preemptive measures in place to ensure automated content is filtered from discoverable areas of the services — like trends and search. It’s possible that may users did not see this content before it was suspended,” Plunkett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts, too, were unsurprised that Russian trolls and bots would delve into vaccines discussions, given the heat the topic can generate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Vaccination links to deep values around protection, health, harm, and the social contract,” said Julie Leask, an associate professor at the University of Sydney’s Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery who researches vaccine refusal. “People become highly invested in the discussion, and highly reactive to the notion that people refuse vaccines. The expression of sentiment at the margins — very pro- and very anti-vaccine — generates emotional energy and clicks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam Dunn, an associate professor in the Center for Health Informatics at Australia’s Macquarie University, said responding to this type of activity by internet bots and trolls would be challenging for public health authorities and may rely on the rooting out of the malicious accounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The responsibility of managing the health of online conversations may … fall to Twitter itself, and work like this demonstrating the potential for real harm to human health provides a strong impetus for Twitter to act more often and more quickly to identify, isolate, or remove bots and trolls,” Dunn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the accounts Broniatowski’s group studied have since been shut down, he said. But freeing the Twitter platform of bots and trolls is like playing whack-a-mole, he suggested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her part, Leask wasn’t certain how Twitter would have an outsized impact on vaccination decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When parents decide not to vaccinate, the decision isn’t usually taken lightly and a few tweets from bots are unlikely to change this trajectory,” she said. “The decision process is much more complex and centered on beliefs, experience and notions of what it means to be a ‘good parent’ held within that community. What we still need to establish is the relative role of social media independent of the influence of peer networks.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Promoting the HPV Vaccine Doesn’t Lead to More Teen Sex, Study Shows",
"title": "Promoting the HPV Vaccine Doesn’t Lead to More Teen Sex, Study Shows",
"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Teens are no more sexually promiscuous in states that have passed legislation promoting the HPV vaccine than those living in states that have not, according to a newly published study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The study, released in the journal Pediatrics, compared the District of Columbia and 23 U.S. states that passed legislation to promote the vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) with states with no such policies. Researchers then analyzed the results of a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2017/ss6708.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year survey\u003c/a> conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine whether teens living in states with pro-HPV vaccine policies had more sex. They didn’t, the study concluded.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Concern that legislation will increase risky adolescent sexual behaviors should not be used when deciding to pass HPV legislation,” the study said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In states that promoted vaccines, these policies ranged from in-school awareness programs to incentivizing insurance companies to cover the vaccine’s cost, said Erin Cook, the study’s primary author who led this research as part of her doctoral dissertation in epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“The big takeaway is that passage of legislation regarding HPV didn’t seem to be associated with any changes in adolescent sexual behaviors in the sample of states we were able to look at,” Cook said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The study did not examine how well these policies were implemented but simply used the mere presence or absence of such legislation as an indicator of a state’s political will to act on HPV vaccine, cancer prevention and public health, she cautioned.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">According to the CDC, some 79 million Americans have HPV; it’s the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., this latest study says. Another 14 million people are infected with HPV each year, the CDC says, many of them in their teens and early 20s. Cervical cancer cases \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31206-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">almost always link\u003c/a> back to the human papillomavirus, according to the Lancet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The U.S. approved use of the three-dose HPV vaccine for girls in 2006 and for boys in 2011. By 2014, just a third of U.S. girls — 37 percent — and 13 percent of American boys had completed the vaccination course. By 2016, nearly half of U.S. girls were vaccinated.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, half of U.S. states have not implemented policies to promote the vaccine, which scientific research shows can effectively \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/teen/hpv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent cancers caused by HPV infection\u003c/a>, according to the CDC.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">These findings are not new, despite persistent attitudes that the HPV vaccine could encourage sexual promiscuity. In 2015, JAMA published a Harvard Medical School study that showed \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2109856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no link between the vaccine\u003c/a>and a change in teen sexual behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In 2007, Gary Freed, a pediatrician and professor at the University of Michigan, chaired the National Vaccine Advisory Council, and told \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/308/hpv-vaccine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Now on PBS\u003c/a>: “If we have the ability to prevent any cancer deaths, much less a significant number of cancer deaths that affect a segment of our population that historically have not been necessarily as well served as they could have been, then I think it’s incumbent upon society to make sure that we’re able to prevent these cancers.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Freed said this latest study reinforces the idea that teens are not deciding whether to have sex based on the threat of receiving an HPV infection. This is partly because so few people have heard of HPV, and because “adolescents think in the here and now, not 40 years from now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We as a society need to decide how much we want to prevent cervical cancer for the children of today,” Freed said. “That’s really what this is all about. We can make pap smears a thing of the past.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The U.S. is not alone in its sluggish implementation of a vaccine that can prevent illness and death as a result of cervical cancer. In 2016, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30099-7/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study published in the Lancet\u003c/a> reported that out of 64 nations and 12 territories, only 47 million women finished the three-dose HPV vaccine course. Most of those women lived in high-income or upper middle income countries, the study said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Access to HPV vaccination in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is almost non-existent, despite these countries carrying most of the burden of cervical cancer cases worldwide,” the report said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Teens are no more sexually promiscuous in states that have passed legislation promoting the HPV vaccine than those living in states that have not, according to a newly published study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The study, released in the journal Pediatrics, compared the District of Columbia and 23 U.S. states that passed legislation to promote the vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) with states with no such policies. Researchers then analyzed the results of a \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/2017/ss6708.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">multi-year survey\u003c/a> conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to determine whether teens living in states with pro-HPV vaccine policies had more sex. They didn’t, the study concluded.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Concern that legislation will increase risky adolescent sexual behaviors should not be used when deciding to pass HPV legislation,” the study said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In states that promoted vaccines, these policies ranged from in-school awareness programs to incentivizing insurance companies to cover the vaccine’s cost, said Erin Cook, the study’s primary author who led this research as part of her doctoral dissertation in epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“The big takeaway is that passage of legislation regarding HPV didn’t seem to be associated with any changes in adolescent sexual behaviors in the sample of states we were able to look at,” Cook said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The study did not examine how well these policies were implemented but simply used the mere presence or absence of such legislation as an indicator of a state’s political will to act on HPV vaccine, cancer prevention and public health, she cautioned.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">According to the CDC, some 79 million Americans have HPV; it’s the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., this latest study says. Another 14 million people are infected with HPV each year, the CDC says, many of them in their teens and early 20s. Cervical cancer cases \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31206-5/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">almost always link\u003c/a> back to the human papillomavirus, according to the Lancet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The U.S. approved use of the three-dose HPV vaccine for girls in 2006 and for boys in 2011. By 2014, just a third of U.S. girls — 37 percent — and 13 percent of American boys had completed the vaccination course. By 2016, nearly half of U.S. girls were vaccinated.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Still, half of U.S. states have not implemented policies to promote the vaccine, which scientific research shows can effectively \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/teen/hpv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent cancers caused by HPV infection\u003c/a>, according to the CDC.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">These findings are not new, despite persistent attitudes that the HPV vaccine could encourage sexual promiscuity. In 2015, JAMA published a Harvard Medical School study that showed \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2109856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no link between the vaccine\u003c/a>and a change in teen sexual behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">In 2007, Gary Freed, a pediatrician and professor at the University of Michigan, chaired the National Vaccine Advisory Council, and told \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/308/hpv-vaccine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Now on PBS\u003c/a>: “If we have the ability to prevent any cancer deaths, much less a significant number of cancer deaths that affect a segment of our population that historically have not been necessarily as well served as they could have been, then I think it’s incumbent upon society to make sure that we’re able to prevent these cancers.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Freed said this latest study reinforces the idea that teens are not deciding whether to have sex based on the threat of receiving an HPV infection. This is partly because so few people have heard of HPV, and because “adolescents think in the here and now, not 40 years from now.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“We as a society need to decide how much we want to prevent cervical cancer for the children of today,” Freed said. “That’s really what this is all about. We can make pap smears a thing of the past.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">The U.S. is not alone in its sluggish implementation of a vaccine that can prevent illness and death as a result of cervical cancer. In 2016, \u003ca style=\"color: #000000\" href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(16)30099-7/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study published in the Lancet\u003c/a> reported that out of 64 nations and 12 territories, only 47 million women finished the three-dose HPV vaccine course. Most of those women lived in high-income or upper middle income countries, the study said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">“Access to HPV vaccination in low-income and lower-middle-income countries is almost non-existent, despite these countries carrying most of the burden of cervical cancer cases worldwide,” the report said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can an App Warning to Avoid Risky Friends Prevent Opioid Relapses?",
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"content": "\u003cp>You’re in recovery from opioid addiction, and your walk to work takes you down the same streets where you used to buy heroin. The drug’s calling to you, still. Just then, your phone buzzes, with a message that reads like a text from an old friend:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hey, I know you’re near a risky area. You can do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s from Hey,Charlie, an app — conceived at a 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology health hackathon — that aims to help people avoid environmental triggers that might threaten their recovery from an opioid addiction. The app, now being piloted by several treatment centers in Boston and Framingham, Mass., monitors a user’s contacts and location, and sends pop-up notifications to caution them about risky acquaintances or neighborhoods.[contextly_sidebar id=\"B6m1pmj1KurktxXVtJVATPZuSNjGkhGD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People and places can remind you of using drugs and stress you out,” leading people to relapse, said Emily Lindemer, co-founder of Hey,Charlie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app chimes in with a different reminder: recovery. “It helps them keep their sobriety at the front of their mind,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a sea of addiction apps, many connecting people to treatment or augmenting their outpatient therapy, by counting the number of days in recovery, for example, or recording fluctuations in mood or cravings. Some simply encourage users with inspirational quotes or hypnosis guides. Social apps are increasingly a focus, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social outlets are critically important,” said Wilson Washington Jr., a senior public health adviser at the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). “You need family support, you need community support, you need system support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such app, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sobertool.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SoberTool\u003c/a>, offers an anonymous forum for discussion. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sobergrid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sober Grid \u003c/a>is a social network — purported to be the largest for people with a chemical dependency — with a news feed reminiscent of Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Lindemer attended the MIT hackathon, she saw a gaping hole among the existing apps — not only could an app foster positive social connections, but it could also help people sever the negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kidorf, a psychiatrist and associate director of addiction treatment services at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, told STAT that the social networks of urban drug users tend to include a mix of people who use substances and people who are drug-free.[contextly_sidebar id=\"cwsZEwnwKgEBeLVOmPCSFLGkj8YqHqD4\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you would expect, people who have more network members who use illicit drugs use more drugs [themselves] and engage in more risky behaviors,” he said by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioid users also rely heavily on their contacts to secure heroin and other drugs, Kidorf added. Studies consistently show that regular interaction with other users predicts poorer treatment outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hard part, he said, is getting people to dismantle and rebuild their social network. “It is relatively easy to tell substance users to ‘change people, places, and things.’ It is much harder to provide a strategy to help them achieve this important goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie is piloting one such strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having watched someone close to her — the namesake for Hey,Charlie — struggle with opioid addiction, Lindemer noticed the obstacles people in recovery face. Even for those who receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/06/fda-expands-medication-assisted-treatment/\">medication-assisted treatment\u003c/a>, “you go live your life and in the day-to-day 24/7 doing normal things, you still are in recovery and you still have to battle these constant environmental triggers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a then-Ph.D. student in the joint Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program, Lindemer thought an app could help mediate those urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the hackathon, Lindemer with her co-founder, Vincent Valant, and head developer, Benjamin Pyser, created a company that initially was funded through MIT grants. Now that she has graduated — she has a day job as a scientist at Watson Health in Cambridge, Mass. – the startup is running mostly on funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie’s business model is their “Achilles’ heel,” Lindemer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wants to ensure that Hey,Charlie is accessible to everybody. “Our goal is that, if we are charging for it, we are not charging the patient. We want it to fit into a treatment program,” which is why the company hopes to eventually demonstrate the app’s clinical efficacy in controlled trials.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dahwcW9QuGAKTVxO8aXeHP8Uk5bpWbni\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app is still being refined, but the basics are in place. When sending a text to a “risky” contact, or receiving one, a message from Hey,Charlie will pop up: “Wait a minute, are you sure you want to speak to John Smith right now?” If the user decides against communicating, Hey,Charlie can send an automatic response. The app also shares a handful of affirmative messages with the user throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Hey,Charlie’s location services simply create a pause (you’re near a risky area). “The idea is that if you are aware of a potentially triggering situation before it arises, you are more mentally primed to handle it effectively,” said Lindemer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the future, Lindemer hopes the app can go one step further. She envisions it not only warning people that they’re approaching a risky location, but suggesting an entirely different path as well. Lindemer wants to partner with local businesses so that Hey,Charlie can say, “Hey, there’s a coffee shop with a discount a couple of blocks away if you’re willing to switch up your route!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app relies on a combination of data actively input by users — a one-time occurrence — and data passively collected as they continue to use their cellphones. The onboarding process asks users a series of questions about their contacts, ranked by frequency of communication, and then calculates the risk each contact poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindemer said that she and her team don’t expect users to be completely upfront and that, especially at the beginning of recovery, relationships can be confusing as they rapidly evolve. Hey,Charlie continues to check in periodically, asking, “Is there anything you want to tell me about this person?”[contextly_sidebar id=\"m4GxEhhH8zjyZ8polANWuf0odOZy5mLJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initial version of the app focused on sheltering users from risky contacts, Lindemer and her team are now working to incorporate positive support features as well — letting supportive contacts know when their friend or family member is in a risky place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know really well is that many people in recovery do have somebody — like a really close family member or friend — who wants to help them, and they often just don’t have the tools, and they don’t know when is the right time to reach out, so we’re trying to address that,” Lindemer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kidorf stressed the importance of supportive, drug-free contacts. His research focuses on how treatment providers can mobilize drug-free individuals to be active participants in their loved one’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie is being piloted at local clinics in and around Boston. Dr. Christopher Shanahan, an internist and professor at Boston University School of Medicine, is leading the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanahan, who has been studying substance use for nearly 20 years, loved the idea that Hey,Charlie could be there for his patients when he can’t. He said Lindemer pitched it to him and his colleagues during their journal club hour — when researchers typically discuss new papers published in their field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, what, 15 to 20 minutes with a patient in a clinic?” Shanahan said. “We give them some advice, a little bit of coaching, and send them out with some buprenorphine — and then it’s a crapshoot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app, he said, is “a very innovative way of addressing the other 23 hours and 15 minutes of the day where doctors aren’t seeing patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t hang his hat on it. An app can help patients cope with triggers and temptations, but it’s far from the perfect solution, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kidorf expressed a similar level-headed optimism, noting that apps can bring users closer to people and organizations that can support their recovery. “Overall, I think it is fair to say that these apps can be helpful for people motivated to use them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, he added, “We have to do better at thinking of opioid use disorder as a severe and often chronic disorder. The best apps in the world will have a hard time competing with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/07/can-phone-app-prevent-opioid-addiction-relapses/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You’re in recovery from opioid addiction, and your walk to work takes you down the same streets where you used to buy heroin. The drug’s calling to you, still. Just then, your phone buzzes, with a message that reads like a text from an old friend:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hey, I know you’re near a risky area. You can do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s from Hey,Charlie, an app — conceived at a 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology health hackathon — that aims to help people avoid environmental triggers that might threaten their recovery from an opioid addiction. The app, now being piloted by several treatment centers in Boston and Framingham, Mass., monitors a user’s contacts and location, and sends pop-up notifications to caution them about risky acquaintances or neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People and places can remind you of using drugs and stress you out,” leading people to relapse, said Emily Lindemer, co-founder of Hey,Charlie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app chimes in with a different reminder: recovery. “It helps them keep their sobriety at the front of their mind,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a sea of addiction apps, many connecting people to treatment or augmenting their outpatient therapy, by counting the number of days in recovery, for example, or recording fluctuations in mood or cravings. Some simply encourage users with inspirational quotes or hypnosis guides. Social apps are increasingly a focus, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Social outlets are critically important,” said Wilson Washington Jr., a senior public health adviser at the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). “You need family support, you need community support, you need system support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such app, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sobertool.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SoberTool\u003c/a>, offers an anonymous forum for discussion. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sobergrid.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sober Grid \u003c/a>is a social network — purported to be the largest for people with a chemical dependency — with a news feed reminiscent of Instagram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when Lindemer attended the MIT hackathon, she saw a gaping hole among the existing apps — not only could an app foster positive social connections, but it could also help people sever the negative ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Kidorf, a psychiatrist and associate director of addiction treatment services at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, told STAT that the social networks of urban drug users tend to include a mix of people who use substances and people who are drug-free.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As you would expect, people who have more network members who use illicit drugs use more drugs [themselves] and engage in more risky behaviors,” he said by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opioid users also rely heavily on their contacts to secure heroin and other drugs, Kidorf added. Studies consistently show that regular interaction with other users predicts poorer treatment outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hard part, he said, is getting people to dismantle and rebuild their social network. “It is relatively easy to tell substance users to ‘change people, places, and things.’ It is much harder to provide a strategy to help them achieve this important goal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie is piloting one such strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having watched someone close to her — the namesake for Hey,Charlie — struggle with opioid addiction, Lindemer noticed the obstacles people in recovery face. Even for those who receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/08/06/fda-expands-medication-assisted-treatment/\">medication-assisted treatment\u003c/a>, “you go live your life and in the day-to-day 24/7 doing normal things, you still are in recovery and you still have to battle these constant environmental triggers,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a then-Ph.D. student in the joint Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program, Lindemer thought an app could help mediate those urges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the hackathon, Lindemer with her co-founder, Vincent Valant, and head developer, Benjamin Pyser, created a company that initially was funded through MIT grants. Now that she has graduated — she has a day job as a scientist at Watson Health in Cambridge, Mass. – the startup is running mostly on funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie’s business model is their “Achilles’ heel,” Lindemer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wants to ensure that Hey,Charlie is accessible to everybody. “Our goal is that, if we are charging for it, we are not charging the patient. We want it to fit into a treatment program,” which is why the company hopes to eventually demonstrate the app’s clinical efficacy in controlled trials.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app is still being refined, but the basics are in place. When sending a text to a “risky” contact, or receiving one, a message from Hey,Charlie will pop up: “Wait a minute, are you sure you want to speak to John Smith right now?” If the user decides against communicating, Hey,Charlie can send an automatic response. The app also shares a handful of affirmative messages with the user throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Hey,Charlie’s location services simply create a pause (you’re near a risky area). “The idea is that if you are aware of a potentially triggering situation before it arises, you are more mentally primed to handle it effectively,” said Lindemer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the future, Lindemer hopes the app can go one step further. She envisions it not only warning people that they’re approaching a risky location, but suggesting an entirely different path as well. Lindemer wants to partner with local businesses so that Hey,Charlie can say, “Hey, there’s a coffee shop with a discount a couple of blocks away if you’re willing to switch up your route!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app relies on a combination of data actively input by users — a one-time occurrence — and data passively collected as they continue to use their cellphones. The onboarding process asks users a series of questions about their contacts, ranked by frequency of communication, and then calculates the risk each contact poses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindemer said that she and her team don’t expect users to be completely upfront and that, especially at the beginning of recovery, relationships can be confusing as they rapidly evolve. Hey,Charlie continues to check in periodically, asking, “Is there anything you want to tell me about this person?”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the initial version of the app focused on sheltering users from risky contacts, Lindemer and her team are now working to incorporate positive support features as well — letting supportive contacts know when their friend or family member is in a risky place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we know really well is that many people in recovery do have somebody — like a really close family member or friend — who wants to help them, and they often just don’t have the tools, and they don’t know when is the right time to reach out, so we’re trying to address that,” Lindemer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kidorf stressed the importance of supportive, drug-free contacts. His research focuses on how treatment providers can mobilize drug-free individuals to be active participants in their loved one’s recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey,Charlie is being piloted at local clinics in and around Boston. Dr. Christopher Shanahan, an internist and professor at Boston University School of Medicine, is leading the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shanahan, who has been studying substance use for nearly 20 years, loved the idea that Hey,Charlie could be there for his patients when he can’t. He said Lindemer pitched it to him and his colleagues during their journal club hour — when researchers typically discuss new papers published in their field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have, what, 15 to 20 minutes with a patient in a clinic?” Shanahan said. “We give them some advice, a little bit of coaching, and send them out with some buprenorphine — and then it’s a crapshoot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The app, he said, is “a very innovative way of addressing the other 23 hours and 15 minutes of the day where doctors aren’t seeing patients.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he won’t hang his hat on it. An app can help patients cope with triggers and temptations, but it’s far from the perfect solution, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kidorf expressed a similar level-headed optimism, noting that apps can bring users closer to people and organizations that can support their recovery. “Overall, I think it is fair to say that these apps can be helpful for people motivated to use them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, he added, “We have to do better at thinking of opioid use disorder as a severe and often chronic disorder. The best apps in the world will have a hard time competing with it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Alzheimer’s Study Sparks New Debate Over Amyloid Hypothesis",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the long-running debate over just what causes Alzheimer’s disease, one side looks to have scored a victory with \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/25/experimental-alzheimers-drug-biogen-eisai/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new results with an in-development drug\u003c/a>. But there’s enough variation in the data to ensure that the squabbling factions of Alzheimer’s will have plenty to fight about.[contextly_sidebar id=\"A04l79ZF49Fepp9ayXq47IfI7cWrtD3j\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue is the so-called amyloid hypothesis, a decades-old theory claiming that Alzheimer’s gradual degradation of the brain is caused by the accumulation of sticky plaques. And the new drug is BAN2401, designed by Biogen and Eisai to prevent those amyloid plaques from clustering and attack the clumps that already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In data presented last week, one group of patients receiving BAN2401 saw their amyloid levels plummet, a result that was tied to a significant reduction in cognitive decline compared with placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the amyloid-inclined, like Dr. Howard Fillit of the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, that marks a clear affirmation of the linkage between plaques and mental fortitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean if you asked me five or 10 years ago if we’re going to have a drug that can remove the plaques from the brain, I would have thought this was space technology,” Fillit said. “And there was definitely a signal, in my opinion, on clinical outcomes, which is what we’ve all been looking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to skeptics, the trial was laden with confounding details that make it impossible to draw conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results are a mess,” wrote Baird biotech analyst Brian Skorney. “Not so much that they indicate an outright failure of the [amyloid] hypothesis, but they don’t really say anything informative at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the trial, every single tested dose had a significant effect on plaques as measured by a brain scan, and the more BAN2401 patients got, the less amyloid they had after 18 months. But looking at cognition, only the highest tested dose was significantly better than placebo at slowing down mental decline. And some of the patients who received lower doses actually declined faster than those who received no treatment at all.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TAyKNwsnIzWapwgWfQcwbB5f1ZW4XVH2\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If amyloid really is the driving factor behind Alzheimer’s, why didn’t each incremental reduction in plaques lead to a corresponding improvement in cognition?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Al Sandrock, Biogen’s chief scientific officer, said there is likely a threshold of amyloid reduction that must be reached before patients actually benefit. The low doses, despite their effect on plaques, might not have hit that threshold, Sandrock said, thus accounting for their poor performance on cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divergence in the two curves is what gives Dr. Reisa Sperling, who was overall encouraged by the results, “the most pause.” But Sperling, director Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, noted that some of the study’s arms had small numbers of patients, making it difficult to draw conclusions. She said while there is a biological argument that could underpin the threshold hypothesis, she wanted to see more data from a larger trial with a more traditional design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Sandrock’s theory holds up, what happened to BAN2401 is not a new phenomenon. This year a drug from Merck, meant to shut off the production of plaques by blocking an enzyme called BACE, was successful in reducing amyloid but fared so dismally on cognitive measures that researchers terminated the trial early. A second BACE drug, from Biogen and Eisai, had similar results in miniature, hitting the mark on plaque reduction in a Phase 2 trial but failing to significantly outperform placebo on cognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying issue, according Dr. Lon Schneider, director of the California Alzheimer’s Disease Center at the University of Southern California, is that “the plaques are not the target — those are biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A target is something that, as a result of hitting it, there will be change downstream in behavior, cognition, and illness course,” Schneider said. “So, yeah we’re knocking down amyloid, but so far we’re not changing behavior much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even BAN2401’s saving grace — that its highest dose appeared to both reduce amyloid and improve patient’s clinical results — has come under scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the BAN2401 trial, about 70 percent of patients getting placebo had a genetic mutation that triples the risk of Alzheimer’s. But in the high-dose BAN2401 group, just 30 percent of patients had the mutation, called APOE4.[contextly_sidebar id=\"tcdS8fDReoUFY02DP3vnBwSqYDEV9wHe\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could explain why BAN2401 seemed to outperform a saline injection in the high-dose group, skeptics say, as past trials suggest that APOE4 carriers have more rapidly progressing Alzheimer’s than patients without the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it could mean that the drug’s seeming promise is a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Aisen, who runs the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California, said the discrepancy “does create a potential bias.” But in trials where patients are confirmed to have amyloid in their brains at the outset, as was the case with BAN2401, “the impact of [APOE4] on progression is modest,” Aisen wrote in an email. “I don’t think this accounts for the apparent slowing of cognitive decline in the high-dose arm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperling agreed that she did not think the arms’ different populations skewed the data, in part because the group that received the second highest dose of the drug had a larger share of APOE4 carriers and saw results that were similar — though not as substantial — as the high dose group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a similar pattern,” she said. “For me that partially mitigates that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biogen and Eisai have promised to dig into the data and parse out the effect APOE4 had on whether patients responded to BAN2401, but those results likely won’t be ready for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, companies are still queueing up to take cracks at amyloid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eli Lilly, which has spent billions on failed Alzheimer’s drugs in recent years, has designed a trial that will test the amyloid hypothesis “in the most definitive way possible,” said Mark Mintun, the company’s vice president of neurodegeneration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to take a BACE inhibitor and pair it with an injected treatment that targets amyloid already in the brain. That should address the two major concerns with each approach, Mintun said: BACE inhibitors prevent amyloid but don’t address plaques that already exist, while amyloid-targeting therapies don’t stem the flow of new toxic clumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I equate it to going down to your basement and finding three feet of water and there’s been a slow drip for four weeks,” Mintun said. “You can turn off the spigot, but it won’t feel like you’ve made much progress, so you’ve got to pump it out, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study is enrolling 375 patients into three groups, planning to study whether the combination can improve cognition compared with placebo over 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andrew Joseph contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/30/alzheimers-amyloid-hypothesis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the long-running debate over just what causes Alzheimer’s disease, one side looks to have scored a victory with \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/25/experimental-alzheimers-drug-biogen-eisai/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new results with an in-development drug\u003c/a>. But there’s enough variation in the data to ensure that the squabbling factions of Alzheimer’s will have plenty to fight about.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue is the so-called amyloid hypothesis, a decades-old theory claiming that Alzheimer’s gradual degradation of the brain is caused by the accumulation of sticky plaques. And the new drug is BAN2401, designed by Biogen and Eisai to prevent those amyloid plaques from clustering and attack the clumps that already have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In data presented last week, one group of patients receiving BAN2401 saw their amyloid levels plummet, a result that was tied to a significant reduction in cognitive decline compared with placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the amyloid-inclined, like Dr. Howard Fillit of the Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation, that marks a clear affirmation of the linkage between plaques and mental fortitude.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean if you asked me five or 10 years ago if we’re going to have a drug that can remove the plaques from the brain, I would have thought this was space technology,” Fillit said. “And there was definitely a signal, in my opinion, on clinical outcomes, which is what we’ve all been looking for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to skeptics, the trial was laden with confounding details that make it impossible to draw conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These results are a mess,” wrote Baird biotech analyst Brian Skorney. “Not so much that they indicate an outright failure of the [amyloid] hypothesis, but they don’t really say anything informative at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the trial, every single tested dose had a significant effect on plaques as measured by a brain scan, and the more BAN2401 patients got, the less amyloid they had after 18 months. But looking at cognition, only the highest tested dose was significantly better than placebo at slowing down mental decline. And some of the patients who received lower doses actually declined faster than those who received no treatment at all.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If amyloid really is the driving factor behind Alzheimer’s, why didn’t each incremental reduction in plaques lead to a corresponding improvement in cognition?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Al Sandrock, Biogen’s chief scientific officer, said there is likely a threshold of amyloid reduction that must be reached before patients actually benefit. The low doses, despite their effect on plaques, might not have hit that threshold, Sandrock said, thus accounting for their poor performance on cognitive decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divergence in the two curves is what gives Dr. Reisa Sperling, who was overall encouraged by the results, “the most pause.” But Sperling, director Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, noted that some of the study’s arms had small numbers of patients, making it difficult to draw conclusions. She said while there is a biological argument that could underpin the threshold hypothesis, she wanted to see more data from a larger trial with a more traditional design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if Sandrock’s theory holds up, what happened to BAN2401 is not a new phenomenon. This year a drug from Merck, meant to shut off the production of plaques by blocking an enzyme called BACE, was successful in reducing amyloid but fared so dismally on cognitive measures that researchers terminated the trial early. A second BACE drug, from Biogen and Eisai, had similar results in miniature, hitting the mark on plaque reduction in a Phase 2 trial but failing to significantly outperform placebo on cognition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The underlying issue, according Dr. Lon Schneider, director of the California Alzheimer’s Disease Center at the University of Southern California, is that “the plaques are not the target — those are biomarkers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A target is something that, as a result of hitting it, there will be change downstream in behavior, cognition, and illness course,” Schneider said. “So, yeah we’re knocking down amyloid, but so far we’re not changing behavior much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even BAN2401’s saving grace — that its highest dose appeared to both reduce amyloid and improve patient’s clinical results — has come under scrutiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the BAN2401 trial, about 70 percent of patients getting placebo had a genetic mutation that triples the risk of Alzheimer’s. But in the high-dose BAN2401 group, just 30 percent of patients had the mutation, called APOE4.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could explain why BAN2401 seemed to outperform a saline injection in the high-dose group, skeptics say, as past trials suggest that APOE4 carriers have more rapidly progressing Alzheimer’s than patients without the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it could mean that the drug’s seeming promise is a mirage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Aisen, who runs the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California, said the discrepancy “does create a potential bias.” But in trials where patients are confirmed to have amyloid in their brains at the outset, as was the case with BAN2401, “the impact of [APOE4] on progression is modest,” Aisen wrote in an email. “I don’t think this accounts for the apparent slowing of cognitive decline in the high-dose arm.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sperling agreed that she did not think the arms’ different populations skewed the data, in part because the group that received the second highest dose of the drug had a larger share of APOE4 carriers and saw results that were similar — though not as substantial — as the high dose group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a similar pattern,” she said. “For me that partially mitigates that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biogen and Eisai have promised to dig into the data and parse out the effect APOE4 had on whether patients responded to BAN2401, but those results likely won’t be ready for months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, companies are still queueing up to take cracks at amyloid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eli Lilly, which has spent billions on failed Alzheimer’s drugs in recent years, has designed a trial that will test the amyloid hypothesis “in the most definitive way possible,” said Mark Mintun, the company’s vice president of neurodegeneration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to take a BACE inhibitor and pair it with an injected treatment that targets amyloid already in the brain. That should address the two major concerns with each approach, Mintun said: BACE inhibitors prevent amyloid but don’t address plaques that already exist, while amyloid-targeting therapies don’t stem the flow of new toxic clumps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I equate it to going down to your basement and finding three feet of water and there’s been a slow drip for four weeks,” Mintun said. “You can turn off the spigot, but it won’t feel like you’ve made much progress, so you’ve got to pump it out, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That study is enrolling 375 patients into three groups, planning to study whether the combination can improve cognition compared with placebo over 18 months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Andrew Joseph contributed reporting.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know",
"title": "Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qbIMJ6HAj7B7PdjXyzZ3WGlgtNv4dD58\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1hOtotjglJ20ftdvAgNx5fpFHerDNbOZ\"]Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.[contextly_sidebar id=\"llwIT8YXMfGYSqJGFFEv4ackgmMz0K5Q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The public's view of marijuana's holistic health benefits is more a product of marketing than science, according to a new survey out this week. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"radiolab": {
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