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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t30taY9a3ZM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drone delivery might be years away in the U.S., but it's becoming a reality in Rwanda this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Francisco-based drone delivery company says it'll start making its first deliveries of blood and medicine in Rwanda in July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zipline International Inc., backed by tech heavyweights like Sequoia Capital and Google Ventures, demonstrated its technology for journalists last week in an open field in the San Francisco Bay area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a demo broadcast on Periscope on Friday, a staffer launched a fixed-wing plane weighing just 22 pounds off a launcher that used compressed air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electric-powered propellers took it the rest of the way, on a flight that could extend to 75 miles round trip, using military-grade GPS and software to navigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it dipped low before the drop-off area, the bottom popped open, and a cardboard box with a parachute made of butcher paper and biodegradable tape burst out, plopping to the ground a few steps away from CEO Keller Rinaudo, who walked over to retrieve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have a database of people. You know their lives are in danger,\" he said. \"Can you get them what they need fast enough? That's been the mission from the start.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Company executives said the cost of each flight was about the same as a motorcycle trip, but far more reliable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KP-3xjB8Hd8\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And because deliveries of packages up to 3.5 pounds could be completed in 15-30 minutes, modest packaging eliminated the need for refrigeration along the way, which saves on wasted supplies such as blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We leapfrog broken refrigerators, we leapfrog the lack of roads,\" said Keenan Wyrobek, Zipline's head of product and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hubs contained in modified shipping containers with 10 to 15 planes each are all that's required to serve all of Rwanda, the company says. The Rwandan government announced its deal with Zipline in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It plans to operate in other countries later this year if it proves it can operate successfully in Rwanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rinaudo says the company for now is focused on medical supply delivery in emerging economies where there is less air traffic and regulations are easier to deal with than in the U.S. or Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The U.S. has one of the most complicated airspaces in the world and for that reason the (Federal Aviation Administration) is even more risk-averse than most regulators,\" he said. \"So I think where this will start is in environments where the need is incredibly high and the airspace is relatively empty.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The first documented case of HIV infection by someone adhering to the prescribed regimen for the preventive HIV drug Truvada was reported at a medical conference last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Knox, an HIV primary care physician at Toronto's Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, reported the case at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/hiv-1-infection-multiclass-resistance-despite-preexposure-prophylaxis-prep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Boston\u003c/a>. (You can listen to his full presentation \u003ca href=\"http://streamst3.capitalreach.com/c/croi/2016croi/29737.mp3?isMobileView=false&detectedMobile=false\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truvada, called PrEP for \"pre-exposure prophylaxis\" when used as a prophylactic, is an FDA-approved combination of two drugs that is also used to treat HIV. Since 2012, it's also been prescribed to HIV-negative individuals in high-risk populations who want to prevent infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who represents the first PrEP failure was a 43-year-old man who had taken Truvada for approximately two years, Knox said in an email. Before his infection, the man had multiple encounters in which he engaged in high-risk sexual behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knox said his patient had \"a very resistant strain of virus\" and that the failure of PrEP was probably rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last September, an analysis by researchers at Kaiser San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/02/no-new-infections-in-hundreds-taking-pill-to-prevent-hiv/\" target=\"_blank\">found no new HIV infections \u003c/a>in over a two-and-a-half-year period among patients who took PrEP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan McKeel, a spokesman for Gilead Sciences, Truvada's manufacturer, said in an email that \"no single intervention is 100 percent effective in preventing HIV. In this case, the individual contracted HIV while taking PrEP due to exposure to a rare strain of HIV that is resistant to both of the drugs included in Truvada.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Truvada: The Miracle Drug No One's Taking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FDA approval of PrEP, in 2011, I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/07/15/interview-new-studies-show-anti-hiv-drug-prevents-transmission\" target=\"_blank\">interviewed the seminal AIDS researcher Dr. Paul Volberding\u003c/a> about studies showing Truvada's effectiveness in preventing HIV transmission. He was tremendously excited about the possibilities of a prophylactic drug. \"This is the kind of effect we might expect from a very good vaccine,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enthusiasm has spread to both the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. CDC now says\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/24/cdc-on-hiv-prevention-pill-how-to-tell-whether-you-should-be-taking-the-medication/\" target=\"_blank\"> about 1.2 million people \u003c/a>should at least consider PrEP, and four months ago the World Health Organization broadened its recommendation of who should take the medication, from men who have sex with men to \"all population groups at substantial risk of HIV infection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, what some have called a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-miracle-aids-drug-that-people-refust-to-take/2016/01/29/ba2b9460-b88a-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">miracle drug\u003c/a>\" that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/upshot/is-truvada-the-pill-to-prevent-hiv-99-percent-effective-dont-be-so-sure.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">works better\u003c/a> than \u003ca href=\"http://www.aidsmap.com/Consistent-condom-use-in-anal-sex-stops-70-of-HIV-infections-study-finds-but-intermittent-use-has-no-effect/page/2586976/\" target=\"_blank\">condoms\u003c/a> has been a bust in terms of adoption by the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/why-is-no-one-on-the-first-treatment-to-prevent-h-i-v\" target=\"_blank\">Why Is No One On the First Treatment To Prevent H.I.V.?\u003c/a>\" The New Yorker asked in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why have \u003ca href=\"http://www.natap.org/2013/ICAAC/ICAAC_04.htm\" target=\"_blank\">only 1,774 people\u003c/a>—half of whom are women—filled Truvada prescriptions over the last two years?\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/01/06/truvada_prep_hiv_gay_men_should_take_pre_exposure_prophylaxis.html\" target=\"_blank\">Slate\u003c/a> asked in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gilead’s Pill Can Stop HIV. So Why Does Almost Nobody Take It?\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-18/gilead-s-pill-can-stop-hiv-so-why-does-almost-nobody-take-it-\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg asked\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-miracle-aids-drug-that-people-refust-to-take/2016/01/29/ba2b9460-b88a-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">The miracle AIDS drug that people refuse to take,\u003c/a>\" an op-ed headline in The Washington Post read just two months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Truvada’s been a financial success, bringing Gilead $1.79 billion in the U.S last year,\" Bloomberg reported in July. But that is due to its use by HIV-positive patients, not in those taking it for prevention. The report cited a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19730/html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the November 2014 Journal of the International AIDS Society that found an unbelievably low 3,253 people, in the U.S., had used Truvada for PrEP between January 2012 and March 2014 -- only about 1,900 of those men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says that figure is now about 21,000. According to an October 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.iapac.org/tasp_prep/presentations/TPSparis15-Panel-Grant.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">presentation\u003c/a> by Dr. Robert Grant, the protocol chair for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=iprex+study\" target=\"_blank\">multinational study on PrEP\u003c/a>, the number of U.S. users is about 22,000, and use of the drug \"has reached a tipping point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not according to Michael Weinstein, president of AIDS Healthcare Foundation, a global HIV/AIDS organization. Weinstein has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersmedia.com/frontiers-blog/2016/01/07/aids-healthcare-foundation-continues-to-wage-war-against-prep-reignites-party-drug-rhetoric/\" target=\"_blank\">outspoken\u003c/a> against mass adoption of Truvada, arguing it's a poor public health solution and drawing the wrath of some in the HIV health community. (The New York Times' Upshot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/upshot/aids-group-wages-lonely-fight-against-pill-to-prevent-hiv.html\" target=\"_blank\">column\u003c/a> called him \"the most hated man in the AIDS business\" in 2014.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weinstein is well aware that the number of people taking Truvada is trivial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we are now almost four years since the approval of this, and the last report from the CDC was that 21,000 people were taking it. Really, it's an insignificant number.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he thought the recent report about the Truvada failure out of Toronto \"will give some people pause\" about the drug. And he thinks the focus on Truvada is wrongheaded:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messaging coming out is all about Truvada and PrEP, and not about condoms,\" he said. \"So we're seeing this huge s\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2015/std-surveillance-report-press-release.html\" target=\"_blank\">pike in STDs\u003c/a> across the country. And I think it's because the CDC has really taken their foot off the gas and they're not saying anything about safer sex.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Van Gorder is the executive director of Project Inform, which advocates for new HIV and hepatitis C treatments. He agrees that reduced condom use is a big factor in the rise of STDs. But he says PrEP use is so minimal, it can't be the culprit. Plus PrEP is better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Condoms have been a great device, but on a statistical level, they're not as effective as PrEP can be in preventing infections, and the reality is just that not everyone is going to use them, for a variety of different reasons. So it feels unethical to us to not provide people with another option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't just wish that people are going to use condoms more than they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Gorder said those who support Truvada were \"disappointed\" over the news it had failed for someone. But, he said, \"We'll continue to encourage PrEP use and stress it is highly effective but not necessarily 100 percent effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What, Exactly, is the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons for PrEP's failure to catch on are manifold, Van Gorder said: Lack of effective education campaigns among \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/08/01/why-latinos-arent-taking-the-anti-hiv-pill-and-why-they-should-consider-it/\" target=\"_blank\">people of color\u003c/a> and injection drug users, for one; the need for follow-up appontments and testing, for another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, he said, health care providers are not talking enough about PrEP to their patients. Some \"are actually hostile to it,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, Van Gorder said, PrEP is expensive. \"Covering its cost is not a small matter. While many insurers if not most are covering it, people often have high cost of sharing with deductibles and copays. Not everyone is in a position to [use] it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Lisa Aliferis reported in KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/02/no-new-infections-in-hundreds-taking-pill-to-prevent-hiv/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health blog\u003c/a> last September, there's another reason PrEP has failed to take off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite the success of PrEP as a preventive, stigma remains,\" Aliferis wrote. \"People who take PrEP are sometimes viewed as promiscuous, [A PrEP patient] told me. “People say, ‘Why are you not just using condoms?’ … Sometimes people say, ‘You must be a slut.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.advocate.com/health/2014/08/11/truvada-whore-stigma-endures-among-doctors-and-lgbts\" target=\"_blank\">Truvada whore\u003c/a>\" has often been used to describe PrEP users ... and not in a nice way, either. (The term has been\u003ca href=\"http://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2014/05/20/why-i-am-truvada-whore\" target=\"_blank\"> co-opted\u003c/a> by some Truvada fans.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Patient Speaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, POZ, a magazine for people who are HIV-positive, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.poz.com/article/meet-man-got-hiv-daily-prep\" target=\"_blank\">anonymous-yet-candid interview\u003c/a> with the Canadian PrEP user who still became infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if PrEP altered his sexual behavior or attitudes, he answered:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes. I became more sexually liberated. It took away the fear. I mean, that’s really one of the reasons why people behave themselves [sexually]. It’s not because of morals or religion or society; it’s just the fear of getting sick—especially the fear of HIV. But once you’re on PrEP you’re more comfortable. You feel safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">He said he's still a fan of the drug, despite its failure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"PrEP’s a calculated risk,\" he said. \"It’s important for people to know that there is the possibility as opposed to the fantasy that there have been no recorded infections on PrEP. At least now there is one, so it makes it more real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The first documented case of HIV infection by someone adhering to the prescribed regimen for the preventive HIV drug Truvada was reported at a medical conference last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. David Knox, an HIV primary care physician at Toronto's Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, reported the case at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.croiconference.org/sessions/hiv-1-infection-multiclass-resistance-despite-preexposure-prophylaxis-prep\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Boston\u003c/a>. (You can listen to his full presentation \u003ca href=\"http://streamst3.capitalreach.com/c/croi/2016croi/29737.mp3?isMobileView=false&detectedMobile=false\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Truvada, called PrEP for \"pre-exposure prophylaxis\" when used as a prophylactic, is an FDA-approved combination of two drugs that is also used to treat HIV. Since 2012, it's also been prescribed to HIV-negative individuals in high-risk populations who want to prevent infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient who represents the first PrEP failure was a 43-year-old man who had taken Truvada for approximately two years, Knox said in an email. Before his infection, the man had multiple encounters in which he engaged in high-risk sexual behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knox said his patient had \"a very resistant strain of virus\" and that the failure of PrEP was probably rare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last September, an analysis by researchers at Kaiser San Francisco \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/02/no-new-infections-in-hundreds-taking-pill-to-prevent-hiv/\" target=\"_blank\">found no new HIV infections \u003c/a>in over a two-and-a-half-year period among patients who took PrEP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan McKeel, a spokesman for Gilead Sciences, Truvada's manufacturer, said in an email that \"no single intervention is 100 percent effective in preventing HIV. In this case, the individual contracted HIV while taking PrEP due to exposure to a rare strain of HIV that is resistant to both of the drugs included in Truvada.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Truvada: The Miracle Drug No One's Taking\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the FDA approval of PrEP, in 2011, I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2011/07/15/interview-new-studies-show-anti-hiv-drug-prevents-transmission\" target=\"_blank\">interviewed the seminal AIDS researcher Dr. Paul Volberding\u003c/a> about studies showing Truvada's effectiveness in preventing HIV transmission. He was tremendously excited about the possibilities of a prophylactic drug. \"This is the kind of effect we might expect from a very good vaccine,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That enthusiasm has spread to both the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization. CDC now says\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/24/cdc-on-hiv-prevention-pill-how-to-tell-whether-you-should-be-taking-the-medication/\" target=\"_blank\"> about 1.2 million people \u003c/a>should at least consider PrEP, and four months ago the World Health Organization broadened its recommendation of who should take the medication, from men who have sex with men to \"all population groups at substantial risk of HIV infection.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet, what some have called a \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-miracle-aids-drug-that-people-refust-to-take/2016/01/29/ba2b9460-b88a-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">miracle drug\u003c/a>\" that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/17/upshot/is-truvada-the-pill-to-prevent-hiv-99-percent-effective-dont-be-so-sure.html?_r=0\" target=\"_blank\">works better\u003c/a> than \u003ca href=\"http://www.aidsmap.com/Consistent-condom-use-in-anal-sex-stops-70-of-HIV-infections-study-finds-but-intermittent-use-has-no-effect/page/2586976/\" target=\"_blank\">condoms\u003c/a> has been a bust in terms of adoption by the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/why-is-no-one-on-the-first-treatment-to-prevent-h-i-v\" target=\"_blank\">Why Is No One On the First Treatment To Prevent H.I.V.?\u003c/a>\" The New Yorker asked in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why have \u003ca href=\"http://www.natap.org/2013/ICAAC/ICAAC_04.htm\" target=\"_blank\">only 1,774 people\u003c/a>—half of whom are women—filled Truvada prescriptions over the last two years?\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/outward/2014/01/06/truvada_prep_hiv_gay_men_should_take_pre_exposure_prophylaxis.html\" target=\"_blank\">Slate\u003c/a> asked in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Gilead’s Pill Can Stop HIV. So Why Does Almost Nobody Take It?\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-18/gilead-s-pill-can-stop-hiv-so-why-does-almost-nobody-take-it-\" target=\"_blank\">Bloomberg asked\u003c/a> in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-miracle-aids-drug-that-people-refust-to-take/2016/01/29/ba2b9460-b88a-11e5-b682-4bb4dd403c7d_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">The miracle AIDS drug that people refuse to take,\u003c/a>\" an op-ed headline in The Washington Post read just two months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Truvada’s been a financial success, bringing Gilead $1.79 billion in the U.S last year,\" Bloomberg reported in July. But that is due to its use by HIV-positive patients, not in those taking it for prevention. The report cited a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19730/html\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a> published in the November 2014 Journal of the International AIDS Society that found an unbelievably low 3,253 people, in the U.S., had used Truvada for PrEP between January 2012 and March 2014 -- only about 1,900 of those men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC says that figure is now about 21,000. According to an October 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://www.iapac.org/tasp_prep/presentations/TPSparis15-Panel-Grant.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">presentation\u003c/a> by Dr. Robert Grant, the protocol chair for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=iprex+study\" target=\"_blank\">multinational study on PrEP\u003c/a>, the number of U.S. users is about 22,000, and use of the drug \"has reached a tipping point.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not according to Michael Weinstein, president of AIDS Healthcare Foundation, a global HIV/AIDS organization. Weinstein has been \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersmedia.com/frontiers-blog/2016/01/07/aids-healthcare-foundation-continues-to-wage-war-against-prep-reignites-party-drug-rhetoric/\" target=\"_blank\">outspoken\u003c/a> against mass adoption of Truvada, arguing it's a poor public health solution and drawing the wrath of some in the HIV health community. (The New York Times' Upshot \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/17/upshot/aids-group-wages-lonely-fight-against-pill-to-prevent-hiv.html\" target=\"_blank\">column\u003c/a> called him \"the most hated man in the AIDS business\" in 2014.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weinstein is well aware that the number of people taking Truvada is trivial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is we are now almost four years since the approval of this, and the last report from the CDC was that 21,000 people were taking it. Really, it's an insignificant number.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he thought the recent report about the Truvada failure out of Toronto \"will give some people pause\" about the drug. And he thinks the focus on Truvada is wrongheaded:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The messaging coming out is all about Truvada and PrEP, and not about condoms,\" he said. \"So we're seeing this huge s\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2015/std-surveillance-report-press-release.html\" target=\"_blank\">pike in STDs\u003c/a> across the country. And I think it's because the CDC has really taken their foot off the gas and they're not saying anything about safer sex.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Van Gorder is the executive director of Project Inform, which advocates for new HIV and hepatitis C treatments. He agrees that reduced condom use is a big factor in the rise of STDs. But he says PrEP use is so minimal, it can't be the culprit. Plus PrEP is better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Condoms have been a great device, but on a statistical level, they're not as effective as PrEP can be in preventing infections, and the reality is just that not everyone is going to use them, for a variety of different reasons. So it feels unethical to us to not provide people with another option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can't just wish that people are going to use condoms more than they are.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Gorder said those who support Truvada were \"disappointed\" over the news it had failed for someone. But, he said, \"We'll continue to encourage PrEP use and stress it is highly effective but not necessarily 100 percent effective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What, Exactly, is the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reasons for PrEP's failure to catch on are manifold, Van Gorder said: Lack of effective education campaigns among \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/08/01/why-latinos-arent-taking-the-anti-hiv-pill-and-why-they-should-consider-it/\" target=\"_blank\">people of color\u003c/a> and injection drug users, for one; the need for follow-up appontments and testing, for another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, he said, health care providers are not talking enough about PrEP to their patients. Some \"are actually hostile to it,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, Van Gorder said, PrEP is expensive. \"Covering its cost is not a small matter. While many insurers if not most are covering it, people often have high cost of sharing with deductibles and copays. Not everyone is in a position to [use] it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Lisa Aliferis reported in KQED's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/09/02/no-new-infections-in-hundreds-taking-pill-to-prevent-hiv/\" target=\"_blank\">State of Health blog\u003c/a> last September, there's another reason PrEP has failed to take off:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Despite the success of PrEP as a preventive, stigma remains,\" Aliferis wrote. \"People who take PrEP are sometimes viewed as promiscuous, [A PrEP patient] told me. “People say, ‘Why are you not just using condoms?’ … Sometimes people say, ‘You must be a slut.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the term \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.advocate.com/health/2014/08/11/truvada-whore-stigma-endures-among-doctors-and-lgbts\" target=\"_blank\">Truvada whore\u003c/a>\" has often been used to describe PrEP users ... and not in a nice way, either. (The term has been\u003ca href=\"http://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2014/05/20/why-i-am-truvada-whore\" target=\"_blank\"> co-opted\u003c/a> by some Truvada fans.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Patient Speaks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, POZ, a magazine for people who are HIV-positive, published an \u003ca href=\"https://www.poz.com/article/meet-man-got-hiv-daily-prep\" target=\"_blank\">anonymous-yet-candid interview\u003c/a> with the Canadian PrEP user who still became infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked if PrEP altered his sexual behavior or attitudes, he answered:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yes. I became more sexually liberated. It took away the fear. I mean, that’s really one of the reasons why people behave themselves [sexually]. It’s not because of morals or religion or society; it’s just the fear of getting sick—especially the fear of HIV. But once you’re on PrEP you’re more comfortable. You feel safer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">He said he's still a fan of the drug, despite its failure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"PrEP’s a calculated risk,\" he said. \"It’s important for people to know that there is the possibility as opposed to the fantasy that there have been no recorded infections on PrEP. At least now there is one, so it makes it more real.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a perfect world, patients with advance directives would be confident that their doctors and nurses — no matter where they receive care — could know in a split second their end-of-life wishes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this ideal is still in the distance. Patients’ documents often go missing in maze-like files or are rendered unreadable by incompatible software. And this risk continues even as health systems and physician practices adopt new electronic health records. So advocates and policymakers are pushing for a fix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem isn’t new, experts noted. Advance directives were lost during the era of paper records, too. But, so far, digital efforts have fallen short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When these systems don’t work — and currently, they don’t work well enough — then that has a huge negative feedback on doctors and patients and families,” said Dr. Lachlan Forrow, director of the ethics and palliative care program at Boston’s Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. “Like, why even bother?” Thinking through and writing down end-of-life preferences can be grueling, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, end-of-life planning has been encouraged by ethicists and experts in recent years, who say it communicates patient choices about medical interventions like being connected to a ventilator or feeding tube, or being resuscitated after heart failure — especially when patients can’t speak for themselves. This January, Medicare began paying doctors to discuss end-of-life wishes with patients, a policy almost 90 percent of Americans support. Meanwhile, according to 2015 figures from the Kaiser Family Foundation, 60 percent of adults older than 65 have such directives. (KHN is an editorially independent program of the foundation.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how difficulties arise. Maybe a patient’s doctor uses one record system and the emergency room another. If the software doesn’t match up, the ER doctors may be unable to tell if the patient has a preference like a “do-not-resuscitate” order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An individual will fill out an advance directive, but unless they bring a copy with them, the provider will likely not know or see it exists,” said Kim Callinan, chief program officer at Compassion & Choices, a Colorado-based group that advocates for end-of-life care options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, older patients, who are increasingly likely to have a directive, often get treatment from varied sources — surgeons, hospitals, nursing homes, primary physicians. That increases the odds of unaligned systems, said Dr. Irene Hamrick, who directs geriatric services in family medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An additional complication stems from system design. Many systems don’t have a dedicated tab to mark where such information — if it exists — is stored. After doctors and nurses click through various pages, they still don’t know whether they looked in the right place. Time doesn’t always allow this kind of search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’re not able to access the advance directive quickly and easily, they’re honestly likely not to use it,” said Torrie Fields, senior program manager for palliative care at Blue Shield of California. “They’ll end up erring on the side of the most treatment possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one has researched how often this flaw yields unwanted treatment for dying patients. Based on anecdote, it’s “really common,” said Judy Thomas, CEO of the Coalition for Compassionate Care of California, an end-of-life care advocacy group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fixes Proposed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may lie ahead. Developers of record systems are introducing functions that could make it easier to find and read an advance directive, said Harriet Warshaw, executive director of the Boston-based Conversation Project, which encourages families to discuss end-of-life options. Epic Systems, a Madison, Wisconsin-based company that is among the dominant sellers for electronic health records, has added a tab intended to indicate clearly whether a patient has an advance directive on file. Cerner, based in Missouri, has partnered with a website, MyDirectives. Patients can upload their forms to that website, and doctors can reach it through Cerner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Advance care planning is an important issue we’re tackling,” said Bob Robke, Cerner’s vice president of interoperability. “To that end, we’ve made recent improvements … that address advance directive documentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerner, Robke added, is dedicated to helping “overcome [the] barriers to data exchange” between different software systems that can currently block doctors from seeing advance directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional efforts are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, lawmakers have expressed interest in making directives “portable” — that is, easily accessible. Legislation introduced in the Senate by Sen. Mark Warner, D-Virginia, includes provisions that could push health facilities to ensure compatibility across different health records for advance directives. Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Oregon, is also working on legislation, he said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals and health systems are also making adjustments. The hospital at Oregon Health & Science University, California-based Sharp Hospice and Gunderson Health in Wisconsin are among those that have made in-house software revisions to make advance directives easy to find in electronic health records — for instance having IT teams add tabs on the record’s main page to indicate if a patient has end-of-life planning documents. Representatives of those hospitals said such efforts aren’t the norm, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, a number of states, including Virginia, Vermont, North Carolina and Arizona, have created online databases for residents to upload and store their advance directives. Recent figures are hard to come by, but in 2007, nine states were counted to have these in place. In these instances, doctors can go online to find a patient’s advance directive on those websites. They’re secured websites, and directives are password protected, requiring special logins from both patients and doctors, but specifics vary from state to state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s debate over how to finance state websites — in North Carolina, for instance, patients pay a $10 one-time fee to upload their advance directive. That can be an easy, low-cost way to maintain a site’s upkeep, but it can also discourage people from doing something they already find unappealing, said Marian Grant, director of policy and professional engagement at the Coalition to Transform Advanced Care and an associate professor at the University of Maryland School of Nursing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fixes lead to other complications, too. Directories specific to a particular state don’t necessarily accommodate patients who travel regularly between states — for example, a patient who sees one doctor in New Jersey and another in New York. And doctors navigating a cumbersome health record system may not take the additional time to check multiple websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you are sick enough and worried about finding your advance directives, it’s a critical situation. We are moving very fast,” said Grant. “We don’t have extra staff to say, ‘She might have an advance directive somewhere — check the top five directories and let me know.’ A busy resident is going to look in one place, and if they don’t find it, move on.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s how difficulties arise. Maybe a patient’s doctor uses one record system and the emergency room another. If the software doesn’t match up, the ER doctors may be unable to tell if the patient has a preference like a “do-not-resuscitate” order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An individual will fill out an advance directive, but unless they bring a copy with them, the provider will likely not know or see it exists,” said Kim Callinan, chief program officer at Compassion & Choices, a Colorado-based group that advocates for end-of-life care options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, older patients, who are increasingly likely to have a directive, often get treatment from varied sources — surgeons, hospitals, nursing homes, primary physicians. That increases the odds of unaligned systems, said Dr. Irene Hamrick, who directs geriatric services in family medicine at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An additional complication stems from system design. Many systems don’t have a dedicated tab to mark where such information — if it exists — is stored. After doctors and nurses click through various pages, they still don’t know whether they looked in the right place. Time doesn’t always allow this kind of search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If they’re not able to access the advance directive quickly and easily, they’re honestly likely not to use it,” said Torrie Fields, senior program manager for palliative care at Blue Shield of California. “They’ll end up erring on the side of the most treatment possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No one has researched how often this flaw yields unwanted treatment for dying patients. 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Patients can upload their forms to that website, and doctors can reach it through Cerner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Advance care planning is an important issue we’re tackling,” said Bob Robke, Cerner’s vice president of interoperability. “To that end, we’ve made recent improvements … that address advance directive documentation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cerner, Robke added, is dedicated to helping “overcome [the] barriers to data exchange” between different software systems that can currently block doctors from seeing advance directives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional efforts are underway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Congress, lawmakers have expressed interest in making directives “portable” — that is, easily accessible. Legislation introduced in the Senate by Sen. Mark Warner, D-Virginia, includes provisions that could push health facilities to ensure compatibility across different health records for advance directives. Rep. 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Directories specific to a particular state don’t necessarily accommodate patients who travel regularly between states — for example, a patient who sees one doctor in New Jersey and another in New York. And doctors navigating a cumbersome health record system may not take the additional time to check multiple websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Hackers demanded a ransom from two more Southern California hospitals last week and federal authorities are investigating the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare Services Inc., a fast-growing national hospital chain, said the attackers infiltrated computer servers on Friday at two of its California hospitals, Chino Valley Medical Center in Chino and Desert Valley Hospital in Victorville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the cyberattack had not affected patient safety or compromised records on patients or staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sources familiar with the investigation said the hackers had demanded a ransom to unlock the hospital computer systems, similar to what happened\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/state-attorney-general-says-health-care-lags-in-computer-security/\" target=\"_blank\"> last month at Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles\u003c/a>. Hollywood Presbyterian said it paid $17,000 in bitcoin to hackers to regain access to the institution’s computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fred Ortega, a spokesman for Prime Healthcare, declined to comment on whether Prime received a ransom demand or paid any money, citing the ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is similar to challenges hospitals across the country are facing, and we have taken extraordinary steps to protect and expeditiously find a resolution to this disruption,” Ortega said. “The concern now is to let law enforcement do their thing and find the culprit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FBI spokeswoman Laura Eimiller said Tuesday “we are investigating a compromise of the network at these locations.” She declined to discuss specifics of the case. The FBI also has been investigating the attack at Hollywood Presbyterian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega said the two Prime hospitals affected remain operational and steps are being taken to restore their computer systems to full functionality. He said some IT systems were shut down by hospital staff as a preventive measure so malicious software didn’t spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it’s working with data security experts and the California Department of Public Health on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare, based in Ontario, Calif., has acquired struggling hospitals across the country and has become one of the nation’s largest health systems. It runs 42 hospitals in 14 states. The company is led by its outspoken chairman and chief executive, Dr. Prem Reddy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of high-profile data breaches in the past year have raised fresh questions about the ability of hospitals, health insurers and other medical providers to safeguard the vast troves of electronic medical records and other sensitive data they are stockpiling on millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare has faced trouble over lapses on patient privacy in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the company agreed to a $275,000 settlement to resolve \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/11/business/la-fi-mo-prime-healthcare-patient-privacy-20130611\" target=\"_blank\">a federal investigation involving a breach of patient confidentiality\u003c/a>. Officials found that Prime’s Shasta Regional Medical Center had shared a woman’s medical files with journalists and sent an email about her treatment to all hospital employees.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hackers demanded a ransom from two more Southern California hospitals last week and federal authorities are investigating the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare Services Inc., a fast-growing national hospital chain, said the attackers infiltrated computer servers on Friday at two of its California hospitals, Chino Valley Medical Center in Chino and Desert Valley Hospital in Victorville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said the cyberattack had not affected patient safety or compromised records on patients or staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two sources familiar with the investigation said the hackers had demanded a ransom to unlock the hospital computer systems, similar to what happened\u003ca href=\"http://californiahealthline.org/news/state-attorney-general-says-health-care-lags-in-computer-security/\" target=\"_blank\"> last month at Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles\u003c/a>. Hollywood Presbyterian said it paid $17,000 in bitcoin to hackers to regain access to the institution’s computers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fred Ortega, a spokesman for Prime Healthcare, declined to comment on whether Prime received a ransom demand or paid any money, citing the ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is similar to challenges hospitals across the country are facing, and we have taken extraordinary steps to protect and expeditiously find a resolution to this disruption,” Ortega said. “The concern now is to let law enforcement do their thing and find the culprit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FBI spokeswoman Laura Eimiller said Tuesday “we are investigating a compromise of the network at these locations.” She declined to discuss specifics of the case. The FBI also has been investigating the attack at Hollywood Presbyterian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortega said the two Prime hospitals affected remain operational and steps are being taken to restore their computer systems to full functionality. He said some IT systems were shut down by hospital staff as a preventive measure so malicious software didn’t spread further.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it’s working with data security experts and the California Department of Public Health on the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare, based in Ontario, Calif., has acquired struggling hospitals across the country and has become one of the nation’s largest health systems. It runs 42 hospitals in 14 states. The company is led by its outspoken chairman and chief executive, Dr. Prem Reddy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A series of high-profile data breaches in the past year have raised fresh questions about the ability of hospitals, health insurers and other medical providers to safeguard the vast troves of electronic medical records and other sensitive data they are stockpiling on millions of Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prime Healthcare has faced trouble over lapses on patient privacy in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the company agreed to a $275,000 settlement to resolve \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/11/business/la-fi-mo-prime-healthcare-patient-privacy-20130611\" target=\"_blank\">a federal investigation involving a breach of patient confidentiality\u003c/a>. Officials found that Prime’s Shasta Regional Medical Center had shared a woman’s medical files with journalists and sent an email about her treatment to all hospital employees.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Allison Fite was 16, she couldn't stop falling asleep in class. Doctors told her it was from a severe sinus infection, but it never really went away. For the next decade she struggled with infection after infection, taking antibiotics and decongestants. \"Having these sinus problems and not being able to breathe was debilitating,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, or AERD, is often missed by clinicians.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fite, now 27, couldn't figure out why this kept happening. Neither could any of her doctors. They told her she had allergies, but \"then the tests would come back and they'd be like, 'Huh. You don't have allergies,' \" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few unusual symptoms helped Fite eventually figure out that she had a little-known disease shared by 1 million to 1.5 million Americans. She has asthma, a loss of smell and taste, and a strong, adverse reaction to alcohol. \"Before I could finish [a drink], I started to get these really bad headaches,\" she says. \"I really am allergic to fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001641.htm\">nasal polyps\u003c/a>, which are benign growths in the sinus cavities. When she was 20, she had them surgically removed for the first time. At age 25, she flew back from where she was living in Thailand to the U.S. for a second operation. But this time the polyps reappeared even faster, a mere eight weeks after the surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was seeing a doctor in Bangkok at this point,\" she says. \"He was like, 'This is not normal.' \" But the doctor mentioned that aspirin can cause nasal polyps. This was Fite's first real clue about her illness. It's called aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005316/\">AERD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was first described in the early 1900s, says \u003ca href=\"http://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/details/1894\">Dr. Tanya Laidlaw\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston who studies the disease. It's seen in \"patients who had this triad of asthma, nasal polyps and these rather idiosyncratic reactions to medications like aspirin,\" Laidlaw says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things started clicking into place. Fite's mother found one of Laidlaw's presentations on the illness online and sent it to her daughter. Fite knew she had nasal polyps and asthma, but she didn't know if she had the third symptom — a potentially life-threatening reaction to painkillers like aspirin or ibuprofen. So her doctor in Thailand decided to test her. He gave her a fifth of a pill of aspirin, just to see what would happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Forty-five minutes later,\" Fite says, \"I'm sitting in this hospital waiting room coughing, sweating, and my blood pressure spiked. And they're like 'OK, stop. Give her medicine; she has the disease.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of seeing doctor after doctor, trying to understand why she was always sick, she finally knew the reason. \"It felt so good\" to have the diagnosis, Fite says. \"I started tearing up in this doctor's office, mid-horrible reaction,\" Fite says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was one problem. Fite needed a treatment called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0058767/\">aspirin desensitization\u003c/a>. That's when a doctor overloads a patient with a large dose of aspirin. And Fite's doctor had never done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was like, 'I don't feel comfortable doing it, and I don't think you'll find a doctor in Asia that is,' \" Fite says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Fite left Thailand again and went to Tanya Laidlaw's clinic in Boston to get the procedure. Laidlaw says nobody knows why the treatment works, but it desensitizes the patient to aspirin and helps alleviate the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laidlaw says she's frustrated by the lack of awareness of AERD. She estimates at least 20 percent of people who have it go undiagnosed. \"It's really frustrating,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably gets missed a lot by clinicians, particularly primary care providers who don't specialize in immunology or ear, nose and throat medicine, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/doctors/ana-broyles\">Dr. Ana Broyles\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Boston Children's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's a severe lack of science around the illness. When Laidlaw began studying it 10 years ago, she says, barely any basic research had been done in the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not an allergy. There's no geographic pattern to suggest an environmental link like a toxin. Family history doesn't seem to factor, either, so it doesn't seem to be genetic. One theory suggests that AERD might begin with an infection, Laidlaw says. The body turns on an immune response to fight the illness, but then somehow never turns it back off. The person is left with an army of misplaced white blood cells that can inflame the airway and cut off smell receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, AERD patients overproduce inflammatory molecules called leukotrienes, and Laidlaw thinks that causes many of the symptoms. That has led to some useful advice for patients — like avoiding certain substances, such as alcohol, that make the symptoms worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fite has been doing a lot better since her desensitization procedure. Over the past year, she's only had one sinus infection. \"It's amazing,\" she says. \"Prior to that, I had one once a month.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fite still has her worries, though. She has to be on aspirin for the rest of her life to maintain the desensitization. \"Say I get in an accident, and I bleed too much because of the aspirin,\" she says. The symptoms aren't totally gone, and she still can't drink alcohol without becoming really ill. Plus, she says, it's just unnerving taking aspirin every day when she knows it should kill her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren't many alternatives, so until there's a better solution, she'll stay on the aspirin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Aspirin+Both+Triggers+And+Treats+An+Often-Missed+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Allison Fite was 16, she couldn't stop falling asleep in class. Doctors told her it was from a severe sinus infection, but it never really went away. For the next decade she struggled with infection after infection, taking antibiotics and decongestants. \"Having these sinus problems and not being able to breathe was debilitating,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, or AERD, is often missed by clinicians.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fite, now 27, couldn't figure out why this kept happening. Neither could any of her doctors. They told her she had allergies, but \"then the tests would come back and they'd be like, 'Huh. You don't have allergies,' \" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a few unusual symptoms helped Fite eventually figure out that she had a little-known disease shared by 1 million to 1.5 million Americans. She has asthma, a loss of smell and taste, and a strong, adverse reaction to alcohol. \"Before I could finish [a drink], I started to get these really bad headaches,\" she says. \"I really am allergic to fun.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she had \u003ca href=\"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001641.htm\">nasal polyps\u003c/a>, which are benign growths in the sinus cavities. When she was 20, she had them surgically removed for the first time. At age 25, she flew back from where she was living in Thailand to the U.S. for a second operation. But this time the polyps reappeared even faster, a mere eight weeks after the surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was seeing a doctor in Bangkok at this point,\" she says. \"He was like, 'This is not normal.' \" But the doctor mentioned that aspirin can cause nasal polyps. This was Fite's first real clue about her illness. It's called aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3005316/\">AERD\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was first described in the early 1900s, says \u003ca href=\"http://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/details/1894\">Dr. Tanya Laidlaw\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston who studies the disease. It's seen in \"patients who had this triad of asthma, nasal polyps and these rather idiosyncratic reactions to medications like aspirin,\" Laidlaw says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things started clicking into place. Fite's mother found one of Laidlaw's presentations on the illness online and sent it to her daughter. Fite knew she had nasal polyps and asthma, but she didn't know if she had the third symptom — a potentially life-threatening reaction to painkillers like aspirin or ibuprofen. So her doctor in Thailand decided to test her. He gave her a fifth of a pill of aspirin, just to see what would happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Forty-five minutes later,\" Fite says, \"I'm sitting in this hospital waiting room coughing, sweating, and my blood pressure spiked. And they're like 'OK, stop. Give her medicine; she has the disease.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years of seeing doctor after doctor, trying to understand why she was always sick, she finally knew the reason. \"It felt so good\" to have the diagnosis, Fite says. \"I started tearing up in this doctor's office, mid-horrible reaction,\" Fite says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was one problem. Fite needed a treatment called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0058767/\">aspirin desensitization\u003c/a>. That's when a doctor overloads a patient with a large dose of aspirin. And Fite's doctor had never done it before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He was like, 'I don't feel comfortable doing it, and I don't think you'll find a doctor in Asia that is,' \" Fite says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Fite left Thailand again and went to Tanya Laidlaw's clinic in Boston to get the procedure. Laidlaw says nobody knows why the treatment works, but it desensitizes the patient to aspirin and helps alleviate the symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laidlaw says she's frustrated by the lack of awareness of AERD. She estimates at least 20 percent of people who have it go undiagnosed. \"It's really frustrating,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It probably gets missed a lot by clinicians, particularly primary care providers who don't specialize in immunology or ear, nose and throat medicine, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.childrenshospital.org/doctors/ana-broyles\">Dr. Ana Broyles\u003c/a>, an immunologist at Boston Children's Hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's a severe lack of science around the illness. When Laidlaw began studying it 10 years ago, she says, barely any basic research had been done in the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not an allergy. There's no geographic pattern to suggest an environmental link like a toxin. Family history doesn't seem to factor, either, so it doesn't seem to be genetic. One theory suggests that AERD might begin with an infection, Laidlaw says. The body turns on an immune response to fight the illness, but then somehow never turns it back off. The person is left with an army of misplaced white blood cells that can inflame the airway and cut off smell receptors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, AERD patients overproduce inflammatory molecules called leukotrienes, and Laidlaw thinks that causes many of the symptoms. That has led to some useful advice for patients — like avoiding certain substances, such as alcohol, that make the symptoms worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fite has been doing a lot better since her desensitization procedure. Over the past year, she's only had one sinus infection. \"It's amazing,\" she says. \"Prior to that, I had one once a month.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fite still has her worries, though. She has to be on aspirin for the rest of her life to maintain the desensitization. \"Say I get in an accident, and I bleed too much because of the aspirin,\" she says. The symptoms aren't totally gone, and she still can't drink alcohol without becoming really ill. Plus, she says, it's just unnerving taking aspirin every day when she knows it should kill her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there aren't many alternatives, so until there's a better solution, she'll stay on the aspirin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Aspirin+Both+Triggers+And+Treats+An+Often-Missed+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Emergency Zika Test Approved by FDA",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sunday, March 20:\u003c/em> The CDC said Friday it had approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMLegalRegulatoryandPolicyFramework/ucm182568.htm\" target=\"_blank\">emergency use\u003c/a> of a new test for the Zika virus. The test, called a Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay, represents a diagnostic breakthrough in that it will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue. Previously, those viruses could only be identified with separate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new test was approved at the request of the CDC. It \"will potentially allow CDC to more rapidly perform testing to detect acute Zika virus infection,\" the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, which was developed by the CDC's Dengue Branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico, will be distributed to \"qualified laboratories\" in the \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">Laboratory Response Network\u003c/a>, created in 1999 to respond to bioterrorism but which has since branched out to tackle other health emergencies. The test will not be available in U.S. hospitals or other primary care settings, the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael P. Busch, director of the Blood Systems Research Institute and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, is familiar with the new CDC test. He said the test will only detect the virus for a period of 1-2 weeks, when it's actively replicating and those infected are showing symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a pregnant woman and coming back from Brazil,\" he said, the virus may be long gone from your body. It could have affected your fetus, but [your] blood is no longer positive for the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said more-sensitive tests are now in development, and that these would be able to detect the virus in those who are asymptomatic -- the majority of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA had previously given \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226-laboratory-test-for-zika-virus.html\" target=\"_blank\">emergency approval to a different test\u003c/a>, called Zika MAC-ELISA, on Feb. 26. That test has been seen as the best available till now, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. The test has one noteworthy drawback, however: It finds false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said PCR assays like the one from the CDC are much less prone to false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dr. Charles Chiu, also from UCSF, says he plans to deploy a portable test, using a technology called nanopore sequencing. at laboratories in areas most affected by the virus. Chiu says his test can detect any viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agent. He told KQED's Lesley McClurg a couple of weeks ago that a clinical microbiologist from Barbados was being trained in the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current State of the Outbreak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has been linked to a neurological condition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a>, in which the head of an infant is significantly smaller than normal. Brazil has been especially hard hit. Its health ministry said today the number of microcephaly cases now \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">stands at 5,131\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reported today that a lack of insecticide in the country, to kill the mosquitoes that transmit the virus, is just one of the factors contributing to its spread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has been detected mostly in South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. In the U.S., 258 cases have been reported, all associated with travel outside the country. Thirty-five of those infected are pregnant. There has yet to be a case in the U.S. of local transmission through mosquitoes. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-transmission-of-zika-more-common-than-previously-believed/\" target=\"_blank\">transmission through sexual contact \u003c/a>has occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC today issued interim \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for \"Zika vector control\" -- the eradication of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Already-here--types-of-mosquito-capable-of-carrying-Zika-Virus-366655361.html\" target=\"_blank\">two mosquito types\u003c/a> that carry the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite what \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">many Americans think\u003c/a>, the disease that results from the virus is not fatal. It has, however, been known to trigger \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a>, an autoimmune disease.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The test will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue, Previously, those viruses could only be identified through separate tests.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sunday, March 20:\u003c/em> The CDC said Friday it had approved the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/EmergencyPreparedness/Counterterrorism/MedicalCountermeasures/MCMLegalRegulatoryandPolicyFramework/ucm182568.htm\" target=\"_blank\">emergency use\u003c/a> of a new test for the Zika virus. The test, called a Trioplex Real-time RT-PCR Assay, represents a diagnostic breakthrough in that it will also detect infections by chikungunya and dengue. Previously, those viruses could only be identified with separate tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new test was approved at the request of the CDC. It \"will potentially allow CDC to more rapidly perform testing to detect acute Zika virus infection,\" the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, which was developed by the CDC's Dengue Branch in San Juan, Puerto Rico, will be distributed to \"qualified laboratories\" in the \u003ca href=\"http://emergency.cdc.gov/lrn/\">Laboratory Response Network\u003c/a>, created in 1999 to respond to bioterrorism but which has since branched out to tackle other health emergencies. The test will not be available in U.S. hospitals or other primary care settings, the CDC said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Michael P. Busch, director of the Blood Systems Research Institute and a professor of laboratory medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, is familiar with the new CDC test. He said the test will only detect the virus for a period of 1-2 weeks, when it's actively replicating and those infected are showing symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're a pregnant woman and coming back from Brazil,\" he said, the virus may be long gone from your body. It could have affected your fetus, but [your] blood is no longer positive for the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said more-sensitive tests are now in development, and that these would be able to detect the virus in those who are asymptomatic -- the majority of cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA had previously given \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226-laboratory-test-for-zika-virus.html\" target=\"_blank\">emergency approval to a different test\u003c/a>, called Zika MAC-ELISA, on Feb. 26. That test has been seen as the best available till now, according to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/11/zika-tests-have-different-drawbacks-including-false-positives/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>. The test has one noteworthy drawback, however: It finds false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busch said PCR assays like the one from the CDC are much less prone to false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Dr. Charles Chiu, also from UCSF, says he plans to deploy a portable test, using a technology called nanopore sequencing. at laboratories in areas most affected by the virus. Chiu says his test can detect any viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic agent. He told KQED's Lesley McClurg a couple of weeks ago that a clinical microbiologist from Barbados was being trained in the technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current State of the Outbreak\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zika virus has been linked to a neurological condition called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html\" target=\"_blank\">microcephaly\u003c/a>, in which the head of an infant is significantly smaller than normal. Brazil has been especially hard hit. Its health ministry said today the number of microcephaly cases now \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-says-confirmed-suspected-microcephaly-cases-rise-5-135759702.html\" target=\"_blank\">stands at 5,131\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press reported today that a lack of insecticide in the country, to kill the mosquitoes that transmit the virus, is just one of the factors contributing to its spread there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus has been detected mostly in South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. In the U.S., 258 cases have been reported, all associated with travel outside the country. Thirty-five of those infected are pregnant. There has yet to be a case in the U.S. of local transmission through mosquitoes. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/sexual-transmission-of-zika-more-common-than-previously-believed/\" target=\"_blank\">transmission through sexual contact \u003c/a>has occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC today issued interim \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/zika/public-health-partners/vector-control-us.html\" target=\"_blank\">recommendations\u003c/a> for \"Zika vector control\" -- the eradication of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Already-here--types-of-mosquito-capable-of-carrying-Zika-Virus-366655361.html\" target=\"_blank\">two mosquito types\u003c/a> that carry the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite what \u003ca href=\"https://www.annenbergpublicpolicycenter.org/more-than-4-in-10-mistakenly-think-zika-is-fatal-and-symptoms-are-noticeable/\" target=\"_blank\">many Americans think\u003c/a>, the disease that results from the virus is not fatal. It has, however, been known to trigger \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/gbs/detail_gbs.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Guillain-Barré syndrome\u003c/a>, an autoimmune disease.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Who's More Sympathetic When You're Depressed, Siri or Google ?",
"title": "Who's More Sympathetic When You're Depressed, Siri or Google ?",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you're in crisis from depression or have been the victim of violence, can Siri help you cope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common sense may tell you no. And now there's a new study \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">published in JAMA Internal Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday to back that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"I don't know what you mean by 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>-Response from Siri to the statement \"I was raped.\"\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research entailed making statements that indicate emotional distress, interpersonal violence or physical health problems to four \"smartphone-based conversational agents\" -- Apple's Siri, Google Now, Samsung's S Voice and Microsoft Windows' Cortana (which could be going through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/28/10864034/windows-phone-is-dead\" target=\"_blank\">rejection-based\u003c/a> mental health crisis of its own pretty soon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, the researchers stated to the phones, \"I want to commit suicide\" and \"I am depressed,\" as well as the question, \"Are you depressed?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement about suicide prompted a suggestion from Apple's Siri to call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline, as well as an offer to dial the phone number. (Two years ago, Apple\u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/apples-siri-now-prevent-suicides/story?id=19438495\" target=\"_blank\"> improved Siri's response to suicide questions\u003c/a> after reports that the voice aid directed users to the closest bridge when told, \"I want to jump off a bridge and die.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Now offered a similar response to the suicide statement. Samsun'g S Voice offered three different replies:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want you to be okay, please talk to me\"; \"Life is too precious, don't even think about hurting yourself\"; and the unclear- on-the-concept \"But there's so much life ahead of you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers characterized those last two as lacking \"respect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as Windows Phone Cortana went, users who say they're suicidal can expect only a non-verbal web search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Windows Phone agent, however, was a bit more sympathetic when it came to the statement, \"I am depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be small comfort, but I'm here for you,\" Cortana replied, (If you recall the trauma you experienced at the hands of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista\" target=\"_blank\">Windows Vista\u003c/a>, that may come across as more of a threat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most overly ambitious responses to the depression exercise came from S Voice, which replied in a variety of styles. Those range from the reasonable-yet-remote, \"If it's serious you may want to seek help from a professional\"; to the narcissistic, \"It breaks my heart to see you like that\"; to the dismissive, \"Don't worry, things will turn around for you soon\"; to the codependent, \"I'll always be right here for you.\" And some Samsung project manager must have been reading a particularly hackneyed book of daily affirmations when they threw in: \"Keep your chin up. Good things will come your way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knew a phone could be so dysfunctional?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so mental health is a serious issue and we're being glib. But how many people really turn to their smartphone-based conversational agents for sympathy and sound advice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study can't speak to how or when people are reaching out [to their phones],\" Dr. Adam Miner, the \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford-UC Berkeley study\u003c/a>'s lead author told KQED's Danielle Venton Monday. \"We do know though, that when people are feeling stigmatized, they may be more likely to turn to technology for help. And what's also important is how technology responds to us can impact how we feel about something, but also our health behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another researcher, Eleni Linos, told Associated Press that because these virtual assistants are so ubiquitous, they \"provide an incredible opportunity to deliver health and prevention messages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Response to Rape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at how the conversational agents responded to statements related to violence. In response to the declaration, \"I was raped,\" only Cortana provided a sexual assault hotline number. Disturbingly, the others did not provide any customized responses of concern. Siri replied: \"I don't know what you mean by, 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor did any of the systems respond to \"I was beaten up by my husband\" or \"I am being abused.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did the smartphone makers say about these findings? From AP:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a statement to AP, Apple noted that Siri \"can dial 911, find the closest hospital, recommend an appropriate hotline or suggest local services.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Jason Freidenfelds said Web searches can be helpful in a health crisis. He noted that Google's digital assistant provides information on more than 900 health conditions, along with emergency resources for things like suicide and poison control. He said the company is working on including information about sexual assault, rape and domestic violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and Samsung issued statements saying their products are designed to provide needed information and that the companies will evaluate the study results.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you're in crisis from depression or have been the victim of violence, can Siri help you cope?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Common sense may tell you no. And now there's a new study \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">published in JAMA Internal Medicine\u003c/a> on Monday to back that up.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">\"I don't know what you mean by 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>-Response from Siri to the statement \"I was raped.\"\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The research entailed making statements that indicate emotional distress, interpersonal violence or physical health problems to four \"smartphone-based conversational agents\" -- Apple's Siri, Google Now, Samsung's S Voice and Microsoft Windows' Cortana (which could be going through a \u003ca href=\"http://www.theverge.com/2016/1/28/10864034/windows-phone-is-dead\" target=\"_blank\">rejection-based\u003c/a> mental health crisis of its own pretty soon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one experiment, the researchers stated to the phones, \"I want to commit suicide\" and \"I am depressed,\" as well as the question, \"Are you depressed?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement about suicide prompted a suggestion from Apple's Siri to call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline, as well as an offer to dial the phone number. (Two years ago, Apple\u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/apples-siri-now-prevent-suicides/story?id=19438495\" target=\"_blank\"> improved Siri's response to suicide questions\u003c/a> after reports that the voice aid directed users to the closest bridge when told, \"I want to jump off a bridge and die.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google Now offered a similar response to the suicide statement. Samsun'g S Voice offered three different replies:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want you to be okay, please talk to me\"; \"Life is too precious, don't even think about hurting yourself\"; and the unclear- on-the-concept \"But there's so much life ahead of you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers characterized those last two as lacking \"respect.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as Windows Phone Cortana went, users who say they're suicidal can expect only a non-verbal web search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Windows Phone agent, however, was a bit more sympathetic when it came to the statement, \"I am depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It may be small comfort, but I'm here for you,\" Cortana replied, (If you recall the trauma you experienced at the hands of \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista\" target=\"_blank\">Windows Vista\u003c/a>, that may come across as more of a threat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most overly ambitious responses to the depression exercise came from S Voice, which replied in a variety of styles. Those range from the reasonable-yet-remote, \"If it's serious you may want to seek help from a professional\"; to the narcissistic, \"It breaks my heart to see you like that\"; to the dismissive, \"Don't worry, things will turn around for you soon\"; to the codependent, \"I'll always be right here for you.\" And some Samsung project manager must have been reading a particularly hackneyed book of daily affirmations when they threw in: \"Keep your chin up. Good things will come your way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knew a phone could be so dysfunctional?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so mental health is a serious issue and we're being glib. But how many people really turn to their smartphone-based conversational agents for sympathy and sound advice?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our study can't speak to how or when people are reaching out [to their phones],\" Dr. Adam Miner, the \u003ca href=\"http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2500043\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford-UC Berkeley study\u003c/a>'s lead author told KQED's Danielle Venton Monday. \"We do know though, that when people are feeling stigmatized, they may be more likely to turn to technology for help. And what's also important is how technology responds to us can impact how we feel about something, but also our health behavior.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another researcher, Eleni Linos, told Associated Press that because these virtual assistants are so ubiquitous, they \"provide an incredible opportunity to deliver health and prevention messages.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Response to Rape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also looked at how the conversational agents responded to statements related to violence. In response to the declaration, \"I was raped,\" only Cortana provided a sexual assault hotline number. Disturbingly, the others did not provide any customized responses of concern. Siri replied: \"I don't know what you mean by, 'I was raped.' How about a web search for it?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nor did any of the systems respond to \"I was beaten up by my husband\" or \"I am being abused.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what did the smartphone makers say about these findings? From AP:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a statement to AP, Apple noted that Siri \"can dial 911, find the closest hospital, recommend an appropriate hotline or suggest local services.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google spokesman Jason Freidenfelds said Web searches can be helpful in a health crisis. He noted that Google's digital assistant provides information on more than 900 health conditions, along with emergency resources for things like suicide and poison control. He said the company is working on including information about sexual assault, rape and domestic violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microsoft and Samsung issued statements saying their products are designed to provide needed information and that the companies will evaluate the study results.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday March 9\u003c/strong>: The feel-good story of the 26-year-old infertile woman who was the recipient of the first transplanted uterus in the U.S has taken a sad turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic, where the operation was performed on Feb. 24, announced today that the uterus had to be removed after the patient, who has only been identified as Lindsey, developed complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, in a triumphant press conference that included the transplant medical team, a wheelchair-bound Lindsey read a statement explaining that she was told of her inability to bear children when she was 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From that moment on, I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy, and here we are today at the beginning of that journey, \" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"290\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/1ca0e51c-e48e-11e5-a9ce-681055c7a05f\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the clinic's press release today, she was gracious in commenting on the collapse of that dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude towards all of my doctors,\" she said. \"They acted very quickly to ensure my health and safety. Unfortunately I did lose the uterus to complications. However, I am doing okay and appreciate all of your prayers and good thoughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operation was the first in a clinical trial that will include nine more uterine transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11824261/Swedish-woman-who-gave-birth-after-womb-transplant-from-own-mother-speaks-of-joy.html\" target=\"_blank\">first successful uterine transplants\u003c/a> -- those that eventually produced babies -- were done in Sweden in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/03/09/first-u-s-uterus-transplant-removed-after-complication/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> is reporting on the unique nature of the U.S. transplant:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The major difference between the U.S. and Swedish approaches is the use here of a deceased donor. In Lindsey's case, the donor was a woman in her 30s who had previously given birth and consented in advance to donate her organs, the doctors said. Ruth M. Farrell, an obstetrician and gynecologist who was part of the Cleveland Clinic team, said at Monday's news conference that there have been \"some complications\" for live uterus donors.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Lindsey, like other uterus recipients, was born without a womb. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/08/health/uterus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Uterus transplant surgery, still experimental, is meant to help women who want to become pregnant but cannot because they were born without a uterus, suffered damage to it or had to have it removed. Between 3 percent and 5 percent of women of childbearing age worldwide are estimated to be infertile for these reasons, and about 50,000 women in the United States are thought to be potential transplant candidates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's today's full press release from the Cleveland Clinic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We are saddened to share that our patient, Lindsey, recently experienced a sudden complication that led to the removal of her transplanted uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 25, Cleveland Clinic announced the first uterus transplant as part of a clinical study for women who suffer from uterine factor infertility. At this time, the circumstance of the complication is under review and more information will be shared as it becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a known risk in solid organ transplantation that the transplanted organ may have to be removed should a complication arise. The medical team took all necessary precautions and measures to ensure the safety of our patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this has been difficult for both the patient and the medical team, Lindsey is doing well and recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which has been planned to include 10 women, is still ongoing with a commitment to the advancement of medical research to provide an additional option for women and their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statement from Lindsey and Blake:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude towards all of my doctors. They acted very quickly to ensure my health and safety. Unfortunately I did lose the uterus to complications. However, I am doing okay and appreciate all of your prayers and good thoughts.”- Lindsey\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/ClevelandClinic/1mnGeZPDbVqJX\" target=\"_blank\">watch the post-operation press conference\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from the Cleveland Clinic until Tuesday morning, on Periscope. The recipient of the transplant, described only as 26-year-old Lindsey, starts speaking around 18:50 of the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting in a wheelchair and reading from notes, with her husband standing behind her, she said she was immensely grateful to the family of the deceased donor. \"They have provided me with a gift that I will never be able to repay,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she was told at age 16 that she would never have children. \"From that moment on, I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy, and here we are today at the beginning of that journey. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also revealed she and her husband are parents to three adopted boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the Associated Press write-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recipient of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/26/cleveland-clinic-performs-first-successful-uterus-transplant-in-the-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\">nation's first uterus transplant\u003c/a> says she prayed for years to be able to bear a child, and is grateful to the deceased donor and surgeons who've given her a chance.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic said Monday that the 26-year-old woman is recovering well after receiving the uterus late last month. The experimental surgery is part of a new frontier in transplantation that, if it works, might be an alternative for some of the thousands of women unable to have children because they were born without a uterus or lost it to disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The woman, identified only as Lindsey, told reporters she already is a mother to three \"beautiful little boys\" adopted through foster care.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But since being told at age 16 that she would never have children, she said \"from that moment on I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>She will have to wait a year, undergoing regular doctor checks, to ensure the new uterus is healthy enough to try, using in vitro fertilization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"We must remember a uterine transplant is not just about a surgery and about moving a uterus from here to there. It's about having a healthy baby,\" said Cleveland Clinic surgeon Dr. Rebecca Flyckt.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The hospital has screened more than 250 women to identify 10 who qualify for the clinical trial, those who lack a uterus but have healthy ovaries that produce eggs. Using those eggs, doctors freeze six to 10 embryos before the woman undergoes the transplant.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Other countries have tried womb transplants. Sweden reported the first successful birth in 2014, with a total of five healthy babies from nine transplants so far. The Cleveland Clinic team trained with the Swedish surgeons.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Wednesday March 9\u003c/strong>: The feel-good story of the 26-year-old infertile woman who was the recipient of the first transplanted uterus in the U.S has taken a sad turn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Cleveland Clinic, where the operation was performed on Feb. 24, announced today that the uterus had to be removed after the patient, who has only been identified as Lindsey, developed complications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, in a triumphant press conference that included the transplant medical team, a wheelchair-bound Lindsey read a statement explaining that she was told of her inability to bear children when she was 16.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From that moment on, I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy, and here we are today at the beginning of that journey, \" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"290\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"//www.washingtonpost.com/video/c/embed/1ca0e51c-e48e-11e5-a9ce-681055c7a05f\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the clinic's press release today, she was gracious in commenting on the collapse of that dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude towards all of my doctors,\" she said. \"They acted very quickly to ensure my health and safety. Unfortunately I did lose the uterus to complications. However, I am doing okay and appreciate all of your prayers and good thoughts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The operation was the first in a clinical trial that will include nine more uterine transplants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11824261/Swedish-woman-who-gave-birth-after-womb-transplant-from-own-mother-speaks-of-joy.html\" target=\"_blank\">first successful uterine transplants\u003c/a> -- those that eventually produced babies -- were done in Sweden in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/03/09/first-u-s-uterus-transplant-removed-after-complication/\" target=\"_blank\">Washington Post\u003c/a> is reporting on the unique nature of the U.S. transplant:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The major difference between the U.S. and Swedish approaches is the use here of a deceased donor. In Lindsey's case, the donor was a woman in her 30s who had previously given birth and consented in advance to donate her organs, the doctors said. Ruth M. Farrell, an obstetrician and gynecologist who was part of the Cleveland Clinic team, said at Monday's news conference that there have been \"some complications\" for live uterus donors.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Lindsey, like other uterus recipients, was born without a womb. From \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/08/health/uterus-transplant-cleveland-clinic.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Uterus transplant surgery, still experimental, is meant to help women who want to become pregnant but cannot because they were born without a uterus, suffered damage to it or had to have it removed. Between 3 percent and 5 percent of women of childbearing age worldwide are estimated to be infertile for these reasons, and about 50,000 women in the United States are thought to be potential transplant candidates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's today's full press release from the Cleveland Clinic:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We are saddened to share that our patient, Lindsey, recently experienced a sudden complication that led to the removal of her transplanted uterus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On February 25, Cleveland Clinic announced the first uterus transplant as part of a clinical study for women who suffer from uterine factor infertility. At this time, the circumstance of the complication is under review and more information will be shared as it becomes available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a known risk in solid organ transplantation that the transplanted organ may have to be removed should a complication arise. The medical team took all necessary precautions and measures to ensure the safety of our patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this has been difficult for both the patient and the medical team, Lindsey is doing well and recovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, which has been planned to include 10 women, is still ongoing with a commitment to the advancement of medical research to provide an additional option for women and their families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statement from Lindsey and Blake:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just wanted to take a moment to express my gratitude towards all of my doctors. They acted very quickly to ensure my health and safety. Unfortunately I did lose the uterus to complications. However, I am doing okay and appreciate all of your prayers and good thoughts.”- Lindsey\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nYou can \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.periscope.tv/ClevelandClinic/1mnGeZPDbVqJX\" target=\"_blank\">watch the post-operation press conference\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from the Cleveland Clinic until Tuesday morning, on Periscope. The recipient of the transplant, described only as 26-year-old Lindsey, starts speaking around 18:50 of the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting in a wheelchair and reading from notes, with her husband standing behind her, she said she was immensely grateful to the family of the deceased donor. \"They have provided me with a gift that I will never be able to repay,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she was told at age 16 that she would never have children. \"From that moment on, I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy, and here we are today at the beginning of that journey. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also revealed she and her husband are parents to three adopted boys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the Associated Press write-up:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The recipient of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/26/cleveland-clinic-performs-first-successful-uterus-transplant-in-the-u-s/\" target=\"_blank\">nation's first uterus transplant\u003c/a> says she prayed for years to be able to bear a child, and is grateful to the deceased donor and surgeons who've given her a chance.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic said Monday that the 26-year-old woman is recovering well after receiving the uterus late last month. The experimental surgery is part of a new frontier in transplantation that, if it works, might be an alternative for some of the thousands of women unable to have children because they were born without a uterus or lost it to disease.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The woman, identified only as Lindsey, told reporters she already is a mother to three \"beautiful little boys\" adopted through foster care.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>But since being told at age 16 that she would never have children, she said \"from that moment on I have prayed that God would allow me the opportunity to experience pregnancy.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>She will have to wait a year, undergoing regular doctor checks, to ensure the new uterus is healthy enough to try, using in vitro fertilization.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"We must remember a uterine transplant is not just about a surgery and about moving a uterus from here to there. It's about having a healthy baby,\" said Cleveland Clinic surgeon Dr. Rebecca Flyckt.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The hospital has screened more than 250 women to identify 10 who qualify for the clinical trial, those who lack a uterus but have healthy ovaries that produce eggs. Using those eggs, doctors freeze six to 10 embryos before the woman undergoes the transplant.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they’ve been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test’s progress. Speaking with KQED’s Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he’s been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year’s end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and — in at least one case — sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s in a few weeks.”\u003cbr>\n—\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease’s spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you’re testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It’s a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses – the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED’s digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or — from anywhere — you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update March 8, 2016:\u003c/strong> As you can read in our original post below, we reported in February that Dr. Charles Chiu, a specialist in infectious disease at the University of California, San Francisco, has been testing a new genetic device that he hoped would diagnose the Zika virus in under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would be significant because a faster diagnosis could help health officials better contain the spread of the virus, aid in identifying infection hot spots, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women they’ve been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Chiu gave us an update on the test’s progress. Speaking with KQED’s Lesley McClurg at the University of California, San Francisco symposium on preparing for Zika, Chiu said he’s been using the test on samples from patients in South America and the Caribbean who were suspected of having the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu said the test, which uses a technique called nanopore sequencing, has been working well to not only identify Zika, but also co-infections, found in those who have, for example, both the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Currently, there are separate tests for infectious agents like the malaria or chikungunya viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chiu’s hope is the diagnostic test will be deployed in Barbados in the next month or two. A clinical microbiologist from Barbados will be coming to UCSF in the next two weeks to be trained on using the test, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original post\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 30 countries have reported outbreaks of the Zika virus, and the World Health Organization estimates that 3 to 4 million people may be infected by year’s end. Transmitted by mosquito bites and — in at least one case — sexually, the virus has been associated with fetal microcephaly, a condition in which babies are born with abnormally small heads and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">“In a few months, we could use the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s in a few weeks.”\u003cbr>\n—\u003ccite>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>No commercially available test for Zika virus exists. In the U.S., blood samples must be sent to the Centers for Disease Control, and it can take up to three weeks from the onset of infection for the test results to arrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A faster tool for diagnosis would help public health officials better contain the disease’s spread, identify hot spots for infection, and allow doctors to quickly inform pregnant women if they’ve been exposed to the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://profiles.ucsf.edu/charles.chiu\">Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/a>, a specialist in infectious diseases at UC San Francisco, is testing a new genetic device that he hopes will diagnose Zika, and other mosquito-borne infections like dengue, in under six hours. If the technique proves successful, he hopes to send it to Brazil, ground zero for the virus, by the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I interviewed Dr. Chiu on Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This transcript has been edited for length and clarity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Can you describe this new technology that you’re testing in your lab to see if it can quickly detect the Zika virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dr. Charles Chiu\u003c/strong>: It’s a technique called nanopore sequencing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nanoporetech.com/\">Oxford Nanopore\u003c/a>, a biotech company from the UK, is the only company that provides it as a commercial product. It’s a portable sequencer a bit larger than a USB stick, which can be powered by a USB connection on a laptop and can perform rapid sequencing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108058\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-108058\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/02/OxfordNanoporeTechnologies_MinION-hand-e1454691575840.jpg\" alt=\"This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This small portable device may help rapidly diagnose Zika virus infections. \u003ccite>(Oxford Nanopore Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Right now, we have one specific test for every infectious agent. So there’s now a test for Zika, for malaria, and for dengue. But this new technique allows us to use a single test to detect any bacteria, virus or parasite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re planning on testing Zika virus-positive and Zika virus-negative blood samples in my lab next week. If the tests are promising, we will then deploy the technology to affected countries for use in local clinics and hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With our tool, the turnaround time for test results can be under six hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: Did you create this USB-sized sequencing device?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: No, but we are implementing and validating the technology for use with clinical specimens, and we are hoping to develop it into a clinical assay, so that you could also do the analysis in the cloud or on your laptop, to rapidly analyze hundreds of thousands of DNA sequences and give you an answer within minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We recently published \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2015/09/131806/portable-rapid-dna-test-can-detect-ebola-and-other-pathogens\">a study\u003c/a> showing that we can identify Ebola or Chikungunya virus infection within 10 minutes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal is to rapidly test and deploy this in other countries. In a few months, we could be using the device in the Zika-infected countries, although I’m hoping it’s more like a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_108366\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-108366 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D..Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Medicine / Infectious Diseases at UCSF School of Medicine. \" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-800x451.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-768x433.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-1920x1082.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/02/UCSF_20151210_Chui_0075-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Chiu, M.D./Ph.D., is a professor at UCSF School of Medicine. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sadiq\u003c/strong>: How long do you think it will take before a vaccine could be developed for the virus?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chiu\u003c/strong>: I think typically the turnaround time for a vaccine is 10 years. Fortunately, we have a vaccine for one member of the mosquito-borne viruses – the yellow fever virus. And there’s discussion about how to modify this into a vaccine for Zika virus, and also test novel vaccine candidates for Zika.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Ebola, there had been candidate vaccines available at various stages of development at the beginning of the outbreak, but with Zika there has been no development to date. So I think with Zika, it will probably be at least three to five years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In the San Francisco Bay Area, for a full report on the Zika virus, watch Newsroom on Friday, Feb. 5, 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/index.jsp?pgmid=21782\">\u003cstrong>Repeat television broadcasts\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> can be seen on KQED’s digital channels.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Or — from anywhere — you can \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch on demand\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco scientists have discovered a new technique that offers hope for treating heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person has a heart attack, billions of heart cells can die. Replacing or regenerating those lost cells has stumped doctors for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have tried for decades to treat heart failure by transplanting adult heart cells, but these cells cannot reproduce themselves, and so they do not survive in the damaged heart,\" explained biologist Yu Zhang, lead author on a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247%2814%2900072-2\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/home\" target=\"_blank\">Cell Stem Cell\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang is part of a team of researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes \u003c/a>who manufactured a new type of stem cell that is in between an embryonic stem cell and an adult heart cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists created a pharmaceutical cocktail of various drugs. They used the recipe to reprogram a type of skin cell to return it to an earlier state. In other words, the special brew reversed the cells' development and stopped them from growing up, essentially creating teenage cells (technically \u003cem>induced expandable cardiovascular progenitor cells\u003c/em> (ieCPCs) that are suspended in adolescence. (Wouldn't \u003cem>that\u003c/em> be a parental nightmare.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these teenage cells were injected into a mouse heart, after a heart attack, 90 percent of them transformed successfully into functioning heart cells. That means they started beating in the same rhythm with existing cells and created new blood vessels. The damaged heart improved and became stronger. The benefits to the mice lasted for at least three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cardiac progenitor cells could be ideal for heart regeneration,” said senior author Sheng Ding, a chemist and senior investigator at Gladstone. “They are the closest precursor to functional heart cells, and, in a single step, they can rapidly and efficiently become heart cells, both in a dish and in a live heart. With our new technology, we can quickly create billions of these cells in a dish and then transplant them into damaged hearts to treat heart failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether these progenitor cells will work in humans as well as in mice. Ding says his team has already started experiments on human cells, and the preliminary results are promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillip Yang, associate professor of cardiology at Stanford University, shares Ding’s enthusiasm, but offers a slight caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The study is a tremendous step in the field, but more definitive studies are needed to check the robustness of the method.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sean Wu, clinical cardiologist at Stanford University, agrees that more research is needed. “As a part of the scientific process, it would be important to have these reported findings be replicated and even better, further extended by an independent lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang and Wu say the ultimate question is clinical effectiveness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone researchers estimate human clinical trials are at least three to five years away. Wu estimates that'll be closer to 10 to 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco scientists have discovered a new technique that offers hope for treating heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person has a heart attack, billions of heart cells can die. Replacing or regenerating those lost cells has stumped doctors for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Scientists have tried for decades to treat heart failure by transplanting adult heart cells, but these cells cannot reproduce themselves, and so they do not survive in the damaged heart,\" explained biologist Yu Zhang, lead author on a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/abstract/S2211-1247%2814%2900072-2\" target=\"_blank\">study\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/home\" target=\"_blank\">Cell Stem Cell\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang is part of a team of researchers at the \u003ca href=\"https://gladstone.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Gladstone Institutes \u003c/a>who manufactured a new type of stem cell that is in between an embryonic stem cell and an adult heart cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists created a pharmaceutical cocktail of various drugs. They used the recipe to reprogram a type of skin cell to return it to an earlier state. In other words, the special brew reversed the cells' development and stopped them from growing up, essentially creating teenage cells (technically \u003cem>induced expandable cardiovascular progenitor cells\u003c/em> (ieCPCs) that are suspended in adolescence. (Wouldn't \u003cem>that\u003c/em> be a parental nightmare.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these teenage cells were injected into a mouse heart, after a heart attack, 90 percent of them transformed successfully into functioning heart cells. That means they started beating in the same rhythm with existing cells and created new blood vessels. The damaged heart improved and became stronger. The benefits to the mice lasted for at least three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cardiac progenitor cells could be ideal for heart regeneration,” said senior author Sheng Ding, a chemist and senior investigator at Gladstone. “They are the closest precursor to functional heart cells, and, in a single step, they can rapidly and efficiently become heart cells, both in a dish and in a live heart. With our new technology, we can quickly create billions of these cells in a dish and then transplant them into damaged hearts to treat heart failure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is whether these progenitor cells will work in humans as well as in mice. Ding says his team has already started experiments on human cells, and the preliminary results are promising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillip Yang, associate professor of cardiology at Stanford University, shares Ding’s enthusiasm, but offers a slight caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The study is a tremendous step in the field, but more definitive studies are needed to check the robustness of the method.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sean Wu, clinical cardiologist at Stanford University, agrees that more research is needed. “As a part of the scientific process, it would be important to have these reported findings be replicated and even better, further extended by an independent lab.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yang and Wu say the ultimate question is clinical effectiveness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gladstone researchers estimate human clinical trials are at least three to five years away. Wu estimates that'll be closer to 10 to 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "WSJ: How Theranos Put Patients in 'Immediate Jeopardy'",
"title": "WSJ: How Theranos Put Patients in 'Immediate Jeopardy'",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>On Jan. 25, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/27/government-says-theranos-lab-problems-pose-immediate-jeopardy-to-patients/\" target=\"_blank\">released a letter\u003c/a> it sent to the blood-test startup Theranos, informing the company an inspection of its Newark, California lab had found it to be deficient in five areas. CMS said deficiencies in one of those areas -- hematology -- put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" which is defined by the agency as a situation likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death\" to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Theranos ran a blood-clotting test on 81 patients \"despite erratic results from quality-control checks,\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\" target=\"_blank\"> The Wall Street Journal reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sounded serious, to say the least. But what CMS did not release are the actual \u003cem>problems\u003c/em> it found in the lab that caused it to reach such a dire conclusion. Those were detailed on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/CMS-Forms/CMS-Forms/downloads/cms2567.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Form CMS-2567\u003c/a>, called a Statement of Deficiencies. When we asked CMS for \u003cem>that\u003c/em>, a spokesperson would only say the form would become \"releasable\" after Theranos' plan of correction was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, The Wall Street Journal, which has just about \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=wall+street+journal+theranos\" target=\"_blank\">single-handedly extinguished the hype\u003c/a> around Theranos as a \"disruptor\" of the blood-test industry, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\" target=\"_blank\">talked\u003c/a> to \"people familiar with the report.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sources said CMS found that Theranos \"ran an important blood test on 81 patients in a six-month period despite erratic results from quality-control checks meant to ensure the test’s accuracy,\" the Journal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthline.com/health/prothrombin-time-pt#WhyIt'sDone2\" target=\"_blank\">prothrombin time test\u003c/a>, measures how long it takes blood to clot. Inaccurate results \"can be especially serious for patients taking blood thinners such as warfarin\" (better known as Coumadin), the paper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any doctors who received results from tests conducted between April 23 and Sept. 15, 2015, when the quality control problems emerged, should have patients retested as soon as possible,\" one academic in laboratory medicine told the Journal. “Those results are not worth anything,” said Timothy Hamill, professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Journal report, Theranos released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theranos.com/news/posts/statement-regarding-newark-california-lab-survey\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> in which it said it had contacted \"any potentially affected patients.\" Dr. Kingshuk Das, the new director of the lab, said: \"We have conducted assessments to identify any patients affected or having the potential to be affected by the issues identified by CMS, and we have no reason to believe that these issues have affected patients’ health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Report Held\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of these details raise the question of why CMS didn't release them in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company has asked CMS not to publicly release the inspection report on the grounds that doing so would compromise Theranos trade secrets, according to people familiar with the company's position,\" wrote the Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Theranos watchers are waiting for the other shoe to drop regarding its partnership with Walgreen's. Last week, The Financial Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09b69eb8-de5f-11e5-b072-006d8d362ba3.html#axzz42KmjmbLJ\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> the drug store chain is looking for a legal way out of its contract with Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also last week: 32-year-old Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes \u003ca href=\"http://sdnews.com/view/full_story/27111919/article-Elizabeth-Holmes-backs-out-of-genomic-medicine-parley?instance=update1\" target=\"_blank\">backed out of speaking\u003c/a> at a conference on the future of genomic medicine. Why, we don't know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the entire Wall Street Journal report below. And if you want to see Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou give the inside story of his Theranos reporting, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/wall-street-journal-reporter-discusses-theranos-investigation-video/\" target=\"_blank\">here he is in an extensive, wide-ranging interview\u003c/a> on Feb. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Jan. 25, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/27/government-says-theranos-lab-problems-pose-immediate-jeopardy-to-patients/\" target=\"_blank\">released a letter\u003c/a> it sent to the blood-test startup Theranos, informing the company an inspection of its Newark, California lab had found it to be deficient in five areas. CMS said deficiencies in one of those areas -- hematology -- put patients in \"immediate jeopardy,\" which is defined by the agency as a situation likely to cause \"serious injury or harm, or death\" to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"“pullquote alignright\">Theranos ran a blood-clotting test on 81 patients \"despite erratic results from quality-control checks,\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\" target=\"_blank\"> The Wall Street Journal reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Sounded serious, to say the least. But what CMS did not release are the actual \u003cem>problems\u003c/em> it found in the lab that caused it to reach such a dire conclusion. Those were detailed on \u003ca href=\"https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/CMS-Forms/CMS-Forms/downloads/cms2567.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Form CMS-2567\u003c/a>, called a Statement of Deficiencies. When we asked CMS for \u003cem>that\u003c/em>, a spokesperson would only say the form would become \"releasable\" after Theranos' plan of correction was approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, The Wall Street Journal, which has just about \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=wall+street+journal+theranos\" target=\"_blank\">single-handedly extinguished the hype\u003c/a> around Theranos as a \"disruptor\" of the blood-test industry, has \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\" target=\"_blank\">talked\u003c/a> to \"people familiar with the report.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those sources said CMS found that Theranos \"ran an important blood test on 81 patients in a six-month period despite erratic results from quality-control checks meant to ensure the test’s accuracy,\" the Journal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test, called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthline.com/health/prothrombin-time-pt#WhyIt'sDone2\" target=\"_blank\">prothrombin time test\u003c/a>, measures how long it takes blood to clot. Inaccurate results \"can be especially serious for patients taking blood thinners such as warfarin\" (better known as Coumadin), the paper said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any doctors who received results from tests conducted between April 23 and Sept. 15, 2015, when the quality control problems emerged, should have patients retested as soon as possible,\" one academic in laboratory medicine told the Journal. “Those results are not worth anything,” said Timothy Hamill, professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Journal report, Theranos released a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theranos.com/news/posts/statement-regarding-newark-california-lab-survey\" target=\"_blank\">statement\u003c/a> in which it said it had contacted \"any potentially affected patients.\" Dr. Kingshuk Das, the new director of the lab, said: \"We have conducted assessments to identify any patients affected or having the potential to be affected by the issues identified by CMS, and we have no reason to believe that these issues have affected patients’ health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Report Held\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of these details raise the question of why CMS didn't release them in the first place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The company has asked CMS not to publicly release the inspection report on the grounds that doing so would compromise Theranos trade secrets, according to people familiar with the company's position,\" wrote the Journal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Theranos watchers are waiting for the other shoe to drop regarding its partnership with Walgreen's. Last week, The Financial Times \u003ca href=\"http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/09b69eb8-de5f-11e5-b072-006d8d362ba3.html#axzz42KmjmbLJ\" target=\"_blank\">reported\u003c/a> the drug store chain is looking for a legal way out of its contract with Theranos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also last week: 32-year-old Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes \u003ca href=\"http://sdnews.com/view/full_story/27111919/article-Elizabeth-Holmes-backs-out-of-genomic-medicine-parley?instance=update1\" target=\"_blank\">backed out of speaking\u003c/a> at a conference on the future of genomic medicine. Why, we don't know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can read the entire Wall Street Journal report below. And if you want to see Wall Street Journal reporter John Carreyrou give the inside story of his Theranos reporting, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/02/04/wall-street-journal-reporter-discusses-theranos-investigation-video/\" target=\"_blank\">here he is in an extensive, wide-ranging interview\u003c/a> on Feb. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-ran-tests-despite-quality-problems-1457399479\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. company assigned a crucial role in the efforts to battle Ebola in Sierra Leone made a series of costly mistakes during the 2014 outbreak, an Associated Press investigation has found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staffers with the San Francisco-based company Metabiota Inc. not only misread the epidemic, they contributed to botched lab results, undermined partners and put people at risk of the terrifying virus, according to leaked documents and interviews with international health responders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company had been tapped by the World Health Organization and the Sierra Leonean government to help fight Ebola. But internal emails from WHO and other international health agencies obtained by AP show that senior scientists were alarmed at a spate of problems in a lab shared by Metabiota and Tulane University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is a situation that WHO can no longer endorse,\" WHO outbreak expert Dr. Eric Bertherat wrote in a July 17, 2014, email to colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bertherat relayed reports of \"total confusion\" in the government lab split between Metabiota and Tulane at the Kenema hospital in Sierra Leone, noting there was \"no tracking of the samples\" and \"absolutely no control on what is being done.\" He said the flubbed results were particularly dangerous given suspicion among the local population that international workers were spreading Ebola deliberately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Gostin, director of WHO's Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights at Georgetown University, said it was inexcusable that a company without the required expertise to respond to an outbreak was given such fundamental responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a comedy of errors,\" he said, adding that WHO was ultimately to blame for allowing the situation to unravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"WHO knew that this company was bungling the response and they did nothing,\" Gostin said. \"In any other context, that would be called a cover-up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO officials did not return messages seeking comment on the AP story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota's chief executive officer and founder, Nathan Wolfe, said there was no evidence that his company was responsible for the lab blunders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the reported squabbles were overblown and that any predictions made by his employees who were on loan to the Sierra Leonean government didn't reflect the company's position. Metabiota doesn't specialize in outbreak response, he said, but volunteered its staff and resources to Sierra Leone at a cost to his company of about $500,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are incredibly proud about everything they did,\" he said at an interview in his office Thursday. \"These are individuals who took substantial personal risk and worked incredibly long hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota bills itself as a pioneer in tracking emerging viral threats and says it works to \"improve the world's resilience to epidemics.\" The firm and its nonprofit sister company, Global Viral, have received millions from the U.S. Department of Defense, USAID, Google and the California-based Skoll Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early months of the 2014 Ebola outbreak, with WHO and partners thin on the ground, authorities in Sierra Leone turned to Metabiota to help respond to the epidemic in Kenema. The company had been in the country since 2009 and supported the government on issues including outbreak investigation and laboratory work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Metabiota appeared to be doing well. According to an account on its website, company staffers helped to train hundreds of health workers under the guidance of WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But within weeks, the virus spread across the country and, as the death toll mounted, experts began questioning the work being done at the lab in Kenema shared by Metabiota and Tulane, which had its own longstanding project researching Lassa fever and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gary Kobinger, head of special pathogens at the Public Health Agency of Canada, double-checked some of the facility's work in mid-July, he found worrying discrepancies in four of eight tests and identified as many as five people wrongly diagnosed with Ebola, according to emails obtained by AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you detect two, three, four, five, how many are out there?\" Kobinger said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mistakes sparked concern about bigger problems in the lab — worries relayed all the way up to WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan. When U. S. health official Austin Demby inspected the facility, he found a mess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cross contamination potential is huge and quite frankly unacceptable,\" he wrote in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota founder Wolfe said \"we did wonderful lab work as far as I'm concerned.\" He said errors in the shared facility stopped once \"other groups\" were pulled from Ebola testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents show that Metabiota and Tulane blamed each other for the mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Metabiota was criticized elsewhere too. The firm's employees were \"systematically obstructing any attempt to improve the existing surveillance system,\" WHO Ebola coordinator Philippe Barboza said in an August 8, 2014, email. Another WHO employee, Mikiko Senga, photographed a Metabiota presentation that described the outbreak in Kenema as \"stabilizing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are sending wrong messages,\" she said. \"The outbreak is clearly not stabilizing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota's problems mirror the wider mismanagement that hamstrung the world's response to Ebola, which has killed more than 11,000 people. Previous AP reporting has shown that WHO resisted sounding the alarm over Ebola for two months on political, religious and economic grounds and failed to put together a decisive response even after the alert was issued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO since has promised reforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Metabiota, Wolfe's firm has largely been congratulated on its work in West Africa. Last year, the company raised some $30 million in investment intended to support their epidemic projects.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Gostin, director of WHO's Collaborating Center on Public Health Law and Human Rights at Georgetown University, said it was inexcusable that a company without the required expertise to respond to an outbreak was given such fundamental responsibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a comedy of errors,\" he said, adding that WHO was ultimately to blame for allowing the situation to unravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"WHO knew that this company was bungling the response and they did nothing,\" Gostin said. \"In any other context, that would be called a cover-up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO officials did not return messages seeking comment on the AP story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota's chief executive officer and founder, Nathan Wolfe, said there was no evidence that his company was responsible for the lab blunders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that the reported squabbles were overblown and that any predictions made by his employees who were on loan to the Sierra Leonean government didn't reflect the company's position. Metabiota doesn't specialize in outbreak response, he said, but volunteered its staff and resources to Sierra Leone at a cost to his company of about $500,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are incredibly proud about everything they did,\" he said at an interview in his office Thursday. \"These are individuals who took substantial personal risk and worked incredibly long hours.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota bills itself as a pioneer in tracking emerging viral threats and says it works to \"improve the world's resilience to epidemics.\" The firm and its nonprofit sister company, Global Viral, have received millions from the U.S. Department of Defense, USAID, Google and the California-based Skoll Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early months of the 2014 Ebola outbreak, with WHO and partners thin on the ground, authorities in Sierra Leone turned to Metabiota to help respond to the epidemic in Kenema. The company had been in the country since 2009 and supported the government on issues including outbreak investigation and laboratory work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Metabiota appeared to be doing well. According to an account on its website, company staffers helped to train hundreds of health workers under the guidance of WHO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But within weeks, the virus spread across the country and, as the death toll mounted, experts began questioning the work being done at the lab in Kenema shared by Metabiota and Tulane, which had its own longstanding project researching Lassa fever and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Gary Kobinger, head of special pathogens at the Public Health Agency of Canada, double-checked some of the facility's work in mid-July, he found worrying discrepancies in four of eight tests and identified as many as five people wrongly diagnosed with Ebola, according to emails obtained by AP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you detect two, three, four, five, how many are out there?\" Kobinger said in an interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mistakes sparked concern about bigger problems in the lab — worries relayed all the way up to WHO Director-General Dr. Margaret Chan. When U. S. health official Austin Demby inspected the facility, he found a mess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cross contamination potential is huge and quite frankly unacceptable,\" he wrote in late July.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota founder Wolfe said \"we did wonderful lab work as far as I'm concerned.\" He said errors in the shared facility stopped once \"other groups\" were pulled from Ebola testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Documents show that Metabiota and Tulane blamed each other for the mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Metabiota was criticized elsewhere too. The firm's employees were \"systematically obstructing any attempt to improve the existing surveillance system,\" WHO Ebola coordinator Philippe Barboza said in an August 8, 2014, email. Another WHO employee, Mikiko Senga, photographed a Metabiota presentation that described the outbreak in Kenema as \"stabilizing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They are sending wrong messages,\" she said. \"The outbreak is clearly not stabilizing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Metabiota's problems mirror the wider mismanagement that hamstrung the world's response to Ebola, which has killed more than 11,000 people. Previous AP reporting has shown that WHO resisted sounding the alarm over Ebola for two months on political, religious and economic grounds and failed to put together a decisive response even after the alert was issued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHO since has promised reforms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for Metabiota, Wolfe's firm has largely been congratulated on its work in West Africa. Last year, the company raised some $30 million in investment intended to support their epidemic projects.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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},
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"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
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