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Given that both groups were also getting choline from regular feeding, the dose ensured that those supplemented received well over the Institute of Medicine's guideline that infants receive at least 125 milligrams a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5 weeks old, the children were exposed to a series of clicking sounds in the lab while their brain activity was monitored by \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003931.htm\">electroencephalogram\u003c/a>, or EEG, a method for recording electrical brain activity via electrodes placed on the scalp. Normally, when exposed to the same sound successively, both infant and adult brains will exhibit \"inhibition,\" or a far weaker pulse of activity in response to the second sound. We realize that the now familiar tone is insignificant; our brains are unmoved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in some kids this inhibition doesn't occur — a finding linked with an increased risk for attention problems, social withdrawal and, later in life, schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070940\">results published in 2013\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em> by Freedman's group show that 76 percent of newborns whose mothers received choline supplements had normal inhibition to the sound stimuli. The proportion fell to 43 percent in those born to mothers who didn't get them. It appeared that choline might steer the infant brain away from a developmental course that predicted mental health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A follow-up study at 40 months found that the children who had received choline supplements \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em> and after birth had fewer attention problems and less social withdrawal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive choline consumption — or that over 7,500 milligrams a day — has been associated with drops in blood pressure, sweating, gastrointestinal side effects and a \"fishy\" body odor. But most diets contain adequate choline, and supplementation to optimal levels poses no known side effects or risk to fetal development, Freedman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A genetic theory \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first genes to be linked to schizophrenia goes by the catchy name \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376812\">CHRNA7\u003c/a>.\" Normally it encodes for a receptor on neurons in the brain that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as nicotine, a transmission essential to normal brain function and cognition. Genetic mutations in the CHRNA7 gene cause decreased levels of the neuronal receptor to be produced in people with schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light bulb glowed for Freedman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the idea, he admits, is rather simple when you think about it: Choline is known to be essential to brain development and function and is also frequently deficient in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Couple these facts with animal and human research by Freedman and his colleagues showing that choline in the amniotic fluid also activates the CHRNA7 receptor in the developing fetal brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It occurred to us that just as folic acid can help overcome defects in brain and spinal cord development, perhaps supplementing mothers with choline could help prevent mental illness,\" Freedman recalls. \"And now that the children in our study are over 4 years old, we can see that those given the supplement appear to be on a different developmental track, one with fewer mental problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, though experimental psychosis treatments targeting the CHRNA7 gene and the receptor it codes for are being explored by other researchers, Freedman explains that levels of the receptor peak in the fetal brain and diminish after birth. \"We realized the optimal time to try this intervention is during pregnancy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though choline is available in a number of foods — eggs, seafood and liver are particularly rich in the nutrient — Freedman's work suggests that for many women, dietary sources may be inadequate during pregnancy. Also, prenatal supplements tend not to include it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two past observational studies — conducted with diet questionnaires rather than the more rigorous placebo-controlled supplementation Freedman's group tried — also found beneficial effects associated with higher maternal choline intake during pregnancy. At 7 years of age, children of moms consuming over 400 milligrams of choline a day performed better on memory and intelligence tests. At 18 months, infants whose mothers had higher blood levels of choline had significantly higher cognitive test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steve Zeisel of the University of North Carolina was one of the first doctors to strongly advocate for choline supplementation in pregnancy. In 2012, Zeisel \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/6/1465.long\">published the only other\u003c/a> placebo-controlled trial of the vitamin in pregnant moms. While he did not assess for future mental health risks, the findings suggested that choline supplementation did not enhance infant cognitive function at 1 year of age. However, Freedman point outs that all of the women included in the trial were highly educated and were found to have blood metabolites reflecting diets high in healthful, choline-containing foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospects of choline supplementation in pregnancy have piqued medical interest, but also notes of caution. \"I think the choline research is really intriguing, and we're starting to investigate maternal choline levels as well,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/cmonk\">Catherine Monk\u003c/a>, an associate professor in psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University Medical Center. \"Some prenatal vitamins do contain it and foods rich in choline are readily available. But we have a lot more research to do before we start recommending it widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, evidence-based interventions during pregnancy and early childhood to prevent mental illness are scant. Yet there are some modifiable risk factors that might make a difference, many of which focus on improving maternal wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monk's own research explores on the impact of an expecting mother's emotional state on the developing fetus. She and others have shown that stress, depression and anxiety during pregnancy increase a child's risk for ADHD, conduct disorders and depression later in life. At Columbia, Monk and her colleagues employ a program Practical Resources for Effective Postpartum Parenting, or PREPP, in which pregnant women who are distressed and at high-risk for postpartum depression are counseled and taught coping skills to make pregnancy and parenting more manageable emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Optimal nutrition, including choline and adequate amounts of zinc and omega-3 fatty acids, may also have developmental and mental health benefits as might avoiding smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The future of funding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite incomplete data on choline supplementation, Freedman's research colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/programs/winnlab/AboutUs/Pages/CamilleHoffman.aspx\">Dr. Camille Hoffman-Shuler\u003c/a>, an obstetrician, sees it as a promising intervention that should continue to be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obstetricians and midwives are not widely aware of choline supplementation,\" she says. \"But I do recommend it to pregnant women, especially if they have other mental health vulnerabilities. And I'd personally want it with a future pregnancy based on existing data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Freedman and Hoffman-Shuler hope to continue choline research, yet decry the obstacles to securing the money to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The NIH is currently funding no trials of any intervention in humans during pregnancy to prevent mental illness,\" says Freedman, \"yet ideally we'd follow these children for another 20 to 25 years to see if they develop mental illness. This is beyond the scope of most imaginable — and fundable — experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffman-Shuler is prepared to do what it takes. \"The hardest part is getting this across to the funding agencies and the public,\" she says. But this is a serious public health issue in which prevention during pregnancy is far more preferable to the loss of health and consequences that come with mental illness!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>. \u003cem>His work has appeared in\u003c/em> Wired\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Scientific American \u003cem>and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. You can follow him on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Mental+Illness+Be+Prevented+In+The+Womb%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers are exploring changes in prenatal nutrition to lower risks for future mental disorders. The work is preliminary, but there is ample precedent for maternal diet affecting children's health.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day in the United States, millions of expectant mothers take a prenatal vitamin on the advice of their doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The counsel typically comes with physical health in mind: folic acid to help avoid fetal spinal cord problems; iodine to spur healthy brain development; calcium to be bound like molecular Legos into diminutive baby bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about a child's future mental health? Questions about whether ADHD might arise a few years down the road or whether schizophrenia could crop up in young adulthood tend to be overshadowed by more immediate parental anxieties. As a friend with a newborn daughter recently fretted over lunch, \"I'm just trying not to drop her!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet much as pediatricians administer childhood vaccines to guard against future infections, some psychiatrists now are thinking about how to shift their treatment-centric discipline toward one that also deals in early prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, University of Colorado psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/psychiatry/Faculty/Pages/Freedman,%20Robert.aspx\">Robert Freedman\u003c/a> and colleagues recruited 100 healthy, pregnant women from greater Denver to study whether giving the \u003ca href=\"//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114308/\">B vitamin choline\u003c/a> during pregnancy would enhance brain growth in the developing fetus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moms-to-be were randomly given either a placebo or a form of choline called phosphatidylcholine. Choline itself is broken down by bacteria in the gut; by giving it in this related form the supplement can more effectively be absorbed into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those in the treatment group received 3,600 milligrams of phosphatidylcholine in the morning and 2,700 milligrams at night. Since phosphatidylcholine is roughly 13-15 percent choline, the amount the women received was about 900 milligrams of choline a day, twice that recommended by the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies (and about the same amount contained in three large eggs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After birth, infants were given either 100 milligrams of liquid phosphatidylcholine or placebo once a day for approximately three months. Given that both groups were also getting choline from regular feeding, the dose ensured that those supplemented received well over the Institute of Medicine's guideline that infants receive at least 125 milligrams a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5 weeks old, the children were exposed to a series of clicking sounds in the lab while their brain activity was monitored by \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003931.htm\">electroencephalogram\u003c/a>, or EEG, a method for recording electrical brain activity via electrodes placed on the scalp. Normally, when exposed to the same sound successively, both infant and adult brains will exhibit \"inhibition,\" or a far weaker pulse of activity in response to the second sound. We realize that the now familiar tone is insignificant; our brains are unmoved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, in some kids this inhibition doesn't occur — a finding linked with an increased risk for attention problems, social withdrawal and, later in life, schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070940\">results published in 2013\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>American Journal of Psychiatry\u003c/em> by Freedman's group show that 76 percent of newborns whose mothers received choline supplements had normal inhibition to the sound stimuli. The proportion fell to 43 percent in those born to mothers who didn't get them. It appeared that choline might steer the infant brain away from a developmental course that predicted mental health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A follow-up study at 40 months found that the children who had received choline supplements \u003cem>in utero\u003c/em> and after birth had fewer attention problems and less social withdrawal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive choline consumption — or that over 7,500 milligrams a day — has been associated with drops in blood pressure, sweating, gastrointestinal side effects and a \"fishy\" body odor. But most diets contain adequate choline, and supplementation to optimal levels poses no known side effects or risk to fetal development, Freedman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A genetic theory \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first genes to be linked to schizophrenia goes by the catchy name \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376812\">CHRNA7\u003c/a>.\" Normally it encodes for a receptor on neurons in the brain that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as well as nicotine, a transmission essential to normal brain function and cognition. Genetic mutations in the CHRNA7 gene cause decreased levels of the neuronal receptor to be produced in people with schizophrenia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A light bulb glowed for Freedman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the idea, he admits, is rather simple when you think about it: Choline is known to be essential to brain development and function and is also frequently deficient in pregnant women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Couple these facts with animal and human research by Freedman and his colleagues showing that choline in the amniotic fluid also activates the CHRNA7 receptor in the developing fetal brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It occurred to us that just as folic acid can help overcome defects in brain and spinal cord development, perhaps supplementing mothers with choline could help prevent mental illness,\" Freedman recalls. \"And now that the children in our study are over 4 years old, we can see that those given the supplement appear to be on a different developmental track, one with fewer mental problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, though experimental psychosis treatments targeting the CHRNA7 gene and the receptor it codes for are being explored by other researchers, Freedman explains that levels of the receptor peak in the fetal brain and diminish after birth. \"We realized the optimal time to try this intervention is during pregnancy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though choline is available in a number of foods — eggs, seafood and liver are particularly rich in the nutrient — Freedman's work suggests that for many women, dietary sources may be inadequate during pregnancy. Also, prenatal supplements tend not to include it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two past observational studies — conducted with diet questionnaires rather than the more rigorous placebo-controlled supplementation Freedman's group tried — also found beneficial effects associated with higher maternal choline intake during pregnancy. At 7 years of age, children of moms consuming over 400 milligrams of choline a day performed better on memory and intelligence tests. At 18 months, infants whose mothers had higher blood levels of choline had significantly higher cognitive test scores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Steve Zeisel of the University of North Carolina was one of the first doctors to strongly advocate for choline supplementation in pregnancy. In 2012, Zeisel \u003ca href=\"http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/6/1465.long\">published the only other\u003c/a> placebo-controlled trial of the vitamin in pregnant moms. While he did not assess for future mental health risks, the findings suggested that choline supplementation did not enhance infant cognitive function at 1 year of age. However, Freedman point outs that all of the women included in the trial were highly educated and were found to have blood metabolites reflecting diets high in healthful, choline-containing foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospects of choline supplementation in pregnancy have piqued medical interest, but also notes of caution. \"I think the choline research is really intriguing, and we're starting to investigate maternal choline levels as well,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://profiles.columbiapsychiatry.org/profile/cmonk\">Catherine Monk\u003c/a>, an associate professor in psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology at Columbia University Medical Center. \"Some prenatal vitamins do contain it and foods rich in choline are readily available. But we have a lot more research to do before we start recommending it widely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, evidence-based interventions during pregnancy and early childhood to prevent mental illness are scant. Yet there are some modifiable risk factors that might make a difference, many of which focus on improving maternal wellbeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monk's own research explores on the impact of an expecting mother's emotional state on the developing fetus. She and others have shown that stress, depression and anxiety during pregnancy increase a child's risk for ADHD, conduct disorders and depression later in life. At Columbia, Monk and her colleagues employ a program Practical Resources for Effective Postpartum Parenting, or PREPP, in which pregnant women who are distressed and at high-risk for postpartum depression are counseled and taught coping skills to make pregnancy and parenting more manageable emotionally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Optimal nutrition, including choline and adequate amounts of zinc and omega-3 fatty acids, may also have developmental and mental health benefits as might avoiding smoking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The future of funding\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite incomplete data on choline supplementation, Freedman's research colleague \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/programs/winnlab/AboutUs/Pages/CamilleHoffman.aspx\">Dr. Camille Hoffman-Shuler\u003c/a>, an obstetrician, sees it as a promising intervention that should continue to be explored.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Obstetricians and midwives are not widely aware of choline supplementation,\" she says. \"But I do recommend it to pregnant women, especially if they have other mental health vulnerabilities. And I'd personally want it with a future pregnancy based on existing data.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Freedman and Hoffman-Shuler hope to continue choline research, yet decry the obstacles to securing the money to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The NIH is currently funding no trials of any intervention in humans during pregnancy to prevent mental illness,\" says Freedman, \"yet ideally we'd follow these children for another 20 to 25 years to see if they develop mental illness. This is beyond the scope of most imaginable — and fundable — experiments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoffman-Shuler is prepared to do what it takes. \"The hardest part is getting this across to the funding agencies and the public,\" she says. But this is a serious public health issue in which prevention during pregnancy is far more preferable to the loss of health and consequences that come with mental illness!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Bret Stetka is a writer based in New York and an editorial director at\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"http://www.medscape.com/public/bios/bio-bretstetka\" target=\"_blank\">Medscape\u003c/a>. \u003cem>His work has appeared in\u003c/em> Wired\u003cem>,\u003c/em> Scientific American \u003cem>and on The Atlantic.com. He graduated from University of Virginia School of Medicine in 2005. You can follow him on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BretStetka\" target=\"_blank\">@BretStetka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Mental+Illness+Be+Prevented+In+The+Womb%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Whether it's an IUD, a shot, an implant, or a daily pill, birth control is a regular part of many adult women's lives. It has left a lot of women asking: Why not men?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have tried to create birth control for men. The World Health Organization commissioned what sounded like a promising trial, a two-hormone injection designed to lower sperm count. Initial results looked like it would be 96 percent effective in preventing pregnancy in the participants' partners. But the Stage II trial was stopped after an independent review panel found that the drug had too many side effects. The \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2016-2141\">results\u003c/a> were published last week in \u003cem>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>'s Audie Cornish sat down with NPR science correspondent Rob Stein to discuss the trial and the reason it was canceled. Here are excerpts of their conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did this latest study work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a pretty big study; they gave shots to 320 men every eight weeks, in different countries around the world. The shot contained two hormones, and it worked pretty well. It knocked down their sperm counts significantly, and there were only a handful of pregnancies among partners of men in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two committees were paying close attention to the study, and they realized that a lot of guys were dropping out because they were experiencing side effects. The most common side effect was acne, and sometimes that acne was pretty severe. Some men also developed mood swings and in some cases those mood swings got pretty bad. One man developed severe depression, and another tried to commit suicide. Because of that, they cut the study short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they spoke with guys in the study who didn't drop out, most said that if this product was available, they would use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's been a lot of eye rolling on the Internet about these side effects, because women have been experiencing things like mood swings and weight gain for decades with hormonal birth control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No birth control is perfect. Almost everything has some sort of side effect. And the side effects they saw in this study were not that different from those you see with other kinds of birth control — except for the severe emotional problems. That was definitely more than we see with the birth control pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a little bit of a different risk-benefit analysis when it comes to men using a contraceptive. When women use a contraceptive, they're balancing the risks of the drug against the risks of getting pregnant. And pregnancy itself carries risks. But these are healthy men — they're not going to suffer any risks if they get somebody else pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is it harder to develop birth control for men than women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the a big question. There are a couple of reasons. One is that it's harder from a biological point of view. If you think about it, it's a numbers game: Women produce one egg a month, while men are producing millions of sperm constantly. With women, you can take advantage of their normal monthly cycle with the birth control pill. There's nothing equivalent to that in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this mean for male birth control in general? Is this particular study a big setback, or is it no big deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a setback and it's definitely a disappointment. People had a lot of optimism about this study. But I've talked to a bunch of scientists about this, and they say they're not giving up yet. They're going to tinker with the doses of the hormones to see if they can come up with safer levels. They're also going to try different kinds of hormones and maybe administer them differently, like in a gel or an implant. They could also target how a sperm works by making it not swim as well, making it worse at fertilizing the egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of research still going on, but most of it is at a fairly early level. Scientists are saying, \"We're gonna keep trying,\" but they're still a decade away from coming up with something for men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Male+Birth+Control+Study+Killed+After+Men+Complain+About+Side+Effects&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether it's an IUD, a shot, an implant, or a daily pill, birth control is a regular part of many adult women's lives. It has left a lot of women asking: Why not men?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have tried to create birth control for men. The World Health Organization commissioned what sounded like a promising trial, a two-hormone injection designed to lower sperm count. Initial results looked like it would be 96 percent effective in preventing pregnancy in the participants' partners. But the Stage II trial was stopped after an independent review panel found that the drug had too many side effects. The \u003ca href=\"http://press.endocrine.org/doi/10.1210/jc.2016-2141\">results\u003c/a> were published last week in \u003cem>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em>'s Audie Cornish sat down with NPR science correspondent Rob Stein to discuss the trial and the reason it was canceled. Here are excerpts of their conversation, edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How did this latest study work?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a pretty big study; they gave shots to 320 men every eight weeks, in different countries around the world. The shot contained two hormones, and it worked pretty well. It knocked down their sperm counts significantly, and there were only a handful of pregnancies among partners of men in the trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But two committees were paying close attention to the study, and they realized that a lot of guys were dropping out because they were experiencing side effects. The most common side effect was acne, and sometimes that acne was pretty severe. Some men also developed mood swings and in some cases those mood swings got pretty bad. One man developed severe depression, and another tried to commit suicide. Because of that, they cut the study short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they spoke with guys in the study who didn't drop out, most said that if this product was available, they would use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There's been a lot of eye rolling on the Internet about these side effects, because women have been experiencing things like mood swings and weight gain for decades with hormonal birth control.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No birth control is perfect. Almost everything has some sort of side effect. And the side effects they saw in this study were not that different from those you see with other kinds of birth control — except for the severe emotional problems. That was definitely more than we see with the birth control pill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a little bit of a different risk-benefit analysis when it comes to men using a contraceptive. When women use a contraceptive, they're balancing the risks of the drug against the risks of getting pregnant. And pregnancy itself carries risks. But these are healthy men — they're not going to suffer any risks if they get somebody else pregnant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why is it harder to develop birth control for men than women?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the a big question. There are a couple of reasons. One is that it's harder from a biological point of view. If you think about it, it's a numbers game: Women produce one egg a month, while men are producing millions of sperm constantly. With women, you can take advantage of their normal monthly cycle with the birth control pill. There's nothing equivalent to that in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What does this mean for male birth control in general? Is this particular study a big setback, or is it no big deal?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a setback and it's definitely a disappointment. People had a lot of optimism about this study. But I've talked to a bunch of scientists about this, and they say they're not giving up yet. They're going to tinker with the doses of the hormones to see if they can come up with safer levels. They're also going to try different kinds of hormones and maybe administer them differently, like in a gel or an implant. They could also target how a sperm works by making it not swim as well, making it worse at fertilizing the egg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a lot of research still going on, but most of it is at a fairly early level. Scientists are saying, \"We're gonna keep trying,\" but they're still a decade away from coming up with something for men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Male+Birth+Control+Study+Killed+After+Men+Complain+About+Side+Effects&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Evidence Piles Up: The Poor Are High Risk for Mental Illness",
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"content": "\u003cp>After a mother killed her four young children and then herself last month in rural China, onlookers quickly pointed to life circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family lived in extreme poverty, and bloggers speculated that her inability to escape adversity pushed her over the edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can poverty really cause mental illness?\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Studies show that all over the globe, there is a connection between poverty and mental illness.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It's a complex question that is fairly new to science. Despite high rates of both poverty and mental disorders around the world, researchers only started probing the possible links about 25 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, evidence has piled up to make the case that, at the very least, there is a connection. People who live in poverty appear to be at higher risk for mental illnesses. They also report lower levels of happiness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems to be true all over the globe. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621748\">2010 review\u003c/a> of 115 studies that spanned 33 countries across the developed and developing worlds, nearly 80 percent of the studies showed that poverty comes with higher rates of mental illness. Among people living in poverty, those studies also found, mental illnesses were more severe, lasted longer and had worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/research/subjective-well%e2%80%90being-and-income-is-there-any-evidence-of-satiation/;%20https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">evidence\u003c/a> that levels of depression are higher in poorer countries than in wealthier ones. Those kinds of findings challenge a long-held myth of the \"poor but happy African sitting under a palm tree,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/\">Johannes Haushofer\u003c/a>, an economist and neurobiologist who studies interactions between poverty and mental health at Princeton University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As data builds to connect tough economic circumstances with mental struggles, scientists are still trying to answer a trickier question: Which causes which?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no easy answer, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.uct.ac.za/fhs/departments/psychiatry/staff/crick-lund\">Crick Lund \u003c/a>of the University of Capetown, who studies mental health policy. Mental illness is never caused by just one thing. Poverty can be one factor that interacts with genetics, adverse life events or substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the strongest evidence suggests that poverty can lead to mental illness, especially in cases of disorders like depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because scientists can't experimentally plunge people into poverty to see what happens to their mental health, natural experiments offer one kind of clue. When disasters or tough spells (like losing a job or enduring periods of drought for farmers) destroy financial circumstances, numerous studies show a rise in rates of depression, Haushofer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, people often get happier after economic windfalls. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/publications/Haushofer_Shapiro_UCT_2016.04.25.pdf\">new study\u003c/a>, Haushofer and a colleague found that when families in Kenya were given cash grants averaging $700 (nearly twice the amount typically spent per person per year), they reported higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression than they did before they got the money, which they could spend on anything. The larger the cash transfer, the bigger the mental boost. It didn't matter if the money came in monthly installments or all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the long-held belief that winning the lottery destroys lives as people make bad decisions about \u003ca href=\"http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/17/qje.qjw001.full.pdf\">how to use the money\u003c/a>, Haushofer adds, newer evidence suggests the opposite. In study published this year, researchers in Sweden, reported that lottery winners used fewer anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills after collecting their payout, suggesting that they became happier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does poverty \"get under the skin\" or into the brain, Lund asks? Stress is a leading contender. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">Some studies\u003c/a> have found higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in people living in poverty. In Mexican households that received cash grants, found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768580/\">2009 study\u003c/a>, young children had lower cortisol levels compared to kids from families that didn't get extra money. Other studies, however, have failed to find any changes in cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of violence are also higher among people who face economic tension. Living amid violence can exacerbate depression, Lund adds. And studies have found connections between mental illness and poverty-associated conditions, such as not having enough to eat, not making enough money to live on and having a greater chance of developing risks for physical illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental illness may, in some cases, lead people down a road to poverty, Lund says, because of disability, stigma or the need to spend extra money on health care. may play a role, with some evidence suggesting that poverty more often leads to depression while disorders like schizophrenia more often lead to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still unclear is how best to break the cycle. Although cash-transfer programs have shown promising improvements to mental health, studies have yet to determine whether those improvements persist in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the jury is still out on the extent to which poverty alleviation interventions actually lead to mental health improvements,\" Lund says. \"It hasn't been evaluated rigorously enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is also lacking on whether mental-health interventions can make a true dent in poverty rates or why some people remain resilient even in extremely challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know whether intervening in depression is also a good poverty intervention,\" Haushofer says. Because depression keeps people out of work, treating it should help, but evidence is still lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better data may be coming. Lund is in charge of an effort called \u003ca href=\"http://www.prime.uct.ac.za/background/about-prime\">PRIME\u003c/a>, a multinational consortium that aims to implement treatment programs for mental disorders in low-resource settings. One project involves tracking efforts to improve access to mental health services in five countries, including Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with preliminary results expected within the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61139-3/fulltext\">In 2013\u003c/a>, the World Health Organization committed to a mental health action plan, with a goal of increasing access to services for severe mental health disorders by 20 percent and reducing the suicide rate by 10 percent in 135 member countries by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why the mother in China took the lives of her children, no one can say for sure. Similar tragedies happen in wealthy countries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Poverty+Lead+To+Mental+Illness%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That seems to be true all over the globe. In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621748\">2010 review\u003c/a> of 115 studies that spanned 33 countries across the developed and developing worlds, nearly 80 percent of the studies showed that poverty comes with higher rates of mental illness. Among people living in poverty, those studies also found, mental illnesses were more severe, lasted longer and had worse outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there's growing \u003ca href=\"https://www.brookings.edu/research/subjective-well%e2%80%90being-and-income-is-there-any-evidence-of-satiation/;%20https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">evidence\u003c/a> that levels of depression are higher in poorer countries than in wealthier ones. Those kinds of findings challenge a long-held myth of the \"poor but happy African sitting under a palm tree,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/\">Johannes Haushofer\u003c/a>, an economist and neurobiologist who studies interactions between poverty and mental health at Princeton University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As data builds to connect tough economic circumstances with mental struggles, scientists are still trying to answer a trickier question: Which causes which?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is no easy answer, says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.health.uct.ac.za/fhs/departments/psychiatry/staff/crick-lund\">Crick Lund \u003c/a>of the University of Capetown, who studies mental health policy. Mental illness is never caused by just one thing. Poverty can be one factor that interacts with genetics, adverse life events or substance abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But so far, the strongest evidence suggests that poverty can lead to mental illness, especially in cases of disorders like depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because scientists can't experimentally plunge people into poverty to see what happens to their mental health, natural experiments offer one kind of clue. When disasters or tough spells (like losing a job or enduring periods of drought for farmers) destroy financial circumstances, numerous studies show a rise in rates of depression, Haushofer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, people often get happier after economic windfalls. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.princeton.edu/haushofer/publications/Haushofer_Shapiro_UCT_2016.04.25.pdf\">new study\u003c/a>, Haushofer and a colleague found that when families in Kenya were given cash grants averaging $700 (nearly twice the amount typically spent per person per year), they reported higher levels of life satisfaction and lower levels of depression than they did before they got the money, which they could spend on anything. The larger the cash transfer, the bigger the mental boost. It didn't matter if the money came in monthly installments or all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the long-held belief that winning the lottery destroys lives as people make bad decisions about \u003ca href=\"http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/17/qje.qjw001.full.pdf\">how to use the money\u003c/a>, Haushofer adds, newer evidence suggests the opposite. In study published this year, researchers in Sweden, reported that lottery winners used fewer anti-anxiety medications and sleeping pills after collecting their payout, suggesting that they became happier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does poverty \"get under the skin\" or into the brain, Lund asks? Stress is a leading contender. \u003ca href=\"https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_195.pdf\">Some studies\u003c/a> have found higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol in people living in poverty. In Mexican households that received cash grants, found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2768580/\">2009 study\u003c/a>, young children had lower cortisol levels compared to kids from families that didn't get extra money. Other studies, however, have failed to find any changes in cortisol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of violence are also higher among people who face economic tension. Living amid violence can exacerbate depression, Lund adds. And studies have found connections between mental illness and poverty-associated conditions, such as not having enough to eat, not making enough money to live on and having a greater chance of developing risks for physical illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental illness may, in some cases, lead people down a road to poverty, Lund says, because of disability, stigma or the need to spend extra money on health care. may play a role, with some evidence suggesting that poverty more often leads to depression while disorders like schizophrenia more often lead to poverty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still unclear is how best to break the cycle. Although cash-transfer programs have shown promising improvements to mental health, studies have yet to determine whether those improvements persist in the long-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think the jury is still out on the extent to which poverty alleviation interventions actually lead to mental health improvements,\" Lund says. \"It hasn't been evaluated rigorously enough.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data is also lacking on whether mental-health interventions can make a true dent in poverty rates or why some people remain resilient even in extremely challenging circumstances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't know whether intervening in depression is also a good poverty intervention,\" Haushofer says. Because depression keeps people out of work, treating it should help, but evidence is still lacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Better data may be coming. Lund is in charge of an effort called \u003ca href=\"http://www.prime.uct.ac.za/background/about-prime\">PRIME\u003c/a>, a multinational consortium that aims to implement treatment programs for mental disorders in low-resource settings. One project involves tracking efforts to improve access to mental health services in five countries, including Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, with preliminary results expected within the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61139-3/fulltext\">In 2013\u003c/a>, the World Health Organization committed to a mental health action plan, with a goal of increasing access to services for severe mental health disorders by 20 percent and reducing the suicide rate by 10 percent in 135 member countries by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for why the mother in China took the lives of her children, no one can say for sure. Similar tragedies happen in wealthy countries, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Can+Poverty+Lead+To+Mental+Illness%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "All That Multitasking is Harming, Not Helping Your Productivity. Here's Why",
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"content": "\u003cp>I'll admit it. I even take my phone with me to fire off a few texts when I go to the restroom. Or I'll scroll through my email when I leave the office for lunch. My eyes are often glued to my phone from the moment I wake up, but I often reach the end of my days wondering what I've accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Tips for Productivity at Work\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Start by clearing off your work space. Remove mobile devices and any extraneous papers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use one computer screen. Shut down all unnecessary programs and apps. Open one browser and use only one tab.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off email.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set expectations. Tell your boss you’re going offline for a while. Or, set an auto response for both your texts and emails explaining that you’ll be offline for a set period of time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Work in a quiet environment devoid of people. If you must work in a coffee shop use noise-cancelling headphones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Display a “no interruption zone” at your desk or on your office door.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check out helpful apps like SelfControl, Freedom, or FocusMe\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My productivity mystery was solved after reading “The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World,\" by University of California, San Francisco neuroscientist Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/people-profiles/adam-gazzaley/\">Adam Gazzaley \u003c/a>and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry Rosen. The book explains why the brain can't multitask, and why my near-obsessive efforts to keep up on emails is likely lowering my productive output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Digital Age Zaps Productivity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visited Gazzaley in his UCSF laboratory, Neuroscape, to learn more about the science of distraction. Gazzaley pulled up, on a TV screen, a 3-D image of a brain, created from an MRI Scan. He pointed to different sections to explain what's going on when our attention flits between tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"mQNeLsl599Zl2MgROKE009FDdid0LEJr\"]\"The prefrontal cortex is the area most challenged,\" Gazzely says. \"And then visual areas, auditory areas, and the hippocampus — these networks are really what's challenged when we are constantly switching between multiple tasks that our technological world might throw at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If you're working on a project and you stop to answer an email, research shows, it will take you nearly a half-hour to get back on task.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When you engage in one task at a time, the prefrontal cortex works in harmony with other parts of the brain, but when you toss in another task it forces the left and right sides of the brain to work independently. The process of splitting our attention usually leads to mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, each time our eyes glance away from our computer monitor to sneak a peak at a text message, the brain takes in new information, which reduces our primary focus. We \u003cem>think\u003c/em> the mind can juggle two or three activities successfully at once, but Gazzaley says we woefully overestimate our ability to multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An example is when you attempt to check your email while on a conference call,\" says Gazzaley. \"The act of doing that makes it so incredibly obvious how you can't really parallel process two attention-demanding tasks. You either have to catch up and ask what happened in the conversation, or you have to read over the email before you send it — if you're wise!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Answering an Email Takes A Lot Longer Than You Think\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley stresses that our tendency to respond immediately to emails and texts hinders high-level thinking. If you're working on a project and you stop to answer an email, the \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> shows, it will take you nearly a half-hour to get back on task.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Research has found that high-tech jugglers struggle to pay attention, recall information, or complete one task at a time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"When a focused stream of thought is interrupted it needs to be reset,\" explains Gazzaley. \"You can't just press a button and switch back to it. You have to re-engage those thought processes, and recreate all the elements of what you were engaged in. That takes time, and frequently one interruption leads to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, repetitively switching tasks lowers performance and productivity because your brain can only fully and efficiently focus on one thing at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-262693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"When UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzeley needs to focus on a high level project he clears his desk, works on one screen and turns off all distracting digital devices.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzeley needs to focus on a high level project he clears his desk, works on one screen and turns off all distracting digital devices. \u003ccite>(Sierra Niblett )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plus, \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/social-media/multitasking-social-media-distraction-what-does-research-say\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mounting evidence\u003c/a> shows that multitasking could impair the brain's cognitive abilities. \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2009/08/24/multitask-research-study-082409/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford researchers\u003c/a> studied the minds of people who regularly engage in several digital communication streams at once. They found that high-tech jugglers struggle to pay attention, recall information, or complete one task at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in situations where there are multiple sources of information coming from the external world or emerging out of memory, they’re not able to filter out what’s not relevant to their current goal,” says Stanford neuroscientist\u003ca href=\"https://psychology.stanford.edu/awagner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Anthony Wagner\u003c/a>. “That failure to filter means they’re slowed down by that irrelevant information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers are still studying what's causing multitaskers to perform poorly on cognitive tests. It could be that they are born with an inability to concentrate, or digital distractions are taking a toll. In any case, the researchers believe the minds of multitaskers are not performing optimally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the habit of multitasking could lower your score on an IQ test, according to researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1465496/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of London\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Creating Digital Boundaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't worry. Gazzaley says. It’s not about opting out of technology. In fact, there's a time and place for multitasking. If you’re in the midst of a mundane task that just has to get done, it’s probably not detrimental to have your phone nearby or a bunch of tabs open. The distractions may reduce boredom and help you stay engaged. But if you’re finishing a business plan, or a high-level writing project, then it’s a good idea to set yourself up to stay focused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out Gazzaley's tips for turning off distractions in the sidebar above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, get back to work!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>I'll admit it. I even take my phone with me to fire off a few texts when I go to the restroom. Or I'll scroll through my email when I leave the office for lunch. My eyes are often glued to my phone from the moment I wake up, but I often reach the end of my days wondering what I've accomplished.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>Tips for Productivity at Work\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Start by clearing off your work space. Remove mobile devices and any extraneous papers.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use one computer screen. Shut down all unnecessary programs and apps. Open one browser and use only one tab.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Turn off email.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set expectations. Tell your boss you’re going offline for a while. Or, set an auto response for both your texts and emails explaining that you’ll be offline for a set period of time.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Work in a quiet environment devoid of people. If you must work in a coffee shop use noise-cancelling headphones.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Display a “no interruption zone” at your desk or on your office door.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check out helpful apps like SelfControl, Freedom, or FocusMe\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My productivity mystery was solved after reading “The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High Tech World,\" by University of California, San Francisco neuroscientist Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/people-profiles/adam-gazzaley/\">Adam Gazzaley \u003c/a>and California State University, Dominguez Hills professor emeritus Larry Rosen. The book explains why the brain can't multitask, and why my near-obsessive efforts to keep up on emails is likely lowering my productive output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How the Digital Age Zaps Productivity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I visited Gazzaley in his UCSF laboratory, Neuroscape, to learn more about the science of distraction. Gazzaley pulled up, on a TV screen, a 3-D image of a brain, created from an MRI Scan. He pointed to different sections to explain what's going on when our attention flits between tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"The prefrontal cortex is the area most challenged,\" Gazzely says. \"And then visual areas, auditory areas, and the hippocampus — these networks are really what's challenged when we are constantly switching between multiple tasks that our technological world might throw at us.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If you're working on a project and you stop to answer an email, research shows, it will take you nearly a half-hour to get back on task.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When you engage in one task at a time, the prefrontal cortex works in harmony with other parts of the brain, but when you toss in another task it forces the left and right sides of the brain to work independently. The process of splitting our attention usually leads to mistakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, each time our eyes glance away from our computer monitor to sneak a peak at a text message, the brain takes in new information, which reduces our primary focus. We \u003cem>think\u003c/em> the mind can juggle two or three activities successfully at once, but Gazzaley says we woefully overestimate our ability to multitask.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"An example is when you attempt to check your email while on a conference call,\" says Gazzaley. \"The act of doing that makes it so incredibly obvious how you can't really parallel process two attention-demanding tasks. You either have to catch up and ask what happened in the conversation, or you have to read over the email before you send it — if you're wise!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Answering an Email Takes A Lot Longer Than You Think\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gazzaley stresses that our tendency to respond immediately to emails and texts hinders high-level thinking. If you're working on a project and you stop to answer an email, the \u003ca href=\"http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> shows, it will take you nearly a half-hour to get back on task.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Research has found that high-tech jugglers struggle to pay attention, recall information, or complete one task at a time.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"When a focused stream of thought is interrupted it needs to be reset,\" explains Gazzaley. \"You can't just press a button and switch back to it. You have to re-engage those thought processes, and recreate all the elements of what you were engaged in. That takes time, and frequently one interruption leads to another.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, repetitively switching tasks lowers performance and productivity because your brain can only fully and efficiently focus on one thing at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_262693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-262693\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"When UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzeley needs to focus on a high level project he clears his desk, works on one screen and turns off all distracting digital devices.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/Gazzeley-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When UCSF neuroscientist Adam Gazzeley needs to focus on a high level project he clears his desk, works on one screen and turns off all distracting digital devices. \u003ccite>(Sierra Niblett )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plus, \u003ca href=\"http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/social-media/multitasking-social-media-distraction-what-does-research-say\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mounting evidence\u003c/a> shows that multitasking could impair the brain's cognitive abilities. \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2009/08/24/multitask-research-study-082409/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford researchers\u003c/a> studied the minds of people who regularly engage in several digital communication streams at once. They found that high-tech jugglers struggle to pay attention, recall information, or complete one task at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re in situations where there are multiple sources of information coming from the external world or emerging out of memory, they’re not able to filter out what’s not relevant to their current goal,” says Stanford neuroscientist\u003ca href=\"https://psychology.stanford.edu/awagner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Anthony Wagner\u003c/a>. “That failure to filter means they’re slowed down by that irrelevant information.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers are still studying what's causing multitaskers to perform poorly on cognitive tests. It could be that they are born with an inability to concentrate, or digital distractions are taking a toll. In any case, the researchers believe the minds of multitaskers are not performing optimally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the habit of multitasking could lower your score on an IQ test, according to researchers at the \u003ca href=\"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1465496/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University of London\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Creating Digital Boundaries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But don't worry. Gazzaley says. It’s not about opting out of technology. In fact, there's a time and place for multitasking. If you’re in the midst of a mundane task that just has to get done, it’s probably not detrimental to have your phone nearby or a bunch of tabs open. The distractions may reduce boredom and help you stay engaged. But if you’re finishing a business plan, or a high-level writing project, then it’s a good idea to set yourself up to stay focused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Check out Gazzaley's tips for turning off distractions in the sidebar above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Just about every day, genetic counselor Shawn Fayer heads to the maternity ward at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and tries to convince new parents to give him a blood sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ninety-four percent of parents approached by researchers are declining to have their newborns’ genes sequenced.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fayer is offering gene sequencing for newborns. It gives parents a tantalizing look at their baby’s genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New parents Lauren and Ian Patrick, from Marion, Mass., were excited when they were first approached earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My initial reaction — why wouldn’t someone do this? Why wouldn’t they want the information?” Ian Patrick says as he cradles his newborn son, Finn. “For me, more information is better, even if it’s not always good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If his parents sign him up, Finn would join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomes2people.org/babyseqproject/\">BabySeq\u003c/a> project, an NIH-funded study led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Research/depts/Medicine/genetics/pis/Default.aspx\">Dr. Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Alan Beggs at Boston Children’s Hospital. With genetic testing getting cheaper and cheaper, Green wants to figure out what happens when parents know their child’s genetic blueprint from day one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the babies who join the study will have their protein-coding genes sequenced and screened for variants that are associated with diseases of childhood, with a method called whole-exome sequencing. The other half will get the regular heel-prick blood test offered to all newborns, which screens for major genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”0oB4UbBMca7FkmnzM9TuzpFpRg2XPk3h”]\u003cbr>\nResearchers will follow both sets of babies to figure out how genetic sequencing impacts them. They want to find out if knowing a child’s genetic makeup could actually make them healthier, or if it could increase their health care costs, or even change their relationship with their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for all sorts of unanticipated variations in DNA,” Green says, “and we say right up front we don’t know what they all mean. We don’t know what they’re all going to mean for your baby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green is particularly interested in a list of 1,514 genes where there are good reasons to reveal a mutation because a disease might be treated or prevented. But there are so many changes in everyone’s DNA, he says, he’s finding something to report in every baby he sequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, that’s a pretty small number of babies. Green has sequenced the genes of 51 newborns so far, and he’s found five who have genetic mutations families wouldn’t have known about otherwise. Two babies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.nigms.nih.gov/News/Meetings/Pages/DrugResponses.aspx\">pharmacogenetic variants\u003c/a> — mutations that mean certain drugs might not work as well on them. Three have mutations associated with heart conditions they inherited from a parent. Both the babies and their parents appears to be totally healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those babies is Kai Gracia. His parents, Alyssa and Jason Gracia, agreed to the test when Kai was just a few days old. They didn’t expect to find much. Alyssa was genotyped a few years before, and the information she got was mostly trivial — she learned she metabolized caffeine particularly quickly and she discovered she didn’t have the photic sneeze reflex, meaning she wasn’t likely to sneeze when suddenly exposed to bright light. So when the results on her baby came back, she was shocked. Right there in Kai’s genetic report was this: \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/supravalvular-aortic-stenosis\">supravalvular aortic stenosis.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Kai has a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein called elastin. Elastin helps heart muscles bend and stretch. Not producing enough of it can cause the aorta to narrow. People can die from this, or need multiple surgeries as they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knew her baby might get sick, Alyssa Gracia had lots of questions. Would Kai be able to play sports when he got older? Did he need surgery? Could crying too much be dangerous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made appointments with pediatric cardiologists and brought in Kai’s genetic report. One doctor said he looked fine, and only needed to be monitored every few years. Another said his parents should bring him back after just a few months. Usually, a condition like Kai’s isn’t diagnosed until a child is showing symptoms. That means doctors still aren’t quite sure how to treat Kai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of story that both thrills and terrifies the observers of this new technology, according to Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no consensus on how to manage these findings,” he says. And it’s unclear if the follow-up is worth it, or if it might actually do harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene sequencing reveals medical information about not just one person, but potentially a whole family. So all that follow-up is being done not just on Kai, but on his dad and his grandmother — all people who might be carrying this gene and might be at risk themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what can families do with all this information? Dr. Green says that for one family, this genetic report was potentially lifesaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It showed an inherited mutation in the baby’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA2\u003c/a> gene, which increases the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. This means not only is the baby at risk, but the child’s mother or father could be, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they told the family, the researchers had to deal with “a really pernicious ethical problem,” says Green. He and his colleagues had agreed they would only tell parents about genetic variants that could impact babies in childhood, since the children weren’t able to decide for themselves whether they wanted to know their genetic risks. BRCA2 causes cancer in adults, not children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this information was so important, Green decided to break protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what the first four words were out of the mother’s mouth when she was told?” Green asks. ” ‘Oh, that explains it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the mother knew distant relatives who had died from cancer, but she hadn’t thought it meant anything for her. Without her baby’s test, she might never have learned about her own risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every mutation is actionable like this. Green is also finding a lot of single recessive mutations for conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm\">Tay-Sachs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/\">sickle cell\u003c/a>. Since it takes two mutations, one each from mother and father, to cause the disease, it becomes an issue only when these babies grow up and decide to have children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Green hadn’t anticipated is how hard it has been to convince new parents to do this screening in the first place. Early research showed the majority of parents were interested in the medical information. But 94 percent of parents Green and his team are approaching are saying no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and Ian Patrick, the parents of baby Finn, are a good case study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, they were convinced they wanted the screening. But after an hour talking to a genetic counselor about all the ways this sequencing could go wrong, they decided against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They learned that any genetic sequencing would go in their son’s medical record, and it wouldn’t be able to be removed. And while federal law prohibits genetic discrimination by health care providers and in the workplace, life insurers can still use genetic information to pick and choose whom they’ll sell policies to. By the time the meeting was over, the Patricks’ excitement had been replaced with concern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really gave me pause that this would be part of the medical record that private companies would have access to,” Lauren Patrick says. “That was my full stop in the end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, for the first time she’s making a decision for someone who has no say, she says. “That’s the biggest thing on my mind, this new dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Would+You+Want+To+Know+The+Secrets+Hidden+In+Your+Baby%27s+Genes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Just about every day, genetic counselor Shawn Fayer heads to the maternity ward at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and tries to convince new parents to give him a blood sample.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Ninety-four percent of parents approached by researchers are declining to have their newborns’ genes sequenced.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Fayer is offering gene sequencing for newborns. It gives parents a tantalizing look at their baby’s genetic information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New parents Lauren and Ian Patrick, from Marion, Mass., were excited when they were first approached earlier this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My initial reaction — why wouldn’t someone do this? Why wouldn’t they want the information?” Ian Patrick says as he cradles his newborn son, Finn. “For me, more information is better, even if it’s not always good.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If his parents sign him up, Finn would join the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomes2people.org/babyseqproject/\">BabySeq\u003c/a> project, an NIH-funded study led by \u003ca href=\"http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Research/depts/Medicine/genetics/pis/Default.aspx\">Dr. Robert Green\u003c/a>, a medical geneticist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Alan Beggs at Boston Children’s Hospital. With genetic testing getting cheaper and cheaper, Green wants to figure out what happens when parents know their child’s genetic blueprint from day one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the babies who join the study will have their protein-coding genes sequenced and screened for variants that are associated with diseases of childhood, with a method called whole-exome sequencing. The other half will get the regular heel-prick blood test offered to all newborns, which screens for major genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nResearchers will follow both sets of babies to figure out how genetic sequencing impacts them. They want to find out if knowing a child’s genetic makeup could actually make them healthier, or if it could increase their health care costs, or even change their relationship with their parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are looking for all sorts of unanticipated variations in DNA,” Green says, “and we say right up front we don’t know what they all mean. 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His parents, Alyssa and Jason Gracia, agreed to the test when Kai was just a few days old. They didn’t expect to find much. Alyssa was genotyped a few years before, and the information she got was mostly trivial — she learned she metabolized caffeine particularly quickly and she discovered she didn’t have the photic sneeze reflex, meaning she wasn’t likely to sneeze when suddenly exposed to bright light. So when the results on her baby came back, she was shocked. Right there in Kai’s genetic report was this: \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/supravalvular-aortic-stenosis\">supravalvular aortic stenosis.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Kai has a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein called elastin. Elastin helps heart muscles bend and stretch. Not producing enough of it can cause the aorta to narrow. People can die from this, or need multiple surgeries as they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that she knew her baby might get sick, Alyssa Gracia had lots of questions. Would Kai be able to play sports when he got older? Did he need surgery? Could crying too much be dangerous?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made appointments with pediatric cardiologists and brought in Kai’s genetic report. One doctor said he looked fine, and only needed to be monitored every few years. Another said his parents should bring him back after just a few months. Usually, a condition like Kai’s isn’t diagnosed until a child is showing symptoms. That means doctors still aren’t quite sure how to treat Kai.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the kind of story that both thrills and terrifies the observers of this new technology, according to Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no consensus on how to manage these findings,” he says. And it’s unclear if the follow-up is worth it, or if it might actually do harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene sequencing reveals medical information about not just one person, but potentially a whole family. So all that follow-up is being done not just on Kai, but on his dad and his grandmother — all people who might be carrying this gene and might be at risk themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what can families do with all this information? Dr. Green says that for one family, this genetic report was potentially lifesaving.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It showed an inherited mutation in the baby’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA2\u003c/a> gene, which increases the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. This means not only is the baby at risk, but the child’s mother or father could be, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before they told the family, the researchers had to deal with “a really pernicious ethical problem,” says Green. He and his colleagues had agreed they would only tell parents about genetic variants that could impact babies in childhood, since the children weren’t able to decide for themselves whether they wanted to know their genetic risks. BRCA2 causes cancer in adults, not children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this information was so important, Green decided to break protocol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know what the first four words were out of the mother’s mouth when she was told?” Green asks. ” ‘Oh, that explains it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out the mother knew distant relatives who had died from cancer, but she hadn’t thought it meant anything for her. Without her baby’s test, she might never have learned about her own risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not every mutation is actionable like this. Green is also finding a lot of single recessive mutations for conditions like \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf/\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/taysachs/taysachs.htm\">Tay-Sachs\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca/\">sickle cell\u003c/a>. Since it takes two mutations, one each from mother and father, to cause the disease, it becomes an issue only when these babies grow up and decide to have children themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Green hadn’t anticipated is how hard it has been to convince new parents to do this screening in the first place. Early research showed the majority of parents were interested in the medical information. But 94 percent of parents Green and his team are approaching are saying no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauren and Ian Patrick, the parents of baby Finn, are a good case study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially, they were convinced they wanted the screening. But after an hour talking to a genetic counselor about all the ways this sequencing could go wrong, they decided against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They learned that any genetic sequencing would go in their son’s medical record, and it wouldn’t be able to be removed. And while federal law prohibits genetic discrimination by health care providers and in the workplace, life insurers can still use genetic information to pick and choose whom they’ll sell policies to. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all, for the first time she’s making a decision for someone who has no say, she says. “That’s the biggest thing on my mind, this new dynamic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 WNYC Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wnyc.org/\">WNYC Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Would+You+Want+To+Know+The+Secrets+Hidden+In+Your+Baby%27s+Genes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using “they” or “them” to refer to an individual presents certain grammatical and syntactical challenges, and in light of this, Valencia asked KQED to use female pronouns instead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For a long time, Daniel Au Valencia got the message that she was wrong, wrong, wrong. She stood wrong. She talked wrong. She looked at people wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of shame around autism,” she says. “There’s a lot of being told you look weird.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://actingnt.blogspot.com/\">Valencia\u003c/a>, 22, often taps her feet when talking to someone. Or she’ll flap her hands. She says those movements help her communicate emotions and stay calm.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003ca href=\"#note\">A note on pronouns\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“A common question is, ‘Why are you doing that?' in a very accusatory tone,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't even get her started on eye contact. A social skills teacher once tried to show her how to make eye contact without making people uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t avoid it, but don’t stare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I would have to do is, \"Okay, eye contact. One, two, three, glance away, glance back. One, two, three, glance away,’” Valencia explains. “And at that point, I’m no longer listening, I am pretending to listen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people just walk away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be anxiety-provoking,” she says. “That anxiety comes from being excluded, being rejected, being ridiculed for things that are just part of naturally being me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia likes hanging out with people. She’s into salsa dancing, acting, improv and Pokemon Go. But sometimes social situations can be so stressful that Valencia hangs back on the sidelines, or avoids them altogether. She never answers the phone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a cycle of self-judgment,” she says, “and makes the anxiety worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-e1477009038956.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-266972 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_image-1020x791.jpg\" alt=\"MDMA_image\" width=\"640\" height=\"496\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Daniel Au Valencia participated in a pilot study examining the potential of MDMA as a treatment for social anxiety in autistic adults. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Experimental Study\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then last year Valencia heard about an unusual experimental study. Unlike a lot of other studies, this one didn’t say anything about trying to “cure autism.” This one was exploring a treatment specifically for social anxiety in autistic adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anxiety, unlike autism, is actually a problem that you might want to get rid of,” Valencia says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditional therapies don’t work for autistic people, says Nick Walker, an autistic advocate and consultant on the new study, because they reinforce stigma around autism and are “designed to coerce autistic people into acting like they’re not autistic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He sees this new research as a uniquely “culturally appropriate” approach to addressing the “epidemic” of social anxiety in autistic adults – anxiety caused by a lifetime of repeated, traumatic social interactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment is MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy or Molly. On the street, it is often cut with speed or other drugs, and is popular among ravers for lowering inhibitions, heightening physical sensations, and making people feel all lovey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But researchers are finding that pure MDMA has potential to be a true medicine. Early studies backed by MAPS, the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies based in Santa Cruz, show it can ease or erase symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.maps.org/research-archive/publications/Oehen_2012_MDMA_PTSD_Swisstudy.pdf\">one study\u003c/a>, 83 percent of study participants treated with MDMA and psychotherapy were cured of their PTSD, compared to 25 percent who were cured from talk therapy alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“MDMA creates a sensation of feeling safe,” says psychologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.icpr2016.nl/speakers/alicia-danforth-phd/\">Alicia Danforth\u003c/a>, one of the researchers conducting the social anxiety study at UCLA’s Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, along with psychiatrist \u003ca href=\"http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/\">Charles Grob\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I felt the changes in my body. My bodily needs were radically altered.'\u003ccite>Daniel Au Valencia, Study participant\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>MDMA floods the brain with serotonin and dopamine, they say, and quiets the fear response from the amygdala, allowing people to confront past traumatic experiences without becoming overwhelmed. Or they can try new things without fear or inhibition getting in the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It creates a practice environment to try different social skills out,” Danforth says. “MDMA can be a bit like training wheels for the psyche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia is one of just 12 autistic adults participating in the pilot study. Given the small size, researchers won’t get statistically meaningful data on the efficacy of MDMA in treating social anxiety. Their focus is proving that this research can be done safely in this population, with the hopes that others will conduct larger-scale studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The treatment consists of two MDMA sessions, 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., six weeks apart. Danforth and Grob meet with each study participant several times before and after each session for psychotherapy and to measure their social anxiety levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the first MDMA session, they ask participants to set an intention. Danforth says they want them to think about how they hope to grow or change from the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It can be something simple: ‘I want to be better at small talk, or I want to learn the skill of asking someone out on a date,’” Danforth says. “It can also be very large, ‘I’m working on forgiveness or unresolved grief or loss.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia’s goal was to be more assertive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that makes anxiety go away is to be in control of the situation rather than waiting for things to happen,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The First Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia arrived at 10 a.m. for her first MDMA session at a bland office building on the UCLA campus. Researchers transformed the room to a kind of den that Danforth describes as “autism friendly” -- soft lighting, soothing colors, and a luxury leather recliner facing a wall-sized poster of a forest canopy with light streaming through the trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New-age flute music played over the computer speakers as Valencia swallowed the MDMA capsule. Within a half hour, she knew it was not a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt the changes in my body,” Valencia describes. “My bodily needs were radically altered.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She describes one moment that was particularly powerful, when researchers brought in a plate of grapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I bit into half a grape,” Valencia says. “I felt the flavors, the texture, the nuance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sparked a classic psychedelic epiphany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wow, I can really enjoy every bit of life more, if I can do it mindfully,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later in the session, she felt a rush of energy in her body and said, “I feel like dancing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Valencia did something that would normally take her eons to build up the courage to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She asked Danforth if she would care to salsa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was thinking, my intention is to be more assertive,” Valencia says. “Well, one part of being assertive is ask for what you want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danforth says in the context of the therapy and Valencia’s intention, this was completely appropriate. It was in keeping with Danforth’s previous research, where she collected qualitative reports from autistic adults who had taken MDMA recreationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We call them the Five C’s,” she says. “People reported changes in their level of courage or confidence, communication, feeling connected, a sense of communion or belonging, and mental clarity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_266943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-e1477009669302.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-266943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/MDMA_1-1020x765.jpg\" alt='Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Valencia uses emotion cards to help her understand and articulate her feelings. There are about 60 in the deck, including a few \"make your own\" cards. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Follow-Up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the MDMA session, the researchers meet with each participant to talk about what happened. Then they call them every day for a week after that to check in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The treatment is just a day,” Danforth says. “It’s what you do with those insights and how you integrate it into your everyday life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her first session, Valencia started using a deck of “emotion cards” each day to help her understand what she was feeling. Each card has a word – “peaceful,” “loving,” “uncomfortable,” “frustrated,” “receptive” -- with a corresponding illustration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve learned about the importance of connecting with your emotions,” she says. “I have learned that you can experience a whole lot of different emotions at once.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that may seem innate for a lot of typically developing individuals, it’s novel for a lot of autistic people, Danforth says. MDMA is known for helping people get clarity about their feeling states, to find words to express them, she says. That, in turn, helps people articulate their needs so they can “shape the world to be more to their liking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was one of Valencia’s big takeaways: “Knowing that I have a choice,” she says. “Anytime something is bothering me, I can do something about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Second Session\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was time for Valencia’s second MDMA session, she felt her original goal of being more assertive was now not quite right. It felt like a concession to societal pressure to fit in. She needed to let go of that, she says, and release the pressure she was putting on herself to always be involved, to be better all the time, to be different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In session number two, there was a moment I was just sitting in a big comfy chair,” Valencia says. “Letting my hands do whatever my hands wanted to do, kind of floating around. It looks like nothing is happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in fact, Valencia says, her mind was racing with thoughts, one idea popping up after another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And I thought, ‘Oh, these are some good ideas. I should write them down,” she says. “And then I stopped myself. ‘Do I have to do this? I can just sit here. And enjoy them.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she flipped through the emotion cards, she picked one where the illustration was a swirl of blackness. The word was “depressed,” but Valencia says she saw something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not having to do something in every moment, not having to \u003cem>feel \u003c/em>anything for just a couple hours,” she says. “That was such a relief.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reflections \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Valencia completed the treatment last year. It’s impossible to draw a direct line between the treatment and how Valencia is doing right now, but she says she’s doing great. She’s got a steady full-time job, her own apartment, and she just got married. The study is still ongoing, so Valencia won’t know if her scores on the social anxiety tests improved until all participants finish the treatment and the researchers analyze the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she says her biggest takeaway from the experiment is more about emotions than social anxiety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says she’s learned that there’s no such thing as good emotions or bad emotions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All emotions deserve to exist,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This underscores a process of transformation Valencia started a couple years before the MDMA treatment around her autistic identity. She started reading essays by Nick Walker, the autism advocate based in Berkeley. He rejects the notion that autism is a disease, the same way the gay community rejects the notion that homosexuality is a disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says autistic brains are simply different. They’re part of the patchwork of neurodiversity in the human population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s the dominant belief in society that there's good brains and bad brains,” Valencia says. “And from a neurodiversity perspective, all those concepts are no longer valid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the MDMA treatment, Valencia started to see emotions in the same way, along the same continuum of self-acceptance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once you do away with that most basic of dichotomies, good versus bad, and just make it all sort of a jumbled mess of the same thing, then you can either hate yourself as a whole or you can accept and love yourself as a whole,” she says. “And I think, it’s not always as easy as making a decision, but it’s pretty obvious which one is preferable.”\u003ca id=\"note\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>After completing the full course of MDMA treatment and working on assertiveness, Valencia began asking friends and acquaintances to use the pronouns “they, them, their.” Valencia identifies as gender-vague.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ever Ask Your Kids if They Want Photos of Them Shared Online? Maybe You Should.",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some silly antic typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: \"Are you going to post that to Facebook?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and answered, \"Yes, I think I will.\" What he said next stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The parents said, ‘We don’t need rules — we’re fine,’ and the children said, ‘Our parents need rules.’ ”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're big proponents of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online,\" says Burbridge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Mass. \"Now when I post photos of him on Facebook, I show him the photo and get his OK. I get to approve tags and photos of myself I want posted — why not my child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, \"Do you want other people to see this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of \"sharenting,\" a new term for parents' online sharing about their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As children's-rights advocates, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible,\" says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's ensuring your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't \u003ca href=\"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a44264/digital-kidnapping/\">digitally\u003c/a> \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.fastcompany.com/3036073/the-creepiest-new-corner-of-instagram-role-playing-with-stolen-baby-photos\">kidnapped\u003c/a>\" or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography sites, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/reader-stories/mums-warning-i-found-my-childrens-photos-on-porn-sites\">one Australian mom discovered\u003c/a>, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg and \u003ca href=\"https://ufhealth.org/bahareh-keith\">Bahareh Keith\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices,\" Steinberg says. \"At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They cited a \u003ca href=\"http://yardi.people.si.umich.edu/pubs/Schoenebeck_FamilyTechRules16.pdf\">study presented earlier this year\u003c/a> of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which more than twice as many children than parents wanted rules on what parents could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The parents said, 'We don't need rules — we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,' \" Keith says. \"The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that the American Academy of Pediatrics offers \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/10/19/peds.2016-2591\">guidelines\u003c/a> to parents on monitoring their children's social media use, but not the other way around, something \u003ca href=\"http://doctordavidhill.com/about-dr-hill/\">David Hill\u003c/a>, chair of the AAP Council on Communications and Media, expects will become an important part of AAP's messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its current media guidelines do recommend that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it,\" Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. \"I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been little research on the topic, Steinbert wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711442\">law article\u003c/a> about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks,\" Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mom-my-son-was-digitally-kidnapped-what-112545291567.html\">digital kidnapping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents aren't oblivious to these possibilities. A March 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/031615_sharenting_0.pdf\">survey of 569 parents\u003c/a> of children ages 4 and younger, conducted by C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, found that 68 percent worried about their child's privacy and 67 percent worried their children's photos might be reshared — a concern grounded in reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an unscientific survey of an online child pornography site by an Australian government official found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/national/millions-of-social-media-photos-found-on-child-exploitation-sharing-sites-20150929-gjxe55.html\">significant chunk of the photos\u003c/a> had initially been shared by parents on sites such as Facebook and Instagram. The photos themselves were mostly innocent, everyday scenes of kids playing, but they were accompanied by explicit, inappropriate comments. The Australian official estimated that \"about half\" of the 45 million images \"appeared to be sourced directly from social media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's the sordid side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their child's only voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities,\" says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where \u003ca href=\"http://seattlemamadoc.seattlechildrens.org/\">she blogs\u003c/a> about her own parenting journey to help other parents. \"They're getting nurtured by people they've already preselected that they trust,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we mitigate the risks?\" she says. \"Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For mom Karen Koy, of Platte City, Mo., avoiding nudity or posts about bodily fluids is a given, but for things she's uncertain about, she asks herself a series of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who does this serve? If it's anyone other than the kid, no go,\" she explained via Facebook Messenger. \"Is this something people would enjoy hearing or seeing? If the answer is no, no go. Is this something I would love to see pop up as a Facebook memory on a bad day? If not, no go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last question is the reason she did not share photos when her daughter was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She looked adorable in the oversized hospital gown, which she was wearing because she was vulnerable, and I feel like posting that takes advantage of that vulnerability to gain attention for us, her parents,\" Koy says. \"Her being in the hospital shouldn't be about us, it should be about her and what she needs in that moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been hard not to share pics of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media, she did not,\" O'Hanlon told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Alison Jamison of Fairport, N.Y., decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm when they received pushback about not using other social media platforms, she told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't,\" says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. \"We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Mass., was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them on Facebook, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about how I am teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future,\" Dunham says. \"So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Parents+Invade+Children%27s+Privacy+When+They+Post+Photos+Online%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The kids look so darned cute in that photo, it's hard not to post it online for all to see. But there are privacy risks to sharing children's images, and children often don't want the exposure.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Katlyn Burbidge's son was 6 years old, he was performing some silly antic typical of a first-grader. But after she snapped a photo and started using her phone, he asked her a serious question: \"Are you going to post that to Facebook?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She laughed and answered, \"Yes, I think I will.\" What he said next stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The parents said, ‘We don’t need rules — we’re fine,’ and the children said, ‘Our parents need rules.’ ”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That's when it dawned on her: She had been posting photos of him online without asking his permission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're big proponents of bodily autonomy and not forcing him to hug or kiss people unless he wants to, but it never occurred to me that I should ask his permission to post photos of him online,\" says Burbridge, a mom of two in Wakefield, Mass. \"Now when I post photos of him on Facebook, I show him the photo and get his OK. I get to approve tags and photos of myself I want posted — why not my child?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When her 8-month-old is 3 or 4 years old, she plans to start asking him in an age-appropriate way, \"Do you want other people to see this?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's precisely the approach that two researchers advocated before a room of pediatricians last week at the American Academy of Pediatrics meeting, when they discussed the 21st century challenge of \"sharenting,\" a new term for parents' online sharing about their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As children's-rights advocates, we believe that children should have a voice about what information is shared about them if possible,\" says Stacey Steinberg, a legal skills professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law in Gainesville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's ensuring your child isn't bullied over something you post, that their identity isn't \u003ca href=\"http://www.cosmopolitan.com/lifestyle/a44264/digital-kidnapping/\">digitally\u003c/a> \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.fastcompany.com/3036073/the-creepiest-new-corner-of-instagram-role-playing-with-stolen-baby-photos\">kidnapped\u003c/a>\" or that their photos don't end up on a half dozen child pornography sites, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.kidspot.com.au/parenting/real-life/reader-stories/mums-warning-i-found-my-childrens-photos-on-porn-sites\">one Australian mom discovered\u003c/a>, parents and pediatricians are increasingly aware of the importance of protecting children's digital presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steinberg and \u003ca href=\"https://ufhealth.org/bahareh-keith\">Bahareh Keith\u003c/a>, an assistant professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida College of Medicine, say most children will likely never experience problems related to what their parents share, but a tension still exists between parents' rights to share their experiences and their children's rights to privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're in no way trying to silence parents' voices,\" Steinberg says. \"At the same time, we recognize that children might have an interest in entering adulthood free to create their own digital footprint.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They cited a \u003ca href=\"http://yardi.people.si.umich.edu/pubs/Schoenebeck_FamilyTechRules16.pdf\">study presented earlier this year\u003c/a> of 249 pairs of parents and their children in which more than twice as many children than parents wanted rules on what parents could share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The parents said, 'We don't need rules — we're fine,' and the children said, 'Our parents need rules,' \" Keith says. \"The children wanted autonomy about this issue and were worried about their parents sharing information about them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed out that the American Academy of Pediatrics offers \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/10/19/peds.2016-2591\">guidelines\u003c/a> to parents on monitoring their children's social media use, but not the other way around, something \u003ca href=\"http://doctordavidhill.com/about-dr-hill/\">David Hill\u003c/a>, chair of the AAP Council on Communications and Media, expects will become an important part of AAP's messaging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although its current media guidelines do recommend that parents model appropriate social media use for their children, it does not explicitly discuss oversharing by parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think this is a very legitimate concern, and I appreciate their drawing our attention to it,\" Hill, a father of five, says. He sees a role for pediatricians to talk with parents about this, but believes the messaging must extend far beyond pediatricians' offices. \"I look forward to seeing researchers expand our understanding of the issue so we can translate it into effective education and policy,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's been little research on the topic, Steinbert wrote in a \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2711442\">law article\u003c/a> about this issue. While states could pass laws related to sharing information about children online, Steinberg feels parents themselves are generally best suited to make these decisions for their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While we didn't want to create any unnecessary panic, we did find some concerns that were troublesome, and we thought that parents or at least physicians should be aware of those potential risks,\" Steinberg says. They include photos repurposed for inappropriate or illegal means, identity theft, embarrassment, bullying by peers or \u003ca href=\"https://www.yahoo.com/news/mom-my-son-was-digitally-kidnapped-what-112545291567.html\">digital kidnapping\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents aren't oblivious to these possibilities. A March 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/031615_sharenting_0.pdf\">survey of 569 parents\u003c/a> of children ages 4 and younger, conducted by C.S. Mott Children's Hospital at the University of Michigan, found that 68 percent worried about their child's privacy and 67 percent worried their children's photos might be reshared — a concern grounded in reality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, an unscientific survey of an online child pornography site by an Australian government official found a \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/national/millions-of-social-media-photos-found-on-child-exploitation-sharing-sites-20150929-gjxe55.html\">significant chunk of the photos\u003c/a> had initially been shared by parents on sites such as Facebook and Instagram. The photos themselves were mostly innocent, everyday scenes of kids playing, but they were accompanied by explicit, inappropriate comments. The Australian official estimated that \"about half\" of the 45 million images \"appeared to be sourced directly from social media.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's the sordid side, with risks that must be balanced against the benefits of sharing. Steinberg pointed out that parental sharing on social media helps build communities, connect spread-out families, provide support and raise awareness around important social issues for which parents might be their child's only voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same C.S. Mott survey found among the 56 percent of mothers and 34 percent of fathers who discussed parenting on social media, 72 percent of them said sharing made them feel less alone and nearly as many said sharing helped them worry less and gave them advice from other parents. The most common topics they discussed included kids' sleep, nutrition, discipline, behavior problems and day care and preschool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's this peer-to-peer nature of health care these days with a profound opportunity for parents to learn helpful tips, safety and prevention efforts, pro-vaccine messages and all kinds of other messages from other parents in their social communities,\" says Wendy Sue Swanson, a pediatrician and executive director of digital health at Seattle Children's Hospital, where \u003ca href=\"http://seattlemamadoc.seattlechildrens.org/\">she blogs\u003c/a> about her own parenting journey to help other parents. \"They're getting nurtured by people they've already preselected that they trust,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How do we weigh the risks, how do we think about the benefits, and how do we mitigate the risks?\" she says. \"Those are the questions we need to ask ourselves, and everyone can have a different answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For mom Karen Koy, of Platte City, Mo., avoiding nudity or posts about bodily fluids is a given, but for things she's uncertain about, she asks herself a series of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Who does this serve? If it's anyone other than the kid, no go,\" she explained via Facebook Messenger. \"Is this something people would enjoy hearing or seeing? If the answer is no, no go. Is this something I would love to see pop up as a Facebook memory on a bad day? If not, no go.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last question is the reason she did not share photos when her daughter was hospitalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She looked adorable in the oversized hospital gown, which she was wearing because she was vulnerable, and I feel like posting that takes advantage of that vulnerability to gain attention for us, her parents,\" Koy says. \"Her being in the hospital shouldn't be about us, it should be about her and what she needs in that moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some parents find the best route for them is not to share at all. Bridget O'Hanlon and her husband, who live in Cleveland, decided before their daughter was born that they would not post her photos online. When a few family members did post pictures, O'Hanlon and her husband made their wishes clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's been hard not to share pics of her because people always want to know how babies and toddlers are doing and to see pictures, but we made the decision to have social media, she did not,\" O'Hanlon told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, Alison Jamison of Fairport, N.Y., decided with her husband that their child had a right to their own online identity. They did use an invitation-only photo sharing platform so that friends and family, including those far away, could see the photos, but they stood firm when they received pushback about not using other social media platforms, she told NPR via Facebook Messenger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For most families, it's a journey. Sometimes it goes wrong, but most of the time it doesn't,\" says Swanson, who recommends starting to ask children permission to post narratives or photos around ages 6 to 8. \"We'll learn more and more what our tolerance is. We can ask our kids to help us learn as a society what's okay and what's not.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed, that learning process goes both ways. Bria Dunham, a mother in Somerville, Mass., was so excited to watch a moment of brotherly bonding while her first-grader and baby took a bath together that she snapped a few photos. But when she considered posting them on Facebook, she took the perspective of her son: How would he feel if his classmates' parents saw photos of him chest-up in the bathtub?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It made me think about how I am teaching him to have ownership of his own body and how what is shared today endures into the future,\" Dunham says. \"So I kept the pictures to myself and accepted this as one more step in supporting his increasing autonomy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Tara Haelle is the co-author of \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/books/titles/473075468/the-informed-parent-a-science-based-resource-for-your-childs-first-four-years\">The Informed Parent: A Science-Based Resource for Your Child's First Four Years\u003c/a>\u003cem>. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/tarahaelle\">@tarahaelle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Do+Parents+Invade+Children%27s+Privacy+When+They+Post+Photos+Online%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Oakland Kids Tell Story of Henrietta Lacks in Hip-Hop Video",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0b7GHGYjs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henrietta Lacks. Born 1920. Black Virginian, tobacco farmer, steel worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer patient. Poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Johns Hopkins, in 1951, while Lacks was being treated in the \"colored\" ward, a doctor passed on samples from her cervix to researchers, without her consent or even knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, at age 31, she died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of her, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cells derived from the two samples taken from an unwitting Lacks have inexplicably lived on in labs for over 60 years now, used to research the effects of radiation, AIDS, the polio vaccine and much more. Here's what Rebecca Skloot, author of the 2010 book \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" told NPR's \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/02/02/123232331/henrietta-lacks-a-donors-immortal-legacy\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>\" in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[The cells] were the first immortal cell line ever to grow in culture. Scientists put them in culture in 1951, and they just never died. They kept growing and growing and growing. And scientists had been trying to do that for decades, and it had never worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the hospital, she had a tumor on her cervix that was about the size of a dime, and within six months nearly every organ of her body was taken over by tumors. So her cancer grew incredibly fast in her body. When scientists put them in culture, they just took off. They doubled every 24 hours and they sort of piled onto each other and grew in these enormous ... quantities that no cells had ever done before.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those cells have done a lot of good -- and also contributed to a lot of profits. The case, which is as much about class, gender and race as it is about science, has spawned \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/18/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\">ethical debates\u003c/a> about informed consent among researchers. To learn more, you can read the book or watch the coming HBO movie based on it. (Look \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3755716/Oprah-Winfrey-wears-1950s-garb-filming-HBO-movie-Henrietta-Lacks-Atlanta.html\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>for many pictures of Oprah Winfrey on set playing Lacks' daughter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we recommend that first you should watch the awesome video above. \"The Immortal Rap of Henrietta Lacks\" stars mostly eighth graders from KIPP Bridge Charter School in Oakland, California. The students researched and wrote the lyrics -- set to the songs \"Right Hand,\" \"Shell Shocked\" and \"Work\" -- with help from their performing arts teacher, Shannon Perkins, and San Francisco Bay Area educator Tom McFadden, who runs a small organization devoted to the intersection of science and the arts. McFadden sent drafts of the piece to Henrietta Lacks' granddaughter for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him how this idea came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d done one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35FwmiPE9tI\" target=\"_blank\">project\u003c/a> before with this school on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/rosalind-franklin-legacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>,\" McFadden said. \"When I published that video, Rebecca Skloot said for your next project you should do one on Henrietta Lacks. She planted the seed through a tweet.\" (And makes a cameo in the video, as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFadden said he hoped the video would inspire schools and educators to embrace \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/HipHopEd?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">#HipHopEd\u003c/a>, interdisciplinary project-based learning, and \"the value of performing arts for student ownership of their scholastic experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel\" target=\"_blank\">Lin-Manuel Miranda\u003c/a>, check it out!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Henrietta Lacks was a poor African-American woman who died in 1951, and whose cells have been used in scientific research for decades. Her story has been told in a best-selling book -- and now an awesome middle school rap video.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ej0b7GHGYjs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ej0b7GHGYjs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Henrietta Lacks. Born 1920. Black Virginian, tobacco farmer, steel worker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cancer patient. Poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Johns Hopkins, in 1951, while Lacks was being treated in the \"colored\" ward, a doctor passed on samples from her cervix to researchers, without her consent or even knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That same year, at age 31, she died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all of her, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cells derived from the two samples taken from an unwitting Lacks have inexplicably lived on in labs for over 60 years now, used to research the effects of radiation, AIDS, the polio vaccine and much more. Here's what Rebecca Skloot, author of the 2010 book \"The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks,\" told NPR's \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/02/02/123232331/henrietta-lacks-a-donors-immortal-legacy\" target=\"_blank\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>\" in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>[The cells] were the first immortal cell line ever to grow in culture. Scientists put them in culture in 1951, and they just never died. They kept growing and growing and growing. And scientists had been trying to do that for decades, and it had never worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she went to the hospital, she had a tumor on her cervix that was about the size of a dime, and within six months nearly every organ of her body was taken over by tumors. So her cancer grew incredibly fast in her body. When scientists put them in culture, they just took off. They doubled every 24 hours and they sort of piled onto each other and grew in these enormous ... quantities that no cells had ever done before.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Those cells have done a lot of good -- and also contributed to a lot of profits. The case, which is as much about class, gender and race as it is about science, has spawned \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/18/what-stem-cell-researchers-talk-about-when-they-talk-about-ethics/\" target=\"_blank\">ethical debates\u003c/a> about informed consent among researchers. To learn more, you can read the book or watch the coming HBO movie based on it. (Look \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3755716/Oprah-Winfrey-wears-1950s-garb-filming-HBO-movie-Henrietta-Lacks-Atlanta.html\" target=\"_blank\">here \u003c/a>for many pictures of Oprah Winfrey on set playing Lacks' daughter.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we recommend that first you should watch the awesome video above. \"The Immortal Rap of Henrietta Lacks\" stars mostly eighth graders from KIPP Bridge Charter School in Oakland, California. The students researched and wrote the lyrics -- set to the songs \"Right Hand,\" \"Shell Shocked\" and \"Work\" -- with help from their performing arts teacher, Shannon Perkins, and San Francisco Bay Area educator Tom McFadden, who runs a small organization devoted to the intersection of science and the arts. McFadden sent drafts of the piece to Henrietta Lacks' granddaughter for approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him how this idea came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’d done one \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35FwmiPE9tI\" target=\"_blank\">project\u003c/a> before with this school on \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/rosalind-franklin-legacy.html\" target=\"_blank\">Rosalind Franklin\u003c/a>,\" McFadden said. \"When I published that video, Rebecca Skloot said for your next project you should do one on Henrietta Lacks. She planted the seed through a tweet.\" (And makes a cameo in the video, as well.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McFadden said he hoped the video would inspire schools and educators to embrace \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/HipHopEd?src=hash\" target=\"_blank\">#HipHopEd\u003c/a>, interdisciplinary project-based learning, and \"the value of performing arts for student ownership of their scholastic experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hey, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/Lin_Manuel\" target=\"_blank\">Lin-Manuel Miranda\u003c/a>, check it out!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pediatrics Org Releases Online Tool To Manage Kids' Media Use",
"title": "Pediatrics Org Releases Online Tool To Manage Kids' Media Use",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Whether your kid is 3 and obsessed with Daniel Tiger videos or 15 and spending half her conscious hours on Snapchat, you are probably somewhat conflicted about how to think about their media habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ToaVS9hvcyjx3MddUkWr7CPLYS7N3SjF\"]How much time? What kind of media? What should our family's rules be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the American Academy of Pediatrics released its latest recommendations on these burning questions Friday, it also did something pretty cool: it launched an online tool that parents can use to create their \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthychildren.org/English/media/Pages/default.aspx\">own family media plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive tool lets you set guidelines for each child, with suggested items based on the AAP's age-specific recommendations and space to add or substitute your own family's rules. At the end, you can print out a document that lays out your family's own media policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went through the process for my 4-year-old daughter a few days ago. It took about five minutes to indicate the screen-free areas and times in our household, specify our device curfews and where they will recharge, how we will watch media with our daughter, what kind of media we'll avoid (unboxing videos) and answer other questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've certainly had some of these rules in vague form floating around in our heads, but it helps to have something concrete to remind us that there are no screens allowed at the dining room table, in my daughter's bedroom, in the stroller or in the bathroom (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ctadigital.com/item.asp?item=3016\">No iPotty for us\u003c/a>, thanks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our plan also includes a list of things we can do more of by decreasing time spent with media, like coloring, going to the library and playing outside. It reminds us about digital safety rules, like reviewing privacy settings on sites our kid may use. And by making these the family's rules, it reminds my husband and me that we need to set a good example ourselves by putting our devices aside at the agreed-upon times and places. (I haven't had a chance to run it by my kid yet, but that's on my list for the weekend.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that a printout is going to automatically change behavior, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottchildren.org/profile/4195/jenny-stillwaggon-radesky-md\">Jenny Radesky\u003c/a>, a developmental pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and lead author of the AAP's policy statement on media use for young children. But it helps parents lay out their values in advance rather than simply reacting to the latest app or platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP's updated recommendations are more nuanced than in the past, when the group \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/10/12/peds.2011-1753\">discouraged any digital media use for children under 2\u003c/a> and recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Pages/Media-and-Children.aspx\">limiting screen time to two hours or less\u003c/a> for those older than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those lines in the sand are \"too simplistic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://411pediatrics.com/about-us/ari-brown-md-faap/\">Ari Brown\u003c/a>, a pediatrician in private practice in Austin, Texas, and a former member of the AAP's Council on Communications and Media. (She wasn't involved in writing these latest guidelines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(NPR Ed lead education blogger Anya Kamenetz explains what we know about media use and learning in very young children \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/10/21/498550475/american-academy-of-pediatrics-lifts-no-screens-under-2-rule\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the recommendations for elementary school-aged kids and teens don't set any specific time limit. The AAP says that's a decision that depends on the type of media being used and the child using them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they do say that children and teens' priority should be getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/children/\">enough physical activity\u003c/a> (one hour per day), and sleep (8-12 hours). They recommend that kids not sleep with devices in their room, and that they avoid exposure for one hour before bedtime, since that can disrupt sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they make it clear that parents have a huge role in their children' media use, even when they're teenagers. Parents should talk about online citizenship and safety, form a network of trusted adults their kids can engage with on social media, and take an active role in selecting and watching media with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So-called \"co-viewing\" is crucial for younger children. \"It should be like reading a book together,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/bio/georgene-troseth\">Georgene Troseth\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University. \"You should be talking about what you're watching.\" As with books, the goal is to help children compare what they're watching to the real world. That's a valuable skill to work on, since \"that's how adults use media: we use it to get information or to be entertained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the AAP says that parents shouldn't feel pressured to buy apps or gadgets because they think kids will be left behind. (They're intuitive enough so that they'll pick them up quickly whenever they start.) \"Your kid doesn't know how to do a Google search when they enter kindergarten,\" says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line: Your family's media policy should be informed by your own values and intuition as well as what the science says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want parents to trust their gut,\" says Radesky. \"If they're sitting with a child [using media] and the child is liking it and seeming to be learning something, that kind of a test is totally great.\" And if you decide you'd rather ditch all devices in your house, that's fine too. \"We support that 100 percent,\" she says. \"Your child is not missing out on anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">@katherinehobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Snapchat+In+The+Bedroom%3F+An+Online+Tool+To+Manage+Kids%27+Media+Use&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Whether your kid is 3 and obsessed with Daniel Tiger videos or 15 and spending half her conscious hours on Snapchat, you are probably somewhat conflicted about how to think about their media habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>How much time? What kind of media? What should our family's rules be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the American Academy of Pediatrics released its latest recommendations on these burning questions Friday, it also did something pretty cool: it launched an online tool that parents can use to create their \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthychildren.org/English/media/Pages/default.aspx\">own family media plan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The interactive tool lets you set guidelines for each child, with suggested items based on the AAP's age-specific recommendations and space to add or substitute your own family's rules. At the end, you can print out a document that lays out your family's own media policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went through the process for my 4-year-old daughter a few days ago. It took about five minutes to indicate the screen-free areas and times in our household, specify our device curfews and where they will recharge, how we will watch media with our daughter, what kind of media we'll avoid (unboxing videos) and answer other questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've certainly had some of these rules in vague form floating around in our heads, but it helps to have something concrete to remind us that there are no screens allowed at the dining room table, in my daughter's bedroom, in the stroller or in the bathroom (\u003ca href=\"http://www.ctadigital.com/item.asp?item=3016\">No iPotty for us\u003c/a>, thanks.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our plan also includes a list of things we can do more of by decreasing time spent with media, like coloring, going to the library and playing outside. It reminds us about digital safety rules, like reviewing privacy settings on sites our kid may use. And by making these the family's rules, it reminds my husband and me that we need to set a good example ourselves by putting our devices aside at the agreed-upon times and places. (I haven't had a chance to run it by my kid yet, but that's on my list for the weekend.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not that a printout is going to automatically change behavior, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mottchildren.org/profile/4195/jenny-stillwaggon-radesky-md\">Jenny Radesky\u003c/a>, a developmental pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and lead author of the AAP's policy statement on media use for young children. But it helps parents lay out their values in advance rather than simply reacting to the latest app or platform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AAP's updated recommendations are more nuanced than in the past, when the group \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2011/10/12/peds.2011-1753\">discouraged any digital media use for children under 2\u003c/a> and recommended \u003ca href=\"https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Pages/Media-and-Children.aspx\">limiting screen time to two hours or less\u003c/a> for those older than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those lines in the sand are \"too simplistic,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://411pediatrics.com/about-us/ari-brown-md-faap/\">Ari Brown\u003c/a>, a pediatrician in private practice in Austin, Texas, and a former member of the AAP's Council on Communications and Media. (She wasn't involved in writing these latest guidelines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(NPR Ed lead education blogger Anya Kamenetz explains what we know about media use and learning in very young children \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/10/21/498550475/american-academy-of-pediatrics-lifts-no-screens-under-2-rule\">here\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the recommendations for elementary school-aged kids and teens don't set any specific time limit. The AAP says that's a decision that depends on the type of media being used and the child using them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they do say that children and teens' priority should be getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/children/\">enough physical activity\u003c/a> (one hour per day), and sleep (8-12 hours). They recommend that kids not sleep with devices in their room, and that they avoid exposure for one hour before bedtime, since that can disrupt sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they make it clear that parents have a huge role in their children' media use, even when they're teenagers. Parents should talk about online citizenship and safety, form a network of trusted adults their kids can engage with on social media, and take an active role in selecting and watching media with their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So-called \"co-viewing\" is crucial for younger children. \"It should be like reading a book together,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/psychological_sciences/bio/georgene-troseth\">Georgene Troseth\u003c/a>, an associate professor of psychology at Vanderbilt University. \"You should be talking about what you're watching.\" As with books, the goal is to help children compare what they're watching to the real world. That's a valuable skill to work on, since \"that's how adults use media: we use it to get information or to be entertained,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the AAP says that parents shouldn't feel pressured to buy apps or gadgets because they think kids will be left behind. (They're intuitive enough so that they'll pick them up quickly whenever they start.) \"Your kid doesn't know how to do a Google search when they enter kindergarten,\" says Brown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line: Your family's media policy should be informed by your own values and intuition as well as what the science says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I want parents to trust their gut,\" says Radesky. \"If they're sitting with a child [using media] and the child is liking it and seeming to be learning something, that kind of a test is totally great.\" And if you decide you'd rather ditch all devices in your house, that's fine too. \"We support that 100 percent,\" she says. \"Your child is not missing out on anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Katherine Hobson is a freelance health and science writer based in Brooklyn, N.Y. She's on Twitter: \u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/katherinehobson\">@katherinehobson\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=No+Snapchat+In+The+Bedroom%3F+An+Online+Tool+To+Manage+Kids%27+Media+Use&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers have discovered a piece in the puzzle of how the Zika virus spreads in human cells and neutralizes the body’s defenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by scientists at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine answered a fundamental question posed by biologists: What happens when the virus enters a human cell?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zika infections lead to modifications in the genetic material of both the virus itself and humans’ immune systems, influencing the virus’ spread and the body’s immune response, according to the researchers. Their study was published last week in \u003cem>Cell Host & Microbe\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While humans’ genetic material is made up of DNA and RNA, some viruses’ genomes — including Zika and HIV — are comprised only of RNA. In humans, RNA carries genetic information from DNA to create new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that when the Zika virus infected a human cell, the cell modified viral RNA to get rid of the infection. But that adaptation triggered human enzymes that may have impacted the cell’s protective shield. The Zika infection also induced modifications on human RNA, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing viral RNA let the virus “hide in plain sight,” said Tariq Rana, the lead author of the study and a professor of pediatrics at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That discovery probably won’t help find a vaccine for Zika, but it could contribute to the discovery of drugs to prevent birth defects in some babies born to women who contracted the virus while pregnant, said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also help scientists develop drugs in the future that can specifically target and stop Zika from changing RNA, Rana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And understanding how Zika changes RNA opens the door to studying when fetuses are harmed during pregnancies and what potential risk factors may be, said Amesh Adalja, a senior associate at the Center for Health Security, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research may be a key to understanding how Zika causes so much damage to a developing fetus, said Adalja, who was also not part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing with Zika is science progressing at breakneck speed to discover mysteries about this virus that no one paid attention to for decades and decades,” Adalja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing viral RNA let the virus “hide in plain sight,” said Tariq Rana, the lead author of the study and a professor of pediatrics at UC San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That discovery probably won’t help find a vaccine for Zika, but it could contribute to the discovery of drugs to prevent birth defects in some babies born to women who contracted the virus while pregnant, said Dr. Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. He was not involved in the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might also help scientists develop drugs in the future that can specifically target and stop Zika from changing RNA, Rana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And understanding how Zika changes RNA opens the door to studying when fetuses are harmed during pregnancies and what potential risk factors may be, said Amesh Adalja, a senior associate at the Center for Health Security, part of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research may be a key to understanding how Zika causes so much damage to a developing fetus, said Adalja, who was also not part of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you’re seeing with Zika is science progressing at breakneck speed to discover mysteries about this virus that no one paid attention to for decades and decades,” Adalja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was produced by Kaiser Health News, which publishes California Healthline, a service of the California Health Care Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Twelve years ago, a car wreck took away Nathan Copeland's ability to control his hands or sense what his fingers were touching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center gave Copeland a new way to reach out and feel the world around him. It's a mind-controlled robotic arm that has pressure sensors in each fingertip that send signals directly to Copeland's brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/10/12/scitranslmed.aaf8083\">published\u003c/a> details of their work online Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a really weird sensation,\" Copeland, now 30, says in a video made shortly after he first tried the system. \"Sometimes it feels, kind of, like electrical and sometimes it's more of a pressure.\" But he also describes many of the sensations coming from his robotic hand as \"natural.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Copeland touches an object with the robotic hand, he can tell which finger the sensation is coming from and whether an object feels hard or soft, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/gaunt_2016.html\">Robert Gaunt\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and assistant professor in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we're really not at the point where we could, say, get him to feel the difference between silk and burlap,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success represents an advance that is \"absolutely critical in terms of making prosthetics useful,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jhmvhi.jhu.edu/people/michael-p-mcloughlin/\">Mike McLoughlin\u003c/a>, an engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLoughlin is part of a team at Hopkins that developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhuapl.edu/prosthetics/scientists/mpl.asp\">Modular Prosthetic Limb\u003c/a> that Copeland is using. The research at both Hopkins and in Pittsburgh is supported by the government's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years now, people have been able to control robotic arms using thoughts alone. But they have relied entirely on vision to know whether the arm is going in the right direction or grasping an object with the proper amount of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it very challenging to perform simple tasks like grasping a foam coffee cup without crushing it, McLoughlin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without sensory feedback, somebody would have to actually have to look at the prosthetic, look at the cup, start to close the hand, (and) visually see the cup is starting to deform,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring Copeland's sense of touch was a painstaking process, but the Pittsburgh team knew it was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His hand has been disconnected from his brain because of his spinal cord injury,\" Gaunt says. \"But the brain hasn't lost its ability to feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team began looking for a way to send touch sensations directly to Copeland's brain. The first step was to monitor his brain activity using a technique called \u003ca href=\"http://megcommunity.org/what-is-meg\">magnetoencephalography\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to see the parts of his brain that became active when he was watching videos of a hand being touched,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers placed tiny electrodes in Copeland's brain that could stimulate the areas corresponding to each finger. Then they waited for the brain to heal, as it adjusted to the presence of the electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks before the team was able to send the first tiny pulse of electricity to Copeland's brain. \"When it finally happened, he just very calmly said, 'Yep, I felt it on my index finger,' \" Gaunt recalls. \"But in the background I was breathing a sigh of relief and other people were cheering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, mind-controlled robots are still years away from consumer applications, McLoughlin says. At the moment, they are still too expensive, too bulky and too finicky to be used outside a laboratory setting. And there's no good way to control them without implanting electrodes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the ability to receive touch sensation from a robotic arm has the potential to help not only thousands of people who are paralyzed, but also people with a wide range of physical disabilities, McLoughlin says. For example, robots that provide sensory feedback could eventually help a disabled person cook a meal or clean up things at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're on the verge of something here that's going to transform lives,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Implant+Restores+Sense+Of+Touch+To+Paralyzed+Man&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Twelve years ago, a car wreck took away Nathan Copeland's ability to control his hands or sense what his fingers were touching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few months ago, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center gave Copeland a new way to reach out and feel the world around him. It's a mind-controlled robotic arm that has pressure sensors in each fingertip that send signals directly to Copeland's brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists \u003ca href=\"http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/10/12/scitranslmed.aaf8083\">published\u003c/a> details of their work online Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science Translational Medicine.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a really weird sensation,\" Copeland, now 30, says in a video made shortly after he first tried the system. \"Sometimes it feels, kind of, like electrical and sometimes it's more of a pressure.\" But he also describes many of the sensations coming from his robotic hand as \"natural.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Copeland touches an object with the robotic hand, he can tell which finger the sensation is coming from and whether an object feels hard or soft, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.rehabmedicine.pitt.edu/people/bios/gaunt_2016.html\">Robert Gaunt\u003c/a>, a bioengineer and assistant professor in the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation at the University of Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we're really not at the point where we could, say, get him to feel the difference between silk and burlap,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success represents an advance that is \"absolutely critical in terms of making prosthetics useful,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://jhmvhi.jhu.edu/people/michael-p-mcloughlin/\">Mike McLoughlin\u003c/a>, an engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLoughlin is part of a team at Hopkins that developed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jhuapl.edu/prosthetics/scientists/mpl.asp\">Modular Prosthetic Limb\u003c/a> that Copeland is using. The research at both Hopkins and in Pittsburgh is supported by the government's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For several years now, people have been able to control robotic arms using thoughts alone. But they have relied entirely on vision to know whether the arm is going in the right direction or grasping an object with the proper amount of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That makes it very challenging to perform simple tasks like grasping a foam coffee cup without crushing it, McLoughlin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Without sensory feedback, somebody would have to actually have to look at the prosthetic, look at the cup, start to close the hand, (and) visually see the cup is starting to deform,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Restoring Copeland's sense of touch was a painstaking process, but the Pittsburgh team knew it was possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His hand has been disconnected from his brain because of his spinal cord injury,\" Gaunt says. \"But the brain hasn't lost its ability to feel.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the team began looking for a way to send touch sensations directly to Copeland's brain. The first step was to monitor his brain activity using a technique called \u003ca href=\"http://megcommunity.org/what-is-meg\">magnetoencephalography\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were able to see the parts of his brain that became active when he was watching videos of a hand being touched,\" Gaunt says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers placed tiny electrodes in Copeland's brain that could stimulate the areas corresponding to each finger. Then they waited for the brain to heal, as it adjusted to the presence of the electrodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was several weeks before the team was able to send the first tiny pulse of electricity to Copeland's brain. \"When it finally happened, he just very calmly said, 'Yep, I felt it on my index finger,' \" Gaunt recalls. \"But in the background I was breathing a sigh of relief and other people were cheering.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, mind-controlled robots are still years away from consumer applications, McLoughlin says. At the moment, they are still too expensive, too bulky and too finicky to be used outside a laboratory setting. And there's no good way to control them without implanting electrodes in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the ability to receive touch sensation from a robotic arm has the potential to help not only thousands of people who are paralyzed, but also people with a wide range of physical disabilities, McLoughlin says. For example, robots that provide sensory feedback could eventually help a disabled person cook a meal or clean up things at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're on the verge of something here that's going to transform lives,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Brain+Implant+Restores+Sense+Of+Touch+To+Paralyzed+Man&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Would you trust your smartphone to guide your drinking habits?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_267154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-267154 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png\" alt=\"Checkup & Choices screenshot.\" width=\"640\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-160x246.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-800x1230.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-768x1181.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1180x1814.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-960x1476.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-240x369.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-375x577.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-520x800.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82.png 1438w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Checkup & Choices screenshot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of people are doing just that. With many of us glued to our digital devices for much of the day, web developers and medical researchers are taking note of the potential for harnessing our phones, tablets and laptops as tools to moderate drinking, or stay sober after quitting booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Web-based drink tracking and alcohol control programs have mushroomed in recent years, ranging from the whimsically named \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/buzzed-iphone-app/story?id=9456433\" target=\"_blank\">R-U-Buzzed?\u003c/a> app for iPhone (which claims to calculate when you're too buzzed to drive) to the University of Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1847578\" target=\"_blank\">A-CHESS\u003c/a> addiction recovery app (which, among other things\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, uses your phone's GPS to warn you when a bar is nearby). Others send motivational text messages to promote abstinence, and still more count your drinks and calculate your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example \u003ca href=\"http://checkupandchoices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Checkup and Choices\u003c/a>, an online drink tracking program developed by Reid Hester, a clinical psychologist based in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program gauges users' habits and risk of health problems with a confidential survey, then directs them to a smartphone-friendly website where you can record your drinks, your mood while drinking, and your urges. Afterward, you're left with some objective data to help you assess your habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can and do change their drinking all the time,\" Hester says. \"It's a matter of being willing to take a close look at your drinking, getting some objective feedback, really thinking about it, and then deciding what, if anything, you're going to do. Many, many people change their drinking on their own, but they need a catalyst to trigger that process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding the R\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ight Fit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hester developed his approach after years of research and clinical trials. It's \u003ca href=\"http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ProgramProfile.aspx?id=91\" target=\"_blank\">listed as an evidence-based program\u003c/a> by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — something \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897297/\" target=\"_blank\">not a lot of the apps and websites\u003c/a> out there can say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are also many web applications and phone apps that have no evidence whatsoever of effectiveness,\" Hester says. \"I just think that's immoral and unethical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how is a consumer to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Johnson, who directs SAMHSA's Center For Substance Abuse Treatment, says it takes a lot of research on the part of the customer to find out if the app they're about to download is any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless the people that developed it put in their description that it was tested in a randomized trial,\" she says, \"there isn't really anything on the app store that says that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question, Johnson says, is what people are looking for in a treatment situation. There is no one-size-fits-all approach. For some people a communal setting like Alcoholics Anonymous is most effective; others need a one-on-one relationship with a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're seeking empathy and rapport from another person, a computer probably isn't going to give you that,\" Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Web-based programs do have their advantages. For one, research has shown that people may be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908712/\" target=\"_blank\">more honest\u003c/a> about their alcohol consumption when they're using a computer. The lack of interpersonal interaction takes away the incentive to fib about your drinking habits, which can lead to a more accurate assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cost of Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the Internet to tackle your drinking problem has another plus: You don't have to drive to the doctor's office or the group meeting. That\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>can be big, because -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989328\" target=\"_blank\">especially for people with lower incomes or who live in rural communities\u003c/a> -- just getting to your appointment can be a major hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The No. 1 thing we get asked for help with is transportation issues,\" said Caitlin Donovan, spokeswoman for the National Patient Advocate Foundation. \"People can't get to their doctor because it's too far away or it would take too much time to get there. It's a big problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who might benefit most from the convenience of apps and websites often face the biggest challenges in accessing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges are manifold, starting with affordability of phone data or Internet access and the quality of coverage, which can be unreliable in some city neighborhoods and even worse in rural areas. And, of course, you have to own a smartphone or a computer to use the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're able to get past those issues, there's still the problem of cost: Well-researched, medically sound programs can take a lot of money to set up and maintain, which means they're likely to charge fees for use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what happened with Hester's program. He initially tried to offer it for free, relying on donations instead of charging fees. But maintaining the site was too expensive, even after the research was done. \"We weren't even keeping the lights on from the donations,\" he says, \"so we had to go back to a paid model.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donovan says the costs do risk keeping the programs that actually work out of reach for people living below the poverty line: \"Unless you're talking about 99 cents, it's probably going to be a barrier for a lot of people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the right program for you isn't out there today, there are many more options on the horizon. \"Health care in general, and treatment specifically, are increasingly moving online,\" says Johnson of SAMHSA. That leaves a lot of room for innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 KUNM-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://kunm.org\">KUNM-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Navigating+The+World+Of+Apps+That+Claim+To+Fix+Your+Drinking+Problem&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Would you trust your smartphone to guide your drinking habits?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_267154\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-267154 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png\" alt=\"Checkup & Choices screenshot.\" width=\"640\" height=\"984\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1020x1568.png 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-160x246.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-800x1230.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-768x1181.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-1180x1814.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-960x1476.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-240x369.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-375x577.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82-520x800.png 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/10/screenshot_2016-10-03-10-41-28_custom-4ed1d77360493ba415f3dcba3495947ecacc4b82.png 1438w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Checkup & Choices screenshot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A lot of people are doing just that. With many of us glued to our digital devices for much of the day, web developers and medical researchers are taking note of the potential for harnessing our phones, tablets and laptops as tools to moderate drinking, or stay sober after quitting booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Web-based drink tracking and alcohol control programs have mushroomed in recent years, ranging from the whimsically named \u003ca href=\"http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/buzzed-iphone-app/story?id=9456433\" target=\"_blank\">R-U-Buzzed?\u003c/a> app for iPhone (which claims to calculate when you're too buzzed to drive) to the University of Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1847578\" target=\"_blank\">A-CHESS\u003c/a> addiction recovery app (which, among other things\u003cem>)\u003c/em>, uses your phone's GPS to warn you when a bar is nearby). Others send motivational text messages to promote abstinence, and still more count your drinks and calculate your risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example \u003ca href=\"http://checkupandchoices.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Checkup and Choices\u003c/a>, an online drink tracking program developed by Reid Hester, a clinical psychologist based in New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program gauges users' habits and risk of health problems with a confidential survey, then directs them to a smartphone-friendly website where you can record your drinks, your mood while drinking, and your urges. Afterward, you're left with some objective data to help you assess your habits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People can and do change their drinking all the time,\" Hester says. \"It's a matter of being willing to take a close look at your drinking, getting some objective feedback, really thinking about it, and then deciding what, if anything, you're going to do. Many, many people change their drinking on their own, but they need a catalyst to trigger that process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Finding the R\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ight Fit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hester developed his approach after years of research and clinical trials. It's \u003ca href=\"http://nrepp.samhsa.gov/ProgramProfile.aspx?id=91\" target=\"_blank\">listed as an evidence-based program\u003c/a> by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration — something \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4897297/\" target=\"_blank\">not a lot of the apps and websites\u003c/a> out there can say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are also many web applications and phone apps that have no evidence whatsoever of effectiveness,\" Hester says. \"I just think that's immoral and unethical.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how is a consumer to know?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kimberly Johnson, who directs SAMHSA's Center For Substance Abuse Treatment, says it takes a lot of research on the part of the customer to find out if the app they're about to download is any good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unless the people that developed it put in their description that it was tested in a randomized trial,\" she says, \"there isn't really anything on the app store that says that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bigger question, Johnson says, is what people are looking for in a treatment situation. There is no one-size-fits-all approach. For some people a communal setting like Alcoholics Anonymous is most effective; others need a one-on-one relationship with a therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're seeking empathy and rapport from another person, a computer probably isn't going to give you that,\" Johnson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Web-based programs do have their advantages. For one, research has shown that people may be \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3908712/\" target=\"_blank\">more honest\u003c/a> about their alcohol consumption when they're using a computer. The lack of interpersonal interaction takes away the incentive to fib about your drinking habits, which can lead to a more accurate assessment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cost of Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using the Internet to tackle your drinking problem has another plus: You don't have to drive to the doctor's office or the group meeting. That\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>can be big, because -- \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16989328\" target=\"_blank\">especially for people with lower incomes or who live in rural communities\u003c/a> -- just getting to your appointment can be a major hurdle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The No. 1 thing we get asked for help with is transportation issues,\" said Caitlin Donovan, spokeswoman for the National Patient Advocate Foundation. \"People can't get to their doctor because it's too far away or it would take too much time to get there. It's a big problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the people who might benefit most from the convenience of apps and websites often face the biggest challenges in accessing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenges are manifold, starting with affordability of phone data or Internet access and the quality of coverage, which can be unreliable in some city neighborhoods and even worse in rural areas. And, of course, you have to own a smartphone or a computer to use the programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're able to get past those issues, there's still the problem of cost: Well-researched, medically sound programs can take a lot of money to set up and maintain, which means they're likely to charge fees for use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's what happened with Hester's program. He initially tried to offer it for free, relying on donations instead of charging fees. But maintaining the site was too expensive, even after the research was done. \"We weren't even keeping the lights on from the donations,\" he says, \"so we had to go back to a paid model.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Donovan says the costs do risk keeping the programs that actually work out of reach for people living below the poverty line: \"Unless you're talking about 99 cents, it's probably going to be a barrier for a lot of people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the right program for you isn't out there today, there are many more options on the horizon. \"Health care in general, and treatment specifically, are increasingly moving online,\" says Johnson of SAMHSA. That leaves a lot of room for innovation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 KUNM-FM. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://kunm.org\">KUNM-FM\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Navigating+The+World+Of+Apps+That+Claim+To+Fix+Your+Drinking+Problem&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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