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"content": "\u003cp>Lumos Labs CEO Steve Berkowitz says his company is no longer making claims that its suite of cognitive training games can make your brain healthier. In fact, he admits \"the jury is still out\" on the efficacy of so-called brain-training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're not out there saying that there are direct benefits to it. We're not out there saying anything other than, 'Hey you know, this is something, give it a try.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"We're not out there saying anything other than, 'Hey you know, this is something, give it a try.' \"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lumos, based in San Francisco, was recently slammed by the Federal Trade Commission for deceptive advertising. \"Lumosity preyed on consumers’ fears about age-related cognitive decline, suggesting their games could stave off memory loss, dementia, and even Alzheimer’s disease,” the FTC said. “But Lumosity simply did not have the science to back up its ads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"pkXcCDOpysj05BqIY91OSL0YKzMO6UeP\"]Berkowitz's comments came in an interview with KQED Wednesday, a couple of weeks after the FTC announced Lumos would pay a $2 million penalty that would go to partial refunds to Lumosity customers. These users pay $14.95 per month or $299.95 per year to play games intended to improve memory, attention and other cognitive abilities, as well as potentially ward off maladies of aging like dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CEO said the company had \"pivoted\" to becoming a research platform for the study of cognitive training and that it wanted to put together a coalition of stakeholders in industry and academia to create guidelines and standards for future studies in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The foundation of all of this stuff is that it's new,\" he said. \"Any new industry is divisive and creates debate. And I think that's the good news about innovation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lumosity: Rapid Growth ... and Controversial\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little history:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lumos Labs was founded in 2005 by \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/founder-stories-lumositys-mike-scanlon-on-exercising-the-brain/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Scanlon\u003c/a>, a Stanford Ph.D. student in neuroscience, David Drescher and Kunal Sarkar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to create an online training program for your brain, leveraging research in \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=neuroplasticity\" target=\"_blank\">neuroplasticity \u003c/a>-- the mutable quality of the brain -- that showed the possibility of enhanced cognition through changing environment. In 2007, the company launched Lumosity, a website where you could exercise your brain by playing games and -- so its advertising went -- improve your memory, attention and other mental abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2013, the company had \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/companies/lumosity/\" target=\"_blank\">made it onto Forbes’ list\u003c/a> of America’s Most Promising Companies, capitalizing on a brain-training \u003ca href=\"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/products/story/2011-08-24/Brain-training-games-are-new-exercise-craze/50125152/1\" target=\"_blank\">craze \u003c/a>and earning rave reviews in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.inc.com/magazine/201312/robin-schatz/from-research-lab-to-market-leader-in-no-time.html\" target=\"_blank\">business press\u003c/a>. In 2014, CNN Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/09/health/brain-training-apps/\" target=\"_blank\">published a report\u003c/a> that rated Lumosity the best app to train your brain. More than 70 million people in 182 countries have played its games, Lumosity says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it grew, the company marketed itself on TV, radio and online. (In fact, the public radio audience has been one of its target audiences, as listeners can attest.) The general thrust of the ads was that Lumosity could “improve key skills and affect quality of life\" and that “healthy people have (used) brain training to sharpen their daily lives and ward off cognitive decline.” It published “success stories” on its website, including wide-eyed testimonials like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2007, we learned that my mother had early onset Alzheimer’s. I joined Lumosity at first for my mother. I now use this site not only for her, but for my brain as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone was on board. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708717\" target=\"_blank\">Researchers \u003c/a>studying the topic found \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708717\" target=\"_blank\">little to no evidence\u003c/a> of sustained cognitive benefits from such exercises. Some studies determined they did \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289612000839\" target=\"_blank\">little more\u003c/a> than improve an ability to perform the narrow task a player was accessing in each game. In 2014, the Stanford Center on Longevity issued “\u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community\u003c/a>,” signed by dozens of scientists in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To date, there is little evidence that playing brain games improves underlying broad cognitive abilities,” the analysis said, “or that it enables one to better navigate a complex realm of everyday life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, many researchers believe that although brain-training companies have greatly exaggerated the benefits of their products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/lumosity-cant-prove-claims-say-scientists-but-brain-training-worth-researching/\" target=\"_blank\">further study in the field is warranted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the government did not feel the need to wait for the final verdict. It wanted Lumos to pay $50 million in redress, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/05/federal-court-orders-lumosity-to-stop-claiming-games-prevent-dementia/\" target=\"_blank\">settled for $2 million\u003c/a> after reviewing the company's finances. It also required Lumosity to notify customers it had settled “a deceptive advertising lawsuit” and provide a link to turn off auto-renewal of subscriptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Passionate About the Product'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the interview Wednesday, Berkowitz, who has only been on the job since November, seemed eager to distance the company from the controversial claims it has made in the past, and also renounce any notion that a product like Lumosity could be a panacea for the brain's inevitable decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's never been a driver of this company, to be some health-related solution,” Berkowitz said. “As we go back and look at the kind of reasons why we're building the product, it really is to bring the idea of science back out to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the type of hyperbolic language the FTC cited had been removed in 2014, before the FTC was involved, and was in any event \"a very small piece\" of the company's marketing. He likened the customer testimonials to which the FTC objected (you can \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130112214959/http://www.lumosity.com/why-lumosity/success-stories\" target=\"_blank\">still see some of those here\u003c/a>, on the Internet Archive's WayBack Machine) to the user-generated reviews on Apple's App Store or Google Play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are things run by those companies and are independent,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But didn't Lumosity choose to publish those particular testimonials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was on the website. So if you call it choosing to run it, yeah. Today, they're not up there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC also slammed Lumosity for soliciting users' success stories by offering prizes, without disclosing this fact on its site. Berkowitz attributed such problematic marketing decisions to growing pains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a young company, what you're doing, people are very passionate about the product,\" he said. Now \"we're focusing on making sure that the things that we're doing have a basis in fact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the question of how many of his customers had availed themselves of the FTC-mandated option to cancel their auto-renewal, he said, \"We've had some, but I think nothing's been outside of our expectation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last August, market research firm MarketsandMarkets \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/cognitive-assessment-market-1039.html\" target=\"_blank\">predicted\u003c/a> that the cognitive assessment and training market will grow from $2.4 billion in 2015 to $7.5 billion by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether that number will have to be reassessed due to consumer doubt is anyone's guess.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The foundation of all of this stuff is that it's new,\" he said. \"Any new industry is divisive and creates debate. And I think that's the good news about innovation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lumosity: Rapid Growth ... and Controversial\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little history:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lumos Labs was founded in 2005 by \u003ca href=\"http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/03/founder-stories-lumositys-mike-scanlon-on-exercising-the-brain/\" target=\"_blank\">Michael Scanlon\u003c/a>, a Stanford Ph.D. student in neuroscience, David Drescher and Kunal Sarkar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea was to create an online training program for your brain, leveraging research in \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=neuroplasticity\" target=\"_blank\">neuroplasticity \u003c/a>-- the mutable quality of the brain -- that showed the possibility of enhanced cognition through changing environment. In 2007, the company launched Lumosity, a website where you could exercise your brain by playing games and -- so its advertising went -- improve your memory, attention and other mental abilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2013, the company had \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/companies/lumosity/\" target=\"_blank\">made it onto Forbes’ list\u003c/a> of America’s Most Promising Companies, capitalizing on a brain-training \u003ca href=\"http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/products/story/2011-08-24/Brain-training-games-are-new-exercise-craze/50125152/1\" target=\"_blank\">craze \u003c/a>and earning rave reviews in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.inc.com/magazine/201312/robin-schatz/from-research-lab-to-market-leader-in-no-time.html\" target=\"_blank\">business press\u003c/a>. In 2014, CNN Health \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/09/health/brain-training-apps/\" target=\"_blank\">published a report\u003c/a> that rated Lumosity the best app to train your brain. More than 70 million people in 182 countries have played its games, Lumosity says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it grew, the company marketed itself on TV, radio and online. (In fact, the public radio audience has been one of its target audiences, as listeners can attest.) The general thrust of the ads was that Lumosity could “improve key skills and affect quality of life\" and that “healthy people have (used) brain training to sharpen their daily lives and ward off cognitive decline.” It published “success stories” on its website, including wide-eyed testimonials like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In 2007, we learned that my mother had early onset Alzheimer’s. I joined Lumosity at first for my mother. I now use this site not only for her, but for my brain as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone was on board. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708717\" target=\"_blank\">Researchers \u003c/a>studying the topic found \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22708717\" target=\"_blank\">little to no evidence\u003c/a> of sustained cognitive benefits from such exercises. Some studies determined they did \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289612000839\" target=\"_blank\">little more\u003c/a> than improve an ability to perform the narrow task a player was accessing in each game. In 2014, the Stanford Center on Longevity issued “\u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community\u003c/a>,” signed by dozens of scientists in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To date, there is little evidence that playing brain games improves underlying broad cognitive abilities,” the analysis said, “or that it enables one to better navigate a complex realm of everyday life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, many researchers believe that although brain-training companies have greatly exaggerated the benefits of their products, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/lumosity-cant-prove-claims-say-scientists-but-brain-training-worth-researching/\" target=\"_blank\">further study in the field is warranted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the government did not feel the need to wait for the final verdict. It wanted Lumos to pay $50 million in redress, but \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/05/federal-court-orders-lumosity-to-stop-claiming-games-prevent-dementia/\" target=\"_blank\">settled for $2 million\u003c/a> after reviewing the company's finances. It also required Lumosity to notify customers it had settled “a deceptive advertising lawsuit” and provide a link to turn off auto-renewal of subscriptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Passionate About the Product'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the interview Wednesday, Berkowitz, who has only been on the job since November, seemed eager to distance the company from the controversial claims it has made in the past, and also renounce any notion that a product like Lumosity could be a panacea for the brain's inevitable decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's never been a driver of this company, to be some health-related solution,” Berkowitz said. “As we go back and look at the kind of reasons why we're building the product, it really is to bring the idea of science back out to people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the type of hyperbolic language the FTC cited had been removed in 2014, before the FTC was involved, and was in any event \"a very small piece\" of the company's marketing. He likened the customer testimonials to which the FTC objected (you can \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20130112214959/http://www.lumosity.com/why-lumosity/success-stories\" target=\"_blank\">still see some of those here\u003c/a>, on the Internet Archive's WayBack Machine) to the user-generated reviews on Apple's App Store or Google Play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are things run by those companies and are independent,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But didn't Lumosity choose to publish those particular testimonials?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was on the website. So if you call it choosing to run it, yeah. Today, they're not up there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FTC also slammed Lumosity for soliciting users' success stories by offering prizes, without disclosing this fact on its site. Berkowitz attributed such problematic marketing decisions to growing pains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As a young company, what you're doing, people are very passionate about the product,\" he said. Now \"we're focusing on making sure that the things that we're doing have a basis in fact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As to the question of how many of his customers had availed themselves of the FTC-mandated option to cancel their auto-renewal, he said, \"We've had some, but I think nothing's been outside of our expectation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last August, market research firm MarketsandMarkets \u003ca href=\"http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/cognitive-assessment-market-1039.html\" target=\"_blank\">predicted\u003c/a> that the cognitive assessment and training market will grow from $2.4 billion in 2015 to $7.5 billion by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Five Criticisms of Obama and Biden's 'Cancer Moonshot'",
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"content": "\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/19/cancer-moonshot-video-replay-of-davos-roundtable/\" target=\"_blank\">convened a panel of cancer research experts \u003c/a>today at the Davos World Economic Forum, the culmination of a week's worth of discussion and media coverage since President Obama announced \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/265671-obama-launches-effort-to-cure-cancer-once-and-for-all\" target=\"_blank\">during his State of the Union address\u003c/a> that he would put Biden \"in charge of mission control\" for a cancer moonshot -- a national initiative to cure the disease (or rather, group of diseases), which the American Cancer Society \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/\" target=\"_blank\">projected would kill more than 589,000 Americans\u003c/a> in 2015 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, there's been much \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/14/health/brawley-obamas-cancer-moonshot-save-lives/\" target=\"_blank\">excitement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/cancer-cure-joe-biden-medical-research\" target=\"_blank\">optimism\u003c/a> about a well-funded national commitment for a cure. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2015/05/30/e1ac5a2a-0731-11e5-a428-c984eb077d4e_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">death last year of the vice president's son\u003c/a>, Beau Biden, from brain cancer has brought to the effort a high-profile reminder of the toll cancer takes on so many lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the initiative is not completely without its skeptics. Here are extracts from five criticisms around the web:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/health/moonshot-to-cure-cancer-to-be-led-by-biden-relies-on-outmoded-view-of-disease.html\" target=\"_blank\">‘Moonshot’ to Cure Cancer, to Be Led by Biden, Relies on Outmoded View of Disease\u003c/a> (NY Times)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>While Mr. Biden’s focus has already made some meaningful difference — he negotiated with Republican congressional leaders a $264 million increase in funding for the National Cancer Institute, the largest in a decade for an agency that has been squeezed by static budgets in recent years — the chances of reaching a moment of victory as the analogy “moonshot” suggests seem entirely unrealistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not about getting to one point in a certain period of time,” said Dr. Harold Varmus, a Nobel laureate and former director of the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in 1971, when President Nixon launched his cancer war, researchers now understand that cancer is not one disease but essentially hundreds. The very notion of a single cure — or as Mr. Obama put it, making “America the country that cures cancer once and for all” — is misleading and outdated.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cancer-moonshot-is-misinformed-2016-1\" target=\"_blank\">There's a worrisome problem with Obama's 'moonshot for cancer' plan\u003c/a> (Business Insider)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Cancer is different from many genetic diseases, such as sickle cell or Huntington's, in that it is not linked with a few specific, identifiable genes. Instead it is the result of a whole bunch of mutations, tens of hundreds of tiny twists and pinches in our genes. These mutations are constantly changing and evolving, becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs. And genetics, of course, is not the only cause of cancer — environmental and behavioral factors matter. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To say each cancer tumor is unique would be an understatement. \"Virtually every tumor looks different from every other tumor,\" Varmus said. That makes designing drugs to beat them difficult. Many new treatments work only for a tiny subsection of patients, those with a specific subtype of one particular kind of cancer. These are exciting developments, but they don't begin to move the needle on treating — not to mention curing — cancer as a whole.\u003ca target=\"_blank\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.macleans.ca/politics/washington/is-obamas-plan-to-cure-cancer-a-moonshot-or-a-pluto-shot/\" target=\"_blank\">Is Obama’s plan to cure cancer a ‘moonshot’? Or a ‘Pluto-shot’?\u003c/a>(Maclean's)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New thinking suggests that seeking to “cure” or eradicate cancer is misbegotten. In his acclaimed 2013 book The Cancer Chronicles: Unlocking Medicine’s Deepest Mystery, George Johnson writes that decades of research have forced scientists to reconcile themselves to the paradox that most cancers result from the very cellular activities that support life, not only from destructive environmental culprits like cigarette smoke and UV rays. That means fixing the mechanisms that underlie cancer would also disrupt the cellular functions that keep us alive and evolving. Cancers in children tend to include fewer mutations, which make them more curable, Johnson writes. That’s not the case for cancers in older patients which are believed to result from the accumulation of many mutations over time. Johnson’s conclusion upends the orthodoxy underlying an entrenched cancer treatment complex worth $100 billion globally: “The best response might not be to fight back with chemotherapy and radiation, increasing the stress,” Johnson writes, “but to somehow maintain the exuberant cells—the tumor—in a quiescent state, something that can be lived with.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4178742/cancer-moonshot-obama/\" target=\"_blank\">Why Curing Cancer Is Not a ‘Moonshot’\u003c/a> (Time)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Scientists have long known cancer isn’t one disease—it’s perhaps 100 or more, with the number growing as different types and sub-types are better understood. Making things worse, there will be perhaps 1.6 million Americans diagnosed with cancer in the U.S. alone this year, and each of those cases will be in some ways unique. That’s part of the reason two people with the same kind of cancer diagnosed at the same stage and receiving the same treatment can have radically different outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually “curing cancer”—in the larger global sense of simply wiping it out—would require personalized care, designed around every single patient with any single type of the disease. And in order to administer that kind of tailored care to every single person diagnosed with cancer, a whole lot more research is going to be needed. That may not be an unattainable goal—but it’s a devilishly complicated one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/dear-mr-president-please-stop-with-these-science-moonshots/\" target=\"_blank\">Dear Mr. President: Please stop with these science “moonshots”\u003c/a> (Ars Technica) Nebulous concepts like \"end all cancer\" get good applause—curing all cancers is right up there with sunshine and puppies. But such concepts are effectively meaningless. Richard Nixon declared a war on cancer back in 1971. The National Cancer Institute is the largest of all NIH institutes and in Fiscal Year 2016 its budget is $5.1 billion (out of NIH's total of $31 billion). Is the implication that that money is just being wasted right now? That it was insufficient all along, and nobody cared or realized?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/19/cancer-moonshot-video-replay-of-davos-roundtable/\" target=\"_blank\">convened a panel of cancer research experts \u003c/a>today at the Davos World Economic Forum, the culmination of a week's worth of discussion and media coverage since President Obama announced \u003ca href=\"http://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/265671-obama-launches-effort-to-cure-cancer-once-and-for-all\" target=\"_blank\">during his State of the Union address\u003c/a> that he would put Biden \"in charge of mission control\" for a cancer moonshot -- a national initiative to cure the disease (or rather, group of diseases), which the American Cancer Society \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/\" target=\"_blank\">projected would kill more than 589,000 Americans\u003c/a> in 2015 alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be sure, there's been much \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/14/health/brawley-obamas-cancer-moonshot-save-lives/\" target=\"_blank\">excitement\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/cancer-cure-joe-biden-medical-research\" target=\"_blank\">optimism\u003c/a> about a well-funded national commitment for a cure. And the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2015/05/30/e1ac5a2a-0731-11e5-a428-c984eb077d4e_story.html\" target=\"_blank\">death last year of the vice president's son\u003c/a>, Beau Biden, from brain cancer has brought to the effort a high-profile reminder of the toll cancer takes on so many lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the initiative is not completely without its skeptics. Here are extracts from five criticisms around the web:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/14/health/moonshot-to-cure-cancer-to-be-led-by-biden-relies-on-outmoded-view-of-disease.html\" target=\"_blank\">‘Moonshot’ to Cure Cancer, to Be Led by Biden, Relies on Outmoded View of Disease\u003c/a> (NY Times)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>While Mr. Biden’s focus has already made some meaningful difference — he negotiated with Republican congressional leaders a $264 million increase in funding for the National Cancer Institute, the largest in a decade for an agency that has been squeezed by static budgets in recent years — the chances of reaching a moment of victory as the analogy “moonshot” suggests seem entirely unrealistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not about getting to one point in a certain period of time,” said Dr. Harold Varmus, a Nobel laureate and former director of the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in 1971, when President Nixon launched his cancer war, researchers now understand that cancer is not one disease but essentially hundreds. The very notion of a single cure — or as Mr. Obama put it, making “America the country that cures cancer once and for all” — is misleading and outdated.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/obama-cancer-moonshot-is-misinformed-2016-1\" target=\"_blank\">There's a worrisome problem with Obama's 'moonshot for cancer' plan\u003c/a> (Business Insider)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Cancer is different from many genetic diseases, such as sickle cell or Huntington's, in that it is not linked with a few specific, identifiable genes. Instead it is the result of a whole bunch of mutations, tens of hundreds of tiny twists and pinches in our genes. These mutations are constantly changing and evolving, becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs. And genetics, of course, is not the only cause of cancer — environmental and behavioral factors matter. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To say each cancer tumor is unique would be an understatement. \"Virtually every tumor looks different from every other tumor,\" Varmus said. That makes designing drugs to beat them difficult. Many new treatments work only for a tiny subsection of patients, those with a specific subtype of one particular kind of cancer. These are exciting developments, but they don't begin to move the needle on treating — not to mention curing — cancer as a whole.\u003ca target=\"_blank\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.macleans.ca/politics/washington/is-obamas-plan-to-cure-cancer-a-moonshot-or-a-pluto-shot/\" target=\"_blank\">Is Obama’s plan to cure cancer a ‘moonshot’? Or a ‘Pluto-shot’?\u003c/a>(Maclean's)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>New thinking suggests that seeking to “cure” or eradicate cancer is misbegotten. In his acclaimed 2013 book The Cancer Chronicles: Unlocking Medicine’s Deepest Mystery, George Johnson writes that decades of research have forced scientists to reconcile themselves to the paradox that most cancers result from the very cellular activities that support life, not only from destructive environmental culprits like cigarette smoke and UV rays. That means fixing the mechanisms that underlie cancer would also disrupt the cellular functions that keep us alive and evolving. Cancers in children tend to include fewer mutations, which make them more curable, Johnson writes. That’s not the case for cancers in older patients which are believed to result from the accumulation of many mutations over time. Johnson’s conclusion upends the orthodoxy underlying an entrenched cancer treatment complex worth $100 billion globally: “The best response might not be to fight back with chemotherapy and radiation, increasing the stress,” Johnson writes, “but to somehow maintain the exuberant cells—the tumor—in a quiescent state, something that can be lived with.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://time.com/4178742/cancer-moonshot-obama/\" target=\"_blank\">Why Curing Cancer Is Not a ‘Moonshot’\u003c/a> (Time)\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Scientists have long known cancer isn’t one disease—it’s perhaps 100 or more, with the number growing as different types and sub-types are better understood. Making things worse, there will be perhaps 1.6 million Americans diagnosed with cancer in the U.S. alone this year, and each of those cases will be in some ways unique. That’s part of the reason two people with the same kind of cancer diagnosed at the same stage and receiving the same treatment can have radically different outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually “curing cancer”—in the larger global sense of simply wiping it out—would require personalized care, designed around every single patient with any single type of the disease. And in order to administer that kind of tailored care to every single person diagnosed with cancer, a whole lot more research is going to be needed. That may not be an unattainable goal—but it’s a devilishly complicated one.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://arstechnica.com/science/2016/01/dear-mr-president-please-stop-with-these-science-moonshots/\" target=\"_blank\">Dear Mr. President: Please stop with these science “moonshots”\u003c/a> (Ars Technica) Nebulous concepts like \"end all cancer\" get good applause—curing all cancers is right up there with sunshine and puppies. But such concepts are effectively meaningless. Richard Nixon declared a war on cancer back in 1971. The National Cancer Institute is the largest of all NIH institutes and in Fiscal Year 2016 its budget is $5.1 billion (out of NIH's total of $31 billion). Is the implication that that money is just being wasted right now? That it was insufficient all along, and nobody cared or realized?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cancer Moonshot: Video Replay of Joe Biden's Davos Roundtable",
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"content": "\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden today convened an array of cancer research and treatment experts at the Davos World Economic Forum to \u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/joe-biden-on-the-cancer-moonshot-how-to-tackle-the-world-s-biggest-killer\" target=\"_blank\">discuss advancing the fight against cancer\u003c/a>. Watch the video replay below; after Biden's introductory comments, the panelists start weighing in at about 24 minutes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ic5jBK-illQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The special session was moderated by Francis S. Collins, director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The panelists were \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Jennifer Doudna,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/sylvia-mathews-burwell/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sylvia Matthews Burwell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://hammondlab.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\"> Paula T. Hammond\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/blackburn_elizabeth.3729\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Blackburn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckmedicine.org/doctor/david-b-agus/\" target=\"_blank\">David B. Agus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/charles-sawyers\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Sawyers\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jose-baselga\" target=\"_blank\">José Baselga\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff_directory/staff_display?doctorid=237\" target=\"_blank\">Delos M. (Toby) Cosgrove\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sap.com/corporate-en/about/our-company/our-boards/members/profiles/bill-mcdermott.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bill McDermott\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"YPk5EjmcNuOZJy5WJ0ogSqMw3IiiRYcx\"]You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2016/sessions/cancer-moonshot-a-call-to-action?utm_content=buffer7fc44&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\" target=\"_blank\">read about today's discussion\u003c/a> at the World Economic Discussion website. Topics included: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/category/personalized-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">personalized medicine\u003c/a>, the role of big data, the difficulty of recruiting patients for clinical trials, and the potential of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a gene editing technique that Science magazine called the 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough of the year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden launched the \"moonshot\" initiative last Friday to hasten a cancer cure, aiming to use his final year in office to break down barriers in the medical world he said are holding back progress on eradicating the dreaded disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has described a system in which competition, territorialism and \"stove-piping\" of information leave researchers and their discoveries cloistered in their own corners. His campaign this year will work to encourage more data-sharing about patient data and treatment outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that I can be a catalyst, to oversimplify it, to get everybody on the same page,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key focus will be promising advances such as immunotherapy. At the cancer center Biden visited Friday, researchers are exploring what's known as chimeric antigen receptor technology, in which a patient's immune cells are engineered outside of their body to hunt for tumors, then infused back into the patient's body. The White House said 250 patients have been treated with the approach, with early promising results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another priority for the vice president is to further \"precision medicine,\" which personalizes treatments based on the genetic makeup of a patient's tumors. Cancer researchers who met with Biden recently said he was intrigued by the possibilities for improving prevention and early detection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will next chair a series of meetings with Cabinet secretaries about ways to boost federal funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vice President Joe Biden today convened an array of cancer research and treatment experts at the Davos World Economic Forum to \u003ca href=\"https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/joe-biden-on-the-cancer-moonshot-how-to-tackle-the-world-s-biggest-killer\" target=\"_blank\">discuss advancing the fight against cancer\u003c/a>. Watch the video replay below; after Biden's introductory comments, the panelists start weighing in at about 24 minutes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ic5jBK-illQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; encrypted-media\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The special session was moderated by Francis S. Collins, director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The panelists were \u003ca href=\"http://rna.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Jennifer Doudna,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.hhs.gov/about/leadership/secretary/sylvia-mathews-burwell/index.html\" target=\"_blank\">Sylvia Matthews Burwell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"https://hammondlab.mit.edu/\" target=\"_blank\"> Paula T. Hammond\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/people/profiles/blackburn_elizabeth.3729\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Blackburn\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.keckmedicine.org/doctor/david-b-agus/\" target=\"_blank\">David B. Agus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/research-areas/labs/charles-sawyers\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Sawyers\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jose-baselga\" target=\"_blank\">José Baselga\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff_directory/staff_display?doctorid=237\" target=\"_blank\">Delos M. (Toby) Cosgrove\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sap.com/corporate-en/about/our-company/our-boards/members/profiles/bill-mcdermott.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bill McDermott\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2016/sessions/cancer-moonshot-a-call-to-action?utm_content=buffer7fc44&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer\" target=\"_blank\">read about today's discussion\u003c/a> at the World Economic Discussion website. Topics included: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/category/personalized-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">personalized medicine\u003c/a>, the role of big data, the difficulty of recruiting patients for clinical trials, and the potential of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/tag/crispr/\" target=\"_blank\">CRISPR\u003c/a>, a gene editing technique that Science magazine called the 2015 \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">breakthrough of the year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden launched the \"moonshot\" initiative last Friday to hasten a cancer cure, aiming to use his final year in office to break down barriers in the medical world he said are holding back progress on eradicating the dreaded disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden has described a system in which competition, territorialism and \"stove-piping\" of information leave researchers and their discoveries cloistered in their own corners. His campaign this year will work to encourage more data-sharing about patient data and treatment outcomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My hope is that I can be a catalyst, to oversimplify it, to get everybody on the same page,\" Biden said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A key focus will be promising advances such as immunotherapy. At the cancer center Biden visited Friday, researchers are exploring what's known as chimeric antigen receptor technology, in which a patient's immune cells are engineered outside of their body to hunt for tumors, then infused back into the patient's body. The White House said 250 patients have been treated with the approach, with early promising results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another priority for the vice president is to further \"precision medicine,\" which personalizes treatments based on the genetic makeup of a patient's tumors. Cancer researchers who met with Biden recently said he was intrigued by the possibilities for improving prevention and early detection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden will next chair a series of meetings with Cabinet secretaries about ways to boost federal funds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Government Slams Lumosity 'Brain Training,' But What Does Research Say?",
"title": "Government Slams Lumosity 'Brain Training,' But What Does Research Say?",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>The company behind the \"brain-training\" program Lumosity settled a complaint by the Federal Trade Commission last week that it engaged in false advertising when it claimed its online games could delay cognitive impairments -- painful indignities of aging like dementia, memory loss and even Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">agreement\u003c/a> calls for Lumos Labs to cough up $2 million for partial refunds and \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/903353/160104lumositystatement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">prohibits deceptive conduct in the future\u003c/a>.\" Lumos also had to inform subscribers it \"decided to settle a deceptive advertising lawsuit\" and -- this one's gotta hurt -- provide customers with a link to turn off automatic subscription renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think claims these companies have been making — and Lumosity is not alone — have been grossly exaggerated.'\u003ccite>Dr. Laura Carstensen, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to questions about the settlement, Lumos Labs said in a statement: \"We agreed to settle for $2m so we can move on and focus on our mission: Delivering engaging cognitive training products to our 70+ million members, continuing research both in-house and with our partner network of 100+ collaborators, and promoting innovation within the field of cognitive training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement listed research being done by the company's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/hcp\" target=\"_blank\">Human Cognition Project\u003c/a>, said it is a firm believer in the peer-review process, and suggested people contact independent researchers to evaluate studies by Lumos and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What \u003cem>Does\u003c/em> the Research Say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, QUEST reporter Amy Standen\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/\" target=\"_blank\"> talked to several researchers about the efficacy of games\u003c/a> like those offered by Lumosity and Posit Science, advertised as beneficial for improving cognitive ability and a defense against age-related mental decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?\" Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, asked Standen, rhetorically. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joel Kramer, head of neuropsychology at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UCSF’s Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>, invoked the one word scientists do agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the research thus far demonstrates a much clearer link between exercise and brain health,” he said. (He means physical exercise, not mental strain while sitting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay. That was then, a week before the iPad was released, for crying out loud. What about now, in 2016? Any new developments that may have buttressed the claims of the companies selling these products?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not according to Dr. Carstensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think claims these companies have been making -- and Lumosity is not alone -- have been grossly exaggerated,\" she said this week. “They’re trying to argue that we’re going to take you out of that active world … and that we’re going to put you in a room alone in front of a computer screen and you’ll play a game that will make you smarter, and you’re going to pay us to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no compelling evidence for that,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment is pretty much in line with the 2014 Stanford Center's critique of the so-called brain-training industry. Called \"\u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community\u003c/a>,\" it was signed by dozens of scientists in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To date, there is little evidence that playing brain games improves underlying broad cognitive abilities,\" the analysis said, \"or that it enables one to better navigate a complex realm of everyday life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Off the Computer and Onto Your Bike\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen believes exercise is the only evidence-based activity that will improve cognitive fitness. But even those effects are modest, she said. And most of the studies have been relatively short-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You’re looking at a boost to your cognitive benefit over your baseline after six weeks,\" she said. \"But it’s not huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise, however, can help stave off the mental decline that comes with many physical diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get cardiosvascular disease, it’s likely to effect your cognitive functioning,\" she said. \"Getting blood clots means you’re more likely to get a stroke. There’s a lot of evidence that diabetes is related to brain diseases as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physical exercise is \"one of the more reliable approaches,\" agreed Dr. Kramer. He said studies have shown “fairly convincingly\" that people who engage in higher levels of physical activity have less chance of developing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble With Cognitive Training Research\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers in the field of cognitive science think the studies that have found a positive effect from playing brain-training games -- research often touted by the companies -- have a fundamental problem: The evaluative tests to measure improvement are too similar to the games themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2gnysOx73RyyKbj3eWqtryCdsCPqlRHG\"]“One of the big criticisms of the cognitive training paradigm is this issue of teaching to the test,\" said Dr. Joel Sneed, a professor of medical psychology at Columbia University who has researched the effect of computer cognitive training on depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a test to see if you got better in something like memory, and your game looks a lot like my test,\" he said, \"then you’ve just been taking the test a lot, so you’ve gotten better at the test. But that doesn’t mean you can find your keys or stop yourself from losing your wallet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, there is no evidence the skills learned through the games will transfer to the skills people use to navigate the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem, researchers say, is that the control groups have often not been engaged in any activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of these studies say, 'Come to the lab and play games,' and they compare them to people who don’t do anything,\" said Carstensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such inactivity will negatively affect mental performance, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sneed agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Comparing people who take the training with people who aren’t doing anything is a completely unfair comparison,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people doing brain training, Sneed continued, are getting dings and whistles and positive messages onscreen, so researchers don’t know if that’s the reason for improvement or if the training actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Breakthroughs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Murali Doraiswamy of the \u003ca href=\"https://dibs.duke.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Duke Institute for Brain Sciences\u003c/a>, who was less cynical about the potential of brain fitness games in 2010 , is still hopeful today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still believe in the potential of brain training as a therapeutic modality,\" he said in an email, \"but what we need now are long-term randomized trials to prove they can improve daily performance and delay dementia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doraiswamy, as well as Dr. Sneed, cited a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557999/\" target=\"_blank\">study published in PLoS One\u003c/a> in September, which was conducted largely by scientists from Lumos Labs and used a methodology aimed at reducing some of the pitfalls of previous research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study divided 4,715 people into two groups: those who went through a Lumosity program of 49 exercises, and a non-passive control group who solved online crossword puzzles. Both groups completed their activities in one 15-minute session at least five days per week, for 10 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lumosity group showed more improvement than the crossword puzzle group on tests measuring memory, problem solving, reasoning, and speed of brain processing. They also showed greater improvement on “self-reported measures of cognitive functioning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed said having participants do crossword puzzles is “the kind of equivalence you need in order to be able to say something about your games. … You’re able to make a comparison that is way more realistic\" than comparisons made with passive control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen isn't buying it. She said having a control group do crossword puzzles is not equivalent to the game-playing of the treatment group\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Crossword puzzles have been shown over and over to have no effects on cognition,\" she said. \"You don’t learn something new when you do crossword puzzles, because you retrieve information you already know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study, commonly called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055506/\" target=\"_blank\">ACTIVE trial\u003c/a>, was cited by Dr. Kramer as research that showed promise for cognitive brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was led by Dr. George W. Rebok of Johns Hopkins' \u003ca href=\"http://coah.jhu.edu/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Center on Aging and Health\u003c/a> and includes scientists from 11 institutions, including several affiliated with Posit Science. The study \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">looked at 2,832 people who were almost 74 years old on average. Three groups were given 10 training sessions for either memory, reasoning, or speed of processing, then booster sessions 11 and 35 months later. A control group received no treatment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that 60 percent of the participants who underwent the training reported the same or greater ability to perform the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/igec/tools/function/lawtonbrody.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental activities of daily living\u003c/a>, such as doing laundry and managing medication, while only 50 percent of the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that 10 years after the original treatment, those who received training in speed processing and reasoning did better on tests measuring those skills than the control group. The memory training showed no effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study found \"no effect of training or added booster training\" on actual tests, as opposed to self-reports, designed to measure daily cognitive function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Research Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the researchers agreed that the advertising claims of companies like Lumosity have not been borne out yet by the research. Dr. Dorasiswamy says the FTC action \"will serve as a broadshot to move the entire field away from marketing-driven claims to science-driven claims.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sneed says more -- and better -- research is needed if the industry wants to uncover the smoking gun that will prove what they're peddling is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Several studies are promising, but you need a large double-blind placebo trial,\" he said.\" You need more than one. And you have to be able to show the effect of doing the treatment generalizes to other cognitive skills.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the Stanford Center for Longevity's \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">call-to-arms against the brain-training industry \u003c/a>in 2014 acknowledged that \"some intriguing isolated reports do inspire additional research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kramer, for his part, thinks that Lumosity and other brain-training games could one day prove beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The lack of evidence is not the same as evidence of a lack of efficacy,\" he said. \"There’s still the possibility that Lumosity or other kinds of brain training or cognitive enhancement approaches will have some efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just hasn’t been adequately established yet,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The company behind the \"brain-training\" program Lumosity settled a complaint by the Federal Trade Commission last week that it engaged in false advertising when it claimed its online games could delay cognitive impairments -- painful indignities of aging like dementia, memory loss and even Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">agreement\u003c/a> calls for Lumos Labs to cough up $2 million for partial refunds and \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_statements/903353/160104lumositystatement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">prohibits deceptive conduct in the future\u003c/a>.\" Lumos also had to inform subscribers it \"decided to settle a deceptive advertising lawsuit\" and -- this one's gotta hurt -- provide customers with a link to turn off automatic subscription renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I think claims these companies have been making — and Lumosity is not alone — have been grossly exaggerated.'\u003ccite>Dr. Laura Carstensen, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In response to questions about the settlement, Lumos Labs said in a statement: \"We agreed to settle for $2m so we can move on and focus on our mission: Delivering engaging cognitive training products to our 70+ million members, continuing research both in-house and with our partner network of 100+ collaborators, and promoting innovation within the field of cognitive training.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement listed research being done by the company's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lumosity.com/hcp\" target=\"_blank\">Human Cognition Project\u003c/a>, said it is a firm believer in the peer-review process, and suggested people contact independent researchers to evaluate studies by Lumos and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What \u003cem>Does\u003c/em> the Research Say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, QUEST reporter Amy Standen\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/\" target=\"_blank\"> talked to several researchers about the efficacy of games\u003c/a> like those offered by Lumosity and Posit Science, advertised as beneficial for improving cognitive ability and a defense against age-related mental decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can you improve your brain so that it’s faster, more adept, more vital?\" Dr. Laura Carstensen, founding director of the \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Center on Longevity\u003c/a>, asked Standen, rhetorically. \"That’s what the claims are, and I don’t think there’s really any evidence for that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Joel Kramer, head of neuropsychology at \u003ca href=\"http://memory.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">UCSF’s Memory and Aging Center\u003c/a>, invoked the one word scientists do agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that the research thus far demonstrates a much clearer link between exercise and brain health,” he said. (He means physical exercise, not mental strain while sitting.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay. That was then, a week before the iPad was released, for crying out loud. What about now, in 2016? Any new developments that may have buttressed the claims of the companies selling these products?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not according to Dr. Carstensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think claims these companies have been making -- and Lumosity is not alone -- have been grossly exaggerated,\" she said this week. “They’re trying to argue that we’re going to take you out of that active world … and that we’re going to put you in a room alone in front of a computer screen and you’ll play a game that will make you smarter, and you’re going to pay us to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no compelling evidence for that,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This assessment is pretty much in line with the 2014 Stanford Center's critique of the so-called brain-training industry. Called \"\u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">A Consensus on the Brain Training Industry From the Scientific Community\u003c/a>,\" it was signed by dozens of scientists in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To date, there is little evidence that playing brain games improves underlying broad cognitive abilities,\" the analysis said, \"or that it enables one to better navigate a complex realm of everyday life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get Off the Computer and Onto Your Bike\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen believes exercise is the only evidence-based activity that will improve cognitive fitness. But even those effects are modest, she said. And most of the studies have been relatively short-term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You’re looking at a boost to your cognitive benefit over your baseline after six weeks,\" she said. \"But it’s not huge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Exercise, however, can help stave off the mental decline that comes with many physical diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get cardiosvascular disease, it’s likely to effect your cognitive functioning,\" she said. \"Getting blood clots means you’re more likely to get a stroke. There’s a lot of evidence that diabetes is related to brain diseases as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physical exercise is \"one of the more reliable approaches,\" agreed Dr. Kramer. He said studies have shown “fairly convincingly\" that people who engage in higher levels of physical activity have less chance of developing dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Trouble With Cognitive Training Research\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many researchers in the field of cognitive science think the studies that have found a positive effect from playing brain-training games -- research often touted by the companies -- have a fundamental problem: The evaluative tests to measure improvement are too similar to the games themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“One of the big criticisms of the cognitive training paradigm is this issue of teaching to the test,\" said Dr. Joel Sneed, a professor of medical psychology at Columbia University who has researched the effect of computer cognitive training on depression.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I give you a test to see if you got better in something like memory, and your game looks a lot like my test,\" he said, \"then you’ve just been taking the test a lot, so you’ve gotten better at the test. But that doesn’t mean you can find your keys or stop yourself from losing your wallet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, there is no evidence the skills learned through the games will transfer to the skills people use to navigate the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem, researchers say, is that the control groups have often not been engaged in any activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of these studies say, 'Come to the lab and play games,' and they compare them to people who don’t do anything,\" said Carstensen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such inactivity will negatively affect mental performance, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sneed agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Comparing people who take the training with people who aren’t doing anything is a completely unfair comparison,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people doing brain training, Sneed continued, are getting dings and whistles and positive messages onscreen, so researchers don’t know if that’s the reason for improvement or if the training actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some Breakthroughs?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Murali Doraiswamy of the \u003ca href=\"https://dibs.duke.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Duke Institute for Brain Sciences\u003c/a>, who was less cynical about the potential of brain fitness games in 2010 , is still hopeful today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I still believe in the potential of brain training as a therapeutic modality,\" he said in an email, \"but what we need now are long-term randomized trials to prove they can improve daily performance and delay dementia.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doraiswamy, as well as Dr. Sneed, cited a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557999/\" target=\"_blank\">study published in PLoS One\u003c/a> in September, which was conducted largely by scientists from Lumos Labs and used a methodology aimed at reducing some of the pitfalls of previous research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study divided 4,715 people into two groups: those who went through a Lumosity program of 49 exercises, and a non-passive control group who solved online crossword puzzles. Both groups completed their activities in one 15-minute session at least five days per week, for 10 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lumosity group showed more improvement than the crossword puzzle group on tests measuring memory, problem solving, reasoning, and speed of brain processing. They also showed greater improvement on “self-reported measures of cognitive functioning.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed said having participants do crossword puzzles is “the kind of equivalence you need in order to be able to say something about your games. … You’re able to make a comparison that is way more realistic\" than comparisons made with passive control groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carstensen isn't buying it. She said having a control group do crossword puzzles is not equivalent to the game-playing of the treatment group\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Crossword puzzles have been shown over and over to have no effects on cognition,\" she said. \"You don’t learn something new when you do crossword puzzles, because you retrieve information you already know.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study, commonly called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4055506/\" target=\"_blank\">ACTIVE trial\u003c/a>, was cited by Dr. Kramer as research that showed promise for cognitive brain training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research was led by Dr. George W. Rebok of Johns Hopkins' \u003ca href=\"http://coah.jhu.edu/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Center on Aging and Health\u003c/a> and includes scientists from 11 institutions, including several affiliated with Posit Science. The study \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">looked at 2,832 people who were almost 74 years old on average. Three groups were given 10 training sessions for either memory, reasoning, or speed of processing, then booster sessions 11 and 35 months later. A control group received no treatment.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found that 60 percent of the participants who underwent the training reported the same or greater ability to perform the so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/igec/tools/function/lawtonbrody.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">instrumental activities of daily living\u003c/a>, such as doing laundry and managing medication, while only 50 percent of the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also found that 10 years after the original treatment, those who received training in speed processing and reasoning did better on tests measuring those skills than the control group. The memory training showed no effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study found \"no effect of training or added booster training\" on actual tests, as opposed to self-reports, designed to measure daily cognitive function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Research Needed\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the researchers agreed that the advertising claims of companies like Lumosity have not been borne out yet by the research. Dr. Dorasiswamy says the FTC action \"will serve as a broadshot to move the entire field away from marketing-driven claims to science-driven claims.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Sneed says more -- and better -- research is needed if the industry wants to uncover the smoking gun that will prove what they're peddling is beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Several studies are promising, but you need a large double-blind placebo trial,\" he said.\" You need more than one. And you have to be able to show the effect of doing the treatment generalizes to other cognitive skills.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even the Stanford Center for Longevity's \u003ca href=\"http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/\" target=\"_blank\">call-to-arms against the brain-training industry \u003c/a>in 2014 acknowledged that \"some intriguing isolated reports do inspire additional research.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Kramer, for his part, thinks that Lumosity and other brain-training games could one day prove beneficial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The lack of evidence is not the same as evidence of a lack of efficacy,\" he said. \"There’s still the possibility that Lumosity or other kinds of brain training or cognitive enhancement approaches will have some efficacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just hasn’t been adequately established yet,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley",
"title": "CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley",
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"content": "\u003cp>This isn't an everyday patent dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a battle for who invented the powerful gene-editing technique that Science magazine named the Breakthrough of the Year for 2015: CRISPR-Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">a molecular scalpel\u003c/a> that uses the enzyme Cas9 to locate and snip out bits of DNA. One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"W3NFPgf5ldgwcoylE8W7c9dtbvsSZL94\"]\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This isn't an everyday patent dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a battle for who invented the powerful gene-editing technique that Science magazine named the Breakthrough of the Year for 2015: CRISPR-Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">a molecular scalpel\u003c/a> that uses the enzyme Cas9 to locate and snip out bits of DNA. One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Hospitals Are Ditching Antibiotics In The Meat They Serve",
"title": "More Hospitals Are Ditching Antibiotics In The Meat They Serve",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every year some 2 million Americans get infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die from these superbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superbugs are mostly a hospital problem: They're where these pathogens are often born and spread, and where the infected come for help. But hospitals are not where the majority of antibiotics sold in the U.S. are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data show\u003c/a> that 62 percent of antibiotics important for human health are sold to food animal producers and used on farms. And in December, the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/11/459274335/antibiotic-use-on-farms-is-up-despite-promises-to-kick-the-drugs\" target=\"_blank\">noted\u003c/a> that antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, including antibiotics important in human medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Various studies ... have found resistant bacteria on samples of beef, pork, turkey and chicken from supermarkets.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Concern about the livestock industry's overuse of antibiotics has led a number of health care institutions to start choosing meat from animals raised without antibiotics whenever they can. According to \u003ca href=\"https://practicegreenhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Practice Greenhealth\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that's helping the health care industry on this issue, more than 400 U.S. hospitals are working toward a goal of making 20 percent of their meat purchases \"antibiotic-free.\" And around a dozen hospitals have already switched the majority of their chicken purchases to antibiotic-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health care is really voicing their demand for [antibiotic-free meat] products,\" says Hillary Bisnett, a food expert for Practice Greenhealth and \u003ca href=\"https://noharm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Health Care Without Harm\u003c/a>. \"Hospitals understand antibiotic resistance, and they're being asked to steward their own use of antibiotics. So it's very easy for them to say, 'Livestock producers need to be doing their part, too.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is meat from animals raised without antibiotics really better? Public health groups who follow this issue, like the Pew Charitable Trusts, say it can be safer. Of greatest concern is that when chicken, hog or cattle farmers use drugs to promote growth or prevent disease in their animals, they'll overuse the drugs and create resistant bacteria, like Salmonella and Campylobacter, that could make people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various studies, including \u003ca href=\"http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/07/09/cid.civ428.full\" target=\"_blank\">ones\u003c/a> by George Washington University microbiologist Lance Price and advocacy groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/06/antibiotics-are-widely-used-by-u-s-meat-industry/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide/superbugs/\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, have found resistant bacteria on samples of beef, pork, turkey and chicken from supermarkets. If meat contaminated this way isn't cooked properly, the resistant bacteria can infect humans. And if the pathogens are resistant to antibiotics designed to kill them, then doctors may have few tools to treat the infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the hospitals that have made antibiotic-free meat a priority for their food services is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hackensackumc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hackensack University Medical Center\u003c/a> in New Jersey. But according to Kyle Tafuri, senior sustainability adviser at the hospital, it wasn't easy to figure out how to switch 100 percent of their chicken purchases to antibiotic-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96749\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-96749\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-96749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-1180x1065.jpg\" alt=\"Perdue's Harvestland brand, antibiotic-free chicken, served at Overlake Medical Center in Bellevue, Washington.\" width=\"640\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-1180x1065.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-400x361.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-665x600.jpg 665w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-768x693.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-960x866.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perdue's Harvestland brand, antibiotic-free chicken, served at Overlake Medical Center in Bellevue, Washington. \u003ccite>(Overlake Medical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, the hospital's distributor said it didn't have enough antibiotic-free chicken to sell the hospital. But over the course of a few years, and after several meetings with the distributor and a group purchasing organization, they were able to find away to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Tafuri says, the supplier, Perdue, agreed to specially ship the chicken up to the distributor's warehouse just for the hospital. \"It took a lot of work to make this happen and a lot of pushing, but hospitals should be inclined to push the industry to make a change,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hospital pays 30 percent more for Perdue's antibiotic-free chicken under its Harvestland brand, but Tafuri says it's worth it to his institution to be able to offer a \"higher quality and healthier product.\" He's now working on sourcing more antibiotic-free pork and beef, but he says they're dramatically more expensive, and more difficult to source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-linaman-1734b946\" target=\"_blank\">Chris Linamen\u003c/a>, executive chef at \u003ca href=\"http://www.overlakehospital.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Overlake Medical Center\u003c/a> in Bellevue, Wash., says he's managed to find antibiotic-free sources for 79 percent of his total meat purchases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest challenge is budget,\" says Linamen. He's also struggled to find antibiotic-free sources for specific items, like chicken strips, sausage patties, duck and lamb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what explains Linamen and Tafuri's success in getting more antibiotic-free meat on the plates they serve is the fact that neither of their institutions is locked into a contract with a big food service management company, like Aramark, Sodexo or Compass, says Bisnett of Practice Greenhealth. Many other hospitals tell her they would like to source more antibiotic-free meat but can't, because their contracts do not allow them to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest food-service management companies have very limited supply of these items. And the hospitals \"don't have flexibility in changing vendors or supply,\" says Bisnett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why it's really important that the food service sector get more involved with this issue, too, since one third of hospitals in the U.S. have food service managed by Sodexo, Compass or Aramark,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are far from the only big buyers to get interested in sourcing antibiotic-free meat and apply pressure to biggest meat producers, like Perdue, Tyson, JBS and Smithfield, to make more of it available. Several restaurant and retail chains in 2015 committed to sourcing more antibiotic-free meat, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/03/04/390701295/mcdonalds-says-it-wont-be-serving-chicken-raised-on-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">McDonalds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>, Panera, CostCo and Chick-fil-A. Some have committed to sourcing antibiotic-free poultry, while others have also given suppliers of beef and pork a mandatory timetable to go antibiotic-free as well.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year some 2 million Americans get infections from antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and 23,000 of them die from these superbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Superbugs are mostly a hospital problem: They're where these pathogens are often born and spread, and where the infected come for help. But hospitals are not where the majority of antibiotics sold in the U.S. are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM476258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">data show\u003c/a> that 62 percent of antibiotics important for human health are sold to food animal producers and used on farms. And in December, the agency \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/11/459274335/antibiotic-use-on-farms-is-up-despite-promises-to-kick-the-drugs\" target=\"_blank\">noted\u003c/a> that antibiotics for use on the farm increased in 2014, including antibiotics important in human medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Various studies ... have found resistant bacteria on samples of beef, pork, turkey and chicken from supermarkets.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Concern about the livestock industry's overuse of antibiotics has led a number of health care institutions to start choosing meat from animals raised without antibiotics whenever they can. According to \u003ca href=\"https://practicegreenhealth.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Practice Greenhealth\u003c/a>, a nonprofit that's helping the health care industry on this issue, more than 400 U.S. hospitals are working toward a goal of making 20 percent of their meat purchases \"antibiotic-free.\" And around a dozen hospitals have already switched the majority of their chicken purchases to antibiotic-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Health care is really voicing their demand for [antibiotic-free meat] products,\" says Hillary Bisnett, a food expert for Practice Greenhealth and \u003ca href=\"https://noharm.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Health Care Without Harm\u003c/a>. \"Hospitals understand antibiotic resistance, and they're being asked to steward their own use of antibiotics. So it's very easy for them to say, 'Livestock producers need to be doing their part, too.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is meat from animals raised without antibiotics really better? Public health groups who follow this issue, like the Pew Charitable Trusts, say it can be safer. Of greatest concern is that when chicken, hog or cattle farmers use drugs to promote growth or prevent disease in their animals, they'll overuse the drugs and create resistant bacteria, like Salmonella and Campylobacter, that could make people sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various studies, including \u003ca href=\"http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/07/09/cid.civ428.full\" target=\"_blank\">ones\u003c/a> by George Washington University microbiologist Lance Price and advocacy groups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2012/06/antibiotics-are-widely-used-by-u-s-meat-industry/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide/superbugs/\" target=\"_blank\">Environmental Working Group\u003c/a>, have found resistant bacteria on samples of beef, pork, turkey and chicken from supermarkets. If meat contaminated this way isn't cooked properly, the resistant bacteria can infect humans. And if the pathogens are resistant to antibiotics designed to kill them, then doctors may have few tools to treat the infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the hospitals that have made antibiotic-free meat a priority for their food services is \u003ca href=\"http://www.hackensackumc.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Hackensack University Medical Center\u003c/a> in New Jersey. But according to Kyle Tafuri, senior sustainability adviser at the hospital, it wasn't easy to figure out how to switch 100 percent of their chicken purchases to antibiotic-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_96749\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-96749\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-96749\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-1180x1065.jpg\" alt=\"Perdue's Harvestland brand, antibiotic-free chicken, served at Overlake Medical Center in Bellevue, Washington.\" width=\"640\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-1180x1065.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-400x361.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-665x600.jpg 665w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-768x693.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken-960x866.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/chicken.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Perdue's Harvestland brand, antibiotic-free chicken, served at Overlake Medical Center in Bellevue, Washington. \u003ccite>(Overlake Medical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, the hospital's distributor said it didn't have enough antibiotic-free chicken to sell the hospital. But over the course of a few years, and after several meetings with the distributor and a group purchasing organization, they were able to find away to make it work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Tafuri says, the supplier, Perdue, agreed to specially ship the chicken up to the distributor's warehouse just for the hospital. \"It took a lot of work to make this happen and a lot of pushing, but hospitals should be inclined to push the industry to make a change,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His hospital pays 30 percent more for Perdue's antibiotic-free chicken under its Harvestland brand, but Tafuri says it's worth it to his institution to be able to offer a \"higher quality and healthier product.\" He's now working on sourcing more antibiotic-free pork and beef, but he says they're dramatically more expensive, and more difficult to source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/chris-linaman-1734b946\" target=\"_blank\">Chris Linamen\u003c/a>, executive chef at \u003ca href=\"http://www.overlakehospital.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Overlake Medical Center\u003c/a> in Bellevue, Wash., says he's managed to find antibiotic-free sources for 79 percent of his total meat purchases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The biggest challenge is budget,\" says Linamen. He's also struggled to find antibiotic-free sources for specific items, like chicken strips, sausage patties, duck and lamb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of what explains Linamen and Tafuri's success in getting more antibiotic-free meat on the plates they serve is the fact that neither of their institutions is locked into a contract with a big food service management company, like Aramark, Sodexo or Compass, says Bisnett of Practice Greenhealth. Many other hospitals tell her they would like to source more antibiotic-free meat but can't, because their contracts do not allow them to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest food-service management companies have very limited supply of these items. And the hospitals \"don't have flexibility in changing vendors or supply,\" says Bisnett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's why it's really important that the food service sector get more involved with this issue, too, since one third of hospitals in the U.S. have food service managed by Sodexo, Compass or Aramark,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hospitals are far from the only big buyers to get interested in sourcing antibiotic-free meat and apply pressure to biggest meat producers, like Perdue, Tyson, JBS and Smithfield, to make more of it available. Several restaurant and retail chains in 2015 committed to sourcing more antibiotic-free meat, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/03/04/390701295/mcdonalds-says-it-wont-be-serving-chicken-raised-on-antibiotics\" target=\"_blank\">McDonalds\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/10/20/450314991/subway-joins-the-fast-food-antibiotic-free-meat-club\" target=\"_blank\">Subway\u003c/a>, Panera, CostCo and Chick-fil-A. Some have committed to sourcing antibiotic-free poultry, while others have also given suppliers of beef and pork a mandatory timetable to go antibiotic-free as well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Should We Research More Dangerous Viruses, Despite Potential for Pandemic?",
"title": "Should We Research More Dangerous Viruses, Despite Potential for Pandemic?",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Former United Nations bioweapons inspector Rocco Casagrande has a Ph.D. in experimental biology from MIT. He's got a rational, science-loving mind, so he's not the kind of guy you'd expect to have a big picture of a tarot card over his office desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like what it symbolizes,\" says Casagrande, hastening to explain he doesn't believe in tarot. He just thinks that this particular card, known as the Hanged Man, illustrates something important for solving problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The story is the fool, who is the hanged man, needed to solve some puzzle,\" says Casagrande. \"So he hanged himself upside down from a tree for seven days and figured it out from that change of perspective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting a change in perspective is why federal officials recently hired Casagrande to help them grapple with a really tough puzzle. For more than four years, scientists have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/08/13/339854400/biologists-choose-sides-in-safety-debate-over-lab-made-pathogens\">arguing\u003c/a> over whether to do experiments that could make more dangerous forms of certain viruses — influenza, SARS or MERS — that could potentially start a pandemic in people if those creations got out of the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the work say that viruses out in nature are mutating all the time, and researchers have to prepare for the threat of another naturally occurring pandemic like the 1918 flu that killed millions. They say they need to understand what these viruses might do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the work is too dangerous, because a lab-altered virus might escape or fall into the wrong hands and cause a global outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, the White House put a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/23/358122198/scientists-fight-for-superbug-research-as-u-s-pauses-funding\">moratorium\u003c/a> on funding these types of experiments so that officials could think it through. \"There are very few examples where the government has ceased funding of research because of safety concerns,\" Casagrande says. \"And that is an extremely momentous decision that was made.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Casagrande saw the government wanted someone to do an independent assessment of the benefits and risks, his company \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=gryphon+scientific&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&ie=&oe=&rlz=1I7GGHP_enUS558&gws_rd=ssl\">Gryphon Scientific\u003c/a> applied for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I knew that this was one of the more important scientific policy questions in the life sciences, probably in my lifetime,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also knew what he was getting into. \"We knew it would be contentious. The debate would be passionate. We knew there'd be stark criticisms no matter what we found,\" Casagrande says. \"But we figured the analysis had to be done as rigorously as possible and that we could do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team's \u003ca href=\"http://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/Risk%20and%20Benefit%20Analysis%20of%20Gain%20of%20Function%20Research%20-%20Draft%20Final%20Report.pdf\">report\u003c/a> is over 1,000 pages long and will be discussed Thursday and Friday at the National Institutes of Health, which is holding a \u003ca href=\"http://osp.od.nih.gov/office-biotechnology-activities/event/2016-01-07-130000-2016-01-08-220000/national-science-advisory-board-biosecurity-nsabb-meeting\">meeting\u003c/a> of a government advisory committee called the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents and critics of this research both say the independent review supports their views — and where it doesn't, they say, it's flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.erasmusmc.nl/MScMM/faculty/CVs/fouchier_cv?lang=en\">Ron Fouchier\u003c/a>, at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, got U.S. funding to create a modified bird flu that sparked this whole debate back in 2011. He says the report overstates the risk of his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/04/10/301432633/scientists-publish-recipe-for-making-bird-flu-more-contagious\">work\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says labs like his have enhanced safety features to contain airborne pathogens that weren't considered in this report. \"And therefore any risk that is being calculated is off by a few orders of magnitude from what it must be in my opinion,\" says Fouchier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he liked how the report laid out the potential benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want the exact opposite opinion, talk to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/marc-lipsitch/\">Marc Lipsitch\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the Harvard School of Public health. He says the report exaggerates the benefits while downplaying the risk that a lab-modified virus might get out and start a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even given their very optimistic assumptions in some cases and erroneous assumptions in other cases, which all lead them to think the risk is smaller than it is, they still come out with a level of risk that is unacceptable,\" says Lipsitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks these experiments shouldn't be done at all. \"Experiments to manufacture viruses in the lab that may be highly virulent and highly transmissible in humans are extremely risky, and have very little value for improving our response to these viruses, compared to safe alternatives,\" says Lipsitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of responses don't surprise Casagrande. When you try to be impartial, he says, \"you expect to be damned by both sides.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his job was just to gather the best available evidence into a kind of encyclopedia of risks and benefits for genetic experiments with these viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If anyone's worried about any particular manipulation, they can use our report to find out exactly how risky it is, compared to an unmodified strain, and then go to the benefits section and then say, 'OK, what are the benefits of doing that type of work?' And then make their own conclusions,\" Casagrande explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It'll be months before government officials come to any conclusions on what kinds of experiments can go ahead. They're waiting to hear the final word from their advisory group, and that won't come until draft recommendations get discussed at a public\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Upcoming-Event/Gain-Function-Research-Second/AUTO-9-61-70-Q?bname=bls\">meeting\u003c/a> hosted by the National Academy of Sciences scheduled for March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the end, after these years of debate, what U. S. officials decide may not matter much. Scientific research happens all around the world, after all, and not all nations will see things the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Fouchier's lab in the Netherlands, certain experiments that were funded by the U.S. have been halted because of the moratorium. \"There are people like me who are very much in favor of this work because we truly believe that this is the only way forward. And then there are people who are thinking the exact opposite,\" says Fouchier. \"I think it's going to be very hard to reach consensus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if Americans eventually decide they can't support this work, he'll just find a different source of funding and start back up again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Former United Nations bioweapons inspector Rocco Casagrande has a Ph.D. in experimental biology from MIT. He's got a rational, science-loving mind, so he's not the kind of guy you'd expect to have a big picture of a tarot card over his office desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I like what it symbolizes,\" says Casagrande, hastening to explain he doesn't believe in tarot. He just thinks that this particular card, known as the Hanged Man, illustrates something important for solving problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The story is the fool, who is the hanged man, needed to solve some puzzle,\" says Casagrande. \"So he hanged himself upside down from a tree for seven days and figured it out from that change of perspective.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting a change in perspective is why federal officials recently hired Casagrande to help them grapple with a really tough puzzle. For more than four years, scientists have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/08/13/339854400/biologists-choose-sides-in-safety-debate-over-lab-made-pathogens\">arguing\u003c/a> over whether to do experiments that could make more dangerous forms of certain viruses — influenza, SARS or MERS — that could potentially start a pandemic in people if those creations got out of the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of the work say that viruses out in nature are mutating all the time, and researchers have to prepare for the threat of another naturally occurring pandemic like the 1918 flu that killed millions. They say they need to understand what these viruses might do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics say the work is too dangerous, because a lab-altered virus might escape or fall into the wrong hands and cause a global outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2014, the White House put a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/10/23/358122198/scientists-fight-for-superbug-research-as-u-s-pauses-funding\">moratorium\u003c/a> on funding these types of experiments so that officials could think it through. \"There are very few examples where the government has ceased funding of research because of safety concerns,\" Casagrande says. \"And that is an extremely momentous decision that was made.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Casagrande saw the government wanted someone to do an independent assessment of the benefits and risks, his company \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=gryphon+scientific&sourceid=ie7&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address&ie=&oe=&rlz=1I7GGHP_enUS558&gws_rd=ssl\">Gryphon Scientific\u003c/a> applied for the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I knew that this was one of the more important scientific policy questions in the life sciences, probably in my lifetime,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also knew what he was getting into. \"We knew it would be contentious. The debate would be passionate. We knew there'd be stark criticisms no matter what we found,\" Casagrande says. \"But we figured the analysis had to be done as rigorously as possible and that we could do it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His team's \u003ca href=\"http://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/Risk%20and%20Benefit%20Analysis%20of%20Gain%20of%20Function%20Research%20-%20Draft%20Final%20Report.pdf\">report\u003c/a> is over 1,000 pages long and will be discussed Thursday and Friday at the National Institutes of Health, which is holding a \u003ca href=\"http://osp.od.nih.gov/office-biotechnology-activities/event/2016-01-07-130000-2016-01-08-220000/national-science-advisory-board-biosecurity-nsabb-meeting\">meeting\u003c/a> of a government advisory committee called the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents and critics of this research both say the independent review supports their views — and where it doesn't, they say, it's flawed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Virologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.erasmusmc.nl/MScMM/faculty/CVs/fouchier_cv?lang=en\">Ron Fouchier\u003c/a>, at Erasmus Medical Center in the Netherlands, got U.S. funding to create a modified bird flu that sparked this whole debate back in 2011. He says the report overstates the risk of his \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/04/10/301432633/scientists-publish-recipe-for-making-bird-flu-more-contagious\">work\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says labs like his have enhanced safety features to contain airborne pathogens that weren't considered in this report. \"And therefore any risk that is being calculated is off by a few orders of magnitude from what it must be in my opinion,\" says Fouchier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he liked how the report laid out the potential benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want the exact opposite opinion, talk to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/marc-lipsitch/\">Marc Lipsitch\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the Harvard School of Public health. He says the report exaggerates the benefits while downplaying the risk that a lab-modified virus might get out and start a pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Even given their very optimistic assumptions in some cases and erroneous assumptions in other cases, which all lead them to think the risk is smaller than it is, they still come out with a level of risk that is unacceptable,\" says Lipsitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He thinks these experiments shouldn't be done at all. \"Experiments to manufacture viruses in the lab that may be highly virulent and highly transmissible in humans are extremely risky, and have very little value for improving our response to these viruses, compared to safe alternatives,\" says Lipsitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of responses don't surprise Casagrande. When you try to be impartial, he says, \"you expect to be damned by both sides.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says his job was just to gather the best available evidence into a kind of encyclopedia of risks and benefits for genetic experiments with these viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If anyone's worried about any particular manipulation, they can use our report to find out exactly how risky it is, compared to an unmodified strain, and then go to the benefits section and then say, 'OK, what are the benefits of doing that type of work?' And then make their own conclusions,\" Casagrande explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It'll be months before government officials come to any conclusions on what kinds of experiments can go ahead. They're waiting to hear the final word from their advisory group, and that won't come until draft recommendations get discussed at a public\u003ca href=\"http://dels.nas.edu/Upcoming-Event/Gain-Function-Research-Second/AUTO-9-61-70-Q?bname=bls\">meeting\u003c/a> hosted by the National Academy of Sciences scheduled for March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the end, after these years of debate, what U. S. officials decide may not matter much. Scientific research happens all around the world, after all, and not all nations will see things the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Fouchier's lab in the Netherlands, certain experiments that were funded by the U.S. have been halted because of the moratorium. \"There are people like me who are very much in favor of this work because we truly believe that this is the only way forward. And then there are people who are thinking the exact opposite,\" says Fouchier. \"I think it's going to be very hard to reach consensus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says if Americans eventually decide they can't support this work, he'll just find a different source of funding and start back up again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fitbit Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over Alleged Misreading of Heart Rates",
"title": "Fitbit Hit With Class Action Lawsuit Over Alleged Misreading of Heart Rates",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Some consumers are throwing a spitfit over Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maker of\u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/home\" target=\"_blank\"> wearable activity trackers\u003c/a> was hit with a \u003ca href=\"http://lchbdocs.com/pdf/Fitbit-class-action-complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">class action lawsuit\u003c/a> Tuesday claiming the device used to measure heart rates in the company's Charge HR and Surge fitness watches \"do not and cannot consistently and accurately record wearers' heart rates\" during exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company advertises using the slogan \"every beat counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit was filed in San Francisco federal court on behalf of three Fitbit users and all others who have used the products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims testing has confirmed that the San Francisco-based company's PurePulse Trackers \"consistently mis-record heart rates by a very significant margin, particularly during exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the suit, one of the plaintiffs, Kate McLellan, of Murietta, California, compared her real-time heart rate readings from a Charge HR with those on a stationary exercise machine and noticed a discrepancy. She called Fitbit and was told to reboot the device. That didn't work, so she asked for a refund in an online chat with a company rep, but that was denied.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.today.com/offsite/fitbit-facing-class-action-lawsuit-over-heart-rate-reading-accuracy-598328899503\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nFitbit issued a statement to various media, standing by the accuracy of the monitors. \"PurePulse provides better overall heart rate tracking than cardio machines at the gym, as it tracks your heart rate continuously – even while you’re not at the gym or working out,\" the statement said. \"But it’s also important to note that Fitbit trackers are designed to provide meaningful data to our users to help them reach their health and fitness goals, and are not intended to be scientific or medical devices.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was filed the same day as Fitbit introduced, at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the Fitbit Blaze, which some reviewers have called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/wearables/fitbit-hits-back-at-apple-watch-with-the-blaze-20160105-gm02aq.html\" target=\"_blank\">answer\u003c/a> to the Apple Watch. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2016/01/07/fitbit-blaze-smartwatch-hands-on/\" target=\"_blank\"> Not everyone was impressed,\u003c/a> however, and the company's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dcrainmaker.com/2016/01/fitbits-multiple-lawsuits.html\" target=\"_blank\"> stock hit the skids\u003c/a>. (Fitbit, along with Apple, was also hit with a\u003ca href=\"http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2016/01/valencell-a-biometrics-company-sues-apple-by-claiming-the-apple-watch-infringes-their-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\"> patent infringement lawsuit\u003c/a> on the same day.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arbitration Test Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an interesting wrinkle to this lawsuit. You may have read, a couple of months back, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/business/dealbook/arbitration-everywhere-stacking-the-deck-of-justice.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times series on the widespread use of arbitration agreements\u003c/a>. It's long and involved, so we'll boil it down for you: You can't barely purchase a stick of gum anymore without agreeing to forego your right to sue in a court of law. That's an exaggeration, but only slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times reported that \"clauses buried in tens of millions of contracts have deprived Americans of one of their most fundamental rights: their day in court.\" Meaning that any time you sign up for a service or product, like cable TV, a credit card or health insurance, part of the terms of service is a prohibition against joining other consumers in a class-action lawsuit, as well as suing on your own. Instead, you must agree to resolve any dispute by going before a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/business/dealbook/in-arbitration-a-privatization-of-the-justice-system.html\" target=\"_blank\">private arbitrator\u003c/a>, usually the employee of a company hired by the defendant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as Alison Frankel\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/alison-frankel/2016/01/06/how-fitbit-heart-rate-class-action-intends-to-bust-arbitration-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\"> explains for Reuters\u003c/a>, Fitbit, like many companies, also employs an arbitration clause; it's included in the terms of service you sign when you register at the company's website. And you need to do that for the device to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the three plaintiffs named in the suit all bought their Fitbits at other retailers. Says the lawsuit, in identical language referring to all three plaintiffs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At no point before or during the purchase of her Charge HR was [the plaintiff] provided with or required to agree to an arbitration clause or class action ban, nor was she put on notice that she would be required to agree to an arbitration clause or class action ban for her Charge HR to function as intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, says the lawsuit, brought by San Francisco's Lieff, Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein and Robert H. Klonoff, constitutes an \"unconscionable post-purchase agreement, which class members were required to accept in order to render operational\" the Fitbits they purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitbit doesn't agree. Wrote Alison Frankel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a response to my email about whether the class waiver applies to users who bought their devices elsewhere, a Fitbit representative said, “All end users agree to the terms of service when they set up a Fitbit account regardless of where they purchased the device.” She [the representative] also said Fitbit “stands behind our heart rate technology and strongly disagrees with the statements made in the complaint and plans to vigorously defend the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some consumers are throwing a spitfit over Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The maker of\u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/home\" target=\"_blank\"> wearable activity trackers\u003c/a> was hit with a \u003ca href=\"http://lchbdocs.com/pdf/Fitbit-class-action-complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">class action lawsuit\u003c/a> Tuesday claiming the device used to measure heart rates in the company's Charge HR and Surge fitness watches \"do not and cannot consistently and accurately record wearers' heart rates\" during exercise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company advertises using the slogan \"every beat counts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit was filed in San Francisco federal court on behalf of three Fitbit users and all others who have used the products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit claims testing has confirmed that the San Francisco-based company's PurePulse Trackers \"consistently mis-record heart rates by a very significant margin, particularly during exercise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the suit, one of the plaintiffs, Kate McLellan, of Murietta, California, compared her real-time heart rate readings from a Charge HR with those on a stationary exercise machine and noticed a discrepancy. She called Fitbit and was told to reboot the device. That didn't work, so she asked for a refund in an online chat with a company rep, but that was denied.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.today.com/offsite/fitbit-facing-class-action-lawsuit-over-heart-rate-reading-accuracy-598328899503\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\nFitbit issued a statement to various media, standing by the accuracy of the monitors. \"PurePulse provides better overall heart rate tracking than cardio machines at the gym, as it tracks your heart rate continuously – even while you’re not at the gym or working out,\" the statement said. \"But it’s also important to note that Fitbit trackers are designed to provide meaningful data to our users to help them reach their health and fitness goals, and are not intended to be scientific or medical devices.'\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit was filed the same day as Fitbit introduced, at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the Fitbit Blaze, which some reviewers have called an \u003ca href=\"http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/wearables/fitbit-hits-back-at-apple-watch-with-the-blaze-20160105-gm02aq.html\" target=\"_blank\">answer\u003c/a> to the Apple Watch. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2016/01/07/fitbit-blaze-smartwatch-hands-on/\" target=\"_blank\"> Not everyone was impressed,\u003c/a> however, and the company's\u003ca href=\"http://www.dcrainmaker.com/2016/01/fitbits-multiple-lawsuits.html\" target=\"_blank\"> stock hit the skids\u003c/a>. (Fitbit, along with Apple, was also hit with a\u003ca href=\"http://www.patentlyapple.com/patently-apple/2016/01/valencell-a-biometrics-company-sues-apple-by-claiming-the-apple-watch-infringes-their-technology.html\" target=\"_blank\"> patent infringement lawsuit\u003c/a> on the same day.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arbitration Test Case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's an interesting wrinkle to this lawsuit. You may have read, a couple of months back, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/01/business/dealbook/arbitration-everywhere-stacking-the-deck-of-justice.html\" target=\"_blank\">The New York Times series on the widespread use of arbitration agreements\u003c/a>. It's long and involved, so we'll boil it down for you: You can't barely purchase a stick of gum anymore without agreeing to forego your right to sue in a court of law. That's an exaggeration, but only slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times reported that \"clauses buried in tens of millions of contracts have deprived Americans of one of their most fundamental rights: their day in court.\" Meaning that any time you sign up for a service or product, like cable TV, a credit card or health insurance, part of the terms of service is a prohibition against joining other consumers in a class-action lawsuit, as well as suing on your own. Instead, you must agree to resolve any dispute by going before a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/02/business/dealbook/in-arbitration-a-privatization-of-the-justice-system.html\" target=\"_blank\">private arbitrator\u003c/a>, usually the employee of a company hired by the defendant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as Alison Frankel\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.reuters.com/alison-frankel/2016/01/06/how-fitbit-heart-rate-class-action-intends-to-bust-arbitration-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\"> explains for Reuters\u003c/a>, Fitbit, like many companies, also employs an arbitration clause; it's included in the terms of service you sign when you register at the company's website. And you need to do that for the device to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the three plaintiffs named in the suit all bought their Fitbits at other retailers. Says the lawsuit, in identical language referring to all three plaintiffs:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At no point before or during the purchase of her Charge HR was [the plaintiff] provided with or required to agree to an arbitration clause or class action ban, nor was she put on notice that she would be required to agree to an arbitration clause or class action ban for her Charge HR to function as intended.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That, says the lawsuit, brought by San Francisco's Lieff, Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein and Robert H. Klonoff, constitutes an \"unconscionable post-purchase agreement, which class members were required to accept in order to render operational\" the Fitbits they purchased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fitbit doesn't agree. Wrote Alison Frankel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In a response to my email about whether the class waiver applies to users who bought their devices elsewhere, a Fitbit representative said, “All end users agree to the terms of service when they set up a Fitbit account regardless of where they purchased the device.” She [the representative] also said Fitbit “stands behind our heart rate technology and strongly disagrees with the statements made in the complaint and plans to vigorously defend the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The company that developed Lumosity has agreed to settle complaints it puts out false advertising by withdrawing the company's primary advertising message: that its \"brain-training games\" can prevent dementia, delay age-related loss of memory and cognitive decline, improve brain performance, and provide other, similar benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also must pay $2 million to the Federal Trade Commission, which could be used for consumer education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabscmpt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">filed a complaint\u003c/a> against Lumos Labs, Monday in U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Federal regulators argued that the San Francisco brain-game company engaged in false advertising and deceived consumers by making claims that were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/\" target=\"_blank\">unsubstantiated by reliable scientific studies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstipjdgmt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">court order\u003c/a>, also filed Monday, permanently bans Lumosity from making any statement that using its games can improve performance in school, at work, or in athletics; delay or protect against age-related decline in memory or other cognitive function, including Alzheimer’s disease; or reduce cognitive impairment caused by health conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder or attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order also requires that any future claim of medical benefit be based on human clinical trials using accepted scientific protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lumosity also drew fire for its use of testimonials praising the company's products, and was ordered to disclose when it uses prizes to solicit testimonials.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The company that developed Lumosity has agreed to settle complaints it puts out false advertising by withdrawing the company's primary advertising message: that its \"brain-training games\" can prevent dementia, delay age-related loss of memory and cognitive decline, improve brain performance, and provide other, similar benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company also must pay $2 million to the Federal Trade Commission, which could be used for consumer education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabscmpt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">filed a complaint\u003c/a> against Lumos Labs, Monday in U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Federal regulators argued that the San Francisco brain-game company engaged in false advertising and deceived consumers by making claims that were \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/15/when-brains-hit-the-gym-2/\" target=\"_blank\">unsubstantiated by reliable scientific studies\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstipjdgmt.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">court order\u003c/a>, also filed Monday, permanently bans Lumosity from making any statement that using its games can improve performance in school, at work, or in athletics; delay or protect against age-related decline in memory or other cognitive function, including Alzheimer’s disease; or reduce cognitive impairment caused by health conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder or attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The order also requires that any future claim of medical benefit be based on human clinical trials using accepted scientific protocols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "One Curious Man, One Dogged Woman and the Breakthrough That Changed Cancer Treatment",
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"content": "\u003cp>A novel immunotherapy drug is credited for successfully treating former President Jimmy Carter's advanced melanoma. Instead of killing cancer cells, these drugs boost the patient's immune system, which does the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunotherapy is cutting-edge cancer treatment, but the idea dates back more than 100 years, to a young surgeon who was willing to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888599/\" target=\"_blank\">William Coley\u003c/a>, and in the late summer of 1890 he was getting ready to examine a new patient at his practice in New York City. What he didn't know was that the young woman waiting to see him would change his life and the future of cancer research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/news-publications/our-blog/december-2013/the-legacy-of-bessie-dashiell\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Dashiell\u003c/a>, also known as Bessie, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/anatomy-of-a-hospital.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Levine\u003c/a>, director of archives at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. Bessie was 17 and showed up complaining of a problem with her hand. It seemed like a minor injury, just a small bump where she'd hurt it, but it wasn't getting better, and she was in a lot of pain. She'd seen other doctors but nobody could diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90267\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-90267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \" width=\"403\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-400x297.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-768x571.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1180x878.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1920x1428.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-960x714.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/zeissmicro/14255824790/in/photolist-nHJQ3A-5Sz1Fv-9V3WxK-mebRNV-qj3zX7-pnmh6F-zwSSBQ-zcKp7R-qj6ZJx-vuR3XW-q2xzQy-mecAcv-pGAGXn-khyix6-q2xxLU-pnmavr-6jJUGv-qiVPq2-qj3G7b-q2xraY-BMNfiJ-q4o8ZF-9v44F-3uh5U-qFUC5c-6enjRC-5RqRYs-yZDUSm-BUYx4R-oKT7HB-ffJ5KX-vMLopF-7hMvrC-4wZD9m-qpqJNg-pK6Nxa-qDA5jq-qpsfDp-qpjoj3-qpiDMN-qFSxzx-qpsfDV-53ZMuY-q2G93n-qj712B-q2ycxN-oaK3VW-B5RbgT-4wgEuR-bWtfi2\" target=\"_blank\">Zeiss Microscopy\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first Coley thought Bessie must have an infection. But when he took a biopsy, it turned out to be a malignant, very advanced cancer called a \u003ca href=\"http://cancergenome.nih.gov/cancersselected/Sarcoma\" target=\"_blank\">sarcoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those days there wasn't very much anyone could do for Bessie. This was before radiation and chemotherapy, so Coley did the only thing he could — he amputated Bessie's right arm just below the elbow in an attempt to stop the disease from spreading. Sadly, it didn't work, and within a month, according to David Levine, the cancer had spread \"to her lungs, to her liver and all over her body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's final days were wrenching and painful. Coley was with her when she died on Jan. 23, 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley Discovers a Clue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBessie's death made a huge impression on the young surgeon. \"It really shocked him,\" says Stephen Hall, who wrote about Coley in his book A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death and the Immune System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's death also spurred Coley into action. There wasn't a lot known about cancer at the time, so Coley started digging through dozens upon dozens of old records at New York Hospital. He was looking for something that would help him understand this cruel and aggressive disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a student, Coley had read Charles Darwin, and one of the lessons he took away from Darwin, Hall says, was to always pay attention when there's a biological exception to the rule. \"To ask yourself: Why this has happened?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coley discovered one of these biological exceptions. It was the case of a German immigrant named \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancercommons.org/news/deploying-the-bodys-army-3/\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Stein\u003c/a>. Stein had been a patient in New York Hospital eight years earlier. He had a tumor on his neck that doctors tried to remove several times. Unfortunately for Stein, the tumor kept coming back and doctors expected him to die from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished.'\u003ccite>Stephen Hall, Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then Stein contracted a serious infection of the skin caused by the strep bacteria. \"It looked like Stein's days were numbered,\" Levine says. But Stein didn't die. In fact, his tumor disappeared, and he was discharged. Coley wondered if all these years later, Stein could still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the winter of 1891, William Coley the surgeon became William Coley the detective. He headed for the tenements of the Lower East Side of Manhattan where the German immigrant community lived. He knocked on door after door asking for a man named Fred Stein who had a distinctive scar across his neck. After several weeks of searching, Coley found him alive and cancer-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can an Infection Reverse Cancer?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo why did Stein's cancer go away and stay away after he got a bacterial infection? Coley speculated that the strep infection had reversed the cancer, and wondered what would happen if he tried to reproduce the effect by deliberately injecting cancer patients with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He decided to test his idea on people who were the most seriously ill. His first subject was an Italian immigrant named Zola who, just like Bessie Dashiell, was suffering from sarcoma. Zola had tumors riddling his throat. He was so sick he could barely eat or speak or even breathe. For months Coley would try to make Zola sick from infection by creating little cuts and rubbing the strep bacteria into them, Hall says. There would be \"a slight response but not too much.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dEZABMC5O0IgqBBQtJHLdKLUpAr5WtJx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Coley got his hands on a much stronger strain of the bacteria. This time, Zola became violently ill with an infection that could easily have killed him. But within 24 hours, Zola's orange-sized tumor began to liquefy and disintegrate. \"This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished,\" Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zola completely recovered. Coley knew he was on to something. He kept experimenting and refining his use of bacteria. Eventually, he named the treatment \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724661\" target=\"_blank\">Coley's toxins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an exciting time. Coley was having tremendous success and his efforts were celebrated in America and abroad. But Bradley Coley Jr., William Coley's grandson, says the American medical establishment at the time was skeptical. Nobody knew how Coley's toxins worked, or why they worked sometimes and not others. Not even Coley could explain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's largely because the immune system was still a mystery and would remain so for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley's Discovery Almost Disappeared\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen radiation therapy came along in the early 1900s, interest in Coley's toxins was completely overshadowed by this new therapy. When his grandfather died, Bradley Coley says, \"All interest in [Coley's toxins] stopped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And quite possibly, that's where Coley's legacy would have ended except for this: After Coley's death in 1936, his daughter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/nauts.html\" target=\"_blank\">Helen Coley Nauts\u003c/a>, started looking through her father's papers while doing research for his biography. She found about 1,000 files of patients her father had treated with Coley's toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spent years carefully analyzing these cases and could see that he had extraordinary rates of success in regressing some cancerous tumors. She couldn't get anyone interested in studying her father's work, so she decided to do it herself. With a small grant, in 1953 Helen Coley Nauts started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/about/history\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Research Institute\u003c/a>, dedicated to understanding the immune system and its relationship to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the more than 60 years since, researchers have expanded their understanding of the immune system dramatically and today, that understanding is paying off. Treatments that harness the power of the immune system are now available for a range of cancers such as stomach, lung, leukemia, melanoma and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jedd-wolchok\" target=\"_blank\">Jedd Wolchok\u003c/a>, chief of the melanoma and immunotherapeutics service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says any treatment currently in use that exploits the power of the immune system to fight cancer has to \"tip its hat\" to the work William Coley began more than 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every breakthrough in medical science owes a debt to someone who wouldn't give up. This story starts more than 100 years ago.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A novel immunotherapy drug is credited for successfully treating former President Jimmy Carter's advanced melanoma. Instead of killing cancer cells, these drugs boost the patient's immune system, which does the job instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immunotherapy is cutting-edge cancer treatment, but the idea dates back more than 100 years, to a young surgeon who was willing to think outside the box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1888599/\" target=\"_blank\">William Coley\u003c/a>, and in the late summer of 1890 he was getting ready to examine a new patient at his practice in New York City. What he didn't know was that the young woman waiting to see him would change his life and the future of cancer research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her name was \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/news-publications/our-blog/december-2013/the-legacy-of-bessie-dashiell\" target=\"_blank\">Elizabeth Dashiell\u003c/a>, also known as Bessie, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hss.edu/anatomy-of-a-hospital.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. David Levine\u003c/a>, director of archives at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. Bessie was 17 and showed up complaining of a problem with her hand. It seemed like a minor injury, just a small bump where she'd hurt it, but it wasn't getting better, and she was in a lot of pain. She'd seen other doctors but nobody could diagnose the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_90267\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-90267\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-90267\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg\" alt=\"Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \" width=\"403\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-800x595.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-400x297.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-768x571.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1180x878.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-1920x1428.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/Anthrax-960x714.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthrax bacteri (green) being enveloped by an immune system cell (purple). \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/zeissmicro/14255824790/in/photolist-nHJQ3A-5Sz1Fv-9V3WxK-mebRNV-qj3zX7-pnmh6F-zwSSBQ-zcKp7R-qj6ZJx-vuR3XW-q2xzQy-mecAcv-pGAGXn-khyix6-q2xxLU-pnmavr-6jJUGv-qiVPq2-qj3G7b-q2xraY-BMNfiJ-q4o8ZF-9v44F-3uh5U-qFUC5c-6enjRC-5RqRYs-yZDUSm-BUYx4R-oKT7HB-ffJ5KX-vMLopF-7hMvrC-4wZD9m-qpqJNg-pK6Nxa-qDA5jq-qpsfDp-qpjoj3-qpiDMN-qFSxzx-qpsfDV-53ZMuY-q2G93n-qj712B-q2ycxN-oaK3VW-B5RbgT-4wgEuR-bWtfi2\" target=\"_blank\">Zeiss Microscopy\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first Coley thought Bessie must have an infection. But when he took a biopsy, it turned out to be a malignant, very advanced cancer called a \u003ca href=\"http://cancergenome.nih.gov/cancersselected/Sarcoma\" target=\"_blank\">sarcoma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In those days there wasn't very much anyone could do for Bessie. This was before radiation and chemotherapy, so Coley did the only thing he could — he amputated Bessie's right arm just below the elbow in an attempt to stop the disease from spreading. Sadly, it didn't work, and within a month, according to David Levine, the cancer had spread \"to her lungs, to her liver and all over her body.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's final days were wrenching and painful. Coley was with her when she died on Jan. 23, 1891.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley Discovers a Clue\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBessie's death made a huge impression on the young surgeon. \"It really shocked him,\" says Stephen Hall, who wrote about Coley in his book A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death and the Immune System.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bessie's death also spurred Coley into action. There wasn't a lot known about cancer at the time, so Coley started digging through dozens upon dozens of old records at New York Hospital. He was looking for something that would help him understand this cruel and aggressive disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a student, Coley had read Charles Darwin, and one of the lessons he took away from Darwin, Hall says, was to always pay attention when there's a biological exception to the rule. \"To ask yourself: Why this has happened?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coley discovered one of these biological exceptions. It was the case of a German immigrant named \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancercommons.org/news/deploying-the-bodys-army-3/\" target=\"_blank\">Fred Stein\u003c/a>. Stein had been a patient in New York Hospital eight years earlier. He had a tumor on his neck that doctors tried to remove several times. Unfortunately for Stein, the tumor kept coming back and doctors expected him to die from the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished.'\u003ccite>Stephen Hall, Author\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Then Stein contracted a serious infection of the skin caused by the strep bacteria. \"It looked like Stein's days were numbered,\" Levine says. But Stein didn't die. In fact, his tumor disappeared, and he was discharged. Coley wondered if all these years later, Stein could still be alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the winter of 1891, William Coley the surgeon became William Coley the detective. He headed for the tenements of the Lower East Side of Manhattan where the German immigrant community lived. He knocked on door after door asking for a man named Fred Stein who had a distinctive scar across his neck. After several weeks of searching, Coley found him alive and cancer-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can an Infection Reverse Cancer?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSo why did Stein's cancer go away and stay away after he got a bacterial infection? Coley speculated that the strep infection had reversed the cancer, and wondered what would happen if he tried to reproduce the effect by deliberately injecting cancer patients with bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He decided to test his idea on people who were the most seriously ill. His first subject was an Italian immigrant named Zola who, just like Bessie Dashiell, was suffering from sarcoma. Zola had tumors riddling his throat. He was so sick he could barely eat or speak or even breathe. For months Coley would try to make Zola sick from infection by creating little cuts and rubbing the strep bacteria into them, Hall says. There would be \"a slight response but not too much.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Coley got his hands on a much stronger strain of the bacteria. This time, Zola became violently ill with an infection that could easily have killed him. But within 24 hours, Zola's orange-sized tumor began to liquefy and disintegrate. \"This was a phenomenon that occurred rarely, but when you saw it you were utterly astonished,\" Hall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zola completely recovered. Coley knew he was on to something. He kept experimenting and refining his use of bacteria. Eventually, he named the treatment \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7724661\" target=\"_blank\">Coley's toxins\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was an exciting time. Coley was having tremendous success and his efforts were celebrated in America and abroad. But Bradley Coley Jr., William Coley's grandson, says the American medical establishment at the time was skeptical. Nobody knew how Coley's toxins worked, or why they worked sometimes and not others. Not even Coley could explain it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's largely because the immune system was still a mystery and would remain so for decades to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Coley's Discovery Almost Disappeared\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen radiation therapy came along in the early 1900s, interest in Coley's toxins was completely overshadowed by this new therapy. When his grandfather died, Bradley Coley says, \"All interest in [Coley's toxins] stopped.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And quite possibly, that's where Coley's legacy would have ended except for this: After Coley's death in 1936, his daughter, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cornwallhistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/women/nauts.html\" target=\"_blank\">Helen Coley Nauts\u003c/a>, started looking through her father's papers while doing research for his biography. She found about 1,000 files of patients her father had treated with Coley's toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She spent years carefully analyzing these cases and could see that he had extraordinary rates of success in regressing some cancerous tumors. She couldn't get anyone interested in studying her father's work, so she decided to do it herself. With a small grant, in 1953 Helen Coley Nauts started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancerresearch.org/about/history\" target=\"_blank\">Cancer Research Institute\u003c/a>, dedicated to understanding the immune system and its relationship to cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the more than 60 years since, researchers have expanded their understanding of the immune system dramatically and today, that understanding is paying off. Treatments that harness the power of the immune system are now available for a range of cancers such as stomach, lung, leukemia, melanoma and kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/doctors/jedd-wolchok\" target=\"_blank\">Jedd Wolchok\u003c/a>, chief of the melanoma and immunotherapeutics service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, says any treatment currently in use that exploits the power of the immune system to fight cancer has to \"tip its hat\" to the work William Coley began more than 100 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hey Docs! You Need Sleep Like Everyone Else",
"title": "Hey Docs! You Need Sleep Like Everyone Else",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Countless studies have shown the\u003ca href=\"https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/apr2013/feature1\" target=\"_blank\"> benefits of getting enough sleep\u003c/a>. Most neuroscientists will tell you high-quality sleep can boost your intellectual function, memory, alertness, mood, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, doctors and medical students continue to forgo a good night's rest. They regularly make important decisions about their patients' health on an unhealthy amount of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite some\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-doctors-work-hours-training-20141209-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> recent restrictions on the amount of hours\u003c/a> that doctors can work, culture is still a problem. Sleep is rarely a topic at the medical conferences I attend. Doctors will talk your ear off about innovative medical products, challenges with medical records, or exciting new drug therapies. All that is great, don't get me wrong, but rarely do you hear them talking about the health benefits of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine\u003c/a> conference, I overheard a half-dozen conversations between doctors in the coffee line, boasting about how little sleep they needed. This prompted me to call them out on Twitter to gauge the reaction of other attendees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/chrissyfarr/status/664643207813136384\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception was John Mattison, the chief medical information officer at Kaiser Permanente. Mattison urged the audience to restore \"ancient wisdoms,\" like exercising, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting adequate rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does This Attitude Come From? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popular culture has almost certainly contributed to the problem. As a longtime fan of medical dramas like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)\" target=\"_blank\">House\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy\" target=\"_blank\">Grey's Anatomy,\u003c/a> I've wondered how the bleary-eyed doctors in these programs can trust themselves to make important life-and-death decisions. The show's protagonists seem to flit between surgery, flirtatious banter in the elevators and throwing back shots in the local bar, with little or no regard for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, medical schools are known for pushing their students to work late into the night, a form of hazing. Here's how one medical student \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/sleep-deprivation-medical-student.html\" target=\"_blank\">described his experience\u003c/a> in a recent post for the medical blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\">KevinMD\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sleep deprivation is a unique experience. Imagine falling into a pool filled with caramel. You try desperately to swim out but slowly sink to the bottom, and there you are, looking up to see a brown-tinged world. Despite all of your best efforts to swim out, the caramel is just too thick.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This author would occasionally pinch his skin in an effort to stay alert, but the effect only lasted about 30 seconds. Would you trust a person that sleep-deprived to make snap decisions about your health? (For more on this, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunnyskyz.com/good-news/1165/A-Blog-Posted-Photos-Shaming-A-Doctor-For-Sleeping-On-The-Job-And-It-Started-A-Social-Media-Movement\" target=\"_blank\">viral meme \u003c/a>where doctors tweet pics of themselves sleeping on the job.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jordan Shlain, San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some doctors say this attitude toward sleep has persisted in medical schools and residency programs, even today. There's still a fallacy that doctors are operating on a higher plane than the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's both this desire to seem superhuman as well as this unhealthy self-sacrificing attitude,\" says Connie Chen, a graduate of UCSF's medical school and cofounder of a health coaching startup, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>. \"I think too often doctors try to solve problems by giving more of themselves, when really they should delegate more, and think of themselves as just one person in a team taking care of the patient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One current resident at Stanford, who requested anonymity, says the work-hour restrictions haven't made much difference. It's common to fill out charts late into the night after a shift, this resident says, and those hours don't count. And \"machismo\" is a pervasive problem, along with the fear of being seen among colleagues as \"not carrying your weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there's little \"institutional or cultural backing\" pushing young doctors to get strict about their on-duty hours, so residents will routinely go for several weeks on less than three hours sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The true cost is the well-being of the physicians,\" the Stanford resident says, \"the emotional and physical toll leads to intense burnout, and diminished patience and compassion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CatchTheBaby/status/664236922038956032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can We Solve the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, more medical schools need to teach their students about staying well, and not just treating the sick. Nutrition and sleep hygiene are a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medical schools teach you about all the diseases; things you can test and treat,\" says Jordan Shlain, a Bay Area-based primary care doctor. Shlain says too few doctors talk to their patients about sleep, or take the time to ask them about the stressors in their lives that result in sleep troubles. And many doctors he knows don't seem to value sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely saw this attitude, mostly among surgeons, that they were masters of the universe who didn't need sleep,\" he says. \"It's an ego-driven thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the doctors I spoke to say they've seen some improvements in the past two decades. Since the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-24/news/8803030133_1_libby-zion-grand-jury-young-cancer-patient\" target=\"_blank\">Libby Zion case in the 1980s\u003c/a>, which threw into the spotlight the common practice of exhausted, inexperienced doctors treating patients, medical educators are thinking about how to teach doctors about sleep debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Sherman, a medical educator and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpSd5u_di9w\" target=\"_blank\">TED speaker\u003c/a>, says young doctors are increasingly being introduced to this topic in their professional development, or \"continuing medical education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the kind of change we need, I would implore organizers of medical conferences to introduce sessions and panels about sleep: Why doctors need it, how to talk to patients about it, and whether to use new technologies for sleep-tracking, like the \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com/up\" target=\"_blank\">Jawbone UP\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://misfit.com/?locale=en\" target=\"_blank\">Misfit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients,\" says Shlain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who doesn't get enough sleep? Or a patient who has had an experience with a sleep-deprived physician? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Countless studies have shown the\u003ca href=\"https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/issue/apr2013/feature1\" target=\"_blank\"> benefits of getting enough sleep\u003c/a>. Most neuroscientists will tell you high-quality sleep can boost your intellectual function, memory, alertness, mood, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, doctors and medical students continue to forgo a good night's rest. They regularly make important decisions about their patients' health on an unhealthy amount of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite some\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-doctors-work-hours-training-20141209-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> recent restrictions on the amount of hours\u003c/a> that doctors can work, culture is still a problem. Sleep is rarely a topic at the medical conferences I attend. Doctors will talk your ear off about innovative medical products, challenges with medical records, or exciting new drug therapies. All that is great, don't get me wrong, but rarely do you hear them talking about the health benefits of sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the recent \u003ca href=\"https://exponential.singularityu.org/medicine/\" target=\"_blank\">Exponential Medicine\u003c/a> conference, I overheard a half-dozen conversations between doctors in the coffee line, boasting about how little sleep they needed. This prompted me to call them out on Twitter to gauge the reaction of other attendees.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exception was John Mattison, the chief medical information officer at Kaiser Permanente. Mattison urged the audience to restore \"ancient wisdoms,\" like exercising, maintaining a healthy diet, and getting adequate rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does This Attitude Come From? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Popular culture has almost certainly contributed to the problem. As a longtime fan of medical dramas like \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)\" target=\"_blank\">House\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://abc.go.com/shows/greys-anatomy\" target=\"_blank\">Grey's Anatomy,\u003c/a> I've wondered how the bleary-eyed doctors in these programs can trust themselves to make important life-and-death decisions. The show's protagonists seem to flit between surgery, flirtatious banter in the elevators and throwing back shots in the local bar, with little or no regard for sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, medical schools are known for pushing their students to work late into the night, a form of hazing. Here's how one medical student \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/sleep-deprivation-medical-student.html\" target=\"_blank\">described his experience\u003c/a> in a recent post for the medical blog \u003ca href=\"http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\">KevinMD\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Sleep deprivation is a unique experience. Imagine falling into a pool filled with caramel. You try desperately to swim out but slowly sink to the bottom, and there you are, looking up to see a brown-tinged world. Despite all of your best efforts to swim out, the caramel is just too thick.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This author would occasionally pinch his skin in an effort to stay alert, but the effect only lasted about 30 seconds. Would you trust a person that sleep-deprived to make snap decisions about your health? (For more on this, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sunnyskyz.com/good-news/1165/A-Blog-Posted-Photos-Shaming-A-Doctor-For-Sleeping-On-The-Job-And-It-Started-A-Social-Media-Movement\" target=\"_blank\">viral meme \u003c/a>where doctors tweet pics of themselves sleeping on the job.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients.'\u003ccite>Dr. Jordan Shlain, San Francisco\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Some doctors say this attitude toward sleep has persisted in medical schools and residency programs, even today. There's still a fallacy that doctors are operating on a higher plane than the rest of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's both this desire to seem superhuman as well as this unhealthy self-sacrificing attitude,\" says Connie Chen, a graduate of UCSF's medical school and cofounder of a health coaching startup, \u003ca href=\"https://www.vida.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Vida Health\u003c/a>. \"I think too often doctors try to solve problems by giving more of themselves, when really they should delegate more, and think of themselves as just one person in a team taking care of the patient.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One current resident at Stanford, who requested anonymity, says the work-hour restrictions haven't made much difference. It's common to fill out charts late into the night after a shift, this resident says, and those hours don't count. And \"machismo\" is a pervasive problem, along with the fear of being seen among colleagues as \"not carrying your weight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, there's little \"institutional or cultural backing\" pushing young doctors to get strict about their on-duty hours, so residents will routinely go for several weeks on less than three hours sleep a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The true cost is the well-being of the physicians,\" the Stanford resident says, \"the emotional and physical toll leads to intense burnout, and diminished patience and compassion.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Can We Solve the Problem?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, more medical schools need to teach their students about staying well, and not just treating the sick. Nutrition and sleep hygiene are a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Medical schools teach you about all the diseases; things you can test and treat,\" says Jordan Shlain, a Bay Area-based primary care doctor. Shlain says too few doctors talk to their patients about sleep, or take the time to ask them about the stressors in their lives that result in sleep troubles. And many doctors he knows don't seem to value sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I definitely saw this attitude, mostly among surgeons, that they were masters of the universe who didn't need sleep,\" he says. \"It's an ego-driven thing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the doctors I spoke to say they've seen some improvements in the past two decades. Since the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-03-24/news/8803030133_1_libby-zion-grand-jury-young-cancer-patient\" target=\"_blank\">Libby Zion case in the 1980s\u003c/a>, which threw into the spotlight the common practice of exhausted, inexperienced doctors treating patients, medical educators are thinking about how to teach doctors about sleep debt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Sherman, a medical educator and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpSd5u_di9w\" target=\"_blank\">TED speaker\u003c/a>, says young doctors are increasingly being introduced to this topic in their professional development, or \"continuing medical education.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But to see the kind of change we need, I would implore organizers of medical conferences to introduce sessions and panels about sleep: Why doctors need it, how to talk to patients about it, and whether to use new technologies for sleep-tracking, like the \u003ca href=\"https://jawbone.com/up\" target=\"_blank\">Jawbone UP\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://misfit.com/?locale=en\" target=\"_blank\">Misfit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The doctors who think being sleep-deprived is cool, they will run into problems later in life as patients,\" says Shlain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Are you a doctor who doesn't get enough sleep? Or a patient who has had an experience with a sleep-deprived physician? Let us know at @KQEDScience on Twitter. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Cure for AIDS: Scientists Say It's 'On the Horizon'",
"title": "A Cure for AIDS: Scientists Say It's 'On the Horizon'",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>aul Volberding is a UCSF oncologist who treated San Francisco's first HIV patients in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The patients were, in many cases, blind and demented and had cancer and had infections in their brains causing pressure and headaches,\" says Volberding. \"People now can’t imagine it, it was so bad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volberding says for years, HIV infection was a rapid death sentence. But in the 35 years since the epidemic began—thanks to sophisticated anti-retrovirals—it’s become a chronic illness that people can live with for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, on the eve of World AIDS Day, UCSF is scheduled to announce that it's receiving a $20 million grant to find a cure for AIDS over the next five years. It's part of a $100 million effort by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American Foundation for AIDS Research\u003c/a> or amfAR, to fund the most promising research that could lead to curing AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago this might have sounded unbelievable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65878\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 766px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-e1447277818233.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-766x600.jpg\" alt=\"In 1981 Marcus Conant, MD (left) and Paul Volberding, MD (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, a disease that became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \" width=\"766\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1981, Dr. Marcus Conant (left) and Dr. Paul Volberding (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, which became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it would have felt a lot like a moonshot, maybe five or six years ago,” Volberding says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, Volberding's lab and others in San Francisco are working for that moonshot: to develop treatments over the next several years that can drive the viral load down low enough that the body's own immune system can control or eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it can be done anywhere, it can be done here,\" he says. \"It's a really exciting moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem With Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/timeline/1987.htm\" target=\"_blank\">approved zidovudine or AZT\u003c/a> in 1987; it was the first antiretroviral medication to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1996, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/tap/\" target=\"_blank\">drug \"cocktails\" to treat HIV\u003c/a> became the standard of care for most patients. These highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART) helped manage the patient's viral load, maintained function of the immune system and prevented infections that could become fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After HAART became widespread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/chartbook.htm\" target=\"_blank\">reported a marked reduction in HIV-related deaths\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these medications have side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Antiretrovirals are not a panacea,\" says amfAR CEO Kevin Robert Frost, who's based at the organization's headquarters in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72312 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 died of AIDS.\" width=\"480\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 people died of AIDS. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frost says the drugs have side effects that include chronic inflammation and a range of infections that attack the weakened immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why amfAR is spending $100 million to find a cure for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/worldwide-aids-stats/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 37 million people living with HIV\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only real way out of an epidemic like this is through a cure and a vaccine,\" says Frost. \"Because we’re gonna have to cure the people who have it now and we’re gonna have to vaccinate those to prevent them from getting it in the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Shock and Kill' the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many HIV patients, TJ Lee is active and pain-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you get on meds and take care of yourself, you can live a very normal life,\" says Lee, who has been HIV-positive for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco resident takes just one pill a day to manage his HIV. As a program manager at the San Francisco AIDS Foundation he works with newly diagnosed people who don't know HIV is no longer a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had somebody call me about a month ago,\" Lee says. \"He recently found out he had HIV and he thought he was going to die soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have access to treatment, that's not really a concern anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even people who are free of symptoms can have HIV lying dormant in their body’s T cells for years. The inactive virus could one day become active and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating that latent virus is the focus of UCSF's research. With the $20 million amfAR grant, Volberding wants to target these viral cells with a method he calls shock and kill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Shock and Kill Method of Eliminating the Virus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66472 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg\" alt=\"Shock and kill_edited\" width=\"800\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-400x115.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-1180x339.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-960x276.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg 1592w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the virus is dormant, we first need to wake up that cell to start producing the virus, that’s the shock part of it,\" Volberding says. \"And then, once the virus has been activated we want to do something to help the body kill off those cells, to get rid of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have to wake up the virus because when it’s dormant, the infected cell is invisible to the immune system. By shocking it out of latency, scientists can kill the infected cells, and kill the virus as it reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio//2015/11/AIDSCure.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This method could be \u003cem>an \u003c/em>answer, Frost says, not \u003cem>the\u003c/em> answer. Researchers are working on multiple ways of reducing the body's viral load, including rapid early treatment to abort the infection and gene therapy to engineer cells to make them resistant to infection. Plus, public health efforts aimed at prevention and treatment will continue to be important, especially in places like sub-Saharan Africa, where 28.5 million people are infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think we’re gonna wake up one day and see a headline in the newspaper that says 'Cure for AIDS Found,'” Frost says. \"It’s not that kind of a disease, it’s much more complicated than that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite> Kevin Robert Frost,\u003cbr>\namfAR CEO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Because HIV mutates so quickly, he adds, a cure is likely to come in stages—sort of like a cancer model where a patient goes into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remission would mean a point where the patient doesn’t need treatment, can’t infect anyone, and doesn't have chronic illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re likely to start out curing some of the people some of the time, then more of the people more of the time,\" he says, \"and hopefully get to a place where we cure most of the people most of the time, and everybody who needs it has access to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frost says eliminating the virus will take not one, but a series of scientific breakthroughs, as researchers work on all fronts from latency to gene editing and gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are those who said space travel would never happen,\" says Frost. \"People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science. We’re going to find a cure for AIDS; I can tell you that without the slightest hesitation or doubt in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Thirty years since the AIDS epidemic broke out, we're closer than ever to finding a cure. And Bay Area scientists are getting $20 million to help find it.\r\n",
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"description": "Thirty years since the AIDS epidemic broke out, we're closer than ever to finding a cure. And Bay Area scientists are getting $20 million to help find it.\r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">P\u003c/span>aul Volberding is a UCSF oncologist who treated San Francisco's first HIV patients in the early 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The patients were, in many cases, blind and demented and had cancer and had infections in their brains causing pressure and headaches,\" says Volberding. \"People now can’t imagine it, it was so bad.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volberding says for years, HIV infection was a rapid death sentence. But in the 35 years since the epidemic began—thanks to sophisticated anti-retrovirals—it’s become a chronic illness that people can live with for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, on the eve of World AIDS Day, UCSF is scheduled to announce that it's receiving a $20 million grant to find a cure for AIDS over the next five years. It's part of a $100 million effort by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">American Foundation for AIDS Research\u003c/a> or amfAR, to fund the most promising research that could lead to curing AIDS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago this might have sounded unbelievable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65878\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 766px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-e1447277818233.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Paul-Volberding_1981-766x600.jpg\" alt=\"In 1981 Marcus Conant, MD (left) and Paul Volberding, MD (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, a disease that became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \" width=\"766\" height=\"600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1981, Dr. Marcus Conant (left) and Dr. Paul Volberding (right) discuss Kaposi's Sarcoma, which became one of the original AIDS-defining illnesses. \u003ccite>(UCSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think it would have felt a lot like a moonshot, maybe five or six years ago,” Volberding says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today, Volberding's lab and others in San Francisco are working for that moonshot: to develop treatments over the next several years that can drive the viral load down low enough that the body's own immune system can control or eliminate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If it can be done anywhere, it can be done here,\" he says. \"It's a really exciting moment.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Problem With Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"http://hab.hrsa.gov/livinghistory/timeline/1987.htm\" target=\"_blank\">approved zidovudine or AZT\u003c/a> in 1987; it was the first antiretroviral medication to treat HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1996, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prevention/research/tap/\" target=\"_blank\">drug \"cocktails\" to treat HIV\u003c/a> became the standard of care for most patients. These highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART) helped manage the patient's viral load, maintained function of the immune system and prevented infections that could become fatal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After HAART became widespread, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/chartbook.htm\" target=\"_blank\">reported a marked reduction in HIV-related deaths\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these medications have side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Antiretrovirals are not a panacea,\" says amfAR CEO Kevin Robert Frost, who's based at the organization's headquarters in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72312\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72312 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg\" alt=\"A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 died of AIDS.\" width=\"480\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-480x600.jpg 480w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756-400x500.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Kenneth-Cole_AIDS_ad-e1448386139756.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Kenneth Cole/amfAR ad from 1993 when 234,225 people died of AIDS. \u003ccite>(amfAR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frost says the drugs have side effects that include chronic inflammation and a range of infections that attack the weakened immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why amfAR is spending $100 million to find a cure for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.amfar.org/worldwide-aids-stats/\" target=\"_blank\">nearly 37 million people living with HIV\u003c/a> around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only real way out of an epidemic like this is through a cure and a vaccine,\" says Frost. \"Because we’re gonna have to cure the people who have it now and we’re gonna have to vaccinate those to prevent them from getting it in the future.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Shock and Kill' the Virus\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many HIV patients, TJ Lee is active and pain-free.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once you get on meds and take care of yourself, you can live a very normal life,\" says Lee, who has been HIV-positive for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco resident takes just one pill a day to manage his HIV. As a program manager at the San Francisco AIDS Foundation he works with newly diagnosed people who don't know HIV is no longer a death sentence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I had somebody call me about a month ago,\" Lee says. \"He recently found out he had HIV and he thought he was going to die soon.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who have access to treatment, that's not really a concern anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, even people who are free of symptoms can have HIV lying dormant in their body’s T cells for years. The inactive virus could one day become active and reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eliminating that latent virus is the focus of UCSF's research. With the $20 million amfAR grant, Volberding wants to target these viral cells with a method he calls shock and kill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Shock and Kill Method of Eliminating the Virus\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66472 aligncenter\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg\" alt=\"Shock and kill_edited\" width=\"800\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-800x230.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-400x115.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-1180x339.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1-960x276.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/11/Shock-and-kill_edited1.jpg 1592w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the virus is dormant, we first need to wake up that cell to start producing the virus, that’s the shock part of it,\" Volberding says. \"And then, once the virus has been activated we want to do something to help the body kill off those cells, to get rid of the virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers have to wake up the virus because when it’s dormant, the infected cell is invisible to the immune system. By shocking it out of latency, scientists can kill the infected cells, and kill the virus as it reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This method could be \u003cem>an \u003c/em>answer, Frost says, not \u003cem>the\u003c/em> answer. Researchers are working on multiple ways of reducing the body's viral load, including rapid early treatment to abort the infection and gene therapy to engineer cells to make them resistant to infection. Plus, public health efforts aimed at prevention and treatment will continue to be important, especially in places like sub-Saharan Africa, where 28.5 million people are infected with HIV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think we’re gonna wake up one day and see a headline in the newspaper that says 'Cure for AIDS Found,'” Frost says. \"It’s not that kind of a disease, it’s much more complicated than that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science.’\u003ccite> Kevin Robert Frost,\u003cbr>\namfAR CEO\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Because HIV mutates so quickly, he adds, a cure is likely to come in stages—sort of like a cancer model where a patient goes into remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remission would mean a point where the patient doesn’t need treatment, can’t infect anyone, and doesn't have chronic illnesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’re likely to start out curing some of the people some of the time, then more of the people more of the time,\" he says, \"and hopefully get to a place where we cure most of the people most of the time, and everybody who needs it has access to it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frost says eliminating the virus will take not one, but a series of scientific breakthroughs, as researchers work on all fronts from latency to gene editing and gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are those who said space travel would never happen,\" says Frost. \"People who say a cure for AIDS is impossible simply don’t understand the science. We’re going to find a cure for AIDS; I can tell you that without the slightest hesitation or doubt in my mind.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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